The document outlines the 10 steps for investigating disease outbreaks: 1) confirm the existence of an outbreak, 2) verify the diagnosis and determine the cause, 3) develop a case definition and begin case finding, 4) describe the outbreak in terms of time, place, and people, 5) test hypotheses through analytical studies, 6) conduct environmental and other studies, 7) establish the causes of the outbreak based on evidence, 8) report findings and recommendations to authorities, 9) disseminate information to educate the public health community, and 10) follow up to ensure control measures are implemented. The goal of an outbreak investigation is to control the current outbreak and prevent future outbreaks through understanding the disease and improving surveillance systems.
This document discusses hospital outbreak investigations. It defines endemic and epidemic infections in hospitals. Common source and propagated epidemics are described. Steps in investigating outbreaks in hospitals and communities are provided, including forming an investigation team, developing a case definition, conducting epidemiological and laboratory analyses. The goals of outbreak investigations are outlined. Methods for confirming and controlling outbreaks are discussed.
The document describes the steps taken to investigate an outbreak of jaundice in Rohtak, India. People first noticed an unusual occurrence of jaundice cases that had not been seen in over 10 years. A house-to-house survey confirmed it was an outbreak. Laboratory tests of water samples found one-third failed orthotolidine tests and 3 of 5 samples had unsafe coliform counts. Additional observations revealed poor sanitation practices in the community that could have contributed to the spread of the disease.
This document provides an overview of public health surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health programs and actions. The document outlines the historical origins of surveillance dating back to ancient Greece. It describes various types of surveillance including community-level surveillance, routine reporting systems, active and passive surveillance, sentinel surveillance, and surveys. It also discusses the integrated disease surveillance program in India and how it aims to strengthen surveillance systems at the state and district levels.
The 10-step approach to outbreak investigations involves:
1) Identifying an investigation team and resources.
2) Establishing the existence of an outbreak.
3) Verifying the diagnosis, constructing a case definition, and finding cases systematically.
Descriptive epidemiology is then used to develop hypotheses, which are evaluated through additional studies if needed, before implementing control measures, communicating findings, and maintaining surveillance to confirm the outbreak has ended. Being systematic and following these steps is key to determining the source and controlling outbreaks.
This document provides an overview of the basic steps involved in disease outbreak investigations. It describes 8 main steps: 1) verifying the diagnosis and confirming the outbreak, 2) defining cases and conducting case finding, 3) tabulating and orienting the data, 4) taking immediate control measures, 5) formulating and testing hypotheses, 6) planning and executing additional studies, 7) implementing and evaluating control measures, and 8) communicating findings. The goals of an outbreak investigation are to identify the source of illness and guide public health intervention.
The document provides an overview of the steps involved in investigating disease outbreaks. It describes 8 main steps: 1) verifying the diagnosis and confirming the outbreak; 2) defining cases and conducting case finding; 3) tabulating and orienting data by time, place and person; 4) taking immediate control measures; 5) formulating and testing hypotheses; 6) planning and executing additional studies; 7) implementing and evaluating control measures; and 8) communicating findings. The goals of an outbreak investigation are to identify the source of illness and guide public health intervention. Preparedness activities are also important for preventing and controlling future outbreaks.
The document outlines the basic steps for investigating disease outbreaks. It discusses establishing a team with roles like epidemiologist, microbiologist, and environmental health specialists. The steps of an outbreak investigation include preparing, confirming the outbreak, verifying diagnoses, establishing case definitions, finding cases, descriptive epidemiology, developing and evaluating hypotheses, implementing control measures, and communicating findings. Key factors in investigating outbreaks are determining exposure time, disease onset, and incubation period. Effective communication between team members is also emphasized.
This document discusses hospital outbreak investigations. It defines endemic and epidemic infections in hospitals. Common source and propagated epidemics are described. Steps in investigating outbreaks in hospitals and communities are provided, including forming an investigation team, developing a case definition, conducting epidemiological and laboratory analyses. The goals of outbreak investigations are outlined. Methods for confirming and controlling outbreaks are discussed.
The document describes the steps taken to investigate an outbreak of jaundice in Rohtak, India. People first noticed an unusual occurrence of jaundice cases that had not been seen in over 10 years. A house-to-house survey confirmed it was an outbreak. Laboratory tests of water samples found one-third failed orthotolidine tests and 3 of 5 samples had unsafe coliform counts. Additional observations revealed poor sanitation practices in the community that could have contributed to the spread of the disease.
This document provides an overview of public health surveillance. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to inform public health programs and actions. The document outlines the historical origins of surveillance dating back to ancient Greece. It describes various types of surveillance including community-level surveillance, routine reporting systems, active and passive surveillance, sentinel surveillance, and surveys. It also discusses the integrated disease surveillance program in India and how it aims to strengthen surveillance systems at the state and district levels.
The 10-step approach to outbreak investigations involves:
1) Identifying an investigation team and resources.
2) Establishing the existence of an outbreak.
3) Verifying the diagnosis, constructing a case definition, and finding cases systematically.
Descriptive epidemiology is then used to develop hypotheses, which are evaluated through additional studies if needed, before implementing control measures, communicating findings, and maintaining surveillance to confirm the outbreak has ended. Being systematic and following these steps is key to determining the source and controlling outbreaks.
This document provides an overview of the basic steps involved in disease outbreak investigations. It describes 8 main steps: 1) verifying the diagnosis and confirming the outbreak, 2) defining cases and conducting case finding, 3) tabulating and orienting the data, 4) taking immediate control measures, 5) formulating and testing hypotheses, 6) planning and executing additional studies, 7) implementing and evaluating control measures, and 8) communicating findings. The goals of an outbreak investigation are to identify the source of illness and guide public health intervention.
The document provides an overview of the steps involved in investigating disease outbreaks. It describes 8 main steps: 1) verifying the diagnosis and confirming the outbreak; 2) defining cases and conducting case finding; 3) tabulating and orienting data by time, place and person; 4) taking immediate control measures; 5) formulating and testing hypotheses; 6) planning and executing additional studies; 7) implementing and evaluating control measures; and 8) communicating findings. The goals of an outbreak investigation are to identify the source of illness and guide public health intervention. Preparedness activities are also important for preventing and controlling future outbreaks.
The document outlines the basic steps for investigating disease outbreaks. It discusses establishing a team with roles like epidemiologist, microbiologist, and environmental health specialists. The steps of an outbreak investigation include preparing, confirming the outbreak, verifying diagnoses, establishing case definitions, finding cases, descriptive epidemiology, developing and evaluating hypotheses, implementing control measures, and communicating findings. Key factors in investigating outbreaks are determining exposure time, disease onset, and incubation period. Effective communication between team members is also emphasized.
The document summarizes a term paper on public health surveillance in Nepal. It discusses the objectives, methodology, findings and conclusions of the paper. The key points are: public health surveillance involves ongoing collection and analysis of health data to guide public health practice; Nepal has integrated disease surveillance within its health management information system; and the country was commended for its efficient AFP surveillance and polio eradication efforts while still needing to address potential wild poliovirus circulation.
This document discusses healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and outbreak investigations. It defines key terms like clusters, outbreaks, and epidemics. It also outlines the reasons to investigate outbreaks, how to recognize them, and the goals and steps of investigations. The steps include defining cases, identifying cases, analyzing person, place and time factors, developing and evaluating hypotheses, implementing controls, and communicating findings. The overall purpose is to identify the cause of the outbreak and implement measures to control it.
This document discusses surveillance in healthcare. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection and analysis of health-related data for public health purposes. The document outlines different types of surveillance including passive, active, and sentinel surveillance. Passive surveillance relies on voluntary reporting while active surveillance stimulates more regular reporting. Sentinel surveillance monitors specific sites. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided. The document also discusses important qualities of an effective surveillance system such as simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, sensitivity, predictive value, representativeness, and timeliness.
The document provides an overview of investigating disease outbreaks through a 13-step approach. It defines key epidemiological concepts like outbreak, epidemic, endemic and pandemic. The 13 steps include: 1) forming an investigation team, 2) verifying the existence of an outbreak, 3) verifying diagnoses, 4) defining cases, 5) finding cases systematically, 6) descriptive epidemiology, 7) developing hypotheses, 8) evaluating hypotheses, 9) refining hypotheses, 10) additional studies, 11) control measures, 12) surveillance, and 13) communication. Descriptive epidemiology involves characterizing cases by time, place and person. Hypothesis development and evaluation use epidemiological and analytical methods.
The document provides definitions and guidelines for conducting an outbreak investigation, including defining cases, collecting data on time, place and person, developing hypotheses, and implementing control measures. It outlines the 10 steps of an outbreak investigation which include preparing for field work, verifying diagnoses, establishing the existence of an outbreak, and describing data to characterize the outbreak and identify potential causes. The goal is to control ongoing outbreaks, prevent future outbreaks, and advance knowledge of the disease.
1) The document discusses surveillance in public health and describes its key components and purposes. Surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to provide information for action.
2) An effective surveillance system is simple, flexible, timely, and produces high-quality data. It addresses an important public health problem and accomplishes its objectives of understanding disease trends, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating control measures.
3) The document outlines how to establish a surveillance system, including selecting priority diseases, defining standard case definitions, and developing regular reporting and data dissemination processes. Both passive and active surveillance methods are described.
At the end of this session, the students shall be able to, Define Cause
Define Association
Define Correlation
Types of association
Additional criteria for judging causality
Differentiate between association and causation
This document provides an overview of epidemic investigation. It begins with definitions of key terms like epidemic, outbreak, endemic, and pandemic. It describes the objectives of epidemic investigation as defining the scope and identifying the causative agent. The steps in an investigation are outlined as verifying diagnoses, defining the population at risk, analyzing data, formulating hypotheses, and writing a report. Recent outbreaks around the world are briefly discussed.
This document provides an introduction to the basic concepts of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. The aims of epidemiology are to describe disease distribution and frequency, identify risk factors, and provide data to prevent and control diseases. Epidemiologists make comparisons between groups with and without disease exposure to identify determinants and test hypotheses. Basic measurements in epidemiology include mortality, morbidity, disability, and the distribution of disease and risk factors. Rates, ratios, and proportions are key tools used to measure and express disease frequency in populations.
An outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia bloodstream infections occurred among newborns in the NICU, with 16 of 59 newborns infected over a month. This was a significant increase over the unit's typical infection rate of 2% per month. The ICC nurse investigated by learning about B. cepacia, verifying the diagnoses, establishing the outbreak, and defining cases. Preliminary findings identified a cluster of infections in October, with all blood cultures from within 24 hours of birth testing positive for B. cepacia. The source and mode of transmission were still unknown.
This document discusses and compares monitoring and surveillance in veterinary epidemiology. It defines surveillance as a more intensive form of monitoring that involves the gathering, analysis, and dissemination of disease data to support control actions. The key differences provided are that surveillance requires professional analysis and judgment to make recommendations, has formulated standards, and can differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable changes in disease status. Various types of surveillance systems and their uses in disease control planning and evaluation are also outlined.
Life is full of curves and thus the epidemiology. However, some curves are important as Epidemic Curves and Survival Curves. This presentation is an attempt to know about epidemic curves.
The document discusses the role of laboratories in outbreak investigations. It describes how laboratories can help establish the existence of an outbreak by verifying diagnoses and confirming the causative agent through tests like culture, PCR, and serology. Laboratories also aid epidemiological investigations by defining cases, conducting surveillance to identify additional cases, and comparing laboratory and environmental findings. Finally, laboratories play an important long-term role in monitoring for disease reservoirs, detecting silent outbreaks through surveillance data, and evaluating the success of prevention and control measures.
Outbreak management ppt comprises the definition , history , investigations and the steps of management of outbreak. This was my seminar and UG class tpoic
The document discusses the management of epidemics through various steps including forecasting, investigation, and control. It describes how forecasting involves studying past disease trends to predict future outbreaks. Investigation aims to define the scope of an epidemic by confirming diagnoses, identifying the at-risk population, and screening affected areas. Control methods center around removing infection sources, preventing transmission, and vector control such as mosquito elimination. The overall management of epidemics requires coordinated preparedness, surveillance, health education, and preventive measures to contain disease spread and severity.
Epidemiology plays an important role in disease outbreak investigation and evaluation of control measures. It provides information on disease distribution, transmission levels, and helps map outbreaks. Several factors contributed to the success of the smallpox eradication program, including epidemiological data, universal political commitment, and well-trained staff. Methylmercury poisoning in Japan led to severe health effects from eating contaminated fish. Epidemiology helped identify the cause and guide control efforts. Descriptive epidemiology studies examine disease distribution by time, place and person to generate hypotheses about causation. Analytical epidemiology determines associations between disease and suspected risk factors using study designs like case-control and cohort studies.
outbreak investigation - types of epidemics and investigating themTimiresh Das
This document discusses an upcoming presentation on outbreak investigation. It begins with definitions of key terms like epidemic, outbreak, endemic, and pandemic. It then discusses determinants of disease outbreaks and types of epidemics. The objectives, steps, and examples of outbreak investigation are provided. Various factors related to outbreaks like incubation period, quarantine, herd immunity, and triggers for surveillance are defined.
An epidemic curve (or epi curve) is a graphical depiction of the number of illness cases by date of onset that can help characterize outbreaks. The shape and features of the curve can reveal the pattern of spread (e.g. common source, point source, propagated), magnitude, outliers, time trends, and estimate the exposure period. Epi curves are useful for outbreak investigation and response.
This document discusses concepts related to disease transmission and reservoirs. It defines key terms like agent, source, reservoir, and carrier. A reservoir is where an infectious agent lives and reproduces to survive, and can be transmitted to a susceptible host. Reservoirs can be human, animal, or non-living. Human reservoirs include cases (clinical, subclinical, latent) and carriers (incubatory, convalescent, healthy; temporary or chronic). Animal reservoirs transmit zoonotic diseases to humans.
Screening for disease or Early detection of disease is detecting a disease at an earlier stage than would usually occur in standard clinical practice.
This denotes detecting disease at a pre-symptomatic stage, at which point the patient has no clinical complaint ( no symptoms or signs) and therefore no reason to seek medical care for the condition
Early detection of disease is beneficial and that intervention at an earlier stage of the disease process is more effective or easier to implement than a later intervention
Step 1: The document summarizes the steps of an epidemic investigation, beginning with confirming the existence of an outbreak, verifying the diagnosis, and gathering case information.
Step 2: Key steps include developing a case definition, finding additional cases, collecting information on individual cases, and analyzing patterns among cases to generate hypotheses. Hypotheses are then tested using analytical studies.
Step 3: The investigation also draws conclusions, reports findings to authorities, recommends control measures, communicates results to educate the public, and follows up to ensure recommendations are implemented. The overall goal is to control the current epidemic and prevent future outbreaks.
The document summarizes a term paper on public health surveillance in Nepal. It discusses the objectives, methodology, findings and conclusions of the paper. The key points are: public health surveillance involves ongoing collection and analysis of health data to guide public health practice; Nepal has integrated disease surveillance within its health management information system; and the country was commended for its efficient AFP surveillance and polio eradication efforts while still needing to address potential wild poliovirus circulation.
This document discusses healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and outbreak investigations. It defines key terms like clusters, outbreaks, and epidemics. It also outlines the reasons to investigate outbreaks, how to recognize them, and the goals and steps of investigations. The steps include defining cases, identifying cases, analyzing person, place and time factors, developing and evaluating hypotheses, implementing controls, and communicating findings. The overall purpose is to identify the cause of the outbreak and implement measures to control it.
This document discusses surveillance in healthcare. It defines surveillance as the ongoing collection and analysis of health-related data for public health purposes. The document outlines different types of surveillance including passive, active, and sentinel surveillance. Passive surveillance relies on voluntary reporting while active surveillance stimulates more regular reporting. Sentinel surveillance monitors specific sites. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are provided. The document also discusses important qualities of an effective surveillance system such as simplicity, flexibility, acceptability, sensitivity, predictive value, representativeness, and timeliness.
The document provides an overview of investigating disease outbreaks through a 13-step approach. It defines key epidemiological concepts like outbreak, epidemic, endemic and pandemic. The 13 steps include: 1) forming an investigation team, 2) verifying the existence of an outbreak, 3) verifying diagnoses, 4) defining cases, 5) finding cases systematically, 6) descriptive epidemiology, 7) developing hypotheses, 8) evaluating hypotheses, 9) refining hypotheses, 10) additional studies, 11) control measures, 12) surveillance, and 13) communication. Descriptive epidemiology involves characterizing cases by time, place and person. Hypothesis development and evaluation use epidemiological and analytical methods.
The document provides definitions and guidelines for conducting an outbreak investigation, including defining cases, collecting data on time, place and person, developing hypotheses, and implementing control measures. It outlines the 10 steps of an outbreak investigation which include preparing for field work, verifying diagnoses, establishing the existence of an outbreak, and describing data to characterize the outbreak and identify potential causes. The goal is to control ongoing outbreaks, prevent future outbreaks, and advance knowledge of the disease.
1) The document discusses surveillance in public health and describes its key components and purposes. Surveillance involves the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data to provide information for action.
2) An effective surveillance system is simple, flexible, timely, and produces high-quality data. It addresses an important public health problem and accomplishes its objectives of understanding disease trends, detecting outbreaks, and evaluating control measures.
3) The document outlines how to establish a surveillance system, including selecting priority diseases, defining standard case definitions, and developing regular reporting and data dissemination processes. Both passive and active surveillance methods are described.
At the end of this session, the students shall be able to, Define Cause
Define Association
Define Correlation
Types of association
Additional criteria for judging causality
Differentiate between association and causation
This document provides an overview of epidemic investigation. It begins with definitions of key terms like epidemic, outbreak, endemic, and pandemic. It describes the objectives of epidemic investigation as defining the scope and identifying the causative agent. The steps in an investigation are outlined as verifying diagnoses, defining the population at risk, analyzing data, formulating hypotheses, and writing a report. Recent outbreaks around the world are briefly discussed.
This document provides an introduction to the basic concepts of epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in populations. The aims of epidemiology are to describe disease distribution and frequency, identify risk factors, and provide data to prevent and control diseases. Epidemiologists make comparisons between groups with and without disease exposure to identify determinants and test hypotheses. Basic measurements in epidemiology include mortality, morbidity, disability, and the distribution of disease and risk factors. Rates, ratios, and proportions are key tools used to measure and express disease frequency in populations.
An outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia bloodstream infections occurred among newborns in the NICU, with 16 of 59 newborns infected over a month. This was a significant increase over the unit's typical infection rate of 2% per month. The ICC nurse investigated by learning about B. cepacia, verifying the diagnoses, establishing the outbreak, and defining cases. Preliminary findings identified a cluster of infections in October, with all blood cultures from within 24 hours of birth testing positive for B. cepacia. The source and mode of transmission were still unknown.
This document discusses and compares monitoring and surveillance in veterinary epidemiology. It defines surveillance as a more intensive form of monitoring that involves the gathering, analysis, and dissemination of disease data to support control actions. The key differences provided are that surveillance requires professional analysis and judgment to make recommendations, has formulated standards, and can differentiate between acceptable and unacceptable changes in disease status. Various types of surveillance systems and their uses in disease control planning and evaluation are also outlined.
Life is full of curves and thus the epidemiology. However, some curves are important as Epidemic Curves and Survival Curves. This presentation is an attempt to know about epidemic curves.
The document discusses the role of laboratories in outbreak investigations. It describes how laboratories can help establish the existence of an outbreak by verifying diagnoses and confirming the causative agent through tests like culture, PCR, and serology. Laboratories also aid epidemiological investigations by defining cases, conducting surveillance to identify additional cases, and comparing laboratory and environmental findings. Finally, laboratories play an important long-term role in monitoring for disease reservoirs, detecting silent outbreaks through surveillance data, and evaluating the success of prevention and control measures.
Outbreak management ppt comprises the definition , history , investigations and the steps of management of outbreak. This was my seminar and UG class tpoic
The document discusses the management of epidemics through various steps including forecasting, investigation, and control. It describes how forecasting involves studying past disease trends to predict future outbreaks. Investigation aims to define the scope of an epidemic by confirming diagnoses, identifying the at-risk population, and screening affected areas. Control methods center around removing infection sources, preventing transmission, and vector control such as mosquito elimination. The overall management of epidemics requires coordinated preparedness, surveillance, health education, and preventive measures to contain disease spread and severity.
Epidemiology plays an important role in disease outbreak investigation and evaluation of control measures. It provides information on disease distribution, transmission levels, and helps map outbreaks. Several factors contributed to the success of the smallpox eradication program, including epidemiological data, universal political commitment, and well-trained staff. Methylmercury poisoning in Japan led to severe health effects from eating contaminated fish. Epidemiology helped identify the cause and guide control efforts. Descriptive epidemiology studies examine disease distribution by time, place and person to generate hypotheses about causation. Analytical epidemiology determines associations between disease and suspected risk factors using study designs like case-control and cohort studies.
outbreak investigation - types of epidemics and investigating themTimiresh Das
This document discusses an upcoming presentation on outbreak investigation. It begins with definitions of key terms like epidemic, outbreak, endemic, and pandemic. It then discusses determinants of disease outbreaks and types of epidemics. The objectives, steps, and examples of outbreak investigation are provided. Various factors related to outbreaks like incubation period, quarantine, herd immunity, and triggers for surveillance are defined.
An epidemic curve (or epi curve) is a graphical depiction of the number of illness cases by date of onset that can help characterize outbreaks. The shape and features of the curve can reveal the pattern of spread (e.g. common source, point source, propagated), magnitude, outliers, time trends, and estimate the exposure period. Epi curves are useful for outbreak investigation and response.
This document discusses concepts related to disease transmission and reservoirs. It defines key terms like agent, source, reservoir, and carrier. A reservoir is where an infectious agent lives and reproduces to survive, and can be transmitted to a susceptible host. Reservoirs can be human, animal, or non-living. Human reservoirs include cases (clinical, subclinical, latent) and carriers (incubatory, convalescent, healthy; temporary or chronic). Animal reservoirs transmit zoonotic diseases to humans.
Screening for disease or Early detection of disease is detecting a disease at an earlier stage than would usually occur in standard clinical practice.
This denotes detecting disease at a pre-symptomatic stage, at which point the patient has no clinical complaint ( no symptoms or signs) and therefore no reason to seek medical care for the condition
Early detection of disease is beneficial and that intervention at an earlier stage of the disease process is more effective or easier to implement than a later intervention
Step 1: The document summarizes the steps of an epidemic investigation, beginning with confirming the existence of an outbreak, verifying the diagnosis, and gathering case information.
Step 2: Key steps include developing a case definition, finding additional cases, collecting information on individual cases, and analyzing patterns among cases to generate hypotheses. Hypotheses are then tested using analytical studies.
Step 3: The investigation also draws conclusions, reports findings to authorities, recommends control measures, communicates results to educate the public, and follows up to ensure recommendations are implemented. The overall goal is to control the current epidemic and prevent future outbreaks.
An outbreak investigation involves 10 steps:
1. Verify diagnoses clinically and through labs.
2. Confirm an epidemic exists by comparing to previous years.
3. Define standard case criteria.
4. Identify the at-risk population.
5. Rapidly search for all case characteristics.
6. Analyze data by time, place, and person.
7. Form hypotheses on causation, transmission.
8. Test hypotheses through analytical studies.
9. Initiate control measures like sanitation and treatment.
10. Write a report with findings and recommendations.
Principles of diseses outbreak.in our societypptxw2tz2qrqxd
Principles of disease outbreak involve understanding the epidemiological factors that contribute to the spread of infectious diseases within a population. Key principles include:
1. Pathogen characteristics: Understanding the agent causing the disease, including its mode of transmission, incubation period, infectious dose, and virulence, is crucial for predicting its spread.
2. Host factors: Factors such as immunity, susceptibility, genetic predisposition, and behavior influence an individual's likelihood of contracting and spreading the disease.
3. Environmental factors: Environmental conditions, including climate, geography, sanitation, and population density, can facilitate or impede the transmission of diseases.
4. Transmission dynamics: Diseases can spread through various modes of transmission, including direct contact, droplet transmission, airborne transmission, vector-borne transmission, and fomite transmission.
5. Surveillance and monitoring: Timely and accurate surveillance systems are essential for detecting outbreaks, monitoring disease trends, and implementing control measures effectively.
6. Intervention strategies: Implementing interventions such as vaccination, quarantine, isolation, hygiene practices, vector control, and public health education can help prevent and control disease outbreaks.
7. Public health response: Coordinated efforts among healthcare providers, public health agencies, governments, and communities are necessary to respond promptly to disease outbreaks, mitigate their impact, and prevent further transmission.
biostatistics and then Epidemiology.pptxEmma910932
This document provides an overview of epidemiology concepts. It defines epidemiology as the study of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to disease control. It describes how epidemiology identifies groups at higher risk of disease by examining the 5 W's (what, who, where, when, why). The objectives of studying epidemiology are also outlined. Descriptive and analytical epidemiology are discussed as the two main types. Key terms like incidence, surveillance, the epidemiologic triangle of host-agent-environment are also defined. Formulas for calculating disease rates are presented.
Epidemiological investigations are conducted during outbreak situations to determine the cause and implement control measures. The key steps include: 1) confirming the outbreak, 2) confirming diagnoses, 3) determining the number of cases, 4) organizing data by time, place and person, 5) developing hypotheses, 6) comparing hypotheses to facts, 7) executing control measures, and 8) writing a report. Questionnaires are used to gather information and orient data to identify patterns and associations.
The document summarizes the key steps in investigating an epidemic:
1) Verify the diagnosis and confirm the existence of an epidemic by comparing to previous years.
2) Define the population at risk by obtaining maps, counting population size, and initial line-listing of cases.
3) Conduct a rapid search for all cases through medical surveys, case sheets collecting details of identified cases, and searching for additional cases.
4) Analyze the collected data to understand patterns in time, place and person which can reveal the source and spread of disease. Formulate and test hypotheses based on this analysis.
This document outlines the steps for investigating an outbreak. It defines key epidemiological terms and discusses when to investigate an outbreak. The 10 steps of an outbreak investigation are described as: 1) defining the problem, 2) generating hypotheses, 3) testing hypotheses, 4) verifying diagnoses, 5) finding and counting cases, 6) performing descriptive epidemiology, 7) analyzing data, 8) communicating findings, 9) implementing control measures, and 10) preventing future outbreaks. Preparedness, the roles of NGOs, recent outbreak examples, and the importance of surveillance and inter-sectoral coordination are also covered.
1. A district in India with a population of 20 lakhs experienced heavy rainfall and two new brick kilns starting operation. One CHC reported 1300 fever cases, much higher than usual.
2. A private practitioner near another CHC reported 5 cases of high fever and unconsciousness, despite that CHC only reporting average fever cases.
3. This raises the possibility of a malaria outbreak in the district, given the heavy rainfall and fever cases exceeding expectations. Additional information needed includes laboratory testing of fever cases, investigation of the source of fever near the new brick kilns, and checking other areas for higher than usual fever incidents.
This document provides an overview of investigating and managing disease outbreaks. It discusses key concepts like endemic, epidemic, pandemic and outbreak. It also outlines the 10 steps to investigate an outbreak: 1) prepare for field work, 2) confirm outbreak occurrence, 3) verify diagnoses, 4) define cases and find cases, 5) descriptive epidemiology, 6) form hypotheses, 7) evaluate hypotheses, 8) refine hypotheses, 9) intervention and follow up, and 10) communicate findings. Descriptive epidemiology involves analyzing cases by time, place and person using tools like epidemic curves and spot maps.
Lecture 8 & 9. Outbrek invesitgation and screening test.pptxMesfinShifara
This document provides an overview of investigating and managing disease outbreaks. It discusses key concepts like levels of disease occurrence (endemic, epidemic, pandemic), thresholds for declaring an outbreak, and steps for outbreak investigation and control. The steps include preparing for field work, verifying the outbreak, defining cases, descriptive epidemiology of time, place and person, formulating a hypothesis, and implementing control measures. Understanding disease patterns and investigating outbreaks aims to control transmission and prevent future occurrences.
This document outlines the steps involved in investigating an epidemic:
1. Verification of diagnoses and defining cases is the first step to understand the scope and characteristics of the epidemic.
2. Confirmation of an actual epidemic involves comparing case numbers to historical data to determine if there is unusual disease occurrence.
3. Defining the population at risk, rapidly searching for all cases, collecting data on characteristics, and analyzing patterns in time, place and person help identify potential causes and transmission routes.
This document provides definitions and information about outbreak investigation. It defines a disease outbreak as occurring when there are more cases than normal in a community or region. The initial steps of an outbreak investigation are described as verifying diagnoses, finding additional cases, creating a case definition, and generating a hypothesis about the source. Effective outbreak investigations require a multidisciplinary team that can assign roles to epidemiologists, microbiologists, environmental health specialists, interviewers, clinicians and regulators to assess the outbreak and prevent future occurrences.
The document outlines the steps for investigating and managing a communicable disease outbreak. It discusses forming an outbreak team, establishing a case definition, conducting interviews to generate hypotheses, determining the infection source, declaring the outbreak over once no new cases occur after two incubation periods, and producing a summary report. Ongoing surveillance is needed to monitor for new cases and ensure the public is no longer at risk.
An outbreak is defined as a sudden rise in cases of a disease in a community or geographic area. It can last from a few days to several years. An outbreak investigation aims to establish the existence and cause of the outbreak through descriptive epidemiology, developing and evaluating hypotheses, and implementing control measures. The steps include preparing, verifying diagnoses, defining cases, identifying cases, analyzing data, developing and testing hypotheses, and communicating findings. Current outbreaks reported by CDC include various foodborne illnesses and respiratory disease.
An outbreak exists when there are more cases of a disease than normal in a particular area, group, or time period. Investigating outbreaks helps describe the problem, implement control measures, and advance medical knowledge. When investigating an outbreak, epidemiologists verify diagnoses, identify cases, analyze data by time, place, and person to form hypotheses, and evaluate control measures to terminate the outbreak.
Uses of epidemiology and investigation of an epidemicshefali jain
This document discusses the uses of epidemiology and investigating epidemics. It provides several examples of how epidemiology can be used to:
1) Describe the spectrum and natural history of diseases.
2) Identify risk factors, precursors, and evaluate intervention strategies.
3) Investigate outbreaks of unknown causes.
The document then outlines the key steps in investigating an epidemic, including confirming the outbreak, verifying diagnoses and determining the cause, developing a case definition, collecting case information, and generating hypotheses about persons, places, times and potential risk factors.
Epidemiology uses two approaches: asking questions and making comparisons. Descriptive epidemiology describes disease occurrence and distribution by time, place and person. It involves defining the population and disease, describing disease characteristics, measuring disease occurrence, and comparing groups. Analytical epidemiology tests hypotheses, using case-control and cohort studies to compare exposure rates between cases/controls and exposed/unexposed groups. Experimental studies manipulate interventions through randomized controlled trials, field trials and community trials.
The unusual occurrence in a community or region of disease, specific health related behaviour (eg. Smoking) or other health related events (eg. Traffic accidents) clearly in excess of “expected occurrence.
Similar to Principles of outbreak investigation (20)
The World Health Organization was founded on the principle of universal health coverage and achieving the highest level of health for all people. World Health Day on April 7th aims to inspire and guide countries toward achieving universal health coverage through a series of events in 2018. Currently half the world's population lacks access to needed health services, and countries need to extend coverage to one billion more people by 2023 to meet global targets. World Health Day will highlight the need for universal coverage and benefits it provides.
The Union Health and Family Welfare Minister J P Nadda on 15 May 2015 launched kayakalp Award Scheme.
The scheme is intended to encourage and incentivize Public Health Facilities (PHFs) in the country to demonstrate high levels of cleanliness, hygiene and infection control practices.
The objectives of the award scheme is to promote cleanliness, hygiene and infection control practices in public health care facilities, to incentivize and recognize such public healthcare facilities that show exemplary performance in adhering to standard protocols of cleanliness and infection control, to inculcate a culture of ongoing assessment and peer review of performance related to hygiene, cleanliness and sanitation, to create and share sustainable practices related to improved cleanliness in public health facilities linked to positive health outcomes.
This document provides information on the status of women around the world. It includes data on early marriage prevalence, women as non-farm wage earners, acceptance of wife beating, and access to media by women and men. Some key statistics are that 41% of women in Africa have never been to school, only 7% of women work in professional jobs, and women have lower access to media than men in every age group. The document discusses the need to empower women by addressing issues like lack of decision making power, limited freedom of movement, and domestic violence. Government policies and programs aimed at social, economic and educational empowerment can help promote gender equality.
It is not necessary (although desirable) to know everything about the natural history of a disease to initiate preventive measures. Often times, removal or elimination of a single known essential cause may be sufficient to prevent a disease. The objective of preventive medicine is to intercept or oppose the "cause" and thereby the disease process. The epidemiological concept permits the inclusion of treatment as one of the modes of intervention.
The document discusses the need for a malaria vaccine. Malaria parasites routinely develop resistance to antimalarial drugs and mosquitoes develop resistance to insecticides used to control populations. Vaccines have successfully eradicated other diseases like smallpox and polio. The goal of a malaria vaccine would be to prevent disease and death by breaking the cycle of transmission between mosquitoes and humans. Potential targets for vaccines include different stages of the parasite's life cycle. Considerations in developing an effective vaccine include antigen accessibility, susceptibility to evolution, role in parasite function, ability to induce protection in models, and compatibility with other antigens. The world's most clinically advanced candidate is RTS,S, which has been in development since the 1980s led
Influenza vaccines or flu shots protect against influenza. A new version of the vaccine is developed twice a year as the influenza virus rapidly changes. Their effectiveness varies from year to year, most provide modest to high protection against influenza.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
Social Security scheme for Women and Old age PeopleVivek Varat
Social security may also refer to the action programs of government intended to promote the welfare of the population through assistance measures guaranteeing access to The loss of support suffered by a widow or child as the result of the death of the breadwinner (survivor’s benefit);
Responsibility for the maintenance of children (family benefit);
The treatment of any morbid condition (including pregnancy), whatever its cause (medical care);
A suspension of earnings due to pregnancy and confinement and their consequences (maternity benefit);
A suspension of earnings due to an inability to obtain suitable employment for protected persons who are capable of, and available for, work (unemployment benefits);
A suspension of earnings due to an incapacity for work resulting from a morbid condition (sickness leave benefit);
A permanent or persistent inability to engage in any gainful activity (disability benefits);
The costs and losses involved in medical care, sickness leave, invalidity and death of the breadwinner due to an occupational accident or disease (employment injuries).
People who cannot reach a guaranteed social minimum for other reasons may be eligible for social assistance (or welfare, in American English).
Modern authors often consider the ILO approach too narrow. In their view, social security is not limited to the provision of cash transfers, but also aims at security of work, health, and social participation; and new social risks (single parenthood, the reconciliation of work and family life) should be included in the list as well.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
National Program for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, CVD and Stro...Vivek Varat
Government of India initiated a National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancers, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS) during 2010-11 after integrating the National Cancer Control Programme (NCCP) with (NPDCS).
Empowerment of young women girls & key populationsVivek Varat
The document discusses key populations at high risk of HIV including gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men; transgender people; sex workers; and people who inject drugs. It notes that these groups experience high HIV rates combined with human rights abuses and lack of access to services. The document then provides information and advice for several key populations, including sex workers, people who inject drugs, transgender people, young women and girls. It covers topics like condom use, needle exchange programs, age of consent, healthy relationships, and signs of abusive relationships. The overall aim is to empower and protect key populations from HIV by addressing their specific needs and vulnerabilities.
REVISED NATIONAL TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL PROGRAMME (RNTCP)Vivek Varat
The document summarizes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It discusses that over 6000 people develop TB and 600 die from it daily in India. The objectives of RNTCP are to achieve 85% cure rate of infectious cases and detect 70% of estimated cases. It operates using the WHO recommended DOTS strategy involving diagnosis, standardized treatment, drug supply management, and monitoring/evaluation. New initiatives include expanding use of CBNAAT and establishing an online case reporting system. The program aims to achieve universal access to TB diagnosis and treatment.
Benefits:
Linga mudra generates excessive heat within the body and is very useful for dealing with colds.
It also helps in boosting the immune system and makes the body more resistant to colds and similar infections.
The benefits of penis posture also extend to the respiratory system and it can help loosen the phlegm accumulated from the throat.
This posture also helps in weight loss.
Discomfort experienced in an air conditioned room is relieved by this mudra.
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It controls the flow of the menstrual cycle. Performing the Linga mudra with the Sun Mudra gives better results – both 15 minutes each, one after the other.
When navel center is shifted from its original place, comes back to its place by this mudra.
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About CentiUP - Introduction and Products.pdfCentiUP
A heightened child formula, with the trio of Nano Calcium, HMO, and DHA mixed in the golden ratio, combined with NANO technology to help nourish the body deeply and comprehensively, helps children increase height, boost brain power, and improve the immune system and overall well-being.
3. Outbreak: A disease outbreak is the occurrence of
cases of disease in excess of what would
normally be expected in a defined
community, geographical area or season.
An outbreak may occur in a restricted
geographical area, or may extend over
several countries. It may last for a few days
or weeks, or for several years.
Source - http://www.who.int/topics/disease_outbreaks/en
5. The occurrence of a greater number of cases or events than normally occurs in the
same place and during the same period as in past years.
Or
A cluster of cases of the same disease occurs that can be linked to the same
exposure.
Or
A single case of disease that has never occurred before or might have a significant
implication for public health policy and practice can be judged as an outbreak that
merits investigation.
6. How can an
outbreak be
detected?
Health personnel
Laboratories
Official disease notification systems
Newspapers and media
Village health volunteers
8. • Controlling the current outbreak.
• Prevention of future outbreaks.
• Research to provide knowledge of the disease.
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of prevention programmes.
• Evaluation of the effectiveness of the existing surveillance system.
• Training of health professionals.
• Responding to public, political, and legal concerns.
10. 1.Field epidemiologist
2. Disease control specialists.
3. Laboratory technicians.
4. Specialists in particular areas (e.g. veterinary medicine).
5. Public health administrators.
6. In charge of public relations and press releases.
7. Local health professionals at the district or provincial level
12. ‘Is this a true outbreak?’
Investigators should review the number of
cases with the local health officers or hospital
staff and compare it with the number found
during the same period recorded in past
years.
Step 1:
Confirm the existence
of an outbreak
13. If it is confirmed as outbreak then next
related question are -
A. What is the correct diagnosis and aetiology
of the disease?
B. What can be done immediately to prevent
new cases from occurring?
Step 2:
Verify the diagnosis and
etiology
of the disease
14. At this stage, the investigator needs to answer
at least three questions:
1. Who should be counted as a case?
2. Are there more undetected cases in the
hospitals and in the community?
3. What are the characteristics of cases?
Step 3:
Develop an appropriate
case definition, start
case finding, and collect
information on cases
15. Develop an appropriate case definition
• It is important that the investigator develop a case definition, which will be
applied consistently during the investigation.
• The definition should be sensitive or adequate at the beginning, in order to
capture actual cases.
• A good case definition for investigative purposes should be specific to time
and location.
16. Active case finding
• The investigator must start a process called active case finding.
• The objective of active case finding is to have enough cases to analyse. At the
same time, this case finding will give a better picture of the magnitude of the
outbreak.
• This active case finding in the community also provides two more benefits:
• Control measures can be implemented if the aetiology of the disease is known and
treatable.
• Rapid environmental assessment can be started during the visit to the affected
families or villages. From the direct interview with the cases, the investigators can
develop hypotheses and implement necessary interventions immediately.
17. Collecting information on cases
1. Identifying information: name, hospital number, contact person,
and address of contact.
2. Demographic information: age, gender, occupation, religion,
ethnicity, area of residence, place of employment, etc.
3. Clinical information: symptoms and signs, date of onset, duration
of illness, and results of diagnostic procedures.
4. Suspected risk factors: investigators can ask for a history of
exposure to factors before the disease developed.
18. In this step, investigators need to answer the
following questions:
1. What are the main clinical features?
2. What population(s) is at risk?
3. What are the risk factors?
4. What are the most likely explanations of
how the outbreak began?
Step 4:
Describe the outbreak
in person, place, and
time, and hypotheses
formation
19. 1. Clinical manifestations of cases
• Signs and symptoms of cases can be analysed in percentages and presented
in a summary table.
• In an outbreak of unknown aetiology, clinical information will help to
establish the diagnosis.
• For an outbreak in which the aetiology is already known, the investigators
still need to compare the clinical information found in the investigation with
previous knowledge. Any discrepancy between the investigation and
previous knowledge such as the attack rate, mortality rate, severity, and so
on should be carefully examined, because this might indicate that a new
strain or different specific host response is occurring.
20. 2. Populations at risk
• Investigators should analyze the characteristics of cases by gender, age,
occupation, ethnicity, and so on. Initially this can be carried out by examining
the proportion of all cases, but the specific attack rate by age and gender will
be more useful for comparisons and hypothesis formation.
• The outbreak of Nipah encephalitis in Malaysia in early 1999
21. 3. Location
• Investigators can calculate attack
rates of cases in different
locations.
• These can be places of residence,
places of employment, sites of
exposure, etc.
• Locations with high attack rates
often indicate the sources of
infection or contamination.
• A spot map showing the locations
of cases can give a very good idea
of the source.
22. 4. Time
• The objective is to show the
occurrence of cases over time and
look for a pattern of occurrence.
• In general, there are two major
types of outbreaks:
• A common source
• A propagated source.
23. In an outbreak of infectious disease, the
investigator needs to
answer the following questions:
1. What is the aetiology of the disease?
2. What is the source of infection?
3. What is the pattern of spread?
4. What are the risk factors for an individual to get
the disease?
5. What are the determinants of the outbreak or
the factors which, when combined together, result
in the outbreak?
A hypothesis needs to be tested by an analytical
study design.The most common is a case–control
study.
Step 5:
Testing the hypotheses
by an analytic study
24. Example
• In May 2011, there is out break of
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome in
Germany
• After doing first 4 steps of they
came to know cases are by Shiga
toxin-producing Escherichia coli
O104:H4 after taking meal in a
buffet.
• Similar outbreak also occurred
after 1 month again after the
buffet
• Then there arise a confusion how
to pin point which food in buffet
caused this outbreak??
Food Item RR P Value
Sprout 4.2 0.001
Gazpacho (tomato-based cold
soup)
2.4 >0.05
Carrots 2.3 >0.05
Water (bottled) 2.0 >0.05
Dip sauce (mayonnaise) 1.7 >0.05
Lettuce 1.0 >0.05
Green peppers 0.4 >0.05
25. Although an analytical study might be able to confirm
a hypothesis, the investigator still needs to find
environmental or other evidence to support and
explain the epidemiological evidence.
Step 6:
Environmental or other
studies to supplement
epidemiological findings
26. In this steps we have to compile all the evidence to
give the complete picture of the outbreaks
What evidence we have
Laboratory evidence:
Clinical evidence:
Environmental evidence
Epidemiological evidence
Step 7:
Establishing the causes
of the outbreak
27. Complete analysis and data interpretation:
Present the main findings with recommendations:
What can be done to control the outbreak?
How to prevent future outbreaks ?
How to improve the investigation ?
How to improve surveillance ?
Step 8:
On-site reporting to and
recommendations for
concerned authorities
28. In addition to on-site reporting, the investigator
should disseminate information to educate the public
health community and the general public.
The information will raise the awareness of health and
government authorities to assess their own situation
and implement measures to prevent possible
outbreaks.
Dissemination of information should occur in a timely
manner through weekly or monthly reports.
Release of important findings through the mass
media is also very useful for educating the public
Step 9:
Dissemination of
information
29. Finally, the investigator should follow up the
investigation by maintaining close communication
with local health authorities.
An absence of new cases for at least two incubation
periods of the infectious disease under investigation
could suggest that the outbreak is subsiding.
A good investigator should follow up on the
recommendations.
Step 10:
Follow-up to ensure
implementation
of control measures
30. • To Sum Up
1. Confirm the existence of Outbreak
2. Verify diagnosis and determine the etiology
3. Develop case definition & start case fining
4. Describe epidemic in time, place and person
5. Test hypothesis
6. Carry out necessary environmental epidemiological study
7. Draw conclusions
8. Report and recommend appropriate control measures
9. Communicate the Findings
10.Follow up the recommendation
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