Growing concern with regard to energy sources and their usage has consequently increased significance of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors. A PV/T air collector is a system which has a conventional PV system combined with a thermal collector system. The system is able to produce electrical energy directly converted from sunlight by using photoelectric effect. Meanwhile, it also extracts heat from the PV and warms the fluid (air flow) inside the collector. In this review, solar PV system and solar thermal collectors are presented. In addition, studies conducted on solar PV/T air collectors are reviewed. The development of PV/T air collectors is a very promising area of research. PV/T air collectors using in solar drying and solar air heater.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Technical and Financial Analysis of Photovoltaic Water Pumping System for GOR...IJCI JOURNAL
Because of human need for energy, extra special attention is in the usage of renewable-energy sources in
recent years. On the other hand, environmental pollution is created with fossil energy. Photovoltaic (PV)
energy is also one of the renewable-energy sources that are available in almost all parts of the globe,
especially in Iran. One application of this energy is in water pumping system. In this paper, we precede the
technical and financial study on photovoltaic water pumping system for irrigation of GORGAN’s farm
fields (one of Northern Province of Iran) with the RETScreen software tools. In order to the results, it is
obvious that the usage of this clean energy causes the reduction on production costs during of its operation.
IRJET- Maximum Power Point Technique based Solar Charge Controller implemente...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed solar charge controller system that implements Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique to more efficiently regulate the output voltage of a solar panel. The system includes a solar panel, MPPT charge controller, optimizer, inverter, battery and load. The MPPT charge controller maintains a constant input voltage to the battery despite variations in the solar panel's output due to changing radiation levels. Experimental results show that the proposed MPPT charge controller improves solar energy utilization across different radiation conditions throughout the day compared to without it.
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
Standalone photovoltaic array fed induction motor driven water pumping system IJECEIAES
Due to the absence of energy transmission lines connected to the water pumping sites in remote areas, problems related to the electrical power outages and the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel. For this one of the most conceived solutions is the photovoltaic water pumping technology which has the advantage of being sustainable and respectful of the environment to supply water to rural areas. To ensure the need of water, especially for domestic use and small communities, in this article, the photovoltaic energy system for autonomous water pumping using the induction motor was presented, particularly adapted to the isolated regions. Pumping system consists of four photovoltaic (PV) panels, boost converter, inverter, induction motor, centrifugal pump and a storage tank. In this study, the output power of a PV solar cell is fully used by proposing the P&O algorithm, where it is used to follow a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The recommended system is designed, modeled and simulated on the MATLAB / Simulink platform. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is observed with variable solar sunshine.
Performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit in dist...ijcsit
The document describes a simulation of wind turbines connected to a power distribution system. It analyzes the performance of wind turbines as distributed generation under normal and fault conditions. The simulation models wind turbines using induction generators connected to a 25kV distribution network exporting power to a 120kV grid. It finds that the wind turbines provide excellent performance under both normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system. Key aspects of the modeling and simulation are described such as the wind turbine characteristics, induction machine model, and simulation results for active power, reactive power, and generator speed under normal operating conditions.
Research on Micro-grid Stability Based on Data Center and Battery ArrayIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:At present, the number of distributed energy in the micro-grid shows a gradually increasing trend. In order to absorb and use distributed energy greatly, and to achieve stable control of the micro-grid, this paper adjusts the load power and distributed energy to match the demand response, and then make the micro-grid stable. Through the adjustable load to reduce the peak and fill the valley in themicro-grid, and use the energy storage device to achieve the excess output and load demand. By using the data center and the battery array to control the micro-grid, the data center load is adjustable and the battery array is to absorb the energy release. The intermittent fluctuations of the distributed energy in the micro-grid has been suppressed, and this two devices achieve stable control of the micro-grid in two different ways.
1) The document evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of photovoltaic cell plants in Kerman City, Iran.
2) It describes the components of photovoltaic systems including solar panels, charge controllers, batteries, and inverters. Equations are provided for maximum power output and how voltage is affected by solar intensity and temperature.
3) Both on-grid and off-grid photovoltaic system applications are discussed. An economic analysis is performed comparing the life-cycle costs of a photovoltaic system versus connecting to the electric power grid for a sample residential load of 6,000 watt hours per day.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals
Technical and Financial Analysis of Photovoltaic Water Pumping System for GOR...IJCI JOURNAL
Because of human need for energy, extra special attention is in the usage of renewable-energy sources in
recent years. On the other hand, environmental pollution is created with fossil energy. Photovoltaic (PV)
energy is also one of the renewable-energy sources that are available in almost all parts of the globe,
especially in Iran. One application of this energy is in water pumping system. In this paper, we precede the
technical and financial study on photovoltaic water pumping system for irrigation of GORGAN’s farm
fields (one of Northern Province of Iran) with the RETScreen software tools. In order to the results, it is
obvious that the usage of this clean energy causes the reduction on production costs during of its operation.
IRJET- Maximum Power Point Technique based Solar Charge Controller implemente...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed solar charge controller system that implements Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique to more efficiently regulate the output voltage of a solar panel. The system includes a solar panel, MPPT charge controller, optimizer, inverter, battery and load. The MPPT charge controller maintains a constant input voltage to the battery despite variations in the solar panel's output due to changing radiation levels. Experimental results show that the proposed MPPT charge controller improves solar energy utilization across different radiation conditions throughout the day compared to without it.
This paper discusses the construction and implementation of a system for the measurement of
electrical power parameters; amperage and voltage of the hybrid system photovoltaic solar-wind, to evaluate
the system parameters and performance. The basis of the development of the measuring apparatus is the use of
an Arduino Mega 2560 to provide the interface between the electrical circuits of the sensors and the dynamics
of the voltage-amperage as well as collect data in an analog format as well as development of functional
dependence relationships. The collected data is converted into digital format and stored it in an Excel format
through the "PLX-DAQ Spreadsheet" that connects the Arduino and the PC for display and analysis of the
system parameters. The proposed technique for power measurements of AC and DC proved to be reliable and
can predict the power amperage and voltage within relative error of 1.63 % for AC and 4.16% for DC,
respectively.
Standalone photovoltaic array fed induction motor driven water pumping system IJECEIAES
Due to the absence of energy transmission lines connected to the water pumping sites in remote areas, problems related to the electrical power outages and the environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel. For this one of the most conceived solutions is the photovoltaic water pumping technology which has the advantage of being sustainable and respectful of the environment to supply water to rural areas. To ensure the need of water, especially for domestic use and small communities, in this article, the photovoltaic energy system for autonomous water pumping using the induction motor was presented, particularly adapted to the isolated regions. Pumping system consists of four photovoltaic (PV) panels, boost converter, inverter, induction motor, centrifugal pump and a storage tank. In this study, the output power of a PV solar cell is fully used by proposing the P&O algorithm, where it is used to follow a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. The recommended system is designed, modeled and simulated on the MATLAB / Simulink platform. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is observed with variable solar sunshine.
Performance analysis of wind turbine as a distributed generation unit in dist...ijcsit
The document describes a simulation of wind turbines connected to a power distribution system. It analyzes the performance of wind turbines as distributed generation under normal and fault conditions. The simulation models wind turbines using induction generators connected to a 25kV distribution network exporting power to a 120kV grid. It finds that the wind turbines provide excellent performance under both normal and fault conditions in the power distribution system. Key aspects of the modeling and simulation are described such as the wind turbine characteristics, induction machine model, and simulation results for active power, reactive power, and generator speed under normal operating conditions.
Research on Micro-grid Stability Based on Data Center and Battery ArrayIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:At present, the number of distributed energy in the micro-grid shows a gradually increasing trend. In order to absorb and use distributed energy greatly, and to achieve stable control of the micro-grid, this paper adjusts the load power and distributed energy to match the demand response, and then make the micro-grid stable. Through the adjustable load to reduce the peak and fill the valley in themicro-grid, and use the energy storage device to achieve the excess output and load demand. By using the data center and the battery array to control the micro-grid, the data center load is adjustable and the battery array is to absorb the energy release. The intermittent fluctuations of the distributed energy in the micro-grid has been suppressed, and this two devices achieve stable control of the micro-grid in two different ways.
1) The document evaluates the technical and economic feasibility of photovoltaic cell plants in Kerman City, Iran.
2) It describes the components of photovoltaic systems including solar panels, charge controllers, batteries, and inverters. Equations are provided for maximum power output and how voltage is affected by solar intensity and temperature.
3) Both on-grid and off-grid photovoltaic system applications are discussed. An economic analysis is performed comparing the life-cycle costs of a photovoltaic system versus connecting to the electric power grid for a sample residential load of 6,000 watt hours per day.
TESTING OF SOLAR-DIESEL HYBRID POWER PLANT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEMSIAEME Publication
The development of power generation capacity requires a parallel and
interconnected work system with one another. However for different plants requires a
hybrid system. This is a solution for remote areas that still use Genset / PLTD as a
source of electrical energy to serve consumers / load
This study aims to examine the charging current of a solar energy hybrid
generator with a Genset / Diesel and the time used to fill the accumulator in
conditions without load and load conditions. The results showed that the solar energy
hybrid generator and Genset / Diesel prototypes were able to produce electrical
power at 08.00 - 17.00 in the average sunny weather of 290.7 Wp without loading and
at the time of load of 236.4 Wp. At night, the energy stored in the battery is converted
into electrical energy to supply the load. Thus it can save electrical energy.
An Efficient Microcontroller Based Sun Tracker Control for Solar Cell SystemsIJECEIAES
The solar energy is fast becoming a different means of electricity resource. Now in world Fossil fuels are seriously depleting thus the need for another energy source is a necessity. To create effective utilization of its solar, energy efficiency must be maximized. An attainable way to deal with amplifying the power output of sun-powered exhibit is by sun tracking. This paper presents the control system for a solar cell orientation device which follows the sun in real time during daytime.
IRJET-Review on Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Energy SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares solar thermal and photovoltaic energy systems. Solar thermal systems indirectly generate electricity by using solar collectors to heat a liquid or gas, then converting the heat to electricity. Concentrated solar power is a type of solar thermal that uses tracking mechanisms to focus sunlight and achieve higher temperatures and efficiencies. Photovoltaic systems directly convert sunlight into electricity using solar panels without heat exchange. While photovoltaic systems have higher energy production, even at low light levels, their limitation is lack of cost-effective electricity storage. Solar thermal systems allow for thermal energy storage at low cost and therefore can provide dispatchable electricity production. Both systems show potential but differ in energy conversion methods and ability to store excess energy
In current year, endurable and entire renewable
energy resources are extensively used in electrical energy
generation system. Mainly, solar energy conservation systems
are apply in stand -alone system. Solar panels covert solar
radiation into direct electrical energy. Solar panels are one of
the most potential renewable energy technologies for refreshing
building. In this study, responsibility analysis of a solar system
installed in my collage academic block and hostel is
investigated. The system includes solar panel, battery,
generator, converter and loads. In this study we calculate
overall load in academic block (Electrical engineering
department and round building) and only boy hostel. After
knowing overall loads result for these buildings we simulate
this data through HOMER tool and we obtain the best result
which is presented in this paper.
The result obtained from the optimization gives the initial
capital cost as 296.000$ while operating cost is 2,882$/yr. Total
net present cost (NPC) is 332,846$ and the cost of energy
(COE) is 0.212$/kWh.
The main purpose of this research paper is that the
maximum demand of energy consumption for both academic
block and hostel are simulated through solar panel, for this
purpose which amount of solar panel and battery is required.
DESIGN AND MODELLING OF STANDALONE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM WITH MATLAB/SIMULINKMichael George
This paper presents a standalone hybrid power system using wind/PV/diesel/Battery energy system with Matlab/Simulink environment. PV & Wind are the primary power sources of the system and battery is used as a backup for long run application. Here we have also compare the performance of PV/Wind/Battery connected system with PV/Wind/Diesel connected hybrid power system. The most frequently used renewable energy sources are those consisting of PV module and/or wind Turbine with/or Diesel generator, and some energy storage or backup system.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
Simulink Model for Cost-effective Analysis of Hybrid SystemIJMER
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates hybrid power systems using MATLAB Simulink. The key points are:
1) The model simulates three cases - a diesel-only system, diesel with battery system, and a PV-diesel-battery hybrid system - to analyze cost effectiveness over one year.
2) Parameters like fuel consumption, energy per gallon, and total fuel costs are calculated and used to determine the energy payback period and simple payback time.
3) Simulation results are compared to predictions from HOMER software, finding differences in efficiencies and operational characteristics between the two models.
Feasibility Study of Household Solar Photovoltaic HeatingIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Solar energy is a kind of natural and clean energy which will play an important role in the future of human society.The components of household solar photovoltaic heating include: battery board, battery, controller, battery, DC, AC inverter,the power control box, electric heating heating system. Calculating the laboratory thermal load and with the ability of heat load of laboratory and solar photovoltaic equipment, then get the number of solar panels.
Prototype solar power plant in laboratory electrical energy conversioneSAT Journals
Abstract Continuity and availability of electrical energy have to maintained, the government appealed for saving electrical energy. The lack of electrical energy conversion research centers in universities lead to knowledge conversion of electrical energy to the campus community is still limited.These problems will be conducted research design and test of Solar Power Plant in Electrical Energy Research Center UKI Paul Makassar. Solar energy is converted into electrical energy obtained through Solar Power Slant System (photovoltaic).The purpose of this research is to design and analyze the amount of energy produced by Solar Power Plant to study the electrical energy at laboratoty of the electrical energy conversion UKI Paulus Makassar. This study used a method of literature study, system design, and analysis. Characteristics of the solar panels used capacity of 9 units x 50 = 450 Wp are connected in parallel, Vmax = 25.5 Volts, Iout = 14 A, the operating time of 6 hours each day. Capacity of the accumulators 2 x 12 Volt units = 24 Volt, 65 Ah. Current capacity of the battery charge regulator (BCR) 40 A. Capacity of 10 kW power inverter Testing of solar systems to use solar insolation data is lowest at 3:51 days/ hours. Key Words: Solar Power Plant (SPP), Solar Panels, Solar Energy
IRJET- Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Charging StationsIRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed hybrid energy harvesting system using a savonius vertical axis wind turbine and leaf-shaped solar panels to generate electricity. The electricity would be stored in batteries and used to power an automated electric vehicle charging station on roadways. The system is designed to take advantage of wind energy from passing vehicles on highways as well as solar energy. It combines two renewable energy sources to provide continuous power generation and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The charging station uses RFID technology to identify vehicles and control the charging process. The hybrid system is intended to benefit energy infrastructure by supplying clean power to charge electric vehicles.
IRJET- Study of Hybrid Solar-Wind Power Plant System using MATLABIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a hybrid solar-wind power plant system using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to hybrid energy systems and the benefits of combining solar and wind energy sources. It then provides details on the components of the system, including solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, charge controllers, inverters, and maximum power point tracking. The document presents equations to calculate the power output from the solar and wind components and the total cost of the system. It describes building a model of the hybrid system in SIMULINK and shows the output waveforms generated. Finally, it concludes that a hybrid solar-wind system can provide pollution-free electricity to remote areas in a cost-effective manner.
This document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles, including different types like HEVs, PHEVs, and FCEVs. It discusses key topics like the development of HEV technologies being driven by rising gas prices and fuel efficiency standards. The document also examines power electronics components in HEVs like batteries, motors, inverters, and converters, as well as different vehicle architectures and how energy flows within series and parallel systems. Manufacturers' HEV development roadmaps are presented along with the characteristics of different electric vehicle technologies.
Floating TEG Integrated Solar Panel Hybrid Energy Harvesting SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a hybrid energy harvesting system that simultaneously collects solar and thermal energy. The system uses a solar panel to generate electricity from sunlight. Thermoelectric generators are placed on the back of the solar panel to absorb heat and generate additional electricity via the temperature gradient created. Running water acts as a heat sink to maintain the temperature difference across the thermoelectric generator surfaces. Together, the solar panel and thermoelectric generators provide enough power to charge a 12-volt rechargeable battery, allowing both solar and wasted heat energy to be captured and stored efficiently.
Pvg based smart energy modelling for agricultural sectorIAEME Publication
The document presents a photovoltaic (PV) based water pumping system that uses an induction motor (IM) for driving a centrifugal pump. It proposes an indirect rotor field oriented control scheme for the IM. The system includes a PV array, boost converter, three-phase inverter, IM, and centrifugal pump. Simulation results show the controller is able to maintain a stable DC bus voltage from the PV array and achieve the reference speed and torque outputs for the IM, even with changes in solar irradiance and temperature. The proposed system provides an efficient solution for PV-based water pumping applications in the agricultural sector.
IRJET- Literature Review on Smart Flower and Agricultural SystemIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a smart agricultural system that uses solar energy to power water pumps for irrigation. It uses solar panels, sensors, and a battery to power water pumps without the need for electricity.
2) The system uses an automatic solar tracker and sensors like light dependent resistors and moisture sensors to optimize the efficiency of the solar panels and control irrigation based on environmental conditions.
3) The solar energy is converted to electrical energy via photovoltaic cells and stored in a battery. This stored energy then powers water pumps for irrigation purposes in rural areas lacking electricity. The system provides a more economical and environmentally friendly alternative to diesel-powered pumps.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
IRJET- Simulation and Implementation of Hybrid Micro Grid Based on DC-AC ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a control strategy to coordinate power exchange between different components in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid system using a power electronics transformer. The control strategy aims to suppress fluctuations in DC bus voltage and ensure full utilization of subsystems while buffering energy fluctuations. The paper presents a simulation of the proposed control strategy that shows it can accurately control bidirectional power flow and regulate power distribution to achieve stable operation of the hybrid microgrid. Key components of the system include a power electronics transformer, AC and DC microgrids, and an energy storage battery.
Optimizing Hybrid Wind/Diesel Generator System Using BAT AlgorithmIJERA Editor
This document summarizes an article that proposes optimizing a hybrid wind/diesel generator system using a bat algorithm. The hybrid system considers wind turbines, battery banks, and a diesel generator to meet energy demands. The bat algorithm is implemented to optimize the number and types of wind turbine and battery modules. The algorithm generates random configurations, calculates the power output to determine fitness, and iteratively selects configurations that reduce total system costs, which include investment, installation, and maintenance costs of all components. The results show the optimized number of wind turbine and battery modules determined by the bat algorithm to minimize costs while meeting load demands.
This document summarizes an article that reports on developing an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with real-time energy monitoring using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system aims to improve solar panel efficiency by maintaining optimal operating temperature through active cooling. It consists of sensors to measure temperature, light intensity and energy output, a microcontroller to control the cooling system, and an IoT interface to monitor the system remotely. Experimental results show that active cooling increases the solar panel's average output voltage, current and power by lowering its surface temperature compared to passive cooling.
A New Optimum Power Control Scheme for Low Power Energy Harvesting SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a new optimum power control scheme for low-power energy harvesting systems. The scheme harvests energy from three different modules connected in parallel: a solar module, wind module, and Peltier module. A boost converter and buck converter are used to extract maximum power from the modules and regulate the voltage for low-power electronic applications. The scheme aims to improve efficiency and maximize energy extraction for applications like wireless sensors.
This document is a project report submitted as part of a Master of Technology degree in green energy technology. It discusses conceptual design and economic analysis for integrating solar PV and solar thermal systems into an electroplating industry. The report includes an introduction to solar power technologies, electroplating industry processes, and considerations for integrating solar into industrial processes. It then outlines the project methods, including profiling the target company and developing conceptual designs for solar thermal and PV systems. The results and economic analysis of integrating these solar systems are also discussed.
TESTING OF SOLAR-DIESEL HYBRID POWER PLANT BATTERY CHARGING SYSTEMSIAEME Publication
The development of power generation capacity requires a parallel and
interconnected work system with one another. However for different plants requires a
hybrid system. This is a solution for remote areas that still use Genset / PLTD as a
source of electrical energy to serve consumers / load
This study aims to examine the charging current of a solar energy hybrid
generator with a Genset / Diesel and the time used to fill the accumulator in
conditions without load and load conditions. The results showed that the solar energy
hybrid generator and Genset / Diesel prototypes were able to produce electrical
power at 08.00 - 17.00 in the average sunny weather of 290.7 Wp without loading and
at the time of load of 236.4 Wp. At night, the energy stored in the battery is converted
into electrical energy to supply the load. Thus it can save electrical energy.
An Efficient Microcontroller Based Sun Tracker Control for Solar Cell SystemsIJECEIAES
The solar energy is fast becoming a different means of electricity resource. Now in world Fossil fuels are seriously depleting thus the need for another energy source is a necessity. To create effective utilization of its solar, energy efficiency must be maximized. An attainable way to deal with amplifying the power output of sun-powered exhibit is by sun tracking. This paper presents the control system for a solar cell orientation device which follows the sun in real time during daytime.
IRJET-Review on Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Energy SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes and compares solar thermal and photovoltaic energy systems. Solar thermal systems indirectly generate electricity by using solar collectors to heat a liquid or gas, then converting the heat to electricity. Concentrated solar power is a type of solar thermal that uses tracking mechanisms to focus sunlight and achieve higher temperatures and efficiencies. Photovoltaic systems directly convert sunlight into electricity using solar panels without heat exchange. While photovoltaic systems have higher energy production, even at low light levels, their limitation is lack of cost-effective electricity storage. Solar thermal systems allow for thermal energy storage at low cost and therefore can provide dispatchable electricity production. Both systems show potential but differ in energy conversion methods and ability to store excess energy
In current year, endurable and entire renewable
energy resources are extensively used in electrical energy
generation system. Mainly, solar energy conservation systems
are apply in stand -alone system. Solar panels covert solar
radiation into direct electrical energy. Solar panels are one of
the most potential renewable energy technologies for refreshing
building. In this study, responsibility analysis of a solar system
installed in my collage academic block and hostel is
investigated. The system includes solar panel, battery,
generator, converter and loads. In this study we calculate
overall load in academic block (Electrical engineering
department and round building) and only boy hostel. After
knowing overall loads result for these buildings we simulate
this data through HOMER tool and we obtain the best result
which is presented in this paper.
The result obtained from the optimization gives the initial
capital cost as 296.000$ while operating cost is 2,882$/yr. Total
net present cost (NPC) is 332,846$ and the cost of energy
(COE) is 0.212$/kWh.
The main purpose of this research paper is that the
maximum demand of energy consumption for both academic
block and hostel are simulated through solar panel, for this
purpose which amount of solar panel and battery is required.
DESIGN AND MODELLING OF STANDALONE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM WITH MATLAB/SIMULINKMichael George
This paper presents a standalone hybrid power system using wind/PV/diesel/Battery energy system with Matlab/Simulink environment. PV & Wind are the primary power sources of the system and battery is used as a backup for long run application. Here we have also compare the performance of PV/Wind/Battery connected system with PV/Wind/Diesel connected hybrid power system. The most frequently used renewable energy sources are those consisting of PV module and/or wind Turbine with/or Diesel generator, and some energy storage or backup system.
Modeling, Control and Power Management Strategy of a Grid connected Hybrid En...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the detailed modeling of various components of a grid connected hybrid energy system (HES) consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), an electrolyzer and a hydrogen storage tank with a power flow controller. Also, a valve controlled by the proposed controller decides how much amount of fuel is consumed by fuel cell according to the load demand. In this paper fuel cell is used instead of battery bank because fuel cell is free from pollution. The control and power management strategies are also developed. When the PV power is sufficient then it can fulfill the load demand as well as feeds the extra power to the electrolyzer. By using the electrolyzer, the hydrogen is generated from the water and stored in storage tank and this hydrogen act as a fuel to SOFC. If the availability of the power from the PV system cannot fulfill the load demand, then the fuel cell fulfills the required load demand. The SOFC takes required amount of hydrogen as fuel, which is controlled by the PID controller through a valve. Effectiveness of this technology is verified by the help of computer simulations in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment under various loading conditions and promising results are obtained.
Simulink Model for Cost-effective Analysis of Hybrid SystemIJMER
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates hybrid power systems using MATLAB Simulink. The key points are:
1) The model simulates three cases - a diesel-only system, diesel with battery system, and a PV-diesel-battery hybrid system - to analyze cost effectiveness over one year.
2) Parameters like fuel consumption, energy per gallon, and total fuel costs are calculated and used to determine the energy payback period and simple payback time.
3) Simulation results are compared to predictions from HOMER software, finding differences in efficiencies and operational characteristics between the two models.
Feasibility Study of Household Solar Photovoltaic HeatingIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Solar energy is a kind of natural and clean energy which will play an important role in the future of human society.The components of household solar photovoltaic heating include: battery board, battery, controller, battery, DC, AC inverter,the power control box, electric heating heating system. Calculating the laboratory thermal load and with the ability of heat load of laboratory and solar photovoltaic equipment, then get the number of solar panels.
Prototype solar power plant in laboratory electrical energy conversioneSAT Journals
Abstract Continuity and availability of electrical energy have to maintained, the government appealed for saving electrical energy. The lack of electrical energy conversion research centers in universities lead to knowledge conversion of electrical energy to the campus community is still limited.These problems will be conducted research design and test of Solar Power Plant in Electrical Energy Research Center UKI Paul Makassar. Solar energy is converted into electrical energy obtained through Solar Power Slant System (photovoltaic).The purpose of this research is to design and analyze the amount of energy produced by Solar Power Plant to study the electrical energy at laboratoty of the electrical energy conversion UKI Paulus Makassar. This study used a method of literature study, system design, and analysis. Characteristics of the solar panels used capacity of 9 units x 50 = 450 Wp are connected in parallel, Vmax = 25.5 Volts, Iout = 14 A, the operating time of 6 hours each day. Capacity of the accumulators 2 x 12 Volt units = 24 Volt, 65 Ah. Current capacity of the battery charge regulator (BCR) 40 A. Capacity of 10 kW power inverter Testing of solar systems to use solar insolation data is lowest at 3:51 days/ hours. Key Words: Solar Power Plant (SPP), Solar Panels, Solar Energy
IRJET- Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Charging StationsIRJET Journal
This document presents a proposed hybrid energy harvesting system using a savonius vertical axis wind turbine and leaf-shaped solar panels to generate electricity. The electricity would be stored in batteries and used to power an automated electric vehicle charging station on roadways. The system is designed to take advantage of wind energy from passing vehicles on highways as well as solar energy. It combines two renewable energy sources to provide continuous power generation and reduce dependence on fossil fuels. The charging station uses RFID technology to identify vehicles and control the charging process. The hybrid system is intended to benefit energy infrastructure by supplying clean power to charge electric vehicles.
IRJET- Study of Hybrid Solar-Wind Power Plant System using MATLABIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and simulation of a hybrid solar-wind power plant system using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to hybrid energy systems and the benefits of combining solar and wind energy sources. It then provides details on the components of the system, including solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, charge controllers, inverters, and maximum power point tracking. The document presents equations to calculate the power output from the solar and wind components and the total cost of the system. It describes building a model of the hybrid system in SIMULINK and shows the output waveforms generated. Finally, it concludes that a hybrid solar-wind system can provide pollution-free electricity to remote areas in a cost-effective manner.
This document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles, including different types like HEVs, PHEVs, and FCEVs. It discusses key topics like the development of HEV technologies being driven by rising gas prices and fuel efficiency standards. The document also examines power electronics components in HEVs like batteries, motors, inverters, and converters, as well as different vehicle architectures and how energy flows within series and parallel systems. Manufacturers' HEV development roadmaps are presented along with the characteristics of different electric vehicle technologies.
Floating TEG Integrated Solar Panel Hybrid Energy Harvesting SystemIRJET Journal
This document describes a hybrid energy harvesting system that simultaneously collects solar and thermal energy. The system uses a solar panel to generate electricity from sunlight. Thermoelectric generators are placed on the back of the solar panel to absorb heat and generate additional electricity via the temperature gradient created. Running water acts as a heat sink to maintain the temperature difference across the thermoelectric generator surfaces. Together, the solar panel and thermoelectric generators provide enough power to charge a 12-volt rechargeable battery, allowing both solar and wasted heat energy to be captured and stored efficiently.
Pvg based smart energy modelling for agricultural sectorIAEME Publication
The document presents a photovoltaic (PV) based water pumping system that uses an induction motor (IM) for driving a centrifugal pump. It proposes an indirect rotor field oriented control scheme for the IM. The system includes a PV array, boost converter, three-phase inverter, IM, and centrifugal pump. Simulation results show the controller is able to maintain a stable DC bus voltage from the PV array and achieve the reference speed and torque outputs for the IM, even with changes in solar irradiance and temperature. The proposed system provides an efficient solution for PV-based water pumping applications in the agricultural sector.
IRJET- Literature Review on Smart Flower and Agricultural SystemIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a smart agricultural system that uses solar energy to power water pumps for irrigation. It uses solar panels, sensors, and a battery to power water pumps without the need for electricity.
2) The system uses an automatic solar tracker and sensors like light dependent resistors and moisture sensors to optimize the efficiency of the solar panels and control irrigation based on environmental conditions.
3) The solar energy is converted to electrical energy via photovoltaic cells and stored in a battery. This stored energy then powers water pumps for irrigation purposes in rural areas lacking electricity. The system provides a more economical and environmentally friendly alternative to diesel-powered pumps.
comparative analysis of solar photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water and solarIJCMESJOURNAL
The present commercial photovoltaic solar cell (PV) converts solar energy into electricity with a relatively low efficiency less than 15%. More than 80% of the absorbed solar energy is dumped into the surroundings as heat after photovoltaic conversion. The electrical efficiency of photovoltaic system drops as its operating temperature rises and for this reason PV cooling is necessary. Therefore, stabilizing the temperature of photovoltaic modules at low level is highly desirable to improve the efficiency. Hybrid solar technology has the advantage of increasing the energy output per unit installed collector area. India as a tropical country is deemed to have a good potential of applying this technology. In this paper, solar PVT (Photovoltaic-Thermal) air and water collector hybrid systems were designed by using a poly crystalline silicon PV module as solar absorber and the comparative study was carried out. Air and water cooling of a commercial PV module configured as PVT air solar collector and PVT water solar collector by forced flow is studied. The energy and exergy performance of the PVT systems has been experimentally determined for various mass flow rates of fluids. The experimental result shows that the combined PVT system has got better performance than the simple PV and solar PVT water hybrid system has better efficiency than both. These systems are simple and suitable for building integration providing space heating depending on the season and for low temperature heating application.
IRJET- Simulation and Implementation of Hybrid Micro Grid Based on DC-AC ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a control strategy to coordinate power exchange between different components in a hybrid AC/DC microgrid system using a power electronics transformer. The control strategy aims to suppress fluctuations in DC bus voltage and ensure full utilization of subsystems while buffering energy fluctuations. The paper presents a simulation of the proposed control strategy that shows it can accurately control bidirectional power flow and regulate power distribution to achieve stable operation of the hybrid microgrid. Key components of the system include a power electronics transformer, AC and DC microgrids, and an energy storage battery.
Optimizing Hybrid Wind/Diesel Generator System Using BAT AlgorithmIJERA Editor
This document summarizes an article that proposes optimizing a hybrid wind/diesel generator system using a bat algorithm. The hybrid system considers wind turbines, battery banks, and a diesel generator to meet energy demands. The bat algorithm is implemented to optimize the number and types of wind turbine and battery modules. The algorithm generates random configurations, calculates the power output to determine fitness, and iteratively selects configurations that reduce total system costs, which include investment, installation, and maintenance costs of all components. The results show the optimized number of wind turbine and battery modules determined by the bat algorithm to minimize costs while meeting load demands.
This document summarizes an article that reports on developing an automatic active cooling system for a solar panel with real-time energy monitoring using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system aims to improve solar panel efficiency by maintaining optimal operating temperature through active cooling. It consists of sensors to measure temperature, light intensity and energy output, a microcontroller to control the cooling system, and an IoT interface to monitor the system remotely. Experimental results show that active cooling increases the solar panel's average output voltage, current and power by lowering its surface temperature compared to passive cooling.
A New Optimum Power Control Scheme for Low Power Energy Harvesting SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a new optimum power control scheme for low-power energy harvesting systems. The scheme harvests energy from three different modules connected in parallel: a solar module, wind module, and Peltier module. A boost converter and buck converter are used to extract maximum power from the modules and regulate the voltage for low-power electronic applications. The scheme aims to improve efficiency and maximize energy extraction for applications like wireless sensors.
This document is a project report submitted as part of a Master of Technology degree in green energy technology. It discusses conceptual design and economic analysis for integrating solar PV and solar thermal systems into an electroplating industry. The report includes an introduction to solar power technologies, electroplating industry processes, and considerations for integrating solar into industrial processes. It then outlines the project methods, including profiling the target company and developing conceptual designs for solar thermal and PV systems. The results and economic analysis of integrating these solar systems are also discussed.
This document describes a hybrid energy management system based on a fuzzy logic controller for power distribution. The system uses four power sources - wind power, photovoltaics, fuel cells, and electric power - connected to a common DC bus. An automatic energy management system provides load sharing between the power sources based on the load demand. Experimental results show that the system can successfully meet different load levels of 1000W, 2000W, and 3000W by distributing power from the sources according to the fuzzy logic controller and without wasted power.
This document describes a simulation of an intelligent maximum power point tracking technique for a photovoltaic module using MATLAB/Simscape. It begins with an introduction to renewable energy and solar energy. It then discusses modeling of a photovoltaic cell and solar panel in Simscape. Two maximum power point tracking techniques are developed and compared: perturb and observe and a new fuzzy logic based method. Simulation results show the fuzzy logic approach provides more stable power output.
SOLAR PV-WIND HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEMtulasi banala
This document describes a solar PV-wind hybrid power generation system. It discusses how renewable energy sources like solar and wind have grown but still produce less energy than fossil fuels. A hybrid system is proposed to combine solar and wind power sources to provide a more reliable supply since the sun and wind are intermittent. The system would include photovoltaic solar panels, a wind turbine, batteries, an inverter, and microcontroller to store and convert the power for residential or small-scale use.
Hybrid Renewable Energy Generation System using Artificial Neural Network (ANN)IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a hybrid renewable energy generation system using an artificial neural network. The paper proposes using a dual system combining wind and solar energy sources to address load demands. An artificial neural network model called a Multilevel Feed Forward Network is used to control the hybrid system and resolve operational differences due to time-varying factors. The neural network receives information from the renewable sources and fuzzy logic controller to generate control signals and optimize power generation from the solar and wind systems. The hybrid system is implemented using MATLAB SIMULINK software.
Energy Storage Management in Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic SystemIJERA Editor
The penetration of renewable sources in the power system network in the power system has been increasing in the recent years. One of the solutions being proposed to improve the reliability and performance of these systems is to integrate energy storage device into the power system network. This paper discusses the modeling of photo voltaic and status of the storage device such as lead acid battery for better energy management in the system. The energy management for the grid connected system was performed by the dynamic switching process.
Performance analysis of partially covered photovoltaic thermal (pvt) water co...eSAT Journals
This document analyzes the performance of a partially covered photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector system in Bhopal, India. The maximum temperature of the hot water from the system was 47.5°C. The average thermal efficiency was over 50%, the electrical efficiency was around 6.39%, and the overall efficiency exceeded 56.49%. Exergy efficiency, a measure of the system's ability to convert solar radiation into usable energy, was found to exceed 9.48%. The study concluded that a PVT system can improve overall energy yield per unit area by capturing both thermal and electrical energy from solar radiation.
Study of using solar energy system to supply a data centerIRJET Journal
This document studies using a solar energy system to supply the power needs of a data center. It summarizes the basic components of the system, which includes solar panels, batteries, a charge controller, inverters/converters, and the power grid. It then presents simulation results of the system modeling the solar irradiance in Tehran and the varying power demands of the data center. The results show the solar panels can generate up to 1.2 MW at midday, but most of the time cannot meet the full 2 MW load of the data center. The batteries charge and discharge to help meet demands, with one battery acting as primary and the other as backup. The power grid supplies any remaining load needs when the solar and batteries
The document discusses various topics related to solar energy systems:
1. It describes the basic components and types of photovoltaic (PV) systems, including crystalline and thin film solar cells that convert sunlight into electricity.
2. It analyzes the characteristic curves of different maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques used to extract maximum available power from PV modules.
3. It examines applications of solar energy collectors and the principle of converting solar energy to heat through diagrams.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document analyzes the performance of a hybrid power system combining wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, and fuel cells. It first discusses the individual output characteristics of each technology. It then shows how the outputs can be combined on a common bus and conditioned to supply power to loads or the electric grid. Graphs demonstrate the combined output power is higher than the individual components alone. The conclusion is that the hybrid model improves efficiency over a basic wind/solar model by adding the additional output from fuel cells.
Indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of photovoltaic thermal air colle...journalBEEI
Photovoltaic technology is one of renewable energy technology very hopeful, especially photovoltaic thermal system or PVT system. A PVT system solar air collector produces hot air and electricity simultaneously. In this study, indoor and outdoor investigation comparison of PVT system solar air collector has tested at the National University of Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor investigation conducted with variation mass flow rates from 0.01 kg/s to 0.05 kg/s at the solar intensity of 820 W/m2. Indoor and outdoor evaluation is conducted to precisely evaluate the performance improvement theorized by the researcher. The comparison between the indoor and outdoor outcome purposed to confirm each testing and attraction decision. The outdoor investigation outcomes were agreement with indoor results. Indoor investigation outcomes reliably with outdoor investigation outcomes indicated by accuracy results.
The document describes a mini project report on modeling and simulation of a solar photovoltaic system with Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control. The project involves designing models of the key system components including the solar PV panel, MPPT controller, DC-DC boost converter, three-phase three-leg inverter and 12-pulse auto-connected transformer. Simulations will then be carried out and results analyzed to study the performance of the system.
Design and Simulation of Grid Connected Solar Photovoltaic Plant for Munnar, ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed 100kW solar photovoltaic system designed to electrify 48 homes in a tribal village in Munnar, India. The system would be grid-connected to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and connect remote areas. Key aspects of the design include:
- Selection of Munnar as the site due to suitable solar radiation levels and need to electrify remote tribal villages.
- Use of PVsyst software to simulate the system using meteorological data for Munnar.
- Design of the 100kW system including selection of polycrystalline solar panels and 30kW grid-tied inverters.
- Simulation results showing the system would generate 142.3MWh per
This document provides a review of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems for renewable energy storage. It discusses how PVT systems simultaneously convert sunlight to both electricity and heat. The introduction defines solar energy and PVT systems. Various types of PVT systems are then described, including air collectors, building-integrated systems, and heat pipe-based collectors. A table compares studies on different PVT system types. Recent trends showing improvements to efficiency are also reviewed, such as a 2016 study achieving 29.7% efficiency. The conclusion states that PVT is a promising solar technology that is being actively researched to further enhance performance.
This document provides a review of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems for renewable energy storage. It discusses how PVT systems simultaneously convert sunlight to both electricity and heat. The introduction defines solar energy and PVT systems. Various types of PVT systems are then described, including air collectors, building-integrated systems, and heat pipe-based collectors. A table compares several studies that analyzed different PVT system designs and configurations. Recent research trends improving PVT system efficiency are also reviewed, such as a 2016 study achieving 29.7% efficiency. The conclusion states that PVT is a promising solar technology being actively researched to enhance performance.
Sunlight is converted into electricity and heat simultaneously with the help of PV thermal panels. It is examined that the efficiency of the PVT panel is higher than the separate PV panels and solar thermal collectors’ efficiency. The electricity conversion-efficiency for a PV system is about 6% to 15% and in moreover cases 85% of the incoming solar energy is either reflected or absorbed as heat energy. Now a day’s Renewable energy has become a hot topic. The energy researchers day by day making advanced researches to make this type of system a useable one. Non-renewable sources will be approximately finished within next 100-150 years. So this type of energy is very important for everyone. Normally researches are made on producing electricity from renewable sources like sun-light, wind energy, tidal energy and etc. In this paper there is a compact review of solar photovoltaic thermal system. The performance of the solar cell decreases with the increasing of temperature. Both the electrical efficiency and the power output of PV module depend on the operating temperature. Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors, also known as hybrid PV/T systems are systems in which sunlight is converted into thermal and electrical energy both. This paper contains a combination of basic and advanced hybrid PV/T systems that are usable in Asian region.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...IJCNCJournal
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
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2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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reversible. Exergy is destroyed whenever an irreversible process occurs when an exergy analysis is
performed on a system like PV/T system, the thermodynamic imperfections can be quantified as exergy
destruction, which is wasted work or wasted potential for the production of work. By analyzing the exergy
destroyed by each component in a process, it can be easily identified where the focus should be given to
improve system efficiency. Exergy analysis is conducted by utilizing the first and second law of
thermodynamics. Exergy analysis has become an essential tool in the system design, analysis, and
optimization of thermal systems [12-20].
2. RESEARCH METHOD
The system which converts sunlight into electrical current by means of a photovoltaic (PV) cell is
known as PV system. The process by which the PV cell converts sunlight to electrical current is called
Photoelectric effect. Sunlight consists of photons. Billions of these photons continues to hit the earth every
second. These photons contain large quantities of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the
solar spectrum. When photons strike a PV cell, they are either reflected, absorbed, or passed through.
Electricity is generated by the photons that are absorbed.
The photons with energy greater than the band-gap energy of the semiconductor when absorbed
creates some electron-hole pairs proportional to the incident irradiation. When such a photon is absorbed, the
energy of that photon is absorbed by an electron in an atom of the semiconducting material of the PV cell.
With the added energy, the electron can escape from its normal position (valence band) in the atom to
become free by jumping to the conducting band leaving a hole behind. The electrical circuit is completed by
the flow of these electrons and holes using electrodes. As millions of photons hits the PV cell, millions of
electrons gain energy and become free to move along the conducting wires. Solar cells and modules consists
of thin conducting wires and a built-in electric field to provide the voltage needed to move the current
through an external load. The small quantity of current produced at each cell can be significantly increased
by connecting several cells together and kept on large [21].
The PV system may include major components as; DC-AC power inverter, battery storage, system
and battery controller, back-up energy sources and electrical loads [22]. The Figure 1 shows the main
components of a Solar PV system. PV cells are the basic unit which converts the sunlight to energy. A PV
module consists of PV cells arranged in frame to form a module. A PV module is constructed by connecting
PV cells in series for high voltage and in parallel for high current. By connecting series of PV modules, a PV
array is formed. The inverter is a device which converts direct current (DC power) into standard alternating
Current (AC power) which can be used for the appliances in the home, synchronizing with utility power
whenever the electrical grid is distributing electricity [23].
The charge controller regulates the flow of electricity from the PV modules to the battery and the
load. It enables the battery to be fully charged without overcharging. When the load is consuming power, the
controller allows electricity to flow from the modules into the battery or the load. When the battery is full the
controller senses that and stops the flow of charge from the modules. At night time, and/or if the demand
exceeds the power produced from Solar PV during the day and battery, electricity is provided through utility
power source. The utility meter spins backwards when solar power production exceeds house demand. This
allows the user to credit any excess electricity in future utility bills [24]. The storage battery is used to store
any excess energy produced by PV modules and deliver it back for consumption when in demand [25].
Figure 1. Schematic of PV system
Generally, PV systems can be classified based on their function and operational needs, their
component configuration and the way other power sources and appliances are connected to the PV system.
There are three types of solar PV systems. Stand-alone system or off-grid systems are systems which
generate power and consume the power generated within the system and does not interact with the main
electrical grid.
PV array
Charge
controller
Battery
DC/AC
Inverter Loads
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In a hybrid system, in addition to solar energy, one or more source of energy is hybridized in the
solar PV system such as such as wind, biomass or diesel to provide the required power. This increased the
reliability and efficiency in a cost effective way [25].
3. SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS
A solar thermal collector converts solar energy into useful thermal energy which is then transferred
to the working fluid flowing through the collector such as water and air. The thermal energy collected can be
used for various applications such a water or space heating, to generate steam. It can also be stored in a
thermal storage for later use. Based on the working principle and other factors, solar thermal collectors can
be categorized in various ways. One of the common categorization is (i) non-concentrating (for example, flat
plate collectors) and (ii) concentrating (for example, compound parabolic concentrators). Another common
way to categorize it is based on the working fluid (heat transfer fluid) used inside the collector as heat
extraction such as into liquid heating and air heating types. For applications at low to medium temperature of
about 100oC, the type of solar collectors that are usually used is stationary collectors which do not use solar
tracking mechanism. They are generally used for air and water heating applications. Whereas concentrating
collectors which use solar tracking system is commonly used for applications at medium to high temperature
of about 200-2500oC such as solar thermal power generation and high temperature heating [1].
The main difference in the design of flat plate air collector from water collector is air plate
collectors lack the flow tubes that are attached to the absorber plate. The main parameter to enhance the
performance of solar air collector is the heat transfer rate between the absorber surface and the flowing air. In
order to achieve this objective, various modification have been proposed in the design and air movement in
solar air collectors including the use of corrugated, finned absorbers and multiple-pass air flow
configurations as shown in the Figure 2.
Figure 2. Different air flow designs for solar air collectors
The thermal efficiency of solar thermal collectors is a ratio of the useful thermal energy, 𝑄 to the
overall incidence irradiations, 𝐼. Where the heat collected by the flat plate air collector can be measured by
result of average mass flow rate,ṁ heat capacity of flowing medium, 𝐶 and a temperature difference of the
medium at the collector inlet, 𝑇 and outlet, 𝑇 [26]-[29].
𝜂 =
𝑄
𝐼
=
ṁ𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐼
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4. SOLAR PV/T AIR COLLECTORS
In 1978, Kern and Russel introduced the concept of PV/T collectors using water or air as a heat
removal fluid. As such PV/T collectors can be classified into three categories based on the type of working
fluid used. Namely, PV/T water collector, PV/T air collector, and PV/T water/air combination collector [30].
Due to the dual functions of a PV/T collector, this type of collectors maximizes the use of solar energy
resulting in a higher overall solar conversion rate than that of solely PV or solar collector. The PV cells
composed of semiconductor material convert highenergy photons of incident solar radiation into electricity.
The lower energy photons are absorbed by the PV panel and generate heat within the cells [31]. The
generation of heat within the cell reduces the efficiency of the cells.
The photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) technology extract a great percent of this heat and utilize it for
practical applications. The removal of heat from the cell and transferring it to the working fluid increases the
electrical efficiency of the PV module while simultaneously producing hot fluid which can be used for
thermal applications. Since PV/T offers an improved method of utilizing solar energy, the overall efficiency
of the system is higher. The major advantages of using PV/T is as follows [32]: (i) It is dual-purpose: a
system which can be used to produce thermal and electricity output, (ii) It has a wide application: the thermal
output can be used for drying, heating and cooling (desiccant cooling), (iii) It is flexible and efficient: the
combined efficiency is always much higher than using two individual systems and is especially attractive
when roof-panel spacing is limited, and (iv) It is practical and cheap: it can be easily integrated to building
with minor modification. Furthermore, by replacing the roofing material with the PV/T system, the payback
period can be reduced.
Recently, Fudholi et al. [33] studied theoretical and experimental of PV/T air collector with
▽-groove. They reported that PV/T exergy efficiencies of were 12.66-12.91% and PV/T energy efficiencies
were 31.21-94.24%. The thermal and PV efficiency was 21.3-82.9% and 9.87-11.34% respectively. In 2016,
Hazami, et al. [34] studied theoretical and experimental of PV/T air collector using energy and exergy
analysis. They reported that PV/T exergy efficiencies of was 14.8%. From energy analysis, the PV and
thermal efficiency was 15% and 50% respectively. Slimani et al. [35] studied theoretical and experimental of
PV/T air collector for an indirect solar dryer. They reported that PV, thermal and PV/T efficiencies were
10.5%, 70% and 90%, respectively. Gholampour and Ameri [36] studied energy and exergy analysis of PV/T
flat transpired collectors based on theoretical and experimental study. They reported that PV/T exergy
efficiencies of was 8.66%. From energy analysis, the thermal and PV/T efficiency was 69.9% and 55%
respectively. In 2015, Li, et al. [37] studied theoretical and experimental of PV/T air collector in the hot
summer and cold winter zone. They reported that PV, thermal and PV/T efficiencies were 11.9-12.4%, 50%
and 77.7%, respectively.
Researchers [38]-[40] studied experimental PV/T air collector. Rajoria et al. [38] reported that PV
and thermal efficiencies were 3.1-9.1% and 12.1-28.1% respectively. Ahn et al. [39] reported that PV,
thermal and PV/T efficiencies were 15%, 23% and 38% respectively. Good et al. [40] reported that PV and
thermal efficiencies were 17.4% and 71.5% respectively. Amori and Abd-AlRaheem [41] studied
experimental (field) of various PV/T air collectors. They reported that PV and thermal efficiencies were
8.3-10.4% and 46-62% respectively. In 2013, Rajoria et al. [42] studied theoretical and experimental of PV/T
air collector. They reported that PV/T energy and exergy efficiencies of were 11.3% and 16.3%, respectively.
In 2012, Agrawal et al. [43] studied theoretical and experimental of PV/T air collector connected in series.
They reported that PV and thermal efficiencies were 12.4% and 35.7% respectively. Amori and
Al-Najjar [44] studied theoretical of thermal and electrical performance for PV/T air collector in Iraq. They
reported that PV, thermal and PV/T efficiency were 9-12.3%, 19.4-22.8% and 47.8-53.6% respectively.
In 2010, Agrawal and Tiwari [45] studied energy and exergy analysis of PV/T air collector under cold
climatic conditions. They reported that PV/T energy efficiency was 53.7%. Sarhaddi et al. [46] [47] studied
energy and exergy analysis of PV/T air collector. They reported that PV, thermal and PV/T efficiency were
10%, 17.18 and 45% respectively. PV/T exergy efficiency was 10.75%. Agrawal and Tiwari [48] studied
theoretical and experimental of PV/T air collector. They reported that PV and thermal efficiency were 7.13%
and 33.54% respectively.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on the present review, the following conclusions can be drawn: a) A number of research have
been done on PV/T air collectors over the last four decades, exploring aspects such as efficiency
enhancements by design development, numerical simulation, prototype design, experimental testing and
testing methodologies for PV/T air collectors; b) The energy and exergy efficiency of PV/T air collector were
31% to 94% and 8.7% to 18%, respectively; c) The development of PV/T air collectors is a very promising
area of research. Today, PV/T air collectors using in solar drying and solar air heater.
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
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130
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the UKM and UIN Suska Riau for funding (GP-K020448) and
(GGP-2017-045).
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ahmad Fudholi, Ph.D, M.Sc obtained his S.Si (2002) in physics. He was born in 1980 in
Pekanbaru, Indonesia. He has working experience about 4 years (2004-2008) as Head of Physics
Department at Rab University Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia. A. Fudholi started his master course
in Energy Technology (2005-2007) at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). His M.Sc thesis
was on Wind/PV Hybrid System and the Ph.D thesis was about the Finned Double-Pass Solar
Collectors for Drying of Seaweed. His M.Sc and Ph.D thesis under supervisor by Prof Dato’ Dr.
Kamaruzzaman Sopian. After his master he became Research Assistant at UKM up to 2012.
After his Ph.D (2012) in renewable energy, he became Postdoctoral in Solar Energy Research
Institute (SERI) UKM up to 2013. He joined the SERI as a Lecture in 2014. More than USD
310,000 research grant (15 grant/ project) in 2014–2017 was involved. More than 25 M.Sc
project supervised and completed. Until now, he managed to supervise 5 Ph.D (4 main
supervisors and 1 Co. supervisor), 3 Master’s student by research mode, and 5 Master’s student
by coursework mode, he was also as examiner (3 Ph.D and 1 M.Sc). His current research focuses
on renewable energy, especially solar energy technology, micropower system, solar drying
systems, and advanced solar thermal systems (solar assisted drying, solar heat pump, PVT
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132
systems). He has published more than 120 peer-reviewed papers, which 25 papers in ISI index
(20 Q1, impact factor more than 3) and more than 60 papers in Scopus index, 16 more currently
accepted manuscript, 20 more currently under review, and 2 book chapters. Addition, he has
published more than 70 papers in international conferences. His total citations of 810 and h-
index of 14 in Scopus (Author ID: 57195432490). His total citations of 1387 and h-index of 20
in google scholar. He is appointed as reviewer of high impact (Q1) journals He is appointed as
reviewer of reputation journals. He is also appointed as editor journals. He has received several
awards (Gold, Silver and Bronze) Medal He was also invited as speaker: Workshop of Scientific
Journal Writing; Writing Scientific Papers Steps Towards Successful Publish in High Impact
(Q1) Journals. He has 1 patent and 2 copyrights.
Mariyam Fazleena Musthafa, M.Sc from Maldives. She graduated with the M.Sc (2017) in
Energy Technology from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia. The M.Sc
dissertation was about the Exergy Analysis of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Air Collector. Her
M.Sc thesis under supervisor by Ahmad Fudholi, Ph.D. Upon graduation her current research
focuses on solar energy technology.
Abrar Ridwan, S.Si, ST, MT is the head of centre of applied technology, head of mechanical
engineering laboratory and a lecturer at Muhammadiyah University of Riau. His research interest
includes combustion engineering, biomass gasification, energy conversion and solar energy. He
was graduated from physic department of Brawijaya university and also in mechanical
engineering at Muhammadiyah University of Malang (UMM). Since 8 years of his lecture was
granted by Research and Technology Ministries of Indonesia (RistekDikti) for his research
project. He is also involved in the UNDP-UNFCC program regarding municipal solid waste
project in Riau Province and graduated his master of mechanical engineering from University of
Indonesia. Currently he is focusing the research of how to optimize solar updraft power
generator with any material as its heat storage.
Dr. Rado Yendra, M.Sc was born in Indonesia in 1977. He received Ph.D. degree in Statistical
Science from The National University of Malaysia, Malaysia in 2014. He joined the Department
of Mathematics from the State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau, Indonesia and
2015 became a Vice-Dean from Faculty of Science and Technology. His main areas of research
interest are statistical science and data mining.
Prof. Dr. Hartono, M.Pd from Pekanbaru, Indonesia. He is currently, a Professor at Faculty of
Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri Sultan Syarif Kasim (UIN Suska). He is
Dean of Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Suska Pekanbaru Riau, Indonesia. He was the
Head, Department of Mathematics Education (2001-04); Deputy Dean, Faculty of Education
(2004-13). His main contributions are in research methodology, statistical and as Training of
Trainer. His major research efforts include designing E-learning, education method and
education strategy. He has published more than 15 books in the field of education, statistic,
analysis software, SPSS and general interests.
Ari Pani Desvina, S.Si, M.Sc from Indonesia. She graduated with the M.Sc in Statistical
Science from The National University of Malaysia, Malaysia in 2010. She joined as lecturer at
the Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Islam Negeri
Sultan Syarif Kasim (UIN Suska) in 2006. Carenntly, she is head of Mathematics Department
of UIN Suska Riau, Indonesia.
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Review of solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) air collector (Ahmad Fudholi)
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Dr Majid Khan joined the School of Mathematical Sciences, USM, as a lecturer (Operational
Research) in May, 2017. He is a researcher and appointed fellow working in the field of seaweed
cultivation, solar drying systems, processing, modelling and simulation. His research uses
application of Iot, big data and simulation methods to improve model predictions of moisture
losses during drying in control and uncontrolled environment. He is also interested in modelling
the problems in engineering and other biological systems such as tissue culture and aquamarine.
He uses the techniques from statistical theory, approach and existing application tools to develop
mathematical model and finally to transform the model in industry application and to answer a
range of inspired questions.
Prof Dato’ Dr. Kamaruzzaman Sopian graduated with the BS Mechanical Engineering from the
University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1985, the MS in Energy Resources University of Pittsburgh
in 1989 and PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the Dorgan Solar Laboratory, University of
Miami at Coral Gables in 1997. He has been involved in the field of renewable energy for more
than 25-years. He has secure research funding from the Malaysian Minstry of Science and
Malaysian Ministry of Education and industry for more than USD 6 million. He has conducted
renewable enery courses the Asian School of Energy (2007-2014) funded by ISESCO,
COMSAT, TIKA and UNESCO. He has published over 800 research papers in journals and
conferences (SCOPUS h index = 53, no. of citation = 9386) (Google Scholar h index = 64, no. of
citation = 15531). A total of 32 MSc (coursework), 15 MSc (research mode) and 50 PhD
candidates from various countries. He has undertaken short assignments in about 10 countries for
international agencies and programs such as UNDP-GEF, UNIDO, ASEAN EU-Energy Facility,
ASEAN-Australia Economic Co-operation Program, ASEAN-CIDA, JSPS-VCC, British
Council CHICHE, ISESCO and UNESCO related to renewable energy technology. He has been
appointed as the Honorary Professor of Renewable Energy, at University of Nottingham, United
Kingdom (2009-2013). In addition, he has been appointed as the associate editors in high impact
journals. He won several international awards for his academic contribution in renewable energy
including the IDB (Islamic Development Bank) S&T Prize 2013, World Renewable Energy
Network Pioneer Award 2012, Malaysia Green Technology Award 2012, and the ASEAN
Energy Awards (2005, 2007, 2013 and 2014). He has 4 patents, 20 patents pending, 6
copyrights, and 1 trademark for his innovation in renewable energy technology. The innovation
and invention in renewable energy technology have won 80 medals in national and international
innovation and invention competitions including special innovation awards such as Prix de L
'Environnement by the Swiss Society for Environmental Protection, 2001, Geneva, Sustainable
Development Award INNOVA 2007, Special Prize, Korea Invention Promotion Association at
the INPEX Pittsburgh 2008 and Energy and Environmental Award, at INNOVA 2013 in
Brussels. His Royal Highness The Sultan of Perak conferred the Paduka Mahkota Perak and the
Dato’ Paduka Mahkota Perak in 2013. He was conferred as a Fellow of the Malaysia Academy
of Sciences (FASc) in 2011.