This document explains the issues associated with obtaining software patent authorization by the United States Patent and Trademark Office as a result of the SCOTUS decision in Alice Corporation versus CLS Bank International.
The document discusses software patentability perspectives from the US, EU, and India. In the US, software is patentable if it meets the requirements of being new, useful, and non-obvious. The EU does not allow software patents per se but does grant patents for software inventions that have a technical effect or solve a technical problem. India also does not allow software patents alone but allows patents for a software's technical application or when combined with hardware.
Writing Sample: Memo on International Property LawCarol Brockman
The document discusses intellectual property (IP) law and the role of a paralegal in that field. It defines IP law and the areas of copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and moral rights. It describes the tasks paralegals perform in IP, including assisting with applications, research, contracts, and infringement issues. Strong research and litigation skills are important. Potential employers include law firms, businesses in industries like technology that rely on IP, and government agencies. IP paralegals tend to be among the highest paid paralegals.
Making a Patent Infringement Trial Understandable 2-23-12Robert Waterman
1. The document summarizes a presentation on making patent infringement trials understandable and interesting for juries.
2. It discusses using the Federal Judicial Center's introductory patent system video to educate jurors on patents. Excerpts from the video were referenced throughout the trial to support the argument that the patents were invalid as obvious.
3. The document emphasizes using demonstrative evidence like trial graphics to help educate and persuade the fact-finder in patent trials. Examples of demonstrative evidence used in one trial are attached.
411 on IP 101 for Tech-Geeks in the Startup WorldG. Nagesh Rao
The document discusses intellectual property law and different types of intellectual property. It explains that intellectual property refers to creations of the mind like inventions, artistic works, and symbols. There are four main types of intellectual property: trademarks, copyrights, patents, and trade secrets. The document provides details on what each type protects, requirements for obtaining protection, duration of protection, and examples. It emphasizes the importance of understanding intellectual property law and protecting intellectual property.
Freedom to operate Patentability Search in India | Understanding the Importance of International Patent Classification IPC for Performing Patent Infringement Searches| Why IPC, USPC & other Patent Classifications Important for Conducting Patent Infringement Searches, Freedom to operate Patentability Search in India, Intellectual Property Patentability searches are very important to determine patentability of an invention / idea/ innovation. It is advisable to an inventor to determine the patentability of the invention before filing for a patent application before the patent office.
The main advantages of different patent classifications like IPC, USPC, ECLA, CPC is that they enable patentability searching of patent documents of different languages by using the codes easy accessible by the patent researcher who is an expert in performing the patent searches.
This document discusses the history of patent law regarding living organisms, biotechnology, software, and computer processes. It provides an overview of several important court cases that helped establish whether these types of innovations could be patented or not. The document examines the distinction between discoveries/ideas versus novel processes/products, and how courts have evaluated patents in these complex technical fields over time.
Copy Right issue in computer software and hardware and IPmuhammadshahid2047
This document discusses several key issues regarding intellectual property protection for computer software and software-related innovations:
1. There are intellectual property issues associated with the program function, external design, user interfaces, and program code of software. Both patents and copyrights can provide protection, but for different aspects of the software.
2. Whether an innovation related to software is patentable depends on meeting several criteria, including having patentable subject matter, being novel, and involving an inventive step. Not all software or business methods are considered patentable subject matter.
3. Protection of software innovations abroad requires obtaining patents in individual countries, as a patent from one country does not apply elsewhere. Requirements for patentable subject matter
The document discusses ways to minimize patent infringement risk. It recommends conducting a freedom-to-operate search or clearance study before launching a new product to assess potential infringement of existing patents. The search involves identifying patents related to each component, claim mapping, and an opinion on infringement risk. It also discusses assessing the validity, legal status, and expiry of relevant patents to determine options like taking a license, waiting for expiry, or risking infringement.
The document discusses software patentability perspectives from the US, EU, and India. In the US, software is patentable if it meets the requirements of being new, useful, and non-obvious. The EU does not allow software patents per se but does grant patents for software inventions that have a technical effect or solve a technical problem. India also does not allow software patents alone but allows patents for a software's technical application or when combined with hardware.
Writing Sample: Memo on International Property LawCarol Brockman
The document discusses intellectual property (IP) law and the role of a paralegal in that field. It defines IP law and the areas of copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and moral rights. It describes the tasks paralegals perform in IP, including assisting with applications, research, contracts, and infringement issues. Strong research and litigation skills are important. Potential employers include law firms, businesses in industries like technology that rely on IP, and government agencies. IP paralegals tend to be among the highest paid paralegals.
Making a Patent Infringement Trial Understandable 2-23-12Robert Waterman
1. The document summarizes a presentation on making patent infringement trials understandable and interesting for juries.
2. It discusses using the Federal Judicial Center's introductory patent system video to educate jurors on patents. Excerpts from the video were referenced throughout the trial to support the argument that the patents were invalid as obvious.
3. The document emphasizes using demonstrative evidence like trial graphics to help educate and persuade the fact-finder in patent trials. Examples of demonstrative evidence used in one trial are attached.
411 on IP 101 for Tech-Geeks in the Startup WorldG. Nagesh Rao
The document discusses intellectual property law and different types of intellectual property. It explains that intellectual property refers to creations of the mind like inventions, artistic works, and symbols. There are four main types of intellectual property: trademarks, copyrights, patents, and trade secrets. The document provides details on what each type protects, requirements for obtaining protection, duration of protection, and examples. It emphasizes the importance of understanding intellectual property law and protecting intellectual property.
Freedom to operate Patentability Search in India | Understanding the Importance of International Patent Classification IPC for Performing Patent Infringement Searches| Why IPC, USPC & other Patent Classifications Important for Conducting Patent Infringement Searches, Freedom to operate Patentability Search in India, Intellectual Property Patentability searches are very important to determine patentability of an invention / idea/ innovation. It is advisable to an inventor to determine the patentability of the invention before filing for a patent application before the patent office.
The main advantages of different patent classifications like IPC, USPC, ECLA, CPC is that they enable patentability searching of patent documents of different languages by using the codes easy accessible by the patent researcher who is an expert in performing the patent searches.
This document discusses the history of patent law regarding living organisms, biotechnology, software, and computer processes. It provides an overview of several important court cases that helped establish whether these types of innovations could be patented or not. The document examines the distinction between discoveries/ideas versus novel processes/products, and how courts have evaluated patents in these complex technical fields over time.
Copy Right issue in computer software and hardware and IPmuhammadshahid2047
This document discusses several key issues regarding intellectual property protection for computer software and software-related innovations:
1. There are intellectual property issues associated with the program function, external design, user interfaces, and program code of software. Both patents and copyrights can provide protection, but for different aspects of the software.
2. Whether an innovation related to software is patentable depends on meeting several criteria, including having patentable subject matter, being novel, and involving an inventive step. Not all software or business methods are considered patentable subject matter.
3. Protection of software innovations abroad requires obtaining patents in individual countries, as a patent from one country does not apply elsewhere. Requirements for patentable subject matter
The document discusses ways to minimize patent infringement risk. It recommends conducting a freedom-to-operate search or clearance study before launching a new product to assess potential infringement of existing patents. The search involves identifying patents related to each component, claim mapping, and an opinion on infringement risk. It also discusses assessing the validity, legal status, and expiry of relevant patents to determine options like taking a license, waiting for expiry, or risking infringement.
This document discusses various tools and strategies for managing intellectual property. It begins by emphasizing the importance of putting all the pieces together effectively. It then provides examples of IP managers from the 1960s-1980s and discusses how IP management has changed for current professionals. The document also discusses IBM's strategy of filing many patents in order to generate licensing fees from a small percentage. It notes that IP management involves the law, business, licensing, and more. The rest of the document outlines numerous specific tools, strategies, and considerations for IP management in contexts like universities, litigation, portfolio development, and more.
This document discusses various methods for intellectual property (IP) protection in the United States. It outlines the main types of IP protection including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. For each method, it provides details on eligibility requirements, application processes, costs, and benefits. Key advice for startups includes focusing IP protection on core technologies, considering provisional patent applications to save costs, and leveraging other lower-cost methods like copyright and trade secrets when applicable.
This document provides an overview of an intellectual property (IP) management training. The training aims to help participants understand the benefits of protecting their IP, how to do so, and how to exploit their enterprise cultural heritage. It covers topics like patents, trademarks, copyright, and registered designs. The training takes 2-2.5 hours and provides generic information that should be checked against specific country laws.
The document summarizes key aspects of patents and trademarks as regulated by the USPTO. It outlines that the USPTO examines applications for patents and trademarks, with patents providing exclusive rights for inventions and trademarks providing exclusive rights to use a mark for a good or service. It also provides an overview of the different types of patents and trademarks, the requirements and process for obtaining them, and considerations for whether to pursue patent or trademark protection.
This memorandum from Morris, Manning & Martin addresses common questions about patents from technology and business clients. It discusses why companies should consider filing patent applications, including to protect against competitors and add value. It also covers when to begin the patent process, the differences between provisional and non-provisional applications, typical timelines and costs for patent applications, and other issues like international protection and determining patentability.
This document discusses several important legal issues for entrepreneurs, including intellectual property, hiring a lawyer, selecting a lawyer, legal issues in setting up an organization, patents, business method patents, trademarks, and copyrights. It provides details on each topic, such as the different types of patents, how to apply for patents and trademarks, and when copyright protection applies. The overall document serves to educate entrepreneurs on key legal considerations and steps they need to take to protect their ideas, brands, and business entities.
The document provides an introduction to patents and intellectual property. It discusses that patents give legal rights over inventions and creations of the mind, preventing others from using the patented idea without permission. The document then lists different forms of intellectual property and provides examples of free patent and non-patent databases that can be used to search for patent information and technical documents.
Mba1034 cg law ethics week 10 intellectual property 2013Stephen Ong
The document discusses various aspects of intellectual property including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. It provides an overview of each type of intellectual property protection, what qualifies for protection, how protection is obtained, examples of each, and relevant laws. The key information covered includes how patents protect inventions, copyrights protect original works, trademarks protect brands and logos, and trade secrets protect confidential business information.
Knobbe Martens attorneys Jon Gurka and James Smith discuss recent district court rulings that have broadened the scope of IPR estoppel while they await the Supreme Court's decision in SAS Institute Inc. v. Matal.
Chapter 8 – Intellectual Property and Unfair CompetitionUAF_BA330
This document provides an overview of intellectual property and unfair competition law. It discusses different types of intellectual property including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. It covers topics like infringement, fair use, exceptions, and international law. Key cases are summarized, including MGM v. Grokster on contributory copyright infringement. Commercial torts like injurious falsehood and intentional interference are also addressed. The document concludes with sample test questions to assess understanding.
The document summarizes several topics related to patent prosecution ethics:
1) It discusses a recent Supreme Court ruling on claim construction appeals and the implications for patent prosecution. It also notes potential ethical issues around defining terms.
2) It overviews common ethical issues like subject matter conflicts, inventor conflicts and representation, failure to supervise staff, and signature requirements.
3) It provides details on recent ethics cases involving subject matter conflicts, inventor representation conflicts, failure to supervise staff who fabricated documents, and mistakenly changing a priority claim without client consent.
Legal issues are important for entrepreneurs to consider when starting a business. Key issues include intellectual property like patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Patents protect inventions and have different types governed by the Patents Act of 1970. The patent process involves filing an application, examination, possible opposition from others, and ultimately the grant or sealing of a patent. Infringement of patents occurs when an invention is used without a license and can result in injunction or penalties. Other legal matters entrepreneurs should be aware of include business methods, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, licensing, product safety and liability, insurance, and contracts. While not needing expertise in all areas of law, entrepreneurs benefit from a basic understanding of relevant legal issues and consulting with
Knobbe Martens co-hosted a 2-hour seminar in Silicon Valley on Protecting Your Intellectual Property with a distinguished panel of global practitioners.
The document discusses the differences between design patents and utility patents. Design patents protect the unique appearance of an item, covering elements like shape, color, or surface patterns. They can help companies prevent copycats, obtain faster protection, and save money on legal costs. While utility patents protect functional innovations, design patents complement them by protecting distinctive visual features that can be critical to a product's market success. The combination of both types of patents provides strong intellectual property protection.
Patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets can provide intellectual property protection. Patents protect inventions and processes, copyrights protect creative works, trademarks protect brands, and trade secrets protect confidential information. The appropriate type of protection depends on the nature of the intellectual property and business situation. Filing a provisional patent application can delay costs while preserving patent rights. Intellectual property protection can increase startup valuations and access to funding, but patents require significant expenses.
This document discusses the costs associated with applying for a patent. It begins by explaining that a patent provides exclusive rights to an invention for a specified period of time, protecting against others using the idea. It then outlines some general patent fees, including basic filing, search, examination, issue and maintenance costs that can range from $2,000 to $30,000 depending on the type and complexity of the invention. The document stresses the importance of consulting a patent attorney and considering the complexity of the invention to help navigate the process in a cost-effective manner.
The document discusses the doctrine of equivalents in patent law. The doctrine allows a court to find infringement even if the accused device does not literally infringe a patent claim, if it is equivalent to the claimed invention. It provides that an equivalent device performs substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result. The doctrine balances protecting patent holders' inventions with providing clear notice of a patent's scope.
This document discusses various tools and strategies for managing intellectual property. It begins by emphasizing the importance of putting all the pieces together effectively. It then provides examples of IP managers from the 1960s-1980s and discusses how IP management has changed for current professionals. The document also discusses IBM's strategy of filing many patents in order to generate licensing fees from a small percentage. It notes that IP management involves the law, business, licensing, and more. The rest of the document outlines numerous specific tools, strategies, and considerations for IP management in contexts like universities, litigation, portfolio development, and more.
This document discusses various methods for intellectual property (IP) protection in the United States. It outlines the main types of IP protection including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. For each method, it provides details on eligibility requirements, application processes, costs, and benefits. Key advice for startups includes focusing IP protection on core technologies, considering provisional patent applications to save costs, and leveraging other lower-cost methods like copyright and trade secrets when applicable.
This document provides an overview of an intellectual property (IP) management training. The training aims to help participants understand the benefits of protecting their IP, how to do so, and how to exploit their enterprise cultural heritage. It covers topics like patents, trademarks, copyright, and registered designs. The training takes 2-2.5 hours and provides generic information that should be checked against specific country laws.
The document summarizes key aspects of patents and trademarks as regulated by the USPTO. It outlines that the USPTO examines applications for patents and trademarks, with patents providing exclusive rights for inventions and trademarks providing exclusive rights to use a mark for a good or service. It also provides an overview of the different types of patents and trademarks, the requirements and process for obtaining them, and considerations for whether to pursue patent or trademark protection.
This memorandum from Morris, Manning & Martin addresses common questions about patents from technology and business clients. It discusses why companies should consider filing patent applications, including to protect against competitors and add value. It also covers when to begin the patent process, the differences between provisional and non-provisional applications, typical timelines and costs for patent applications, and other issues like international protection and determining patentability.
This document discusses several important legal issues for entrepreneurs, including intellectual property, hiring a lawyer, selecting a lawyer, legal issues in setting up an organization, patents, business method patents, trademarks, and copyrights. It provides details on each topic, such as the different types of patents, how to apply for patents and trademarks, and when copyright protection applies. The overall document serves to educate entrepreneurs on key legal considerations and steps they need to take to protect their ideas, brands, and business entities.
The document provides an introduction to patents and intellectual property. It discusses that patents give legal rights over inventions and creations of the mind, preventing others from using the patented idea without permission. The document then lists different forms of intellectual property and provides examples of free patent and non-patent databases that can be used to search for patent information and technical documents.
Mba1034 cg law ethics week 10 intellectual property 2013Stephen Ong
The document discusses various aspects of intellectual property including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. It provides an overview of each type of intellectual property protection, what qualifies for protection, how protection is obtained, examples of each, and relevant laws. The key information covered includes how patents protect inventions, copyrights protect original works, trademarks protect brands and logos, and trade secrets protect confidential business information.
Knobbe Martens attorneys Jon Gurka and James Smith discuss recent district court rulings that have broadened the scope of IPR estoppel while they await the Supreme Court's decision in SAS Institute Inc. v. Matal.
Chapter 8 – Intellectual Property and Unfair CompetitionUAF_BA330
This document provides an overview of intellectual property and unfair competition law. It discusses different types of intellectual property including patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets. It covers topics like infringement, fair use, exceptions, and international law. Key cases are summarized, including MGM v. Grokster on contributory copyright infringement. Commercial torts like injurious falsehood and intentional interference are also addressed. The document concludes with sample test questions to assess understanding.
The document summarizes several topics related to patent prosecution ethics:
1) It discusses a recent Supreme Court ruling on claim construction appeals and the implications for patent prosecution. It also notes potential ethical issues around defining terms.
2) It overviews common ethical issues like subject matter conflicts, inventor conflicts and representation, failure to supervise staff, and signature requirements.
3) It provides details on recent ethics cases involving subject matter conflicts, inventor representation conflicts, failure to supervise staff who fabricated documents, and mistakenly changing a priority claim without client consent.
Legal issues are important for entrepreneurs to consider when starting a business. Key issues include intellectual property like patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Patents protect inventions and have different types governed by the Patents Act of 1970. The patent process involves filing an application, examination, possible opposition from others, and ultimately the grant or sealing of a patent. Infringement of patents occurs when an invention is used without a license and can result in injunction or penalties. Other legal matters entrepreneurs should be aware of include business methods, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, licensing, product safety and liability, insurance, and contracts. While not needing expertise in all areas of law, entrepreneurs benefit from a basic understanding of relevant legal issues and consulting with
Knobbe Martens co-hosted a 2-hour seminar in Silicon Valley on Protecting Your Intellectual Property with a distinguished panel of global practitioners.
The document discusses the differences between design patents and utility patents. Design patents protect the unique appearance of an item, covering elements like shape, color, or surface patterns. They can help companies prevent copycats, obtain faster protection, and save money on legal costs. While utility patents protect functional innovations, design patents complement them by protecting distinctive visual features that can be critical to a product's market success. The combination of both types of patents provides strong intellectual property protection.
Patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets can provide intellectual property protection. Patents protect inventions and processes, copyrights protect creative works, trademarks protect brands, and trade secrets protect confidential information. The appropriate type of protection depends on the nature of the intellectual property and business situation. Filing a provisional patent application can delay costs while preserving patent rights. Intellectual property protection can increase startup valuations and access to funding, but patents require significant expenses.
This document discusses the costs associated with applying for a patent. It begins by explaining that a patent provides exclusive rights to an invention for a specified period of time, protecting against others using the idea. It then outlines some general patent fees, including basic filing, search, examination, issue and maintenance costs that can range from $2,000 to $30,000 depending on the type and complexity of the invention. The document stresses the importance of consulting a patent attorney and considering the complexity of the invention to help navigate the process in a cost-effective manner.
The document discusses the doctrine of equivalents in patent law. The doctrine allows a court to find infringement even if the accused device does not literally infringe a patent claim, if it is equivalent to the claimed invention. It provides that an equivalent device performs substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve substantially the same result. The doctrine balances protecting patent holders' inventions with providing clear notice of a patent's scope.
- The document discusses the patent law requirements of utility, novelty, and non-obviousness. It focuses on defining obviousness and the Graham analysis used to determine obviousness.
- It provides examples of how to overcome an obviousness rejection, such as by demonstrating commercial success, long-felt need, or failure of others. It advises keeping a thorough inventor's notebook.
- Recent court cases like KSR v. Teleflex and proposed patent reform legislation aiming to change from a "first to invent" to "first to file" system are briefly summarized.
The document outlines the steps involved in applying for a patent in the United States, including searching for prior art, writing a patent application, filing with the patent office, examination by a patent examiner, responding to rejections, appealing decisions, and eventual approval or abandonment of the patent application.
The document outlines 10 universal principles supporting the company PatentBooks, Inc. The principles focus on creating a system for efficiently licensing all patents that may be incorporated into commercially successful products. This would involve patent owners voluntarily publishing their patents to a PatentBook, from which innovators could obtain a license by subscribing to the appropriate PatentBook. License fees would be uniformly priced based on usage, and distributed among patent owners according to the quality of their patents. The system aims to benefit all parties by explaining and licensing all relevant patents, avoiding internal contradictions, and being based on objective evidence and avoiding unnecessary harm.
Inventing 101- Protecting the rights to your inventionHovey Williams LLP
This document provides an overview and summary of an "Inventing 101" presentation about developing and protecting inventions. It discusses the different types of intellectual property including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. For patents, it covers the basic requirements, types of patentable subject matter, the examination process, and costs associated with obtaining a patent. It provides guidance on developing an invention through prototyping, testing, and market research. It also discusses the importance of properly disclosing an invention through an invention disclosure form.
The document summarizes various intellectual property news items, including a report finding waste and mismanagement at the Patent Trial and Appeal Board due to unused paralegals, a potential $6 million malpractice suit over an incorrectly claimed bra insert patent, the upcoming vote on Scottish independence and its potential intellectual property implications, the USPTO pulling patent allowances in view of the Alice decision, and upcoming intellectual property events.
This document proposes a "Common Stock Theory" test for determining patent eligibility. It begins by discussing the U.S. court case In re Petrus A.C.M. Nuijten, which dealt with patent eligibility of a signal encoding technique. The document then lays out the foundations and principles of the proposed Common Stock Theory test, which is intended to provide a consistent methodology for determining patent eligibility grounded in fundamental patent law principles. The theory is based on Jeffersonian philosophy around encouraging innovation and the expanding scope of patent eligibility established in court cases like Diamond v. Chakrabarty.
This document provides an overview of intellectual property, including the main types (patents, copyrights, trademarks), how they are protected and enforced, and recent developments. It covers the purpose of intellectual property rights to promote innovation and dissemination of ideas. Key topics include patent applications and examination processes, copyright ownership and infringement, trademark definitions and protection, and dispute resolution mechanisms like litigation, arbitration and mediation. Newer areas discussed are computer program protections under patents and copyright, as well as international treaties governing intellectual property.
The term ‘global patent’ comes from the Latin word ‘patent-em’, which means ‘public.’ A patent is a declaration issued by the government to the creator that allows them to create, use, and sell the invention. Unlike patents, the dominance occurred when creations were not revealed and only sold to a limited number of people.
This document discusses business method patents in the US and EU. It outlines key developments, including the removal of the business method exception in the US post-State Street, which led to a rush of applications. The EU initially consulted on harmonizing with the US but maintained the technical contribution requirement. The Bilski ruling rejected the State Street test but left questions open for future cases to address.
This document provides an overview of patents and utility models. It discusses intellectual property strategies, what can be patented, requirements for patentability, documenting inventions, infringement, and working with patent attorneys. Key points include developing an IP protection plan, patents providing the right to exclude others from making or using an invention for 20 years, and the need to demonstrate an invention is useful, novel, and non-obvious.
Patents are widely regarded as a “crutial” instrument for intellectual property (IP) rights holders seeking to establish a unique market position for their patented products. Patents grant the owner exclusive rights to market their product, license their invention to third parties to recoup investments, and prevent competitors from infringing on their patent rights. Given the huge competitive advantages that the patent brings, it is not surprising that the occurrence of patent disputes is on the rise.
Picking someone to write your patent is like picking a mechanic to fix your car. Unless you know something about patents (or cars) – you don’t know what you’ve bought until a long time after you have paid.
I started writing patents over 12 years ago. This presentation includes tips derived from my experience, as well as a primer on patents and the process for getting patents.
IP in the Bargain Bin SBOT IP June 2012 paperWei Wei Jeang
This document discusses common misconceptions about do-it-yourself intellectual property protection for startups. It addresses questions about patenting ideas, trademarks, and copyright. For patents, merely mailing yourself a letter or signing a confidentiality agreement does not constitute legal protection. Ideas must meet patentability standards of being novel, non-obvious and useful. Public use or sale of an invention, even if details are not visible, can invalidate later patent applications. Proper intellectual property protection requires understanding applicable laws and working with specialized attorneys.
To understand the basic of intellectual property rights like Patents, Trademarks, Copyrights and related rights, Geographical Indications, Industrial Designs,Trade Secrets, Layout Design for Integrated Circuits, Protection of New Plant Variety. by the way of that to understand how to protect this property and use in business
The document summarizes key aspects of United States patent law. It discusses that patents can be obtained for processes, machines, compositions of matter, and some plant varieties. To be patentable, an invention must be novel, non-obvious, and adequately disclosed. There are three main types of patents: utility patents, design patents, and plant patents. The document also outlines the patent application and examination process, requirements for patentability, what constitutes patent infringement, and defenses to infringement allegations.
The document discusses non-obviousness, which is a requirement for patentability. To satisfy non-obviousness, an invention must not be obvious to someone with skill in the related field. While it does not need to be a brilliant act of new genius, the combination of elements cannot be obvious and must provide a utility greater than the sum of the parts. The patent application process involves initially filing a provisional application, then a formal application which undergoes review and potential appeals before a patent is issued. The process is lengthy and obtaining a US patent can cost over $1 million due to extensive legal costs.
Source Code, Object Code, and The Da Vinci Code The Debate on Int.docxwhitneyleman54422
Source Code, Object Code, and The Da Vinci Code: The Debate on Intellectual Property Protection for Software Programs
Neelakantan, Murali; Armstrong, Alex
Computer and Internet Lawyer
10-01-2006
Jump to best part of documentYour Summary Note
For many years, the courts in England and the United States have tried to balance the protection of an author's skill and labor with the competing notion of a free market in which ideas are adapted in the search for newer and better products. It is sometimes argued that "what is worth copying is worth protecting." This statement is only a crude approximation of the central theme in a debate that remains as controversial now as it was 25 years ago-the suitability of a copyright or a patent-based regime for software programs.
For purposes of this article, we have restricted our analysis to the two markets that are likely to be of most interest to the reader-the United States and the United Kingdom. The debate has, however, taken on truly global proportions, with new and exciting markets (and competitive pressures) emanating from the Far East, India, and China most notably. The questions asked in this article are designed therefore to apply globally.
Copyright in Software Programs
The ease with which copyright is granted sometimes betrays its limitations. Is copyright still "fit for purpose" as the global market for software continues its inexorable expansion?
In order to answer this question, this section will seek to:
* Examine the existing state of copyright law as it applies to software programs; and
* Determine whether current copyright law remains flexible enough to capture the dramatic changes to the methods used by developers to create software programs.
The English Law of Copyright
The English law of copyright is often described as drawing clear dividing lines between the idea (which is not protectable per se) and the expression of an idea (which would be). This is a misleading simplification of the relevant provision of the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988,1 which requires that a work be recorded "in writing or otherwise"2 before it can be afforded the protection of copyright. The law says that copyright is infringed if (a) there has been actual copying, and (b) a "substantial part" of the work has been taken. What amounts to a "substantial part" is a question of fact and degree and is the question that has exercised the courts most in the field of computer software.
In Cantor Fitzgerald v. Tradition (UK),3 the court considered whether the developers of a rival bond-broking application had infringed the copyright in the claimant's program. The defendants were ex-employees of the claimant and had used an earlier version of the claimant's program as a reference for their own application. The court also found that the defendants had copied a small portion (3.3 percent) of the claimant's code into the defendants' own program. The judge held on the facts that there had been specific inst.
Software product capabilities presentation.
This software application is available on Amazon.com.
Keyword search "residential real estate software" to subscribe.
2022-Biennial Compilation of Housing Research.pptxTroy Adkins
This document summarizes housing and economic reports from 2021 and 2022. It discusses the Federal Reserve maintaining interest rates near 0% in 2021 and gradually raising them in 2022. Reports reviewed include the state of the housing market, access to lending, issues in residential construction, household debt levels, and the ongoing government conservatorship of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae since the 2008 financial crisis. Mortgage interest rates increased over the year from an average of 3.2% to 6.73% for a 30-year fixed rate loan.
The purpose of this presentation is for the founder of Adkins Capital Management (ACM) to provide an overview and assessment of:
The events and trends that have transpired in the U.S. residential housing market for the second quarter of 2023:
A review of “The State of The Nation’s Housing” report by the Joint Center for Housing Studies (JCHS) of Harvard University.
The monetary policy actions of the Federal Reserve to help curtail the impact of inflation on the U.S. economy.
The home price level for a select group of cities that make up the Adkins 60-City Home Price Index:
Top Five Overpriced Cities in the U.S.; and
Top Five Underpriced Cities in the U.S.
This document provides an overview and analysis of reverse mortgage loans in the United States. It discusses the history and key features of reverse mortgages, including eligibility criteria, loan disbursement options, and how the amount that can be borrowed is determined based on the homeowner's age and interest rates. The document also analyzes the various costs associated with reverse mortgages, such as origination fees, mortgage insurance premiums, interest expense, and servicing fees. It provides examples of how these costs are calculated and can accumulate over the life of the loan.
The document provides an overview and assessment of the U.S. residential housing market for the third quarter of 2020 by Adkins Capital Management. It summarizes unexpected increases in new and existing home sales despite the pandemic and economic impacts. It also analyzes the Federal Reserve's monetary policy actions in response. Additionally, it identifies the top five most overpriced and underpriced cities based on an analysis of each city's median home price, household income, and justified mortgage interest rate. The document concludes by encouraging prospective home buyers to use its valuation tools to make prudent home purchasing decisions.
The document discusses the rise of Bitcoin as a digital currency and payment system. It outlines some of the innovations and obstacles facing wider adoption of Bitcoin, including its increasing popularity and market value, as well as legal and regulatory issues in different countries. System issues with Bitcoin's complexity and the mining process are also examined, along with how exchange traded funds could help further its acceptance but may not be necessary given Bitcoin's existing structure. In the end, the document suggests that while technical and regulatory challenges remain, it is possible Bitcoin could develop into a widely supported global currency system over time.
2019 and 2020 biennial compilation of housing researchTroy Adkins
The document summarizes key housing and mortgage market events and reports from 2020 and 2019, including:
1) Several major banks were accused of price-fixing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac bonds.
2) Reports from the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University on the state of the nation's housing and biennial compilation of pertinent housing research.
3) Actions by the U.S. Federal Reserve to reduce interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic economic impact.
This article explains some basic defense strategies that can be used by the management of potential target companies to deter unwanted acquisition advances.
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TEXTO: JEREMIAS 38:19-20
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En el texto que hemos leído vemos el momento de angustia que el rey Sedequias tenía cuando Jerusalén estaba rodeada por el ejército babilonio.
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Que nos dice la voz de Dios este dia a cada uno de nosotros: FILIPENSES 4:13 “Todo lo puedo en Cristo que me fortalece”
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IHL provisions call for requisite study to assess their capacity to deal with emerging means and methods of warfare.
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1. 1
Title : Adkins Residential Home Valuation Analyzer (RHVA)
Appl. No. : 13/245,051
Applicant : Troy Morris Adkins II
Filed : September 26, 2011
TC/AU : 3695
Examiner : Mr. Ojo Oyebisi
Docket No. : ADKINS-001
Confirmation No. : 6410
June 1, 2015
Commissioner for Patents
P.O. Box 1450
Alexandria, VA 22313-1450
REMARKS
Sir:
In response to the Office Action of March 6, 2015, the following remarks address the
issues raised by the patent examiner in support of reauthorizing patent application
number 13/245,051.
Applicant respectfully requests that a timely Notice of Allowance be issued in this case.
Respectfully submitted,
By Troy M. Adkins II.
Troy Morris Adkins II
troy.m.adkins@gmail.com
2. 2
RESPONSE TO THE OFFICE ACTION
In the most recent Office Action, the patent examiner reviewed the amended claims submitted
by the inventor from the perspective of relying on the recent Supreme Court ruling set forth in
the case of Alice Corporation versus CLS Bank International (2014)(“Alice”). At the conclusion
of his review, the patent examiner decided that the patent application claims are directed to a
statutory class (i.e. computer), but also decided that the claims individually and as a whole are
directed to an “abstract idea” that is not patent eligible. The purpose of this response to the
Office Action is to address the issues raised by the patent examiner from an empirical
perspective, practical perspective, and legal perspective in order to obtain patent
reauthorization by the USPTO.
Empirical Perspective
From an empirical perspective, the inventor would like to first acknowledge that he has spent
more than a decade developing a financial methodology and software application that offers a
novel, useful, and non-obvious business method for conducting a price-level analysis of
residential real estate property. The inventor has also spent more than 100 hours reviewing
published patent applications and authorized patents in order to insure that he was not
infringing on a similar invention. In addition, the inventor confirmed that there is no published
literature that sets forth such inventive methodology and application. Finally, the inventor has
confirmed that there are no commercially available software applications with similar
characteristics and functionality as set forth in the patent application. With this in mind, the
inventor is confident that he has developed a unique invention.
As part of the patent examination process, the inventor has spent almost four years working
with the patent office in order to draft a patent application in a manner that is eligible for
patent authorization. Through this experience, the inventor has learned firsthand about the
issues stemming from the evolution of the U.S. patent system from the “first-to-invent” to
“first-to-file” patent authorization process, the issues surrounding the lack of “concrete”
guidance that can be provided by the USPTO in terms of confirming that an inventor can obtain
patent authorization for a computer program software patent that accomplishes a specified
business method, and the issues stemming from the Supreme Court’s lack of clarity in providing
a definition of an “abstract idea” for purposes of determining patent eligibility. This in turn has
made it very difficult for the inventor to determine whether or not a computer program
software application that provides a business method is eligible for patent claim authorization.
As a result of these problems, it is the inventor’s belief that the lack of clarity in these areas
runs contrary to the mission of the USPTO.
Given the evolution of the American economy from the industrial age to the information
technology age, the inventor believes that it is imperative for the USPTO to protect the
intellectual property rights associated with products and services that are both tangible assets
and intangible assets. In order to accomplish this goal, the inventor believes that both the
USPTO and the court system need to recognize the evolution from tangible-based applications
3. 3
(e.g. calculators) to intangible-based applications (e.g. cloud-based software applications). It is
the inventor’s belief that both categories of inventions need to be patent-eligible in order for
the patent system to protect vital intellectual property that will drive prosperity for the U.S. in
the future.
The ability to deliver products and services via software applications, particularly through the
Internet cloud allows commerce to be conducted much more economically, efficiently, and
effectively than what can be accomplished by selling tangible machines from brick-and-mortar
stores. Therefore, the inventor believes that it is imperative for the USPTO to provide
intellectual property protection in this area in order to foster an environment of innovation and
invention. Moreover, the USPTO still accepts thousands of patent applications that fall within
the software application and business methods categories, and they publish such patent
applications on the Internet. Therefore, inventors are led to believe that such patent
applications are eligible for patent authorization. If such inventions are not patent eligible, the
USPTO needs to provide explicit guidance to inventors so that they do not file patent
applications with the USPTO. Moreover, the USPTO should not publish such proprietary
information if it is not patent-eligible material. By following these recommendations, the
USPTO can save inventors the use of their time and resources and not run the risk of
inappropriately disclosing patent-ineligible intellectual property in a manner that runs contrary
to the mission of the USPTO.
Practical Perspective
From a practical perspective, the inventor believes it is important to explain the concept and
application of computer science in order to provide the specific clarity that is required for the
USPTO to understand that the invention disclosed in the patent application is a “concrete
invention” that is patent eligible, rather than an abstract invention that is classified as a patent
ineligible “abstract idea.” The inventor believes this position is necessary because explicit
guidance in this area has not been provided by the court system, which in turn has limited the
amount of guidance that can be provided to inventors by the USPTO.
At the most basic level, computer science is a discipline that spans both theory and practice.
Computer science requires thinking both in “abstract” terms and in “concrete” terms. At the
“abstract” level, computer science can be seen as a science of problem solving. Problem solving
requires precision, creativity, and careful reasoning. At the “concrete” level, computer
scientists must be able to develop solutions for problems and verify that the solutions are
correct. Getting computers to do what you want them to do requires intensive hands-on
experience. Therefore, it is the inventor’s belief that the application of computer science from
the “abstract” problem solving arena to the “concrete” development of a verified solution to a
problem via a software application is the manner in which “abstract” concepts are transformed
into patent eligible material. The importance of this type of thinking and understanding cannot
be overstated.
4. 4
In terms of computer science, the terms “concrete” and “abstract” are used to suggest
how practical or impractical an idea might be. In this context, “concrete” ideas are those that
have relevance to action (e.g., a recipe is “concrete” because it states how to cook a dinner,
whereas a differential equation is “abstract” because it is not tied to action in this way). This
connection to action offers the inventor a way to make “abstract” ideas “concrete” by showing
their relevance to action. For example, chemistry can be connected to cooking or medicine and
mathematics can be connected to computer science or construction. This concept is very
important for the patent examiner to understand, because it provides the foundation that is
necessary for both the legal community and the business community to support the
classification of a software application that performs a business method as patent-eligible
material.
Legal Perspective
From a legal perspective, the complexity of evaluating computer-related patent claims can be
found in the federal circuit court of appeals case for DDR Holdings, LLC, (“DDR”) which was
decided December 5, 2014. The opinion for the court was filed by Circuit Judge Chen. The DDR
case is the first United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit decision to uphold the
validity of computer-implemented patent claims since the Supreme Court’s decision in Alice
Corporation v. CLS Bank International (“Alice”). The legal decision for DDR Holdings is relevant
to the debate about whether software and business methods are patentable subject matter
under Title 35 of the United States Code §101. The Federal Circuit applied the framework
articulated in “Alice” to uphold the validity of the patents on webpage display technology at
issue in DDR Holdings.
In “DDR,” the case is of most significance to the inventor for its discussion of 35 U.S.C. §101 and
the concept of an unpatentable abstract idea as it applies to software and business methods.
In this discussion, the Federal Circuit applied the two-step test for patentability set forth
in “Alice” to determine that “DDR’s” patent claims are directed to patent-eligible subject
matter. The court considered whether the patent claims were directed to a patent-ineligible
“abstract idea.” However, since the U.S. Supreme Court has not defined “abstract ideas,” Judge
Chen did not reach a clear answer to this question. Instead, Judge Chen opted to ground his
opinion in the more perceptible nature of eligibility, should the analysis proceed to step two,
without deciding whether that step is actually necessary. Accordingly, it is the inventor’s
position that the patent examiner can also use the framework set forth by Judge Chen in the
“DDR” decision in order to authorize the inventor’s patent application. With that said, the
inventor believes that he has developed a patentable invention based on current patent law.
5. 5
Step 1 Derived from the “Alice” court decision: Determine if patent claims are tied to an
“Abstract idea”
As an initial matter, the court must determine whether the claims at issue are directed to a
patent ineligible concept. At this step, the court observed that distinguishing between a
patentable invention and an “abstract idea” "can be difficult, as the line separating the two is
not always clear." Judge Chen acknowledged that the invention could be characterized as an
“abstract idea,” such as "making two e-commerce web pages look alike," but also noted that
the asserted patent claims do not recite a mathematical algorithm, nor do they recite a
fundamental economic or longstanding commercial practice." The court reviewed several
Supreme Court cases useful in identifying claims directed to abstract ideas. However, the
Federal Circuit Court never offered a precise definition of an unpatentable "abstract idea" nor
did it explicitly decide whether the patent claims are directed to such ineligible subject matter.
Instead, the court concluded that, even stipulating any of the characterizations of the alleged
“abstract idea” put forth by defense counsel and the dissent, the patent claims still contain an
inventive concept sufficient to render them patent-eligible under step two of the “Alice”
analysis.
Before addressing the issue from the perspective used by Judge Chen to reach his decision in
the “DDR” case, the inventor would like to provide more insight that he has gleaned throughout
the patent examination process in order to make his case for patent reauthorization. In looking
at financial-related patent claims that have been authorized by the USPTO for almost 40 years,
it appears that inventions that perform financial calculations on a tangible machine (calculator)
are eligible for patent protection. The following patents illustrate this point:
General purpose calculator with capability for performing yield-to-maturity of a
bond calculation - US 3946218 A (~1976)
Computer for calculating compound interest - US 4486849 A (~1984)
Retirement and financial planning calculator apparatus and methods - US
8069103 B1 (~2011)
While the three authorized patent cases listed above perform financial calculations of varying
complexities, none of the financial calculations made by these inventions are nearly as complex
as the financial calculations set forth in the inventor’s patent application. Therefore, it is logical
to conclude that the only issue keeping the inventor’s patent application from being authorized
by the USPTO is the fact that the invention is designed as an intangible cloud-based software
application, rather than as a tangible hand-held calculator device. With this in mind, the
inventor believes that at a minimum, the patent claims could be revised to illustrate a unique
hand held tangible device such as a proprietary calculator, and likely receive patent protection
as an eligible invention. Accordingly, it is the inventor’s belief that the following universal
patent examiner’s amendments would make the claims in the patent application eligible for
patent protection:
6. 6
A method of calculating A computer-implemented method for
conducting a price-level analysis of residential real estate property…;
providing a pre-programmed calculator for the computer, the computer
having a display screen with a series of pre-programmed input switches;
entering an annual household income amount, …;
calculating…
The inventor believes that this type of recommended amendment to the patent claims is the
first tactical approach that could be undertaken in order to allow the invention to receive
patent protection. With that said, it is also the inventor’s belief that revising the claims in the
patent application to change the invention from an intangible cloud-based software application
(which has been built, has been tested, and is completely operational) to a tangible calculator
machine would not be taking advantage of the low cost, highly powerful computer processing
power readily available through the internet cloud. Therefore, from the inventor’s perspective,
while it appears that such a tactical approach would facilitate the ability to receive patent
protection, it also appears that the court system and the USPTO have put in place a rationale
and process that promotes the curtailment of innovation and invention, and have established
an environment that curtails the development of inventions that function in an economical,
efficient, and effective manner.
A second tactical approach proposed by the inventor would be to reassess the claims set forth
in the patent application as patent-eligible material. As mentioned in the first tactical approach
above, it appears that the USPTO has a policy of granting patent authorization to manual
(tangible) calculators that perform mathematical calculations. However, the inventor believes
that such patents are awarded based on the financial calculation capabilities that have been
programed into the machine, rather than the buttons, switches, casing, and display system that
encompasses the scope of the invention. With this thought process in mind, it is the inventor’s
belief that his invention should not be evaluated based on the input window for the cloud-
based software application that he has developed, or the output window for the software
application that displays the analytical results, but rather the unique calculations that have
been programed into an inventive computer system that transforms raw data into a set of
calculated financial conclusions that allows prospective home buyers to make a prudent home
purchase decision.
7. 7
In the event the patent examiner does not agree with the first two tactical approaches, the
inventor believes that the rationale used by Judge Chen to skirt the determination of the
invention as an “abstract idea” is also a viable option. Using this third tactical approach, the
responsibility of making an explicit determination about whether or not the claimed invention
is a patentable invention can be determined by illustrating that the patent claims pertain to an
inventive concept that would make the invention patent eligible.
Step 2 Derived from the “Alice” court decision: Determine if patent claims pertain to an
inventive concept
In step two, the court must: "consider the elements of each claim — both individually and as an
ordered combination — to determine whether the additional elements transform the nature of
the claim into a patent-eligible application of the ‘abstract idea.’ This second step is the search
for an ‘inventive concept,’ or some element or combination of elements sufficient to ensure
that the claim in practice amounts to ‘significantly more’ than a patent on an ineligible
concept."
In spite of the business-related nature of the claims in the “DDR” case (retaining or increasing
website traffic) and the fact that they could be implemented on a generic computer, the court
highlighted that the claims did not simply take an abstract business method from the pre-
internet world and implement it on a computer. Instead, the claims addressed a technological
problem ‘particular to the internet’ by implementing a solution specific to that technological
environment and different from the manner suggested by routine or conventional use within
the field.
The majority opinion characterized the problem as "the ephemeral nature of an Internet
‘location’ and the near-instantaneous transport between these locations made possible by
standard communication protocols. The majority distinguished this problem, which they found
was ‘particular to the Internet,’ from the circumstances inherent in the ‘store within a store’
schemes—in traditional ‘brick and mortar’ warehouse stores with cruise vacation package
kiosks, visitors to the kiosk are still inside the warehouse store when making their kiosk
purchases.” Judge Chen thus found that “the claimed solution is necessarily rooted in
computer technology in order to overcome a problem specifically arising in the realm of
computer networks.”
The DDR court differentiated the claims of the patent from those that "merely recite the
performance of some business practice known from the pre-Internet world along with the
requirement to perform it on the Internet." Instead, the court explained, the patent claims
"address the problem of retaining website visitors that, if adhering to the routine, conventional
functioning of Internet hyperlink protocol, would be instantly transported away from a host's
website after clicking on an advertisement and activating a hyperlink." Because the invention
8. 8
"overrides the routine and conventional sequence of events ordinarily triggered by the click of a
hyperlink," it did not employ mere ordinary use of a computer or the Internet.
Further, the court held, the claims included additional features that limit their scope so as to
not preempt every application of any of the abstract ideas suggested by the plaintiff. Viewed
individually and as an ordered combination, the “DDR” court concluded that the claims these
aspects of the invention established an "inventive concept" for resolving an Internet-centric
problem and were therefore directed to patent-eligible subject matter.
The inventor believes that the claims set forth in the patent application address a technological
problem "particular to the internet" by implementing a solution specific to that technological
environment and different from the manner suggested by routine or conventional use within
the field. In this case the patent claims disclose a unique method for conducting a price-level
analysis of residential real estate property. Existing computer technology will not accomplish
this goal without a computer system being designed and programmed to tell it what to do. To
accomplish this goal, the unique financial methodology outlined in the patent claims has been
incorporated into a software application in order to create a table of financial factor multiples
as illustrated below. The manner in which this factor multiples are calculated and used in the
table is different from the standard use of computer applications.
At the individual claim level, the software application employs an inventive approach to a
comprehensive methodology that is not available via a traditional computer. First, the
invention uses the financial methodology outlined in the patent claims in order to calculate the
factor multiple relationship that triangulates mortgage loan interest rates with the percentage
of pre-tax household income amounts that represent the largest amount of money that should
be spent in order to repay the principal and interest costs for a mortgage loan. Said table is
generated for a very wide range of scenarios, as illustrated in the table above. With this
information, the software application can reverse engineer the inventive analytical process in
order to answer a host of questions that prospective home buyers can use in order to make a
prudent home purchase decision.
9. 9
The inventive nature of the software application allows prospective home buyers to determine
the level of underpricing or overpricing of homes in their community, by using two unique
analytical perspectives. From the first analytical perspective, the software application is
designed to read the input data submitted by the prospective home buyer and to scan the row
headings (mortgage loan interest rates) in the table and find the appropriate variable entered
into the software application by the user of the invention. Then, the software application scans
across the table and finds the appropriate factor multiple that represents the relationship
between the pre-tax household income amount and the home price level amount. With this
information, the software application finds the appropriate column heading that represents the
justified percentage of household income amount. This amount is then compared against the
largest percentage of pre-tax household income that the prospective home buyer believes
should be spent in order to repay the principal and interest costs for a mortgage loan. The
spread between these two amounts represents the level of underpricing or overpricing of
homes in the community.
From the second analytical perspective, the software application is uniquely designed to read
input data submitted by the prospective home buyer and to scan the column headings
(percentage of pre-tax household income amounts) and find the appropriate variable entered
into the software application by the user of the invention. Then, the software application scans
down the table and finds the appropriate factor multiple that represents the relationship
between the pre-tax household income amount and the home price level amount. With this
information, the software application finds the appropriate row heading that represents the
justified mortgage loan interest rate. This amount is then compared against the prevailing cost
of debt for a 30-year fully amortized fixed rate mortgage loan that is available in the
prospective home buyer’s community. The spread between these two amounts represents the
level of underpricing or overpricing of homes in the community.
The inventive analytical methodology also uses the calculated factor multiples to allow the
prospective home buyer to determine the largest amount of money that should be spent in
order to purchase a home, and the amount of household income that would need to be earned
on an annual basis in order to be able to afford to purchase a specific home. Both of these
calculations use the proprietary methodology that is outlined in the patent claims.
The proprietary methodology and process outlined in the patent claims is not available through
existing technology and can only be used by prospective home buyers that use the invention, or
by understanding the methodology and applying it manually via a laborious and time
consuming process. Given the unique methodology and application, the inventor believes that
the patent claims should be authorized because they are directed toward a technical goal that
is currently not offered by any computer networks or financial calculators in existence, they
make analytical calculations that are far beyond what can be conceptualized or calculated by
10. 10
prospective home buyers, the invention provides information in a timely and cost effective
manner, and because the analytical results provided by the invention allow prospective home
buyers to make a prudent home purchase decision.
At the collective claim level, the software application employs an inventive approach that is not
available through a conventional computer. In essence, the software application creates a
unique cloud-based financial calculator that facilitates the ability to make complex calculations
that pertain to the price-level of residential real estate property. Such calculations require the
design capabilities of a financier and the production capabilities of a computer programmer
that is capable of building a calculator using multiple programming languages. Each of these
languages has to work in concert with one another in order for the invention to function
properly. With this in mind, the inventor believes that the claims should be authorized,
because they are directed toward a technical goal that is currently not offered by any computer
networks or financial calculators in existence, and can only be made by using the scope of the
invention.
Conclusion
The purpose of this response to the Office Action is to explain why the patent application
should be authorized as a non-provisional utility patent. The inventor believes that he has
developed a patent-eligible invention that does not recite a mathematical algorithm or recite a
fundamental economic or longstanding commercial practice, and that the patent claims contain
an inventive concept sufficient to render them patent-eligible under step one or step two of the
“Alice” analysis, as applied by the presiding judge in the opinion for the Federal Circuit Court for
the “DDR” court ruling. Moreover, the inventor believes that his patent claims have been
written in a restrictive manner, with a limited scope and application that does not preempt
technological advances or future inventions.
In closing, the inventor requests that the USPTO take into consideration the fact that the patent
application was filed prior to the Court decisions for the “Alice” and “DDR” cases. Therefore,
the inventor believes that his patent application should be evaluated based on the laws and
precedents in place at the time the patent application was submitted, rather than basing the
merits of authorizing the patent on the subsequent rulings in “Alice” and “DDR,” which were
unknown to the inventor at the time of the patent filing. Finally, the inventor requests that the
patent examiner take into consideration that there is a significant amount of uncertainty in the
current patent law with regard to the merits of authorizing software applications that perform
a business method as patent-eligible material. Given this current level of uncertainty, it is the
inventor’s belief that the patent application should be authorized, and that any future patent
infringement issues be handled in a future court of law. With this in mind, the applicant
respectfully requests that a timely Notice of Allowance be issued in this case.