The future power system will be an innovative administration of existing power grids, which is called smart grid. Above all, the application of advanced communication and computing tools is going to significantly improve the productivity and consistency of smart grid systems with renewable energy resources. Together with the topographies of the smart grid, cyber security appears as a serious concern since a huge number of automatic devices are linked through communication networks. Cyber attacks on those devices had a direct influence on the reliability of extensive infrastructure of the power system. In this survey, several published works related to smart grid system vulnerabilities, potential intentional attacks, and suggested countermeasures for these threats have been investigated.
This document discusses cyber security issues in smart grids. It begins with an introduction to smart grids and their reliance on information and communication technologies. It then discusses three key security objectives for smart grids: data availability, confidentiality, and integrity. Several types of cyber attacks on smart grids are described, including denial-of-service attacks, random attacks, and false data injection attacks. The document concludes by evaluating techniques for detecting attacks, such as using chi-square tests and cosine similarity matching to compare expected and measured smart grid data.
This document discusses the cyber security risks of smart grids and proposes an integrated security framework to address these risks. Smart grids integrate information infrastructure with electrical infrastructure, improving performance but also increasing vulnerability to cyber attacks. The framework features security agents, managed security switches, and a security manager to provide layered protection, intrusion detection, and access control across the power automation network in a scalable and extensible manner. This integrated approach is needed as power systems have different security needs than traditional IT networks.
This document discusses cyber security in smart grid systems. It begins by defining smart grids as power grids that use digital technology to improve reliability, security and efficiency. It then discusses why smart grids are needed to address challenges like increasing power production while reducing carbon footprint. The document outlines some key cyber security risks in smart grids like denial of service attacks and malware. It also describes some common security requirements like availability, integrity and confidentiality. Finally, it proposes some solutions to smart grid cyber security like network security protocols, data security methods, key management and secure communication architectures.
Wireless power transmission involves transferring energy from one place to another without wires. Historically proposed in 1899 but inefficient, modern wireless power focuses on magnetic resonance coupling developed at MIT in 2007. The document discusses the history and types of wireless power transmission, including inductive and magnetic coupling. Advantages are no wires or batteries needed while disadvantages include distance constraints and initial cost. Applications include consumer electronics and electric vehicle charging.
Long & Short Interruptions: Interruptions – Definition – Difference between failures,
outage, Interruptions – causes of Long Interruptions – Origin of Interruptions – Limits for the
Interruption frequency – Limits for the interruption duration – costs of Interruption –
Overview of Reliability evaluation to power quality, comparison of observations and
reliability evaluation.Short interruptions: definition, origin of short interruptions, basic principle, fuse saving,
voltage magnitude events due to re-closing, voltage during the interruption, monitoring of
short interruptions, difference between medium and low voltage systems. Multiple events,
single phase tripping – voltage and current during fault period, voltage and current at post
fault period
This document is a seminar paper on HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission presented by Pankaj Chaudhary. HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like lower transmission losses over long distances. The first HVDC link was between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954. HVDC uses direct current for transmission and converters are used to convert AC to DC. It allows asynchronous connections of AC networks and bulk power transmission over long distances or underwater.
This document discusses issues related to interconnecting microgrids. It describes how a DC microgrid system utilizes a DC bus to distribute power from photovoltaic units and battery storage to local households. Interconnection can be done directly through switchgear or power electronic interfaces. Key issues that can arise include voltage and frequency fluctuations that occur due to imbalance between supply and demand, power factor correction needs, and harmonics produced by some loads. Unintentional islanding is also a safety concern that must be addressed when connecting microgrids to the main power grid.
This document discusses cyber security issues in smart grids. It begins with an introduction to smart grids and their reliance on information and communication technologies. It then discusses three key security objectives for smart grids: data availability, confidentiality, and integrity. Several types of cyber attacks on smart grids are described, including denial-of-service attacks, random attacks, and false data injection attacks. The document concludes by evaluating techniques for detecting attacks, such as using chi-square tests and cosine similarity matching to compare expected and measured smart grid data.
This document discusses the cyber security risks of smart grids and proposes an integrated security framework to address these risks. Smart grids integrate information infrastructure with electrical infrastructure, improving performance but also increasing vulnerability to cyber attacks. The framework features security agents, managed security switches, and a security manager to provide layered protection, intrusion detection, and access control across the power automation network in a scalable and extensible manner. This integrated approach is needed as power systems have different security needs than traditional IT networks.
This document discusses cyber security in smart grid systems. It begins by defining smart grids as power grids that use digital technology to improve reliability, security and efficiency. It then discusses why smart grids are needed to address challenges like increasing power production while reducing carbon footprint. The document outlines some key cyber security risks in smart grids like denial of service attacks and malware. It also describes some common security requirements like availability, integrity and confidentiality. Finally, it proposes some solutions to smart grid cyber security like network security protocols, data security methods, key management and secure communication architectures.
Wireless power transmission involves transferring energy from one place to another without wires. Historically proposed in 1899 but inefficient, modern wireless power focuses on magnetic resonance coupling developed at MIT in 2007. The document discusses the history and types of wireless power transmission, including inductive and magnetic coupling. Advantages are no wires or batteries needed while disadvantages include distance constraints and initial cost. Applications include consumer electronics and electric vehicle charging.
Long & Short Interruptions: Interruptions – Definition – Difference between failures,
outage, Interruptions – causes of Long Interruptions – Origin of Interruptions – Limits for the
Interruption frequency – Limits for the interruption duration – costs of Interruption –
Overview of Reliability evaluation to power quality, comparison of observations and
reliability evaluation.Short interruptions: definition, origin of short interruptions, basic principle, fuse saving,
voltage magnitude events due to re-closing, voltage during the interruption, monitoring of
short interruptions, difference between medium and low voltage systems. Multiple events,
single phase tripping – voltage and current during fault period, voltage and current at post
fault period
This document is a seminar paper on HVDC (high voltage direct current) transmission presented by Pankaj Chaudhary. HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like lower transmission losses over long distances. The first HVDC link was between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954. HVDC uses direct current for transmission and converters are used to convert AC to DC. It allows asynchronous connections of AC networks and bulk power transmission over long distances or underwater.
This document discusses issues related to interconnecting microgrids. It describes how a DC microgrid system utilizes a DC bus to distribute power from photovoltaic units and battery storage to local households. Interconnection can be done directly through switchgear or power electronic interfaces. Key issues that can arise include voltage and frequency fluctuations that occur due to imbalance between supply and demand, power factor correction needs, and harmonics produced by some loads. Unintentional islanding is also a safety concern that must be addressed when connecting microgrids to the main power grid.
This document discusses power flow in transmission lines and how FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) controllers can be used to control power flow. It begins by describing the basic model of power flow on a transmission line connected between two buses and defines key variables. It then discusses different types of FACTS controllers - series controllers that inject voltage in series with the line, shunt controllers that inject current at the point of connection, and combined configurations. The key points are that series controllers can provide powerful control of active power flow by varying the line reactance or angle, while shunt controllers are more effective for reactive power control by varying bus voltages. Combined configurations allow control of both active and reactive power.
This document discusses smart grid technology. It begins by defining the electric grid as the network that delivers electricity from power plants to homes. It then defines smart grid as a two-way system of transmitting electricity and communication. The document outlines the need for smart grids to satisfy increasing demand, reduce losses, integrate renewable energy, and establish utility-consumer communication. It lists benefits like improved reliability, economic savings, efficiency, environmental gains, safety, and security. It also discusses the differences between conventional and smart grids, types of smart grids, key drivers for smart grids, and challenges to smart grid implementation.
Smart Grid: Definition
• Need of smart grid
• Smart grid functions
• How Smart Grid Works
• Smart Grid: Benefits
• Smart grid components and its Benefits
• Issues and Challenges
• Opportunities in future
• Smart Grid Projects in India and Gujarat
• Question-Answer
• References
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
Seminar presentation on Smart Energy Metersudhanshurj
The document discusses smart energy meters, which allow for two-way communication between the energy meter and the utility provider. Smart meters consist of components like a digital energy meter, current and voltage sensors, a microcontroller, and a communication module. This enables remote and automatic meter reading as well as providing consumers with insights into their energy usage to encourage savings. Smart meters help reduce power theft, improve regulation, and allow more accurate billing compared to traditional electro-mechanical meters.
This presentation gives an introduction to security of smart grid and reviews the most important related guidelines like NISTIR 7628 and IEEE 2030. At the final section, it reviews the US cyber security program for the energy sector as a case study.
- The smart grid extends power systems into homes and businesses, creating new security challenges as critical infrastructure connects to less secure networks.
- We need accurate models of the smart grid that consider both cyber and physical pathways between components in order to understand vulnerabilities and identify security weaknesses across the integrated system.
- A federated approach is needed to both secure the smart grid and model its complex interactions, as the system spans multiple organizations with critical and non-critical functions that must be isolated despite sharing physical infrastructure.
GSM based electricity theft contol system, it also intimates the concernded person when theft is happening. It sends messages about the unit consumed too.
Solar Power Based Automatic Irrigation SystemArifAhmed188
This document summarizes a student project on developing a solar power based automatic irrigation system using an Arduino. The system aims to minimize water wastage in agriculture by automatically irrigating crops based on soil moisture sensor readings. It uses a microcontroller, soil moisture sensor, relay switches, water pump, solar panel, battery, charge controller and inverter. The system measures soil moisture levels and turns the pump on or off to irrigate crops when the moisture level drops below a set threshold. It is powered by the solar panel but can also draw power from the grid through a relay switch if solar power is unavailable. The project aims to provide a low-cost and efficient irrigation solution to help farmers and reduce dependence on non-
The document discusses smart grids and microgrids. A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses smart technologies like smart meters and renewable energy. It aims to be more reliable, flexible, efficient, sustainable, and market-enabling compared to traditional grids. Microgrids are localized grids that can operate independently from the main grid during outages. They consist of local generation sources, loads, energy storage, and a connection point to the main grid. The document outlines key features and components of smart grids and microgrids as well as security requirements for their applications.
The project involves determining real time electricity charges incurred by the residential consumers. The smart grid integrated with residential PV systems was modeled in Simulink to determine demand response in dynamic pricing environment. Based on the load demand, electricity charges were calculated and compared with flat rate charges to highlight cost savings.
This document discusses fault analysis in HVDC and HVAC transmission lines. It begins with a brief history of HVDC systems and then covers the basics of HVDC transmission including components and types. The main sections compare HVAC and HVDC systems, discuss fault analysis in both, and describe various protection methods. HVDC transmission is described as advantageous for long distance bulk power transmission, underground/underwater cables, and asynchronous grid interconnection. Protection of AC and DC lines includes overcurrent, overvoltage, and DC reactor methods.
Cybersecurity for Smart Grids: Technical Approaches to Provide CybersecurityLeonardo ENERGY
This Cybersecurity webinar, the second in a series, addresses issues of importance to executive, technical, and academic professionals involved with managing and protecting Electric Utilities and Smart Grids worldwide. Technology and market challenges will be addressed, followed by cybersecurity approaches (including those used in Europe and US) and best practices. Three case studies, and legal and regulatory constraints, for architecting smart grids in a secure way also will be presented.
This document provides an overview of smart grids, including their components, advantages, and limitations. A smart grid uses two-way digital communication technology to detect and automatically respond to local changes in usage. It aims to reduce costs and carbon emissions by integrating renewable energy sources. Key components include smart meters for sensing usage, core networks for connectivity between substations, and distribution networks for transmitting data to databases. Advantages are reduced carbon, automated control, and increased efficiency. Limitations include inadequate existing infrastructure and intermittent renewable sources.
This document discusses types of faults that can occur in electrical distribution systems and the importance of protection systems. It provides definitions for key terms like feeders, faults, and protection requirements. The summary describes the different types of protection schemes including unit and non-unit schemes. Unit schemes protect a specific area using principles like Kirchhoff's current law, while non-unit schemes have overlapping zones and use techniques like time-graded overcurrent protection to isolate faults.
CYBER SECURITY TRANDS FOR FUTURE SMART GRID SYSTEMSGeorge Wainblat
SUMMARY - Current power grids increasingly emerging into smart networked grids and are more accessible from the public internet which poses new cyber threats in the grid. More computer based systems are introduced into power networks in order to monitor and control the network. Future model smart grid and micro grid systems will be based on data flows for communication of system status, usage and control throughout the network infrastructure in addition to the power flow. This creates new security threats on the power grid. Instead of relying mainly on power plants for power generation, there will be a combination of multiple generation sources and at the same time wider use of electrical computer based equipment by consumers. Both increase the amount of data flows in the network as well as introduce additional vulnerable spots. Vulnerability of the power grid to cyber-attacks increases even more because of the wide use of SCADA networks. SCADA networks are more accessible to the internet and lack authentication and authorization mechanisms therefore expose the grid to threats such as DDOS, Data interception, Data alteration and additional hacking threats.
The transition from present to future model has already begun and rapidly growing while it already poses new security challenges which must be attended immediately. It is essential to introduce immediately a single comprehensive security solution which will provide fast detection and prevention tools to cope with a variety of threats with different nature and from multiple sources. The solution should not be tightly coupled with each device in the network so it won’t require upgrade of the devices inside the grid.
The Cyber defense solution should be versatile using variety of cyber technologies such as Firewalls, anomaly detection, Big Data analytics, machine learning and more in a network wise combination.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a design for a secure and sophisticated electricity meter called an Impregnable Device for Secured Metering (IDSM). The IDSM uses a microcontroller integrated with a smart meter to securely transmit power consumption data via a legacy Wi-Fi system. Random number addressing cryptography (RAC) is used for encryption due to its high speed, low power usage, and security. The IDSM system connects individual household meters to a centralized server that calculates billing amounts and sends updates back to the meters for display. The goal is to provide secure metering and billing that reduces human error and electricity theft while lowering costs.
This document discusses power flow in transmission lines and how FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) controllers can be used to control power flow. It begins by describing the basic model of power flow on a transmission line connected between two buses and defines key variables. It then discusses different types of FACTS controllers - series controllers that inject voltage in series with the line, shunt controllers that inject current at the point of connection, and combined configurations. The key points are that series controllers can provide powerful control of active power flow by varying the line reactance or angle, while shunt controllers are more effective for reactive power control by varying bus voltages. Combined configurations allow control of both active and reactive power.
This document discusses smart grid technology. It begins by defining the electric grid as the network that delivers electricity from power plants to homes. It then defines smart grid as a two-way system of transmitting electricity and communication. The document outlines the need for smart grids to satisfy increasing demand, reduce losses, integrate renewable energy, and establish utility-consumer communication. It lists benefits like improved reliability, economic savings, efficiency, environmental gains, safety, and security. It also discusses the differences between conventional and smart grids, types of smart grids, key drivers for smart grids, and challenges to smart grid implementation.
Smart Grid: Definition
• Need of smart grid
• Smart grid functions
• How Smart Grid Works
• Smart Grid: Benefits
• Smart grid components and its Benefits
• Issues and Challenges
• Opportunities in future
• Smart Grid Projects in India and Gujarat
• Question-Answer
• References
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
Seminar presentation on Smart Energy Metersudhanshurj
The document discusses smart energy meters, which allow for two-way communication between the energy meter and the utility provider. Smart meters consist of components like a digital energy meter, current and voltage sensors, a microcontroller, and a communication module. This enables remote and automatic meter reading as well as providing consumers with insights into their energy usage to encourage savings. Smart meters help reduce power theft, improve regulation, and allow more accurate billing compared to traditional electro-mechanical meters.
This presentation gives an introduction to security of smart grid and reviews the most important related guidelines like NISTIR 7628 and IEEE 2030. At the final section, it reviews the US cyber security program for the energy sector as a case study.
- The smart grid extends power systems into homes and businesses, creating new security challenges as critical infrastructure connects to less secure networks.
- We need accurate models of the smart grid that consider both cyber and physical pathways between components in order to understand vulnerabilities and identify security weaknesses across the integrated system.
- A federated approach is needed to both secure the smart grid and model its complex interactions, as the system spans multiple organizations with critical and non-critical functions that must be isolated despite sharing physical infrastructure.
GSM based electricity theft contol system, it also intimates the concernded person when theft is happening. It sends messages about the unit consumed too.
Solar Power Based Automatic Irrigation SystemArifAhmed188
This document summarizes a student project on developing a solar power based automatic irrigation system using an Arduino. The system aims to minimize water wastage in agriculture by automatically irrigating crops based on soil moisture sensor readings. It uses a microcontroller, soil moisture sensor, relay switches, water pump, solar panel, battery, charge controller and inverter. The system measures soil moisture levels and turns the pump on or off to irrigate crops when the moisture level drops below a set threshold. It is powered by the solar panel but can also draw power from the grid through a relay switch if solar power is unavailable. The project aims to provide a low-cost and efficient irrigation solution to help farmers and reduce dependence on non-
The document discusses smart grids and microgrids. A smart grid is an electrical grid that uses smart technologies like smart meters and renewable energy. It aims to be more reliable, flexible, efficient, sustainable, and market-enabling compared to traditional grids. Microgrids are localized grids that can operate independently from the main grid during outages. They consist of local generation sources, loads, energy storage, and a connection point to the main grid. The document outlines key features and components of smart grids and microgrids as well as security requirements for their applications.
The project involves determining real time electricity charges incurred by the residential consumers. The smart grid integrated with residential PV systems was modeled in Simulink to determine demand response in dynamic pricing environment. Based on the load demand, electricity charges were calculated and compared with flat rate charges to highlight cost savings.
This document discusses fault analysis in HVDC and HVAC transmission lines. It begins with a brief history of HVDC systems and then covers the basics of HVDC transmission including components and types. The main sections compare HVAC and HVDC systems, discuss fault analysis in both, and describe various protection methods. HVDC transmission is described as advantageous for long distance bulk power transmission, underground/underwater cables, and asynchronous grid interconnection. Protection of AC and DC lines includes overcurrent, overvoltage, and DC reactor methods.
Cybersecurity for Smart Grids: Technical Approaches to Provide CybersecurityLeonardo ENERGY
This Cybersecurity webinar, the second in a series, addresses issues of importance to executive, technical, and academic professionals involved with managing and protecting Electric Utilities and Smart Grids worldwide. Technology and market challenges will be addressed, followed by cybersecurity approaches (including those used in Europe and US) and best practices. Three case studies, and legal and regulatory constraints, for architecting smart grids in a secure way also will be presented.
This document provides an overview of smart grids, including their components, advantages, and limitations. A smart grid uses two-way digital communication technology to detect and automatically respond to local changes in usage. It aims to reduce costs and carbon emissions by integrating renewable energy sources. Key components include smart meters for sensing usage, core networks for connectivity between substations, and distribution networks for transmitting data to databases. Advantages are reduced carbon, automated control, and increased efficiency. Limitations include inadequate existing infrastructure and intermittent renewable sources.
This document discusses types of faults that can occur in electrical distribution systems and the importance of protection systems. It provides definitions for key terms like feeders, faults, and protection requirements. The summary describes the different types of protection schemes including unit and non-unit schemes. Unit schemes protect a specific area using principles like Kirchhoff's current law, while non-unit schemes have overlapping zones and use techniques like time-graded overcurrent protection to isolate faults.
CYBER SECURITY TRANDS FOR FUTURE SMART GRID SYSTEMSGeorge Wainblat
SUMMARY - Current power grids increasingly emerging into smart networked grids and are more accessible from the public internet which poses new cyber threats in the grid. More computer based systems are introduced into power networks in order to monitor and control the network. Future model smart grid and micro grid systems will be based on data flows for communication of system status, usage and control throughout the network infrastructure in addition to the power flow. This creates new security threats on the power grid. Instead of relying mainly on power plants for power generation, there will be a combination of multiple generation sources and at the same time wider use of electrical computer based equipment by consumers. Both increase the amount of data flows in the network as well as introduce additional vulnerable spots. Vulnerability of the power grid to cyber-attacks increases even more because of the wide use of SCADA networks. SCADA networks are more accessible to the internet and lack authentication and authorization mechanisms therefore expose the grid to threats such as DDOS, Data interception, Data alteration and additional hacking threats.
The transition from present to future model has already begun and rapidly growing while it already poses new security challenges which must be attended immediately. It is essential to introduce immediately a single comprehensive security solution which will provide fast detection and prevention tools to cope with a variety of threats with different nature and from multiple sources. The solution should not be tightly coupled with each device in the network so it won’t require upgrade of the devices inside the grid.
The Cyber defense solution should be versatile using variety of cyber technologies such as Firewalls, anomaly detection, Big Data analytics, machine learning and more in a network wise combination.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a design for a secure and sophisticated electricity meter called an Impregnable Device for Secured Metering (IDSM). The IDSM uses a microcontroller integrated with a smart meter to securely transmit power consumption data via a legacy Wi-Fi system. Random number addressing cryptography (RAC) is used for encryption due to its high speed, low power usage, and security. The IDSM system connects individual household meters to a centralized server that calculates billing amounts and sends updates back to the meters for display. The goal is to provide secure metering and billing that reduces human error and electricity theft while lowering costs.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a design for a secure, Wi-Fi integrated electricity meter called an Impregnable Device for Secured Metering (IDSM). The IDSM consists of a sophisticated meter with additional security features compared to traditional meters. It uses Wi-Fi communication, a microcontroller, and a centralized monitoring and control unit. Random number addressing cryptography (RAC) is chosen as the most secure encryption technique. The meter in each home connects via a wireless network to a server that calculates billing amounts and sends updates to be displayed on the home meter, reducing labor while increasing transparency. The design aims to provide secure communication at high speeds with an advanced metering system and unique database backend.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) are applications that collect data from a system in order to automate the monitoring and controlling of its activities. Several industrial fields such as, electric utilities, water supplies and buildings' facilities have already adopted SCADA systems to increase the efficiency and reduce cost. However, the IT community is concerned about the level of security that any applied SCADA system provides. This paper concentrates on the major security threats encountered in SCADA systems. In addition, it discusses a new proposed methodology in order to increase the system security with minimal impact on efficiency. The proposed scheme provides several security services which are mutual authentication, confidentiality, data integrity and accountability.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) are applications that collect data from a system in order to automate the monitoring and controlling of its activities. Several industrial fields such as, electric utilities, water supplies and buildings’ facilities have already adopted SCADA systems to increase the efficiency and reduce cost. However, the IT community is concerned about the level of security that any applied SCADA system provides. This paper concentrates on the major security threats encountered in SCADA systems. In addition, it discusses a new proposed methodology in order to increase the system security with minimal impact on efficiency. The proposed scheme provides several security services which are mutual authentication, confidentiality, data integrity and accountability.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Revisiting the experiment on detecting of replay and message modificationiaemedu
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes methods for detecting message modification and replay attacks in ad-hoc wireless networks. It begins with background on security issues in wireless networks and types of attacks. It then reviews existing intrusion detection systems and security techniques. Related work that detects attacks using features from the media access control layer or radio frequency fingerprinting is also discussed. The paper aims to present a simple, economical, and platform-independent system for detecting message modification, replay attacks, and unauthorized users in ad-hoc networks.
The document discusses cyber security challenges for smart grids. It begins by defining smart grids and explaining their benefits over traditional power grids. It then outlines some key security requirements for smart grids, including confidentiality, availability, and integrity. The document goes on to describe various types of cyber attacks against smart grids, such as reconnaissance, scanning, exploitation attacks like denial of service and man-in-the-middle attacks. It concludes by discussing detection and countermeasures, including network security protocols, cryptography, and device security that can be implemented both before and during attacks to enhance smart grid cyber security.
This document discusses cyber security in smart grids. It begins with an introduction to smart grids and their reliance on information and communication technologies (ICT). It then discusses three security objectives for smart grids: data availability, confidentiality, and integrity. Several types of cyber attacks on smart grids are described, including denial-of-service attacks, random attacks, and false data injection attacks. The document concludes by evaluating techniques for detecting attacks, such as using chi-square tests and cosine similarity matching to compare expected and measured smart grid data.
Evaluation of cybersecurity threats -mdms.pdfBhekumuzi Xaba
This document discusses cybersecurity threats to smart metering systems. It begins with an overview of smart metering and its benefits, then describes the functional architecture which includes smart meters, communication networks, and interfaces. The document identifies vulnerabilities in smart metering systems like IP misconfiguration, injection attacks, denial of service attacks, and memory corruption. It proposes a taxonomy of threats by matching system vulnerabilities to threat vectors like physical attacks, network attacks, and interface attacks. The document argues that addressing these security issues is important for increasing adoption of smart metering.
This document discusses machine-to-machine (M2M) communications in vehicular networks. It begins with an overview of M2M communications and architectures, highlighting areas where M2M is being applied such as smart grids, home networking, and healthcare. The document then explores how M2M principles can enhance vehicular networks by supporting large-scale deployment, cross-platform networking, autonomous monitoring and control, visualization, and security. Several challenges for applying M2M to vehicular networks are also identified, including standardization and data security management.
Practical analysis of the cybersecurity of European smart gridsSergey Gordeychik
This paper summarizes the experience gained during a series of
practical cybersecurity assessments of various components of Europe’s
smart electrical grids.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Smart metering and control of transmission systemDurgarao Gundu
The document discusses smart metering and control of transmission systems in a smart grid. It describes characteristics of a smart grid like self-healing, including consumers, and accommodating different generation sources. It compares smart grids to existing systems and lists components of smart metering infrastructure like integrated communications and smart meters. Challenges of adopting smart grids include costs, complex structure, security, and privacy issues. Cyber security strategies for smart grids focus on availability, integrity, and confidentiality of data through encryption, authentication, and digital signatures.
A Top-down Hierarchical Multi-hop Secure Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor...ijasuc
This paper proposes a new top-down hierarchical, multi-hop, secure routing protocol for the wireless
sensor network, which is resilient to report fabrication attack. The report fabrication attack tries to
generate bogus reports by compromising the sensor nodes to mislead the environment monitoring
application executed by randomly deployed wireless sensor nodes. The proposed protocol relies on
symmetric key mechanism which is appropriate for random deployment of wireless sensor nodes. In the
proposed protocol, base station initiates the synthesis of secure hierarchical topology using top down
approach. The enquiry phase of the protocol provides assurance for the participation of all the cluster
heads in secure hierarchical topology formation. Further, this methodology takes care of failure of head
node or member node of a cluster. This protocol ensures confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of the
final report of the monitoring application. The simulation results demonstrate the scalability of the
proposed protocol.
The efficacy and challenges of scada and smart grid integrationFaizal Faizi
To initiate a 2 way communication between the load center's and the substation so they can monitor the electricity distribution at real time • To detect faults at their onset so that a resultant blackouts can be prevented • To regulate the energy consumption of utilities based on energy availability
Improvement of quality of service parameters using reinvented fsmac protocol ...eSAT Journals
This document discusses improving quality of service parameters in wireless sensor networks using a reinvented FSMAC protocol. The FSMAC protocol first uses fuzzy logic to detect intrusions based on two new parameters: the number of times a node senses a free channel and the variation in channel sense periods. If an intrusion is detected, appropriate countermeasures are taken to reduce the effects of attacks. Simulations with 20 nodes show that the reinvented FSMAC protocol increases successful data transmission rates and network throughput.
This document discusses improving quality of service parameters in wireless sensor networks using a reinvented fuzzy logic secure media access control (FSMAC) protocol. It proposes using two new intrusion detection parameters - the number of times a node senses a free channel and the variation in the channel sense period. The protocol uses fuzzy logic to detect intrusions based on these parameters. If an intrusion is detected, the defense module is triggered to switch nodes to a different radio frequency band or stop transmissions to avoid attacks. Simulations with 20 nodes show this approach can increase successful data transmission rates and network throughput.
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Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on Cyber Security Issues
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
ISSN: 2302-9285
Vol. 6, No. 4, December 2017, pp. 337~342, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v6i4.862 337
Received September 8, 2017; Revised November 9, 2017; Accepted November 23, 2017
Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on Cyber
Security Issues
R. Dorothy*, Sasilatha
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (Marine), AMET University, Chennai, India
*Corresponding author, e-mail: eei@journal.uad.ac.id
Abstract
The future power system will be an innovative administration of existing power grids, which is
called smart grid. Above all, the application of advanced communication and computing tools is going to
significantly improve the productivity and consistency of smart grid systems with renewable energy
resources. Together with the topographies of the smart grid, cyber security appears as a serious concern
since a huge number of automatic devices are linked through communication networks. Cyber attacks on
those devices had a direct influence on the reliability of extensive infrastructure of the power system. In
this survey, several published works related to smart grid system vulnerabilities, potential intentional
attacks, and suggested countermeasures for these threats have been investigated.
Keywords: smartgrid, topographies, renewable energy
1. Introduction
HE influence of cyber-attacks on the renovated structure of power system has been one
of the burning issues in the recent years. As a result of its extremely integrated architecture, the
smart grid (SG) is further exposed to virtual threats and attacks [1]. The SG is a power delivery
infrastructure includes various energy measures, resources, and technologies such as smart
meters, virtual power plants (VPPs), microgrids, renewable energy resources, and
communication technologies [2-4]. It provides the two-way flow of power and information,
controls, and optimizes the production and distribution of electricity through high voltage
network from the power generator to energy storage systems and end user consumers [5-8].
The implementation of the SG requires utilization of multiple communication
mechanisms, power electronic devices, electric vehicle charging stations, etc. which are
considered as the heart of SGs. The multi voltage design is explained in the Energy efficient
voltage conversion range of multiple level shifter design in multi voltage domain [9]. Because of
extensive integrated topology of the SGs and their communication systems, they are weaker in
the occurrence of cyber threats. In this survey, general vulnerabilities for the SG system have
been introduced firstly (Section II). These weaknesses cause various cyber physical attacks on
the SG. Common attacks and the cyber-physical impact of them are covered in Section III.
Then, in Section IV some countermeasures and solutions for the attacks have been presented,
and at the end, the paper is concluded in section V. Figure 1 shows a schematic structure for
the SG system describing its major technologies.
2. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of EEI Vol. 6, No. 4, December 2017 : 337 – 342
338
Figure 1. A schematic structure for the SG system describing its major technologies
There are three key security concepts that should be met in every cyber system:
confidentiality, integrity, and availability. In the SGs, confidentiality refers to putting authorized
limi- tations on information in the personal privacy of consumers using the SG technologies and
the SG normal operations. Integrity refers to protecting against incorrect information alteration
and destruction, in order to prevent corruption of important data exchange, and guarantee the
authenticity and validity of stored data. This data can be related to customers (e.g., account
balance of customer and information on pricing) or network operations (e.g., running status of
devices, voltage readings). Lastly, availability refers to ensuring that a reliable and timely access
is provided for authorized users, and denying their access is not possible for an unauthorized
user or system. The point of utilizing remote electronic frameworks is to enable information
examination to be completed locally at field level and transmitting the outcomes remote to the
base station, which therefore will beat the requirement for wiring and gives a simple and savvy
detecting method to identify blames in machines [11].
2. Cyber System Vulnerabilities of Smart Grid
Consumers’ Lack of Awareness: Comprehensive and strong security architecture for
the SGs, including all important features required to analyze and detect the attacks, needs a
huge investigation that might not be affordable for utilities alone. Therefore, the customers need
to learn adequately about the risks, costs, and advantages of the SG systems, because of the
demand for a higher level of security, and support the utilities, both for themselves and the
society. The analysis of the fuzzy logic is explained in the design of a Single Input Fuzzy Logic
Controller Based SVC for Dynamic Performance Enhancement of Power Systems [10].
Young and Unknown Technologies: many new technologies are adding to the SG which
could be eye-catching to hackers and opponents for the reason that their point of weaknesses
and security regulations has not been recognized would be simple.
Scalability: is defined as a system ability to update its scale based on the growth in the
size of demand. The SG technologies are considered as potential solutions for control- ling the
complex electrical power systems, which are widely growing in population and technology. It is
obvious that the growth in the quantity of circulating data and energy flows, the SG protocols,
and the size of network structure directly affect the size and complexity of the SGs. This volume
of information and complexity might cause data accumulation, and control efficiency destruction,
if not handled and accom-modated properly in the SG. Therefore, efficient data flow
construction solutions are required to prevent these problems in the system.
3. Bulletin of EEI ISSN: 2302-9285
Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on Cyber Security Issues (R. Dorothy)
339
The Weaknesses Received from Joined Communication Technologies: applying
existing ICTs in the structure of the SGs can lead to inheriting almost all the susceptibilities and
unresolved problems (e.g., routing problems, IP spoofing, Denial of Service attacks, etc.) from
these technologies to the SG system. Lack of Standards and Regulations: interoperability of a
SG refers to the ability of various systems to work co operatively, interchange equipment or data
from each other, and use the harmonious parts to perform a task. To achieve interoperability,
standards and regulations must include each part of the SG. It is also worthy to mention that
novel protocols publishing continuously, sometimes cause security missing in the SGd (e.g.,
Distributed Network Protocol).
3. Cyber-Physical Attacks in Smart Grid
Man-in-the-Middle Attack: the Man-in-the-Middle (MIT-M) attack is a type of
eavesdropping, wherein the adversary tries to make separated connections with a risky
communication at both endpoints and transmits information in between. Moreover, the
authorized users at the endpoints think they are talking directly to each other using their
personal connection. Some utilities still apply normal User Datagram Protocol (UDP), in order to
transmit the data measured by Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU), without other cyber
protections, such as SSL. This can increase the chance of exploitation for MITM attacks. In
addition, for the network from substation to control center, which called Wide Area Network
(WAN), some of the utility companies use the public communication line, which is vulnerable to
network attacks, and some other utility companies use private communication line, in which the
attacker can use the hardware access to enter. The MITM attacks are generally applied to
corrupt information including control commands, values of measurements, pricing signals, etc.,
in the transferred packets, and also exploit important parts of the system for coming attacks, by
accessing the observations of control center operators.
Distributed Denial of Service Attack (DDoS): in the WAN, there are some vulnerability to
access PMU communication network. The malwares can be installed on the router located at
the substation, or communication network can be accessed by guessing the default password
considered for the devices.
A DoS attack tries to make an important resource inaccessible to its authorized users in
a suitable volume when needed. In the power system, all communication channels must be
available as much as possible, specifically when the power system is closing to an instability
point where an important control action required. If the DoS attack is successful in such a
situation, the reliability needed for the modern power grids will be at risk.
The DDoS attack is a type of DoS attack, which is used by infected (often by Trojan
program) multiple risky systems to target a single system. It is a potential cyber threat in
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), which often includes two phases: (1) agents
recruitment phase, and (2) actual attack phase.
a. Agents Recruitment Phase: to initiate a DDoS in AMI network, an attacker first needs to
recognize the weak meters which are considered as the agents. A large number of
homogeneous devices in AMI network make it possible that a security error in a single meter
exists in many other meters. Then the attacker communicates with many IP-based smart meters
that have already been infected with malicious code. Instead of entering a large number of
agents, the attacker can implant the malicious program or change the firmware in the middle of
the communication session by exploiting hardware and software weaknesses. A suitable
propagation model to distribute attack malware should be chosen. The attacker can put the
malicious program in a file source, and each agent copies the code from it(repository model),
can make the risky agent download the malware from the attacking host(Back-chaining Model),
or can infect and exploit the agents without agents necessity to download the malware from an
allocated source(The Autonomous model). IP spoofing can be applied to hide the infected
agents, which makes the process of finding the source of attack among a huge number of
meters harder.
b. Actual Attack Phase: three categories of possible attack mechanism to launch a DDOS
attack on AMI infrastructure are:
• Attacks on protocol: the attacker could exploit the vulnerabilities of the protocol to consume
user’s resources. For instance, a TCP SYN flooding attack can be used to deactivate the
4. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of EEI Vol. 6, No. 4, December 2017 : 337 – 342
340
service on data collecting unit or head-end of AMI environment which is using
Transportation Control Protocol (TCP).
• Attacks on infrastructure: The attacker may deliberately interrupt the routing tables to
worsen the action efficiency of packet distribution in AMI packet- exchange network.
• Attacks on bandwidth: many agents can be manipulated to send an exceeding volume of
communication packets to the system user. Therefore, the flooding traffic will make the
authorized user drop some of the legitimate packets (the drop ratio can be considerable).
False data injection attack as a well crafted type of integrity attack, false data injection
attack is able to have an impact on the operation and control of SGs by passing the bad data
detection systems through state estimation, and the compromised sensors are made to mimic
the events that do not occur actually. The attacker could inject the malicious data to a randomly
chosen vector, or a specific meter to disturb the state variables. The latter is more serious attack
since the attacker knows adequately about the network topology, and cause preset changes in
the state variables. The detection of malicious data attacks is more complicated if critical meters
have been compromised. Some conventional techniques, which protect specific critical sensors
in the power system, can relieve the false data injection attacks.
These attacks can have various types regarding the type of the attacked meters (e.g. in
load alteration attacks and load relocation attacks, load meter quantity is altered to initiate a
cyber attack on the SG.
4. Countermeasures and Protective Actions against Cyber Attacks
4.1. IP Fast Hopping Mechanism
Many methods are introduced based on the point of time the guarding against DDoS
attacks occurs. Two categories are defined for these approaches: a) Attack prevention methods,
which include refining protocol and overall system security level, resource allotment &
accounting, firewalls, etc., and
4.2. Attack Detection Methods, Which Include Attack Source Recognition and
Appropriate Reaction
As an instance of the prevention mechanisms, IP Fast Hopping is proposed which to
refine even huge malicious streams. It is a new method that can be applied to hide details and
endpoints of user’s communication period to counteract exhausting of servers resources
initiated by DDoS attacks. It covers the actual IP address of the server between large numbers
of imaginary IP addresses. The transferring of the real IP address on one of the imaginary
addresses is unique for each communication period, and the imaginary IP address is changing
in realtime based on a specific schedule. Only the legitimate user is able to have access to the
information of schedule changing to send a request to a real IP address, limiting the ability of an
attacker to produce high load on the server. This approach is distributed as it distributes the
authorized user’s traffic in some sub-streams and causes load reduction on network system
during attack.
4.3. Encryption Mechanisms
Many standard encryption algorithms and authentication structures are employed to
improve the confidentiality and integrity (which are two of main security concepts) of the data
and protect against potential threats in the SG. It was declared in previous studies, the device
cost and power consumption should be taken into account in cryptography design.
There are several categories of encryption mechanisms. One of them is Symmetric
encryption algorithms, which include some well-known models such as DES (Data Encryption
Standard), Triple DES, and AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). For instance, ZigBee uses
128-bit AES encryption. Another category is asymmetric encryption algorithms, and as it said in
previous works Asymmetric encryption algorithms are generally more costly than Symmetric
ones in computational-based point of view.
Symmetric code effectively manages the huge volume of data, while usually has a
shorter lifetime in compare with the asymmetric cipher. Changing the symmetric cipher with a
specific manner is recommended and becomes an important issue in SG, in which there are a
huge number of widely distributed objects.The encryption key management is a controversial
and essential concern in applying cryptographic algorithms for the SG. Public key infrastructure
5. Bulletin of EEI ISSN: 2302-9285
Smart Grid Systems Based Survey on Cyber Security Issues (R. Dorothy)
341
(PKI) is the base for a most efficient key management system in the SG. All of the suggested
methods employ an external team or system for authentication recognition or key generation,
which can lead to extra cost for tools and increase in communication traffic. Some novel
methods which are recently proposed a focus on the privacy aspect of smart metering data,
protecting home area network (HAN), improving the efficiency and security of advanced
metering infrastructure (AMI), and securing the information aggregation in SG.
4.4. IDS-based Technologies
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) sys- tems in the application of the
SG will unavoidably contain legacy systems that cannot be updated, protected, or repaired by
conventional Information Technology security methods, due to the lack of built-in security for
SCADA systems, and inadequate computation resources for legacy devices. Hence, Intrusion
Detection System (IDS) technologies in the IT domain are required to control the operation of
such systems and to detect threats, coming from mistakes of authorized users or deliberate
attacks. Many intrusion detection approaches addressed the SCADA systems, have been
proposed, such as Statistics- based intrusion detection methods, and SCADA- specific intrusion
detection approaches, which has recently started to develop.
IDSs use statistical methods to categorize network traffic as usual or unusual in SCADA
systems. In order to build the statistical models, various modeling methods like regression
models, neural networks, and Bayesian networks can be applied. Nevertheless, most statistical
intrusion methods produce false positives resulting in false alerts, and false negatives resulting
in problems for identifying actual attacks.
Typical IDS consist of agents, management or database servers, and user interface.
There are three categories for the IDS methods: centralized, embedded and dedicated. The IDS
can infer potential detrimental or suspicious activities by checking corresponding physical or
cyber events, e.g., doubtful power failure notifications from a certain client, unusual log
information, unusual traffic for communication, and several lacks of communication cases.
Three possible detection mech- anisms are stateful specification-based monitoring, a stateless
specification based monitoring, and anomaly-based monitor- ing. In addition to detection
mechanism, the whole system security level must be maintained by the protector, doing
activities such as deleting software bugs, updating firmware and protocols, repair software
timely, etc SCADA-specific IDSs employ critical state, model, and rule-based approaches for
SCADA systems. However, there is not enough information regarding the variety of SCADA
protocols and applications. Several types of research have been presented in this regard such
as critical state-based IDS for SCADA on the basis of Modbus protocol in a power station,
model-based controlling methods to discover unknown attacks in SCADA systems, a rule-based
IDS for an intelligent electronic device (IED) based on IEC 61850, etc.
5. Conclusion
Cyber security in the SG is a fresh research topic that has been the center of attention
in the industry section, government, and universities. In this study, vulnerabilities of the SG,
different kinds of attacks in the system and some countermeasures to increase the security of
the future power systems have been discussed.As it is reviewed, cyber security is still
progressing in the SG, and because of structures of the SG communication network, it is almost
unrealistic to uniformly organize robust security methods all over the SG.
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