Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of steel reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, while steel bars can resist high tensile stresses but buckle under compression. The document then outlines the topics to be covered in the training, including limit state design, and design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, and columns. It states the learning objectives are to be able to estimate loads, analyze members for shear and bending moments, design for shear and flexural reinforcement, and conduct serviceability checks.
1. Reinforced concrete is an important building material that can be molded into various structural forms. It is durable and fire resistant when properly specified and constructed.
2. The document discusses reinforced concrete structures such as single-storey portals, medium-rise frames, and tall multistory frames and cores. It also covers the design process, code requirements, load combinations, and other concepts important for reinforced concrete design.
3. Key topics covered include ultimate and serviceability limit states, load factors, structural elements like beams, slabs, columns and walls, and the roles of the client, architect, engineer and contractor in design and construction.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Moment Resisting Frames of Steel and Composit...IRJET Journal
This document compares moment resisting frames made of steel composite materials and reinforced concrete (RC) under seismic loading. Four models each of a G+10 and G+20 building were analyzed with ETABS software - two as ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF) and two as special moment resisting frames (SMRF). Results for steel composite frames showed lower displacement, drift, and shear compared to RC frames, but within acceptable limits. Steel composite structures provide advantages over RC structures such as reduced weight, cost, and faster construction for high-rise buildings.
1. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete as a structural material and its wide use in structures.
2. It outlines key design assumptions used in reinforced concrete design including strain compatibility between concrete and steel, stress-strain relationships of materials, and failure conditions.
3. It describes the behavior of reinforced concrete beams under increasing loads and how cracking occurs initially in the tension side before steel reinforcement engages to resist bending.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of steel reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, while steel bars can resist high tensile stresses but will buckle under compression. This training course will cover limit state design, and the design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, and columns per applicable codes of practice. At the end of the course, participants should be able to estimate loads, analyze members for shear and bending moments, design for shear and moment reinforcement, and perform serviceability checks.
1. The document introduces reinforced concrete structures and provides an overview of their design process. It discusses common building elements like beams, slabs, columns, and foundations.
2. The design process involves analyzing loads, selecting an efficient structural form, evaluating safety, and planning construction. Designs must consider strength, serviceability, and safety factors.
3. Reinforced concrete is designed using limit state theory according to code BS 8110. Designs consider ultimate and serviceability limit states, and evaluate different load combinations and factors of safety.
These slides gives a basic idea about R C C structures. Elementary knowledge about different methods of design and detailing as IS code IS 456-2000 has been discussed in a lucid way.
This document discusses design aspects for making structures resistant to terrorist attacks. The objectives of blast-resistant design are to reduce injuries, facilitate rescue efforts, expedite repairs, prevent progressive collapse, and accelerate returning to full operations. Explosions from vehicle or package bombs are major threats. Design principles include determining the threat level based on bomb size and standoff distance. Specific structural elements like floors, columns, transfer girders, glazing, and shear walls can be strengthened to improve blast resistance. Maintaining standoff distance and hardening vulnerable interior spaces are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of concrete technology and design. It discusses the key constituents of concrete, including cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. It also outlines various testing methods for concrete. The document then discusses the Indian Standard Code for concrete design and different design methods, focusing on the limit state method. It describes limit states of collapse and serviceability and how they are applied in design. Finally, it lists some common concrete structures that can be designed using the limit state method according to the Indian Standard Code, and provides references for further reading.
1. Reinforced concrete is an important building material that can be molded into various structural forms. It is durable and fire resistant when properly specified and constructed.
2. The document discusses reinforced concrete structures such as single-storey portals, medium-rise frames, and tall multistory frames and cores. It also covers the design process, code requirements, load combinations, and other concepts important for reinforced concrete design.
3. Key topics covered include ultimate and serviceability limit states, load factors, structural elements like beams, slabs, columns and walls, and the roles of the client, architect, engineer and contractor in design and construction.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Moment Resisting Frames of Steel and Composit...IRJET Journal
This document compares moment resisting frames made of steel composite materials and reinforced concrete (RC) under seismic loading. Four models each of a G+10 and G+20 building were analyzed with ETABS software - two as ordinary moment resisting frames (OMRF) and two as special moment resisting frames (SMRF). Results for steel composite frames showed lower displacement, drift, and shear compared to RC frames, but within acceptable limits. Steel composite structures provide advantages over RC structures such as reduced weight, cost, and faster construction for high-rise buildings.
1. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of reinforced concrete as a structural material and its wide use in structures.
2. It outlines key design assumptions used in reinforced concrete design including strain compatibility between concrete and steel, stress-strain relationships of materials, and failure conditions.
3. It describes the behavior of reinforced concrete beams under increasing loads and how cracking occurs initially in the tension side before steel reinforcement engages to resist bending.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material consisting of steel reinforcing bars embedded in concrete. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength, while steel bars can resist high tensile stresses but will buckle under compression. This training course will cover limit state design, and the design of reinforced concrete beams, slabs, and columns per applicable codes of practice. At the end of the course, participants should be able to estimate loads, analyze members for shear and bending moments, design for shear and moment reinforcement, and perform serviceability checks.
1. The document introduces reinforced concrete structures and provides an overview of their design process. It discusses common building elements like beams, slabs, columns, and foundations.
2. The design process involves analyzing loads, selecting an efficient structural form, evaluating safety, and planning construction. Designs must consider strength, serviceability, and safety factors.
3. Reinforced concrete is designed using limit state theory according to code BS 8110. Designs consider ultimate and serviceability limit states, and evaluate different load combinations and factors of safety.
These slides gives a basic idea about R C C structures. Elementary knowledge about different methods of design and detailing as IS code IS 456-2000 has been discussed in a lucid way.
This document discusses design aspects for making structures resistant to terrorist attacks. The objectives of blast-resistant design are to reduce injuries, facilitate rescue efforts, expedite repairs, prevent progressive collapse, and accelerate returning to full operations. Explosions from vehicle or package bombs are major threats. Design principles include determining the threat level based on bomb size and standoff distance. Specific structural elements like floors, columns, transfer girders, glazing, and shear walls can be strengthened to improve blast resistance. Maintaining standoff distance and hardening vulnerable interior spaces are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of concrete technology and design. It discusses the key constituents of concrete, including cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water. It also outlines various testing methods for concrete. The document then discusses the Indian Standard Code for concrete design and different design methods, focusing on the limit state method. It describes limit states of collapse and serviceability and how they are applied in design. Finally, it lists some common concrete structures that can be designed using the limit state method according to the Indian Standard Code, and provides references for further reading.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
The document discusses various structural design principles and concepts including:
- Robustness, strength, serviceability, and stability as key structural principles.
- Defining ultimate stress and hardness as material properties.
- How materials behave after exceeding their yield strength on a stress-strain curve.
- Critical considerations for material selection like mechanical properties, wear resistance, and cost.
- Calculating axial tensile stress on a steel column given its dimensions and applied load.
- Engineer must consider member weights and load variations when determining dead and live loads.
- Limit state design uses a two-layered safety approach to determine load capacities.
This document contains questions and answers related to structural design principles. It discusses key concepts like robustness, strength, serviceability, stability, material properties, structural analysis, different load types, limit state design, and structural systems. Questions cover topics such as structural principles, material properties, stress-strain behavior, load considerations, deflection calculations, tributary areas, concrete beam design, reinforced and prestressed concrete, vibration causes and solutions, soil properties, retaining walls, ground improvement techniques, and foundation systems.
This summary provides an overview of the key structural concepts covered in the document:
1. The document discusses various structural principles including robustness, strength, serviceability, and stability and provides examples for each. It also defines material properties like ultimate stress and hardness.
2. Load types such as permanent loads, live loads, and wind loads are described along with considerations for determining their magnitude.
3. Limit state design and the two-layered factor of safety approach are explained. Limit state design uses modern methods to determine structural capacity and loading.
4. Stability systems like braced frames are discussed as ways to provide stability to structures subjected to lateral loads. The GLAD workflow for structural design is
IRJET- Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete StructureIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures to improve seismic resistance. Ductile structures can absorb more energy through inelastic deformation without significant damage compared to brittle structures.
2. Key aspects of ductile detailing include providing reinforcement in both tension and compression zones, using transverse reinforcement to confine concrete, and employing a weak-beam strong-column system so beams yield before columns.
3. Reinforcement layout should consider factors like stress trajectories, crack control, and simplicity of construction. Structural joints must be able to withstand the same forces as other sections.
The document discusses the planning, analysis, and design of a G+3 steel-concrete composite building. Key aspects summarized include:
1) The building is 15m x 12m with 3.5m floor heights and will be analyzed and designed using STAAD-Pro software.
2) Composite structures combine the high tensile strength of steel with the high compressive strength of concrete. Shear connectors are critical to transfer forces between the steel and concrete.
3) Analysis of the building found typical bending moments, shear forces, and axial forces in the frames. The composite slab, beams, columns, and foundation were then designed.
4) Though initially more costly than RCC, the
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete design. It discusses key concepts like strength design versus allowable stress design, load combinations, required strength, and serviceability considerations. The main points covered are:
- Reinforced concrete design involves analyzing a composite of two materials with different properties: concrete and steel reinforcement.
- Design codes specify minimum design loads and requirements, while specifications like ACI provide guidance on analyzing and designing reinforced concrete structures.
- Strength design focuses on ultimate load capacities, while allowable stress design ensures stresses remain below specified limits under service loads.
- Required strength is determined from factored load combinations accounting for variability in loads and structural response.
- Serviceability requires adequate performance under
Planning, Analysis, Design and Detailing of degree college building by adapti...IRJET Journal
This document provides details on the planning, analysis, design, and estimation of a proposed G+1 degree college building using sustainable concepts. The building is planned on a 1-acre plot with a total built-up area of 28,654 square feet. The layout and drafting are done using AutoCAD software. Structural analysis is performed manually as per Indian codes to calculate forces and deflections. Based on the analysis, the dimensioning and reinforcement of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, and footings are designed manually. Detailing of all elements is done using AutoCAD. Finally, the project cost is estimated using Microsoft Excel. The total estimated cost is around 5 crores following the latest PWD schedule of rates
This document provides an overview of the design of steel structures using the limit state method according to IS 800-2007. It discusses the limit states considered in design, including strength and serviceability. Design loads and strengths are determined using partial safety factors. Key steps in limit state design of steel structures are load combinations, stability checks, deflection limits, and ensuring other serviceability limits are met. The document concludes that while strength and deflection are predominant limit states, all limit states must be considered for important structures.
RCC 1st.pptx Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete Structuresashishpoudel28
This document discusses the design of reinforced cement concrete structures. It covers the course contents which include the introduction, design methods, limit state design for beams and slabs, columns and footings, and miscellaneous structures. The introduction section discusses the limitations of plain concrete including its weakness in tension. It also covers the properties of reinforcement and concrete needed for analysis of forces and stresses in reinforced concrete structures.
Use of flat slabs in multi storey commercial building situated in high seismi...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses a study that compares the behavior of multi-storey commercial buildings with flat slab construction and conventional reinforced concrete frame construction. Six building models are analyzed: conventional RC frame and flat slab buildings with heights of 4, 9, and 13 stories. The models are analyzed using ETABS software to study parameters like lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, column moments and axial forces, and time period under different load conditions. The analysis is done for Seismic Zone IV. The study aims to better understand the seismic behavior of flat slab buildings and identify design improvements needed for their performance in high seismic zones.
The document discusses building maintenance, common defects, and remedial methods for RCC structures. It describes three main common defects: foundations, walls, and concrete/RCC frames. For foundations, common issues include differential settlement, uplift of shrinkage soil, and dampness. For walls, issues include cracking, dampness penetration, and failure during cyclones. For concrete frames, common problems discussed are seepage/leakage, spalling of concrete, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. The document provides detailed remedial methods and guidelines for investigating and classifying structural damage to determine appropriate restoration methods.
The document discusses building maintenance, common defects, and remedial methods for RCC structures. It describes three main common defects: foundations, walls, and concrete/RCC frames. For foundations, common issues include differential settlement, uplift of shrinkage soil, and dampness. For walls, issues include cracking, dampness penetration, and failure during cyclones. For concrete frames, common problems discussed are seepage/leakage, spalling of concrete, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. The document provides detailed remedial methods for addressing each of these defects.
The document discusses advances in building construction techniques that enabled the development of skyscrapers in the late 19th century, including the ability to mass produce steel and concrete, use of elevators, and improved structural analysis. It then describes common construction equipment and methods used for high-rise buildings like tower cranes and precast construction. The document also mentions sustainable "smart buildings" and the strengths of the building technology department in integrating design and technology.
This document provides information on reinforced concrete design methods and concepts. It discusses the different types of loads considered in building design, the advantages of reinforced concrete, and disadvantages. It also covers working stress method assumptions, modular ratio definition, and limit state method advantages over other methods. Limit state is defined as a state of impending failure beyond which a structure can no longer function satisfactorily in terms of safety or serviceability.
This document provides an introduction to steel and timber structures. It discusses the objectives of the chapter, which are to introduce structural steel, describe common structural members and shapes, explain structural design concepts and material properties of steel. It outlines different types of steel structures, why steel is used, various structural members, and design methods like allowable stress design, plastic design and limit state design. Key material properties of structural steel like its stress-strain behavior and grades are also summarized.
IRJET - Experimental Study on Performance of Buckling Restrained BracingsIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the performance of buckling restrained bracings (BRBs). BRBs are a type of seismic bracing that can yield in both tension and compression without buckling, providing stable energy dissipation. The study models five different BRB designs using finite element analysis to evaluate their hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation capacity when subjected to cyclic loading. The BRB designs vary the core plate shape and thickness, the material properties, and the gap size between the core and restraining tube. The goal is to identify the most efficient and economical BRB design that maximizes yield capacity and energy dissipation for seismic applications.
This document provides information about the Design of Steel Structures course taught by Prof. Durgesh Tupe. It includes the course code, credits, teaching scheme, evaluation scheme, course contents organized in 5 modules, outcomes expected after completion of the course, text books and reference books.
The key concepts covered are types of connections in steel structures, standard rolled sections, types of loads, permissible stresses and factors of safety, methods of design including working stress method, ultimate load method and limit state method. Connections can be riveted, bolted or welded. Loads include dead, live, wind, seismic, snow etc. Methods of design have moved from working stress to limit state for better economy and safety consideration
This document discusses various geometric design elements of roads including road alignment, pavement design, cross section components like carriageway, shoulders, formation width, right of way, side slopes, berms, side drains, and control lines. It also covers pavement design and cross section types for different roads, addressing elements such as camber.
This 3-sentence summary provides the essential information from the document:
This course aims to educate civil engineers about admixtures, their types, uses, and importance by defining admixtures, listing their classifications and types, stating their uses and importance, and explaining their applications. Upon completion, participants should understand admixtures, be able to classify their types, and know their uses and how they are applied.
This document provides an overview of reinforced concrete design principles for civil engineers and construction managers. It discusses the aim of structural design according to BS 8110, describes the properties and composite action of reinforced concrete, explains limit state design methodology, and summarizes key elements like slabs, beams, columns, walls, and foundations. The document also covers material properties, stress-strain curves, failure modes, and general procedures for slab sizing and design.
The document discusses various structural design principles and concepts including:
- Robustness, strength, serviceability, and stability as key structural principles.
- Defining ultimate stress and hardness as material properties.
- How materials behave after exceeding their yield strength on a stress-strain curve.
- Critical considerations for material selection like mechanical properties, wear resistance, and cost.
- Calculating axial tensile stress on a steel column given its dimensions and applied load.
- Engineer must consider member weights and load variations when determining dead and live loads.
- Limit state design uses a two-layered safety approach to determine load capacities.
This document contains questions and answers related to structural design principles. It discusses key concepts like robustness, strength, serviceability, stability, material properties, structural analysis, different load types, limit state design, and structural systems. Questions cover topics such as structural principles, material properties, stress-strain behavior, load considerations, deflection calculations, tributary areas, concrete beam design, reinforced and prestressed concrete, vibration causes and solutions, soil properties, retaining walls, ground improvement techniques, and foundation systems.
This summary provides an overview of the key structural concepts covered in the document:
1. The document discusses various structural principles including robustness, strength, serviceability, and stability and provides examples for each. It also defines material properties like ultimate stress and hardness.
2. Load types such as permanent loads, live loads, and wind loads are described along with considerations for determining their magnitude.
3. Limit state design and the two-layered factor of safety approach are explained. Limit state design uses modern methods to determine structural capacity and loading.
4. Stability systems like braced frames are discussed as ways to provide stability to structures subjected to lateral loads. The GLAD workflow for structural design is
IRJET- Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete StructureIRJET Journal
1. The document discusses ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures to improve seismic resistance. Ductile structures can absorb more energy through inelastic deformation without significant damage compared to brittle structures.
2. Key aspects of ductile detailing include providing reinforcement in both tension and compression zones, using transverse reinforcement to confine concrete, and employing a weak-beam strong-column system so beams yield before columns.
3. Reinforcement layout should consider factors like stress trajectories, crack control, and simplicity of construction. Structural joints must be able to withstand the same forces as other sections.
The document discusses the planning, analysis, and design of a G+3 steel-concrete composite building. Key aspects summarized include:
1) The building is 15m x 12m with 3.5m floor heights and will be analyzed and designed using STAAD-Pro software.
2) Composite structures combine the high tensile strength of steel with the high compressive strength of concrete. Shear connectors are critical to transfer forces between the steel and concrete.
3) Analysis of the building found typical bending moments, shear forces, and axial forces in the frames. The composite slab, beams, columns, and foundation were then designed.
4) Though initially more costly than RCC, the
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
This document discusses the working stress method for designing reinforced concrete structures. It defines key terms like neutral axis, lever arm, and moment of resistance. It describes the assumptions and steps of the working stress method, including designing for under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced beam sections. The document also discusses limitations of the working stress method and introduces the limit state method as a more modern approach.
This document provides an introduction to reinforced concrete design. It discusses key concepts like strength design versus allowable stress design, load combinations, required strength, and serviceability considerations. The main points covered are:
- Reinforced concrete design involves analyzing a composite of two materials with different properties: concrete and steel reinforcement.
- Design codes specify minimum design loads and requirements, while specifications like ACI provide guidance on analyzing and designing reinforced concrete structures.
- Strength design focuses on ultimate load capacities, while allowable stress design ensures stresses remain below specified limits under service loads.
- Required strength is determined from factored load combinations accounting for variability in loads and structural response.
- Serviceability requires adequate performance under
Planning, Analysis, Design and Detailing of degree college building by adapti...IRJET Journal
This document provides details on the planning, analysis, design, and estimation of a proposed G+1 degree college building using sustainable concepts. The building is planned on a 1-acre plot with a total built-up area of 28,654 square feet. The layout and drafting are done using AutoCAD software. Structural analysis is performed manually as per Indian codes to calculate forces and deflections. Based on the analysis, the dimensioning and reinforcement of structural elements like beams, columns, slabs, and footings are designed manually. Detailing of all elements is done using AutoCAD. Finally, the project cost is estimated using Microsoft Excel. The total estimated cost is around 5 crores following the latest PWD schedule of rates
This document provides an overview of the design of steel structures using the limit state method according to IS 800-2007. It discusses the limit states considered in design, including strength and serviceability. Design loads and strengths are determined using partial safety factors. Key steps in limit state design of steel structures are load combinations, stability checks, deflection limits, and ensuring other serviceability limits are met. The document concludes that while strength and deflection are predominant limit states, all limit states must be considered for important structures.
RCC 1st.pptx Design of Reinforced Cement Concrete Structuresashishpoudel28
This document discusses the design of reinforced cement concrete structures. It covers the course contents which include the introduction, design methods, limit state design for beams and slabs, columns and footings, and miscellaneous structures. The introduction section discusses the limitations of plain concrete including its weakness in tension. It also covers the properties of reinforcement and concrete needed for analysis of forces and stresses in reinforced concrete structures.
Use of flat slabs in multi storey commercial building situated in high seismi...eSAT Publishing House
This document discusses a study that compares the behavior of multi-storey commercial buildings with flat slab construction and conventional reinforced concrete frame construction. Six building models are analyzed: conventional RC frame and flat slab buildings with heights of 4, 9, and 13 stories. The models are analyzed using ETABS software to study parameters like lateral displacement, storey drift, storey shear, column moments and axial forces, and time period under different load conditions. The analysis is done for Seismic Zone IV. The study aims to better understand the seismic behavior of flat slab buildings and identify design improvements needed for their performance in high seismic zones.
The document discusses building maintenance, common defects, and remedial methods for RCC structures. It describes three main common defects: foundations, walls, and concrete/RCC frames. For foundations, common issues include differential settlement, uplift of shrinkage soil, and dampness. For walls, issues include cracking, dampness penetration, and failure during cyclones. For concrete frames, common problems discussed are seepage/leakage, spalling of concrete, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. The document provides detailed remedial methods and guidelines for investigating and classifying structural damage to determine appropriate restoration methods.
The document discusses building maintenance, common defects, and remedial methods for RCC structures. It describes three main common defects: foundations, walls, and concrete/RCC frames. For foundations, common issues include differential settlement, uplift of shrinkage soil, and dampness. For walls, issues include cracking, dampness penetration, and failure during cyclones. For concrete frames, common problems discussed are seepage/leakage, spalling of concrete, and corrosion of steel reinforcement. The document provides detailed remedial methods for addressing each of these defects.
The document discusses advances in building construction techniques that enabled the development of skyscrapers in the late 19th century, including the ability to mass produce steel and concrete, use of elevators, and improved structural analysis. It then describes common construction equipment and methods used for high-rise buildings like tower cranes and precast construction. The document also mentions sustainable "smart buildings" and the strengths of the building technology department in integrating design and technology.
This document provides information on reinforced concrete design methods and concepts. It discusses the different types of loads considered in building design, the advantages of reinforced concrete, and disadvantages. It also covers working stress method assumptions, modular ratio definition, and limit state method advantages over other methods. Limit state is defined as a state of impending failure beyond which a structure can no longer function satisfactorily in terms of safety or serviceability.
This document provides an introduction to steel and timber structures. It discusses the objectives of the chapter, which are to introduce structural steel, describe common structural members and shapes, explain structural design concepts and material properties of steel. It outlines different types of steel structures, why steel is used, various structural members, and design methods like allowable stress design, plastic design and limit state design. Key material properties of structural steel like its stress-strain behavior and grades are also summarized.
IRJET - Experimental Study on Performance of Buckling Restrained BracingsIRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the performance of buckling restrained bracings (BRBs). BRBs are a type of seismic bracing that can yield in both tension and compression without buckling, providing stable energy dissipation. The study models five different BRB designs using finite element analysis to evaluate their hysteretic behavior and energy dissipation capacity when subjected to cyclic loading. The BRB designs vary the core plate shape and thickness, the material properties, and the gap size between the core and restraining tube. The goal is to identify the most efficient and economical BRB design that maximizes yield capacity and energy dissipation for seismic applications.
This document provides information about the Design of Steel Structures course taught by Prof. Durgesh Tupe. It includes the course code, credits, teaching scheme, evaluation scheme, course contents organized in 5 modules, outcomes expected after completion of the course, text books and reference books.
The key concepts covered are types of connections in steel structures, standard rolled sections, types of loads, permissible stresses and factors of safety, methods of design including working stress method, ultimate load method and limit state method. Connections can be riveted, bolted or welded. Loads include dead, live, wind, seismic, snow etc. Methods of design have moved from working stress to limit state for better economy and safety consideration
This document discusses various geometric design elements of roads including road alignment, pavement design, cross section components like carriageway, shoulders, formation width, right of way, side slopes, berms, side drains, and control lines. It also covers pavement design and cross section types for different roads, addressing elements such as camber.
This 3-sentence summary provides the essential information from the document:
This course aims to educate civil engineers about admixtures, their types, uses, and importance by defining admixtures, listing their classifications and types, stating their uses and importance, and explaining their applications. Upon completion, participants should understand admixtures, be able to classify their types, and know their uses and how they are applied.
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The document outlines Shell's various business areas and technical divisions. It includes brief descriptions of each division's focus and typical roles. The key business areas include Downstream, Integrated Gas and New Energies, Projects & Technology, Trading and Supply, and Upstream. The main technical divisions outlined are Downstream Technical, Integrated Gas Technical, Projects & Technology Technical, Trading and Supply Technical, and Upstream Technical. Typical roles in each division like engineers, geoscientists, and data scientists are also listed.
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Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
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An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...
RC Design_061603.pdf
1.
2. REINFORCED CONCRETE
Introduction
Reinforced concrete is a composite material, consisting
of steel reinforcing bars embedded in concrete.
Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile
strength. Steel bars can resist high tensile stresses but
will buckle when subjected to comparatively low
will buckle when subjected to comparatively low
compressive stresses. Steel bars are used in the zones
within a concrete member which will be subjected to
tensile stresses. Reinforced concrete is an economical
structural material which is both strong in compression
and in tension. Concrete provides corrosion protection
and fire resistance to the steel bars.
3. During the course of this Training, we will be looking at the
following :
Limit State Design
Design of Reinforced Concrete Beam
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slab
Design of Reinforced Concrete Column
4. This Course is designed to enhance participants knowledge of
structural design of reinforced concrete structures in line with
applicable code of practise.
Learning Objectives
5. At the End of this Course, Participants should be able :
Estimate the load on any given structural member.
Analyse the member for shear force and bending moments.
Learning Outcomes
Analyse the member for shear force and bending moments.
Design for shear and flexural reinforcements.
Carry out serviceability checks.
7. Learning Outcome
At the End of this Module, you should be able :
• Explain the limit state design;
• List the methods of achieving safe structures;
• Differentiate between the limit states of design.
• Differentiate between the limit states of design.
8. What is Limit State Design?
Limit State Design of an engineering structure must ensure that:
1. Under the worst loadings the structure is safe, and
2. During normal working conditions the deformation of the members does not
detract from the appearance, durability or performance of the structure.
Three basic methods using factors of safety to achieve safe, workable structures
have been developed over many years; they are
1.The permissible stress method in which ultimate strengths of materials are
divided by a factor of safety to provide design stresses which are usually within
divided by a factor of safety to provide design stresses which are usually within
the elastic range.
2. The load factor method in which the working loads are multiplied by a factor
of safety.
3. The limit state method which multiplies the working loads by partial factor of
safety and also divides the materials’ ultimate strengths by further factor of
safety.
9. Limit States
The purpose of design is to achieve acceptable probabilities that a structure will not
become unfit for its intended use – that is will not reach a limit state. Thus , any way
in which a structure may cease to be fit for use will constitute a limit state and the
design aim to avoid any such condition being reached during the expected life of the
structure.
Two limit states design for reinforced concrete in accordance to BS 8110.
Ultimate limit state – considers the behaviour of the element at failure due to
bending, shear and compression or tension. This requires that the structure
bending, shear and compression or tension. This requires that the structure
must be able to withstand, with an adequate factor of safety against collapse,
the loads for which it is designed to ensure the safety of the building occupants
and / or safety of the structure itself.
2. The serviceability limit state considers the behaviour of the member at
working loads and is concerned with deflection and cracking. Others include
durability, excessive vibration , fatigue , fire resistance and earthquake
resistance.
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