The document provides an overview of highway planning principles and processes. It discusses the objectives of highway planning which include facilitating efficient transportation and minimizing costs. It also covers important considerations for highway planning like classification of roads based on function, engineering surveys to study terrain and traffic, and factors that influence the alignment of new highways like topography, drainage needs and economic considerations. The planning process involves assessing transportation needs, preparing master plans, and conducting studies to estimate required road length and costs.
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of railway tracks. It covers the need for constructing new railway lines, the process of construction including earth work, plate laying, and ballast laying. It also discusses track drainage systems, including surface drainage with side drains and sub-surface drainage. Maintenance of tracks is important and includes daily and periodic maintenance to replace components and ensure safety. Regular maintenance extends the life of tracks and rolling stock.
The document discusses highway alignment and engineering surveys. It provides details on different types of highway alignment and the factors that control alignment such as terrain, materials, and costs. It also outlines the various stages of engineering surveys conducted for highway projects, including map studies, reconnaissance surveys, preliminary surveys, and final location surveys. Key considerations for surveys are topography, drainage, soils and estimating construction aspects. The document also briefly discusses highway classification systems in India and the roles of organizations like the Indian Roads Congress.
This document discusses the different types of surveys conducted for engineering and construction of new railway lines. It describes traffic surveys to determine potential routes and traffic. Reconnaissance surveys provide a preliminary analysis of feasibility and costs. Preliminary surveys further examine viable routes to estimate costs. Final location surveys fully stake the chosen alignment and produce detailed plans and drawings for construction. The goal of these successive surveys is to carefully evaluate needs, alternatives, costs and technical specifications before undertaking the capital-intensive process of building new railway infrastructure.
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
Hill roads require special design considerations due to mountainous terrain. They include curved alignments, retaining walls, drainage features, and formation in cuttings or embankments. Landslides are a key hazard for hill roads and can be caused by heavy rainfall, erosion, earthquakes, or human activities like mining. Prevention methods involve benching slopes, installing drainage, constructing retaining structures, soil stabilization, and increasing vegetation.
Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
Canal headworks are hydraulic structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the river water level and regulate flows. There are two main types - diversion and storage headworks. Diversion headworks like weirs and barrages divert water without storage, while dams form storage reservoirs. Key components include weirs/barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, under sluices, silt excluders, and head regulators. Location depends on river characteristics, and sites must be accessible with suitable foundations. Failure can occur through subsurface piping/uplift or surface scouring during floods. Precautions include reducing exit gradients, providing sheet piles, ensuring floor thickness, using filters and energy
The document discusses the construction and maintenance of railway tracks. It covers the need for constructing new railway lines, the process of construction including earth work, plate laying, and ballast laying. It also discusses track drainage systems, including surface drainage with side drains and sub-surface drainage. Maintenance of tracks is important and includes daily and periodic maintenance to replace components and ensure safety. Regular maintenance extends the life of tracks and rolling stock.
The document discusses highway alignment and engineering surveys. It provides details on different types of highway alignment and the factors that control alignment such as terrain, materials, and costs. It also outlines the various stages of engineering surveys conducted for highway projects, including map studies, reconnaissance surveys, preliminary surveys, and final location surveys. Key considerations for surveys are topography, drainage, soils and estimating construction aspects. The document also briefly discusses highway classification systems in India and the roles of organizations like the Indian Roads Congress.
This document discusses the different types of surveys conducted for engineering and construction of new railway lines. It describes traffic surveys to determine potential routes and traffic. Reconnaissance surveys provide a preliminary analysis of feasibility and costs. Preliminary surveys further examine viable routes to estimate costs. Final location surveys fully stake the chosen alignment and produce detailed plans and drawings for construction. The goal of these successive surveys is to carefully evaluate needs, alternatives, costs and technical specifications before undertaking the capital-intensive process of building new railway infrastructure.
The document describes the layers of a concrete road, including:
1) A filling or cutting layer for leveling the ground
2) A 300mm thick subgrade murrum layer underneath
3) A granular sub-base layer made of crushed stone 0-40mm aggregate
4) A dry lean concrete layer used as a base with a higher aggregate to cement ratio
5) A top pavement quality concrete layer made with 32mm aggregate designed for heavy traffic.
Hill roads require special design considerations due to mountainous terrain. They include curved alignments, retaining walls, drainage features, and formation in cuttings or embankments. Landslides are a key hazard for hill roads and can be caused by heavy rainfall, erosion, earthquakes, or human activities like mining. Prevention methods involve benching slopes, installing drainage, constructing retaining structures, soil stabilization, and increasing vegetation.
Rigid pavements are constructed using cement concrete and rely on the rigidity and high modulus of elasticity of the concrete slab for load carrying capacity. They are usually provided in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climatic conditions. A rigid pavement consists of a concrete slab placed over a subgrade and optionally a sub-base/base. It includes joints to allow for stresses from temperature and moisture changes. Proper construction processes and quality control measures are required to ensure the designed performance of rigid pavements.
Canal headworks are hydraulic structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the river water level and regulate flows. There are two main types - diversion and storage headworks. Diversion headworks like weirs and barrages divert water without storage, while dams form storage reservoirs. Key components include weirs/barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, under sluices, silt excluders, and head regulators. Location depends on river characteristics, and sites must be accessible with suitable foundations. Failure can occur through subsurface piping/uplift or surface scouring during floods. Precautions include reducing exit gradients, providing sheet piles, ensuring floor thickness, using filters and energy
This document discusses rigid pavement distress in concrete roads. It defines rigid pavements as those made of Portland cement concrete which distributes loads through slab action. Common distresses include cracking, faulting, spalling, blowups and polished aggregates. Factors that affect pavement performance are traffic loads, material properties, and the environment. Maintenance and rehabilitation methods like crack sealing are used to slow deterioration and repair existing pavements.
Flexible pavements consist of layers that distribute loads to prevent damage to the subgrade. The layers include a surface course, base course, and subbase over the subgrade. Rigid pavements use a concrete slab to distribute loads through beam action. The slab may be placed over an aggregate base. Both pavements aim to reduce stresses from 150 psi at the surface to 3 psi at the subgrade. Flexible pavements are multi-layered while rigid pavements use a single concrete layer, but both aim to distribute loads to prevent failure of the subgrade.
01-Introduction ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
This document outlines the course objectives, content, and materials for a course on Highway and Airport Engineering and Planning. The course covers topics like Superpave binder characterization and mix design, aggregate requirements, airport planning and design, runway and taxiway design. It aims to provide the ability to classify and select binders, design hot mix asphalts, and perform airport planning and design. The course materials include textbooks on pavement materials and airport planning/design, links to additional resources, and a schedule of topics over 15 weeks.
This document discusses hill roads and their design. It defines a hill road as one with a cross slope of 25% or more. It classifies hill roads based on their terrain and organization. Some key points:
- Hill roads are classified as plain/level, rolling, mountainous, or steep depending on their cross slope which can range from 0-10% to over 60%.
- They are also classified by organizations like BRO and by their use as motor roads, bridle paths, or village tracks.
- Important reasons for hill roads include economic development, industry, forests, tourism, and strategic needs.
- Design considers minimum costs, comfort, stability, drainage, and following geometric standards with easy
This document summarizes the design of a reinforced concrete overhead water tank located in Kalyani, West Bengal, India to serve a population of 1500 people. Key aspects of the design include a diameter of 12 meters, total height of 5 meters, capacity of 540000 liters, and a raft foundation. Load calculations and analysis of the dome shape determine that the meridional and hoop stresses are within code limits for the minimum M30 grade concrete. Nominal tensile reinforcement of 6-8mm bars at 180mm centers in both directions is sufficient. Design codes and references used are cited.
Highway geometric design deals with dimensions and layout of visible features like horizontal and vertical alignments, sight distances, and intersections. Elements of geometric design include cross section, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignments, and intersections. Cross section elements comprise pavement characteristics, carriageway width, cross slope, median/separator, kerbs, road margins, and formation width. Horizontal alignment design considers factors like design speed, horizontal curves, super elevation, transition curves, pavement widening on curves, and setback distance. Super elevation is provided to counteract centrifugal forces on curves and is limited to a maximum of 7% as per Indian standards.
Types of pavement- Transportation Engg. IGauri kadam
This document discusses different types of pavements, including flexible, rigid, semi-rigid, composite, and interlocking concrete block pavements. It provides details on the layers and materials used in flexible pavements, including surface, binder, base, and sub-base courses. Requirements for a good pavement and comparisons between flexible and rigid pavements are also presented. Design factors for pavements include wheel load, subgrade soil properties, climatic conditions, materials used, traffic characteristics, and cross-sectional elements.
Modes of transportation and its importance
Classification of roads
Types of pavements
Cross sections of road and railway
Causes of damage to roads
Traffic signs and signals
Significance of transportation in nation's development
Role of engineers in transportation.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
The document discusses highway geometric design and its key elements. It aims to maximize safety, comfort and efficiency while minimizing costs and environmental impacts. Geometric design considers the road's alignment, cross-section, sight distances and intersections. Elements include the carriageway, shoulders, formation width, right of way, side slopes, berms and side drains. Camber and super elevation help drain water and counteract centrifugal forces on curves. Sight distance requirements like stopping sight distance ensure drivers can see far enough to stop safely.
This document provides an overview of the IRC method for designing flexible pavements according to IRC: 37-2012. It discusses the key considerations and calculations involved, including design traffic, subgrade properties like CBR and resilient modulus, material properties, and traffic data collection. The goal is to design a flexible pavement for a new four-lane divided national highway using the IRC guidelines and given traffic and material property data.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document discusses origin-destination (OD) surveys, which are used to understand travel patterns in a given area. It outlines several common methods for conducting OD surveys, including roadside interviews, license plate tracking, and mail/phone surveys. A case study is presented on an OD survey conducted at Havanur Circle junction in Bangalore, India using roadside interviews. The survey found most trips were for work or shopping. Recommendations included changing signal timing and adding infrastructure like underpasses to reduce congestion.
The document discusses various methods used for origin-destination surveys in traffic engineering. It describes roadside interview surveys, home interview surveys, telephone surveys, taxi surveys, and other methods for collecting data on vehicle origins, destinations, routes, and passengers. It also discusses analyzing the data for purposes like evaluating existing routes, locating new roads or parking, and regulating vehicle movement.
This document summarizes a presentation on highway failure and maintenance. It begins with an introduction to highways and highway pavements. It then discusses the main types of highway failures including cracking, surface deformation, disintegration, and surface defects. The document outlines the various maintenance activities needed to preserve highways, such as surface maintenance, drainage system upkeep, and rehabilitation. It emphasizes that regular maintenance is important to prevent pavement deterioration and ensure safe transportation.
Hydraulic failures .... 40%
Seepage failures…….. 30%
Structural failures .... 30%
(1) Overtopping
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain
(4) Erosion of d/s toe
(5) Frost action
(1) Overtopping = the design flood is under estimated.
spillway capacity is not adequet
spillway gates are not properly operated
free board is not sufficient
excessive settlement of the foundation and dam
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves = The waves developed near the top water surface due to the winds, try to notch out the soil from the upstream face and may even, sometimes, cause the slip of the upstream slope.
Upstream stone pitching or riprap should, therefore, be provided to avoid such failures.
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain = The rainwater flowing down the slope; may result in the formation of 'gullies' on the downstream slope thus damaging the dam which may generally lead to partial failure of the dam or in some cases it may cause complete failure of the dam.
Erosion of d/s toe : = Toe erosion may occur due to two reasons :
erosion due to tail water
erosion due to cross currents that may come from spillway buckets.
Frost action : = If the earth dam is located at a place where the temperature falls below the freezing point, frost may form in the pores of the soil in the earth dam.
When there is heaving, the cracks may form in the soil. This may lead to dangerous seepage and consequent failure.
Seepage failures : = Seepage failures may occur due to the following causes :
(1) Piping through the foundation
(2) Piping through the dam
(3) Sloughing of d/s toe
Structural failures :=
Structural failures in earth dams are generally shear failures leading to sliding of the tents or the foundations.
(1) u/s and d/s slope failures due to construction pore pressures
(2) u/s slope failure due to sudden drawdown
(3) D/s slope failure due to steady seepage
(4) Foundation slide due to spontaneous liquefaction
(5) Failure due to earthquake
(6) Failure by spreading
(7) Slope protection failures
(8) Failure due to damage caused by borrowing animals
(9) Failure due to holes caused by leaching of water soluable salts
Criteria for safe Design of Earth Dam :
Section of an Earth Dam :
The design of an earth dam essentially consists of determining such a cross section
the dam which when constructed with the available materials will fulfill its required
tion with adequate safety. Thus there are two aspects of the design of an earth dam.
Railway tracks require stable earthworks to support the ballast, sleepers, and rails. There are several components involved in railway track formation including the subgrade, ballast, and drainage systems. Formations can be constructed as embankments raised above the existing ground level or cuttings made by excavating below ground level. The minimum recommended widths for formations depend on the track gauge and number of lines. Proper slopes and drainage are also important to maintain stability. Various methods like using layers of moorum or rubble, cement grouting, sand piles, or chemical treatments can help stabilize formations built on poor soils.
21/08/2015 · Department of Civil Technology Written By: Ahmed Zakaria Page 11 Hosting Company: Fig 2: Al haramain Company headquarter Company address: Al Haramain Company for Commerce and Contracting Building Al Nahda Area Jeddah 2233 Saudi Arabia +966 2 694 2000 ahc@haramain.com.sa. 12.
www.slideshare.net › surveying-internship-reportSite Survey Report - SlideShare
12/08/2015 · Department of Civil Technology Written By: Ahmed Zakaria Page 15 Hosting Company: a) Report writing Reporting is a controlling / informative mechanism which will help in evaluating the status of a project. It also help decision makers to follow the status of the project without being present physically on the site.
People also ask
What is the purpose of a student intern survey?
What is an internship exit survey?
How to write an internship report?
How to evaluate the performance of interns of an internship program?
www.academia.edu › 4202293 › Internship_report(PDF) Internship report | Sajesh Maharjan - Academia.edu
Download Free PDF. 1 An Internship Report with regard to J.B. Rajbhandary & DiBins Submitted by Sajesh Maharjan Roll no: 10450124 PU Registration Number: 2009-2-45-0066 An Internship Report Submitted to Ace Institute of Management Faculty of Management Pokhara University Submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration in Banking ...
Authors: Sajesh Maharjan
www.academia.edu › 15735540 › A_SUMMER_INTERNSHIP_REPORT(DOC) A SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT - Academia.edu
It has been operational in Pakistan since 1989. Toyota is a one of a kind Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer. As of September 2018, it was the sixth largest company in the world in terms of revenue. The economic conditions however have not been very favorable for the automotive industry.
Authors: jhanavi gadhavi
www.jotform.com › form-templates › internship-surveyInternship Survey Form Template | Jotform
With Jotform’s free Employee Satisfaction Survey, you can collect survey responses online from any device! Just customize the form template, embed it in your employee website or share it with a link, and view responses in your secure Jotform account. You can then auto-generate detailed reports using Jotform Report Builder, or convert each ...
www.examples.com › business › internship-reportInternship Report - 12+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples
12+ Internship Report Examples & Samples in PDF. Students and trainees usually undergo an internship program to prepare themselves for the real world. Through this program, they are able to gain work experience for a specified requirement. This is especially common for medical report students, who spend almost half of their student lives as ...
www.template.net › business › survey-templates10+ Student Intern Survey Templates in PDF | DOC
Student Internship Satisfaction Survey Template. 8. Experience Student Internship Survey in PDF. 9. Psychology Student Internship Survey Template. 10. Basic Student Internship Survey. 11. S
The document discusses the key differences between rail transport and road transport. Some of the main points made are:
1) Rail transport has lower rolling resistance than road transport, making it more efficient for hauling goods and passengers over long distances. However, road transport has more flexibility of movement.
2) Rail transport operates on dedicated tracks with controlled right of way, while roads can be used by many types of vehicles.
3) The initial and maintenance costs of rail infrastructure are higher than roads due to the heavy infrastructure required for rail.
In summary, the document compares various factors between rail and road transport and outlines how each mode has advantages for different types of cargo transportation needs and distances.
This document discusses rigid pavement distress in concrete roads. It defines rigid pavements as those made of Portland cement concrete which distributes loads through slab action. Common distresses include cracking, faulting, spalling, blowups and polished aggregates. Factors that affect pavement performance are traffic loads, material properties, and the environment. Maintenance and rehabilitation methods like crack sealing are used to slow deterioration and repair existing pavements.
Flexible pavements consist of layers that distribute loads to prevent damage to the subgrade. The layers include a surface course, base course, and subbase over the subgrade. Rigid pavements use a concrete slab to distribute loads through beam action. The slab may be placed over an aggregate base. Both pavements aim to reduce stresses from 150 psi at the surface to 3 psi at the subgrade. Flexible pavements are multi-layered while rigid pavements use a single concrete layer, but both aim to distribute loads to prevent failure of the subgrade.
01-Introduction ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
This document outlines the course objectives, content, and materials for a course on Highway and Airport Engineering and Planning. The course covers topics like Superpave binder characterization and mix design, aggregate requirements, airport planning and design, runway and taxiway design. It aims to provide the ability to classify and select binders, design hot mix asphalts, and perform airport planning and design. The course materials include textbooks on pavement materials and airport planning/design, links to additional resources, and a schedule of topics over 15 weeks.
This document discusses hill roads and their design. It defines a hill road as one with a cross slope of 25% or more. It classifies hill roads based on their terrain and organization. Some key points:
- Hill roads are classified as plain/level, rolling, mountainous, or steep depending on their cross slope which can range from 0-10% to over 60%.
- They are also classified by organizations like BRO and by their use as motor roads, bridle paths, or village tracks.
- Important reasons for hill roads include economic development, industry, forests, tourism, and strategic needs.
- Design considers minimum costs, comfort, stability, drainage, and following geometric standards with easy
This document summarizes the design of a reinforced concrete overhead water tank located in Kalyani, West Bengal, India to serve a population of 1500 people. Key aspects of the design include a diameter of 12 meters, total height of 5 meters, capacity of 540000 liters, and a raft foundation. Load calculations and analysis of the dome shape determine that the meridional and hoop stresses are within code limits for the minimum M30 grade concrete. Nominal tensile reinforcement of 6-8mm bars at 180mm centers in both directions is sufficient. Design codes and references used are cited.
Highway geometric design deals with dimensions and layout of visible features like horizontal and vertical alignments, sight distances, and intersections. Elements of geometric design include cross section, sight distance considerations, horizontal and vertical alignments, and intersections. Cross section elements comprise pavement characteristics, carriageway width, cross slope, median/separator, kerbs, road margins, and formation width. Horizontal alignment design considers factors like design speed, horizontal curves, super elevation, transition curves, pavement widening on curves, and setback distance. Super elevation is provided to counteract centrifugal forces on curves and is limited to a maximum of 7% as per Indian standards.
Types of pavement- Transportation Engg. IGauri kadam
This document discusses different types of pavements, including flexible, rigid, semi-rigid, composite, and interlocking concrete block pavements. It provides details on the layers and materials used in flexible pavements, including surface, binder, base, and sub-base courses. Requirements for a good pavement and comparisons between flexible and rigid pavements are also presented. Design factors for pavements include wheel load, subgrade soil properties, climatic conditions, materials used, traffic characteristics, and cross-sectional elements.
Modes of transportation and its importance
Classification of roads
Types of pavements
Cross sections of road and railway
Causes of damage to roads
Traffic signs and signals
Significance of transportation in nation's development
Role of engineers in transportation.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
The document discusses highway geometric design and its key elements. It aims to maximize safety, comfort and efficiency while minimizing costs and environmental impacts. Geometric design considers the road's alignment, cross-section, sight distances and intersections. Elements include the carriageway, shoulders, formation width, right of way, side slopes, berms and side drains. Camber and super elevation help drain water and counteract centrifugal forces on curves. Sight distance requirements like stopping sight distance ensure drivers can see far enough to stop safely.
This document provides an overview of the IRC method for designing flexible pavements according to IRC: 37-2012. It discusses the key considerations and calculations involved, including design traffic, subgrade properties like CBR and resilient modulus, material properties, and traffic data collection. The goal is to design a flexible pavement for a new four-lane divided national highway using the IRC guidelines and given traffic and material property data.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document discusses origin-destination (OD) surveys, which are used to understand travel patterns in a given area. It outlines several common methods for conducting OD surveys, including roadside interviews, license plate tracking, and mail/phone surveys. A case study is presented on an OD survey conducted at Havanur Circle junction in Bangalore, India using roadside interviews. The survey found most trips were for work or shopping. Recommendations included changing signal timing and adding infrastructure like underpasses to reduce congestion.
The document discusses various methods used for origin-destination surveys in traffic engineering. It describes roadside interview surveys, home interview surveys, telephone surveys, taxi surveys, and other methods for collecting data on vehicle origins, destinations, routes, and passengers. It also discusses analyzing the data for purposes like evaluating existing routes, locating new roads or parking, and regulating vehicle movement.
This document summarizes a presentation on highway failure and maintenance. It begins with an introduction to highways and highway pavements. It then discusses the main types of highway failures including cracking, surface deformation, disintegration, and surface defects. The document outlines the various maintenance activities needed to preserve highways, such as surface maintenance, drainage system upkeep, and rehabilitation. It emphasizes that regular maintenance is important to prevent pavement deterioration and ensure safe transportation.
Hydraulic failures .... 40%
Seepage failures…….. 30%
Structural failures .... 30%
(1) Overtopping
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain
(4) Erosion of d/s toe
(5) Frost action
(1) Overtopping = the design flood is under estimated.
spillway capacity is not adequet
spillway gates are not properly operated
free board is not sufficient
excessive settlement of the foundation and dam
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves = The waves developed near the top water surface due to the winds, try to notch out the soil from the upstream face and may even, sometimes, cause the slip of the upstream slope.
Upstream stone pitching or riprap should, therefore, be provided to avoid such failures.
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain = The rainwater flowing down the slope; may result in the formation of 'gullies' on the downstream slope thus damaging the dam which may generally lead to partial failure of the dam or in some cases it may cause complete failure of the dam.
Erosion of d/s toe : = Toe erosion may occur due to two reasons :
erosion due to tail water
erosion due to cross currents that may come from spillway buckets.
Frost action : = If the earth dam is located at a place where the temperature falls below the freezing point, frost may form in the pores of the soil in the earth dam.
When there is heaving, the cracks may form in the soil. This may lead to dangerous seepage and consequent failure.
Seepage failures : = Seepage failures may occur due to the following causes :
(1) Piping through the foundation
(2) Piping through the dam
(3) Sloughing of d/s toe
Structural failures :=
Structural failures in earth dams are generally shear failures leading to sliding of the tents or the foundations.
(1) u/s and d/s slope failures due to construction pore pressures
(2) u/s slope failure due to sudden drawdown
(3) D/s slope failure due to steady seepage
(4) Foundation slide due to spontaneous liquefaction
(5) Failure due to earthquake
(6) Failure by spreading
(7) Slope protection failures
(8) Failure due to damage caused by borrowing animals
(9) Failure due to holes caused by leaching of water soluable salts
Criteria for safe Design of Earth Dam :
Section of an Earth Dam :
The design of an earth dam essentially consists of determining such a cross section
the dam which when constructed with the available materials will fulfill its required
tion with adequate safety. Thus there are two aspects of the design of an earth dam.
Railway tracks require stable earthworks to support the ballast, sleepers, and rails. There are several components involved in railway track formation including the subgrade, ballast, and drainage systems. Formations can be constructed as embankments raised above the existing ground level or cuttings made by excavating below ground level. The minimum recommended widths for formations depend on the track gauge and number of lines. Proper slopes and drainage are also important to maintain stability. Various methods like using layers of moorum or rubble, cement grouting, sand piles, or chemical treatments can help stabilize formations built on poor soils.
21/08/2015 · Department of Civil Technology Written By: Ahmed Zakaria Page 11 Hosting Company: Fig 2: Al haramain Company headquarter Company address: Al Haramain Company for Commerce and Contracting Building Al Nahda Area Jeddah 2233 Saudi Arabia +966 2 694 2000 ahc@haramain.com.sa. 12.
www.slideshare.net › surveying-internship-reportSite Survey Report - SlideShare
12/08/2015 · Department of Civil Technology Written By: Ahmed Zakaria Page 15 Hosting Company: a) Report writing Reporting is a controlling / informative mechanism which will help in evaluating the status of a project. It also help decision makers to follow the status of the project without being present physically on the site.
People also ask
What is the purpose of a student intern survey?
What is an internship exit survey?
How to write an internship report?
How to evaluate the performance of interns of an internship program?
www.academia.edu › 4202293 › Internship_report(PDF) Internship report | Sajesh Maharjan - Academia.edu
Download Free PDF. 1 An Internship Report with regard to J.B. Rajbhandary & DiBins Submitted by Sajesh Maharjan Roll no: 10450124 PU Registration Number: 2009-2-45-0066 An Internship Report Submitted to Ace Institute of Management Faculty of Management Pokhara University Submitted for the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration in Banking ...
Authors: Sajesh Maharjan
www.academia.edu › 15735540 › A_SUMMER_INTERNSHIP_REPORT(DOC) A SUMMER INTERNSHIP REPORT - Academia.edu
It has been operational in Pakistan since 1989. Toyota is a one of a kind Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer. As of September 2018, it was the sixth largest company in the world in terms of revenue. The economic conditions however have not been very favorable for the automotive industry.
Authors: jhanavi gadhavi
www.jotform.com › form-templates › internship-surveyInternship Survey Form Template | Jotform
With Jotform’s free Employee Satisfaction Survey, you can collect survey responses online from any device! Just customize the form template, embed it in your employee website or share it with a link, and view responses in your secure Jotform account. You can then auto-generate detailed reports using Jotform Report Builder, or convert each ...
www.examples.com › business › internship-reportInternship Report - 12+ Examples, Format, Pdf | Examples
12+ Internship Report Examples & Samples in PDF. Students and trainees usually undergo an internship program to prepare themselves for the real world. Through this program, they are able to gain work experience for a specified requirement. This is especially common for medical report students, who spend almost half of their student lives as ...
www.template.net › business › survey-templates10+ Student Intern Survey Templates in PDF | DOC
Student Internship Satisfaction Survey Template. 8. Experience Student Internship Survey in PDF. 9. Psychology Student Internship Survey Template. 10. Basic Student Internship Survey. 11. S
The document discusses the key differences between rail transport and road transport. Some of the main points made are:
1) Rail transport has lower rolling resistance than road transport, making it more efficient for hauling goods and passengers over long distances. However, road transport has more flexibility of movement.
2) Rail transport operates on dedicated tracks with controlled right of way, while roads can be used by many types of vehicles.
3) The initial and maintenance costs of rail infrastructure are higher than roads due to the heavy infrastructure required for rail.
In summary, the document compares various factors between rail and road transport and outlines how each mode has advantages for different types of cargo transportation needs and distances.
The document discusses the key differences between rail transport and road transport. Some of the main points made are:
1) Rail transport has lower rolling resistance than road transport, making it more efficient for hauling goods and passengers over long distances. However, road transport has more flexibility of movement.
2) Rail transport operates on dedicated tracks with controlled right of way, while roads can be used by many types of vehicles.
3) The initial and maintenance costs of rail infrastructure are higher than roads due to the heavy infrastructure required for rail.
In summary, the document compares various factors between rail and road transport and outlines how each mode has advantages for different types of cargo transportation needs and distances.
VTU exam Question Paper with Solution of 18CV56 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Jan-2021-...pogeto1115
The document provides information on various topics related to highway engineering:
1. It discusses the objectives and roles of the Indian Roads Congress (IRC) and Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) in highway development and research in India.
2. It outlines the objectives of the Karnataka State Highway Improvement Project (KSHIP) which aims to upgrade state highways and strengthen the capacity of the state public works department.
3. It lists advantages and disadvantages of road transportation.
4. It describes factors that affect highway alignment including obligatory points, traffic, geometry, economics and other considerations. It also outlines the objectives of preliminary highway surveys.
5. It discusses factors that affect friction between vehicle tires and
This document discusses the history and components of road development and transportation planning. It covers:
- The evolution of roads from Roman and French origins and the typical cross-section layers of a modern road (sub-base, base course, etc.).
- The importance of transportation planning for sustainable development and accessibility.
- Classification of roads by function (e.g. national highways), structure (flexible vs. rigid pavement), and surface type (paved, gravel).
- Key considerations in highway design like alignment factors, engineering surveys, and geometry elements such as sight distance and vertical/horizontal curves.
- India's road development history including major committees and plans from the 1920s to 1980s that targeted increasing total
The document discusses factors to consider in selecting a good railway track alignment. Some key points:
1. An ideal alignment meets requirements like purpose, feasibility, economy, safety and aesthetics. It considers obligatory points, traffic volume/type, gauge, geometric standards and topography.
2. Topography like valleys allow straight alignments but cross-country requires sags. Mountainous areas use zigzags, switchbacks, spirals or tunnels. Steep gradients over 3% require special structures.
3. Rack railways with a central toothed rail are used on gradients over 6% to assist locomotion. Systems include Fell, Riggenbach and Abt, with the Abt system used
The document discusses factors that affect the alignment of railway lines, including horizontal and vertical alignment. It describes the importance of proper alignment for reasons of cost, difficulty of changing alignment later, and fulfilling objectives. An ideal alignment considers purpose, integrated development, and economic factors like shortest route, construction/maintenance costs, operational expenses, safety, comfort, and aesthetics. Selection of alignment is based on gauge, obligatory points, topography, geometrical standards, geology, road crossings, labour/materials, station/yard placement, and political considerations.
1. ii Highway Alignment,, Engineering Survey and feasibility study.pdfEr. Bam Bhandari
The document discusses highway alignment and engineering surveys. It explains that highway alignment includes horizontal and vertical alignment, with horizontal alignment consisting of tangents and curves defined by radius and deflection angle. Engineering surveys for highway projects are conducted in four stages - map study, reconnaissance, preliminary surveys, and final location and detailed surveys. The reconnaissance survey is a rapid survey to study feasibility and reduce alternative routes. Preliminary surveys further evaluate selected alternatives using instruments. The final survey accurately locates the selected route on the ground to provide details for construction.
ALIGNMENT OF RAILWAY LINE |ALIGNMENT OF RAILWAY TRACK |RAILWAY ENGINEERINGEduHUBOnline
The document discusses factors to consider when determining the alignment of a railway line. It defines horizontal and vertical alignment and notes that proper planning is important before construction begins. Key factors that affect alignment selection include purpose of the line, economic and safety considerations, topography, geological formation, climate, cost, traffic potential, and political issues. An ideal alignment serves the project purpose, allows for integrated development, is economically efficient, and provides maximum safety and comfort.
This document provides details of a proposed project to augment the flexible pavement connecting Itawa to Nabinagar in Bihar, India. It includes an introduction describing the need for the project and objectives to provide the shortest alignment and improve local economics. The methodology section outlines the various surveys and tests to be conducted, including topographic, soil, traffic, and hydrological surveys as well as soil tests. It also describes the proposed works including earthwork, pavement design, and a timeline for completion of works by 2023. Relevant literature on flexible pavement design methods and modeling is reviewed.
This document provides a project report comparing techniques and methods for constructing elevated metro rail corridors in Delhi, India. It discusses various structural forms, construction methodologies, environmental impacts, and costs. The report finds that segmental construction using precast concrete segments is preferable to cast-in-situ construction as it allows for very fast progress, minimal traffic disruptions, and flexibility. Single segment girders for dual tracks have advantages over separate girders in terms of construction simplicity and aesthetics. Erection of viaducts is done using specialized launching gantries. Environmental impacts of construction like noise and vibration must be mitigated.
This document discusses the geometric design of highways. It covers key elements such as cross sections, horizontal and vertical curves, sight distances, and design control criteria. The objectives of geometric design are to incorporate physical features safely and efficiently while promoting environmental and human factors. Design is based on road classification, design speed, design vehicle, traffic volumes, and safety considerations. Cross sections specify elements like lanes, shoulders, medians and right of way widths. Proper geometric design can decrease construction and maintenance costs while ensuring consistent traffic flow.
This document discusses the geometric design of highways. It covers key elements like cross sections, horizontal and vertical curves, sight distances, and design control criteria. The objectives of geometric design are to incorporate physical features according to design standards, provide efficient and safe traffic operation at reasonable cost, and consider human and environmental factors. Elements like lane widths, shoulders, superelevation and curves are described. Design is based on factors such as road classification, design speed, vehicle type, traffic, and terrain. Geometric design aims to balance traffic safety and operation with construction costs.
The document provides information on highway geometric design elements. It discusses road cross section elements such as the right-of-way, carriageway, shoulders, median, crown slope, side slopes, curbs, and drainage ditches. It also covers geometric design controls and criteria including functional classification, terrain, traffic volume and composition, design vehicle, and design speed. Finally, it discusses elements of geometric design like sight distance, horizontal alignment including tangents and circular curves, and vertical alignment.
This document provides information on transportation engineering and the role of transportation. It discusses how transportation engineering applies engineering principles to vehicles, infrastructure, safety, environmental impacts and energy usage related to transportation. It also outlines the economic, social and other benefits of transportation, including enabling economic development by facilitating the movement of goods and people. The document then describes different modes of transportation like roads, railways, waterways and airways. It provides details on the classification, components and design of roads.
The key factors that control road alignment include:
- Obligatory points that the road must or must not pass through such as bridges, mountains, and towns
- Traffic patterns and desire lines
- Geometric design standards for grade, curvature, and sight distances
- Construction and maintenance costs to minimize cutting, filling, and grading
- Drainage considerations, political boundaries, and avoiding monotony
The optimal alignment balances these engineering and economic factors while providing a safe and efficient road design.
The key factors that control road alignment include:
- Obligatory points that the road must or must not pass through such as bridges, mountains, and towns
- Traffic patterns and desire lines
- Geometric design standards for grade, curvature, and sight distances
- Construction and maintenance costs to minimize cutting, filling, and grading
- Drainage considerations, political boundaries, and avoiding monotony
The optimal alignment balances these engineering and economic factors while following the natural terrain.
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Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
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evaluation metrics in NLP.
2. Introduction to Highway Planning:
Planning is a prerequisite for any engineering activity or project;
this is particularly true for the development of a highway
network or system in a country.
• The objectives of highway planning are:
• (i) Planning a highway network for safe, efficient and fast
movement of people and goods.
• (ii) Keeping the overall cost of construction and maintenance of
the roads in the network to a minimum.
• (iii) Planning for future development and anticipated traffic
needs for a specific design period.
• (iv) Phasing road development programmes from
considerations of utility and importance as also of financial
resources.
• (v) Evolving a financing system compatible with the cost and
benefits.
3. To fulfil these objectives, the following principles have
to be borne in mind:
• (i) The proposed road links should be a part of the
planned road network for the state/nation.
• (ii) The importance of the road shall be based on the
traffic demand, and hence its type should fall under
the standard classification.
• (iii) The maintenance needs of the roads should
receive prompt attention by setting aside funds for this
purpose.
• (iv) Statutory provisions for traffic regulation should
be in place.
4. Classification of Roads:
• The classification of roads
depends on the criterion
considered.
• They may be all-weather roads if they can be
used during all seasons of a year; fair-weather
roads, if traffic is interrupted during monsoon
at course ways where water overflows for a
few hours. Based on the type of carriage-way
or the road pavement, it may be a paved road
with at least a water-bound macadam layer;
or it may be an unpaved road. Earth roads
and gravel roads fall in this category.
5. Classification of Roads based on
their function:
• (i) Expressways— for movement
of heavy volume of traffic.
• (ii) Arterial streets—for
connecting the central area to
expressways.
• (iii) Sub-arterial streets—similar
to arterial roads but with less
spacing.
• (iv) Collector streets—for collection and distribution
of traffic through local streets in residential areas.
• (v) Local streets—to access private property like
residences, shops and industries. Traffic originates
here or ends here.
6. • (vi) Bypass road – A road constructed skirting a
village or a small town, taking off through a highway
and joining it after bypassing the inhabited area; this
helps through traffic to move fast without having to
enter the village or town.
• (vii) Freeway – An arterial highway with controlled
access crossing other roads at different levels.
• (viii) Service road – Used for servicing and as a means
of access to adjacent property; constructed parallel to
the main road adjacent to roadside buildings.
7. Highway Planning Studies:
• Highway planning involves the
assessment of the length of road required for a given
area, which may be a city, district, state or a country;
further, it includes the preparation of a master plan
for the area taking into consideration future needs,
and phasing the programme in annual or five-year
plans, based on the priorities and utility.
• For assessing the required road length for the area,
field studies are to be carried out to collect the
necessary data.
8. (i) Economic Studies:
• Details of the existing facilities, their utility, distribution of
the existing population in the area, population growth
trends, existing products in the agricultural and industrial
sectors, future trends of development in these sectors,
existing communication and education facilities, and the
per capita income are to be collected.
(ii) Road Use Studies:
-Details of the existing road facilities, traffic volume in vehicles
per day, traffic flow patterns, classes of traffic such as
passenger cars, busses and trucks, loads carried, average speeds,
anticipated future trends of traffic growth, and other traffic-
related studies are to be conducted.
9. (iii) Engineering Studies:
• These include study of the topography, soil, road life
and special problems, if any, relating to construction,
drainage and maintenance.
(iv) Financial Studies:
-Various financial aspects such as the sources of funding, estimated revenue
from taxes on vehicles, toll tax, and indirect benefits of raising the living
standards of the people due to the proposed road network are considered.
A systematic study of all these data will help the planner in the preparation of a
Master Plan to serve the needs of the area for a specified design period of say,
20 to 25 years.
For calculating the optimum road length a system called saturation system or
maximum utility system is used.
This system is based on the principle of qualifying the utility of a proposed road
network based on the villages and towns of different populations it serves, as
also the weight of agricultural or industrial products it carries.
10. Road Alignment:
• The laying out of the centre
line of a proposed highway
on the ground is called its ‘alignment’. A new road
should be aligned carefully since any change in
alignment may not be possible or may be expensive at
a later stage, owing to increased land acquisition costs
and roadside structures constructed after the road has
taken shape.
11. Horizontal Alignment:
• This is the alignment of the roadway in the
horizontal plane; although it is ideal to have a
straight route between end points, it is
practically impossible owing to several
constraints. A change in direction necessitates
the use of horizontal curves for smooth flow of
traffic.
12. Vertical Alignment:
• Although it is ideal to have a roadway at the same
elevation throughout, this is almost impractical and
gradients or slopes along the length become
mandatory. A change in gradient calls for curves in the
vertical plane; vertical curves should be designed and
constructed for smooth flow of traffic based on several
criteria.
13. Factors Controlling Alignment:
The selection of alignment of a proposed new
highway route will be based on a careful
consideration of the following factors:
1. Topographical Features:
• Topographical features like a lake or a hillock may
require the alignment to be taken around them. In the
case of a big hill the option of constructing a tunnel
through it for maintaining a straight alignment can be
considered. The relative costs of these options have to
be studied to finalise the alignment.
14. 2. Geometric Design Aspects:
• Factors such as radius of curve, longitudinal gradients,
sight distances, road intersections, design speed,
lateral friction, and super-elevation govern the
alignment to a considerable degree; radii of horizontal
curves and longitudinal gradients should facilitate
easy maneuvering of vehicles.
3. Cross-Drainage Needs:
• The alignment should be such that bridges are located
at right angles to the direction of flow of the stream or
river .
15. 4. Deviations Dictated by Circumstances:
• Although a straight horizontal road is the best option, it is
highly monotonous for a driver; so, to divert attention on a
straight road and break the monotony, a slight bend or curve
may be created at least once in a kilometre or two to make the
driver alert. Obstructions such as places of worship (such as
established temples and churches), monuments of historical
interest, public buildings such as hospitals and educational
institutions and utility services like water supply and sewerage
lines and overhead transmission lines may necessarily have to
be bypassed.
• This may dictate deviation in the alignment of the roadway,
leaving sufficient margin for these hindrances. Sometimes, the
alignment may have to be changed to bypass expensive private
property or agricultural or industrial area.
5. Proximity to Materials and Labour:
• Proximity to the sources of materials for road-making and the
availability of cheap labour may be a criterion for fixing the
alignment.
16. 6. Economic Considerations:
• Before an alignment is chosen, two or three alternative
routes may have to be investigated and their overall
cost – initial outlay and maintenance cost over a
design period – compared. The route with the best
economy is then selected.
7. Political Considerations:
• Sometimes, political considerations may dictate the
choice of alignment, setting aside even economic
considerations. Of course, the other important criteria
have to be necessarily borne in mind.
17. Highway Project Preparation:
• A highway project may be an entirely new route or it
may involve re-alignment and re-design of an existing
road such as for upgrading its geometric design
standards.
• The work of a new highway project involves:
• (a) Selection of the alignment.
• (b) Geometric design.
• (c) Testing and selection of the materials for the sub
grade and the pavement.
• (e) Pavement construction including surfacing.
• (f) Rolling and compaction and curing, if necessary.
• (g) Quality control during construction.
• (h) Performance of review and appraisal under traffic.
18. Realignment of an Existing Road:
• An existing road may have to be realigned under a
variety of circumstances:
• (i) Redesign and improvement of geometric design aspects
owing to increased traffic needs.
• (ii) Raising the level of a
• road subjected to flooding.
• (iii) Reconstruction of
• weak culverts and bridges
• to take care of increased
• traffic needs.
• (iv) Construction of over-
• bridges and under-bridges
• at road intersections and
• level crossing.
• (v) Construction of a bypass
• near a busy town.
19. Engineering Surveys:
• Highway alignment and location are
• facilitated by a systematic step-by-step
• procedure of conducting ‘engineering
• surveys’.
• These surveys include: 1. Study of
• Topographic Maps 2. Reconnaissance
• Survey 3. Preliminary Survey 4. Location Survey
• 5. Soil Survey 6. Construction Survey.
• 1. Study of Topographic Maps:
• Topographic maps are available from the Survey of India; these are
contour maps with 15 to 30 m contour intervals and show important
topographic features like rivers, valleys, ridges, and hills. By a careful
study of these maps, it is possible to align highways bearing in mind
the obligatory points. Depending upon the elevations of the terminal
points, and considering the ruling gradients and other factors, two or
three alternative routes may be chosen.
20. • 2. Reconnaissance Survey:
• The objective of reconnaissance survey is to physically
examine the possible alignments observed during the
study of topographical maps. This is generally carried
out using simple surveying instruments such as
prismatic compass, Abney level, hand level or tangent
clinometer.
• Details of certain features not available from the map
study are collected during the reconnaissance survey.
21. Some of the details that
may be gathered are:
• (i) Approximate gradients, radii of horizontal curves necessary.
• (ii) Obstructions such as permanent structures not shown in the
maps.
• (iii) Ponds, lakes, valleys, bridges, hillocks, and similar topographical
features with relevant details.
• (iv) Information relating to cross-drainage structures such as
culverts, causeways and bridges required along each of the possible
routes.
• (v) Geological features and information on soil types along the route.
• (vi) Stability of slopes in the case of hilly terrain.
• (vii) Sources of construction materials – borrow areas for earth
materials and quarries for stones and broken stone.
• (viii) Climatic factors, hydrological information, water-table levels,
water sources and maximum flood levels in the case of streams and
rivers.
• (ix) Availability of labour, power and water supply along the route.
22. 3. Preliminary Survey:
• The objectives of a preliminary survey are:
• (i) To compare the proposed routes chosen during
reconnaissance for a good alignment.
• (ii) To carry out accurate field work for detailed
surveys on the chosen alternative routes
• (iii) To estimate the quantities of the earth work and
other materials to facilitate the preparation of
detailed and abstract estimates of the project cost.
• (iv) To choose the best alignment from all angles.
23. Detailed Survey:
• The various kinds of detailed survey carried out
are:
Traverse Survey:
• Open traverse are run with the help of a theodolite and
tapes, the lengths of each of the lines and the deflection
angles wherever a change in direction is required are
measured accurately.
Levelling:
• Longitudinal section along the proposed route and cross-
sections at intervals of 30 m to 100 m along the route are
to be taken, depending upon the nature of terrain – plain
or rolling.
• Contouring is also done in the vicinity of the route by using
either tachometry or precise levelling. Bench-marks are
connected to GTS bench-marks.
24. 4. Location Survey:
• 1- Transferring the alignment on to ground.
• 2- This is done by transit theodolite.
• 3- Major and minor control points are established on
the ground and centre pegs are driven, checking the
geometric design requirements.
• 4- Centre lines tacks are driven at suitable intervals,
say 50m interval in plane and rolling terrains and 20m
in hilly terrain.
25. 5. Soil Survey:
• The nature and extent of the soils available in and
around the chosen route have to be ascertained. The
purpose of soil survey is to identify and classify soil for
use in the design and construction of the road.
• Information is gathered on the presence of unstable
strata or marshy areas,
subsoil water level,
and demarcation of
possible borrow areas
along the road in
accordance with IRC
recommendations.
26. 6. Construction Survey:
• This consists of removing all under-growths such as
shrubbery, thickets, tree stumps and rubbish along the
route, setting out the centre-line and the right of way
by affixing pegs at appropriate intervals, cutting a
narrow V- shaped cut called ‘Lockspit’ in between the
pegs along the
route and making
the necessary
preparations for
implementation
of the project.
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