The document proposes a Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile Node in Wireless Ad Hoc Network. It introduces Position-Aware Geocast Routing Mechanism (PAGRM) to improve reliability of data delivery and energy efficiency. PAGRM uses geographical locations for geocast routing and region tracking. It combines geographic routing with region flooding to achieve high delivery rates and low overhead. Simulation results show PAGRM has higher throughput and lower time complexity than other region tracking methods.
Integrated Resource Adaptive On Demand Geographic Routing (IRA-ODGR) for MANETijsrd.com
It is a big challenge to develop routing protocol that can meet different application needs and optimize routing paths according to the topology change in mobile ad hoc networks. The existing work presented two self-adaptive on-demand geographic routing schemes to build efficient paths based on the needs of user applications and adapt to various scenarios for provide efficient and reliable routing. To overcome the impact due to inaccurate local topology knowledge, the topology information is updated at a node in the specific time periods. The on-demand routing mechanism reduces to control overhead made on geographic routing. The route optimization scheme adapts routing path according to the topology changes and actual data traffic requirements. Adaptive parameter setting scheme is introduced to allow each node to determine and adjust the protocol parameter values independently. However, existing work did not address resource parameters such as energy, bandwidth and data loss. The proposal presents and Integrated Resource Adaptive on Demand Geographic Routing (IRA-ODGR) for MANET. The node energy resource is optimized with path energy consumption rate and bandwidth utilization of the path is analysed. Loss rate is reduced in geographic routing with dynamic routes. The simulation conducted to demonstrate IRA-ODGR routing protocols.
Improved routing scheme with ACO in WSN in comparison to DSDVijsrd.com
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network in terms of energy and distance. In adhoc it is critical to collect the information in an efficient manner as it has limitations in terms of centralized congestion. In such case to perform the effective communication there is the requirement of some such routing approach that can provide the routing with optimized path. In this work, ACO based routing approach is defined to generate the optimized path in comparison to DSDV over the network. The presented approach is implemented in matlab environment and obtained results shows the effective results in terms of optimized path.
Auction Game Theory Based Adaptive Position Update Strategy for Geographic Ro...IJSRD
The Auction game based Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing, which dynamically adjusts the frequency of position updates based on the mobility dynamics of the nodes and the forwarding patterns in the network. Adaptive position update is based on three simple principles: first principle is nodes whose movements are harder to predict update their positions more frequently (and vice versa), then the second principle is nodes closer to forwarding paths update their positions more frequently (and vice versa) and last principle is Forwarding nodes are selected based on distance and residual energy with bidding among the neighbors. Several experimental analyses, which is validated by NS2 simulations of a well-known geographic routing protocol, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol (GPSR), shows that game based Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing can significantly improve the packet delivery ratio and improve the routing performance in terms of throughput in comparison with periodic beaconing and other recently proposed updating schemes. Finally give a better result in throughput and packet delivery ration by incurring a relatively smaller delay in delivering the packets. As the no. of nodes increases, this results in better packet delivery ratio of around 98%. The tradeoff between packet delivery ratio and Routing Over Head is slightly increased, The benefits of our work further confirmed by undertaking evaluations in realistic network scenarios, which account for localization error, realistic radio propagation, and sparse network.
This document summarizes geographical routing in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to geographic routing protocols, which route packets based on the geographic position of nodes rather than their network addresses. It then discusses several specific geographic routing protocols, including Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) and Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR). The document also covers topics like how nodes obtain location information, security issues in geographic routing like the Sybil attack, and concludes that geographic routing can enable scalable and energy-efficient routing in wireless sensor networks.
Adaptive position update for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networksJPINFOTECH JAYAPRAKASH
This document proposes an Adaptive Position Update (APU) strategy for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networks. APU dynamically adjusts the frequency at which nodes broadcast updates about their position based on their mobility and proximity to packet forwarding paths. This aims to reduce the cost of frequent updates while maintaining accurate location information where it is needed for routing. The strategy uses two rules: 1) nodes that are harder to predict update more frequently, and 2) nodes closer to forwarding paths update more frequently. Simulations show APU can significantly reduce costs compared to periodic updating while improving routing performance in terms of delivery ratio and delay.
This document summarizes several energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing the basic components and architecture of wireless sensor networks. It then categorizes routing protocols based on network structure (flat, hierarchical, location-based) and operation (multipath, query-based, etc.). The majority of the document focuses on reviewing hierarchical protocols, including LEACH, PEGASIS, Hierarchical PEGASIS, and HEED. It provides brief overviews of how these protocols work to reduce energy consumption and extend network lifetime through clustering and data aggregation approaches.
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors
with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy
efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient
multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma
principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the
application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met.
The document discusses an energy efficient geographic routing protocol called Energy Efficient Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (EEGAF) for wireless sensor networks. It summarizes the basic Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) protocol and then proposes EEGAF, which improves on GAF in two ways: 1) It enhances the discovery phase to reduce energy used by nodes during discovery. 2) It uses a location-aware multicast routing protocol called Location Aided Routing (LAR) for data transmission, which decreases energy consumption and optimizes network lifetime. The document evaluates EEGAF using MATLAB simulations and finds it performs better than GAF in terms of network lifetime, energy efficiency, and quality of service metrics like throughput and routing overhead.
Integrated Resource Adaptive On Demand Geographic Routing (IRA-ODGR) for MANETijsrd.com
It is a big challenge to develop routing protocol that can meet different application needs and optimize routing paths according to the topology change in mobile ad hoc networks. The existing work presented two self-adaptive on-demand geographic routing schemes to build efficient paths based on the needs of user applications and adapt to various scenarios for provide efficient and reliable routing. To overcome the impact due to inaccurate local topology knowledge, the topology information is updated at a node in the specific time periods. The on-demand routing mechanism reduces to control overhead made on geographic routing. The route optimization scheme adapts routing path according to the topology changes and actual data traffic requirements. Adaptive parameter setting scheme is introduced to allow each node to determine and adjust the protocol parameter values independently. However, existing work did not address resource parameters such as energy, bandwidth and data loss. The proposal presents and Integrated Resource Adaptive on Demand Geographic Routing (IRA-ODGR) for MANET. The node energy resource is optimized with path energy consumption rate and bandwidth utilization of the path is analysed. Loss rate is reduced in geographic routing with dynamic routes. The simulation conducted to demonstrate IRA-ODGR routing protocols.
Improved routing scheme with ACO in WSN in comparison to DSDVijsrd.com
Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network in terms of energy and distance. In adhoc it is critical to collect the information in an efficient manner as it has limitations in terms of centralized congestion. In such case to perform the effective communication there is the requirement of some such routing approach that can provide the routing with optimized path. In this work, ACO based routing approach is defined to generate the optimized path in comparison to DSDV over the network. The presented approach is implemented in matlab environment and obtained results shows the effective results in terms of optimized path.
Auction Game Theory Based Adaptive Position Update Strategy for Geographic Ro...IJSRD
The Auction game based Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing, which dynamically adjusts the frequency of position updates based on the mobility dynamics of the nodes and the forwarding patterns in the network. Adaptive position update is based on three simple principles: first principle is nodes whose movements are harder to predict update their positions more frequently (and vice versa), then the second principle is nodes closer to forwarding paths update their positions more frequently (and vice versa) and last principle is Forwarding nodes are selected based on distance and residual energy with bidding among the neighbors. Several experimental analyses, which is validated by NS2 simulations of a well-known geographic routing protocol, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol (GPSR), shows that game based Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing can significantly improve the packet delivery ratio and improve the routing performance in terms of throughput in comparison with periodic beaconing and other recently proposed updating schemes. Finally give a better result in throughput and packet delivery ration by incurring a relatively smaller delay in delivering the packets. As the no. of nodes increases, this results in better packet delivery ratio of around 98%. The tradeoff between packet delivery ratio and Routing Over Head is slightly increased, The benefits of our work further confirmed by undertaking evaluations in realistic network scenarios, which account for localization error, realistic radio propagation, and sparse network.
This document summarizes geographical routing in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to geographic routing protocols, which route packets based on the geographic position of nodes rather than their network addresses. It then discusses several specific geographic routing protocols, including Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) and Geographical and Energy Aware Routing (GEAR). The document also covers topics like how nodes obtain location information, security issues in geographic routing like the Sybil attack, and concludes that geographic routing can enable scalable and energy-efficient routing in wireless sensor networks.
Adaptive position update for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networksJPINFOTECH JAYAPRAKASH
This document proposes an Adaptive Position Update (APU) strategy for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networks. APU dynamically adjusts the frequency at which nodes broadcast updates about their position based on their mobility and proximity to packet forwarding paths. This aims to reduce the cost of frequent updates while maintaining accurate location information where it is needed for routing. The strategy uses two rules: 1) nodes that are harder to predict update more frequently, and 2) nodes closer to forwarding paths update more frequently. Simulations show APU can significantly reduce costs compared to periodic updating while improving routing performance in terms of delivery ratio and delay.
This document summarizes several energy-efficient routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. It begins by introducing the basic components and architecture of wireless sensor networks. It then categorizes routing protocols based on network structure (flat, hierarchical, location-based) and operation (multipath, query-based, etc.). The majority of the document focuses on reviewing hierarchical protocols, including LEACH, PEGASIS, Hierarchical PEGASIS, and HEED. It provides brief overviews of how these protocols work to reduce energy consumption and extend network lifetime through clustering and data aggregation approaches.
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors
with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy
efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient
multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma
principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the
application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met.
The document discusses an energy efficient geographic routing protocol called Energy Efficient Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (EEGAF) for wireless sensor networks. It summarizes the basic Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) protocol and then proposes EEGAF, which improves on GAF in two ways: 1) It enhances the discovery phase to reduce energy used by nodes during discovery. 2) It uses a location-aware multicast routing protocol called Location Aided Routing (LAR) for data transmission, which decreases energy consumption and optimizes network lifetime. The document evaluates EEGAF using MATLAB simulations and finds it performs better than GAF in terms of network lifetime, energy efficiency, and quality of service metrics like throughput and routing overhead.
This document summarizes and classifies various routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSN). It discusses protocols that are homogenous (all nodes are identical) and heterogeneous (nodes differ). It focuses on clustered protocols where nodes are grouped into clusters to aggregate and transmit data. Specific clustered protocols covered include LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), ALEACH, MR-LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and Re-Cluster LEACH. Each protocol is summarized with its key features and advantages/disadvantages.
IRJET-Mobility Aware Refined Counter Based Broadcasting Model of MANETIRJET Journal
Manjusha Deshmukh,Ratnadeep Deshmukh, Sangeeta Kakarwal, "Mobility Aware Refined Counter Based Broadcasting Model of MANET", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 March 2015. p-ISSN:2395-0056, e-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net ,published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
The MANET is a special type of wireles mobile network in which mobile hosts can communicate without any aid of established infrastructure. Broadcast or flooding is a dissemination technique oparamount importance in mobile ad-hoc networks MANETs are generating lots of interest due to their dynamic topology and decentralized administration Due to the mobility of nodes there are many problem occurred during the packet transmission. Basic routing protocols such as Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vecto(AODV), Dynamic source routing (DSR) could lead toissues such as Broadcast Storm Problem, Large power consumption, link failure due to mobility. Counter based approaches inhibit a node from broadcasting a packet based on number of copies of the broadcaspacket received by the node within a random accessdelay time. It relies on the threshold value to decide whether or not to forward broadcast packet. In this paper, model is proposed which refines the counter based threshold based on network density and the mobility of nodes. The paper refined the sparse threshold as low sparse threshold and high sparse threshold and dense threshold as low dense threshold and high dense threshold.
This document discusses various techniques for energy efficient unicast routing in wireless sensor networks. It describes algorithms such as Dijkstra's algorithm, minimizing energy per packet, maximizing network lifetime, and routing based on available battery energy. Additional algorithms covered include minimum battery cost routing, minimum-max battery cost routing, and conditional max-min battery capacity routing. The document also discusses multipath unicast routing techniques including constructing disjoint and braided paths, and simultaneously transmitting over multiple paths.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
COVERAGE OPTIMIZED AND TIME EFFICIENT LOCAL SEARCH BETWEENNESS ROUTING FOR HE...ijcsa
The document proposes a Local Search and Enhanced Betweenness Routing (LS-EBR) model for wireless sensor networks used for health monitoring. The LS-EBR model aims to improve routing efficiency by increasing sensor node coverage and minimizing routing time. It uses a local search algorithm based on greedy forwarding to route packets to neighboring nodes that are closest to the destination while also considering the reliability of sensor nodes. An enhanced betweenness routing algorithm is also used to measure energy consumption and select routes that consider both routing overhead and remaining energy of sensor nodes. Simulation results showed the LS-EBR model achieved higher coverage and improved routing efficiency compared to opportunistic routing.
The document discusses routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It outlines several key challenges for routing protocols including node deployment, network dynamics, energy conservation, fault tolerance, scalability, and hardware constraints. It then describes several common routing techniques used in wireless sensor networks, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid path establishment approaches, as well as flat, hierarchical, and location-based network structures. Finally, it discusses different protocol operations such as multipath routing, query-based routing, negotiation-based routing, and supporting quality of service metrics.
Evaluation of routing protocol with multi-mobile sinks in WSNs using QoS and ...IJECEIAES
An efficient networks’ energy consumption and Quality of Services (QoS) are considered the most important issues, to evaluate the route quality of the designed routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This study is presented an evaluation performance technique to evaluate two routing protocols: Secure for Mobile Sink Node location using Dynamic Routing Protocol (SMSNDRP) and routing protocol that used K-means algorithm to form Data Gathered Path (KM-DGP), on small and large network with Group of Mobile Sinks (GMSs). The propose technique is based on QoS and sensor nodes’ energy consumption parameters to assess route quality and networks’ energy usage. The evaluation technique is conducted on two routing protocols in two phases: The first phase is used to evaluate the route quality and networks’ energy consumption on small WSN with one mobile Sink Node (SN) and GMSs. The second phase, is used to evaluate the route quality and networks’ energy consumption on large network (four WSNs) with GMSs. The two phases are implementated by creating five sceneries via using NS2.3 simulator software. The implementation results of the proposed performance evaluation technique have demonstrated that SMSNDRP gives better networks’ energy consumption on small single network in comparison with KM-DGP. Also, it gives high quality route in large network that used four mobile SN, in contrast to KM-DGP that used sixteen mobile SNs. While in large network, it found that KM-DGP with sixteen mobile SNs gives better networks’ energy consumption in comparison with SMSNDRP with four mobile SNs.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
The document proposes an Enhanced Heuristic Function based Energy Aware (EHF-EA) routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. EHF-EA aims to extend network lifetime and improve link quality by using a heuristic function to find optimal routes while considering longevity factor, link quality, and bandwidth. It constructs a network of 50 mobile homogeneous sensor nodes in clusters. EHF-EA computes heuristic and cost values to determine the best next hop to the destination, aiming to efficiently transfer data and conserve energy. Simulation results show EHF-EA achieves a 93.85% packet delivery ratio while reducing bandwidth and number of hops compared to other protocols.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
The document provides an overview of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several categories of routing protocols including data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based. For hierarchical routing protocols, it summarizes LEACH, PEGASIS, HEED, P-LEACH, H-LEACH, and other variants that aim to improve energy efficiency. It provides brief descriptions of how each protocol operates and highlights drawbacks. The document also summarizes several data-centric routing protocols including Directed Diffusion, Rumor Routing, and their limitations.
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This document discusses routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to routing challenges in WSNs such as limited energy, processing, and storage in sensor nodes. It then covers different routing techniques including flat routing protocols like SPIN, directed diffusion, and rumor routing. Hierarchical routing protocols discussed include LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. Finally, it briefly mentions location-based routing and the GEAR protocol.
Energy balanced improved leach routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
A proper sensor node clustering is an effective topology control that can balance energy
consumption among sensor nodes and increase network scalability and life time. As the use of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient routing
and data aggregation has also risen. LEACH
(
Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy
)
is a
hierarchical clustering protocol that provides an elegant solution for such protocols. Random
clustering is the main deficiency of LEACH. In this paper an energy balanced clustering
approach is proposed, in which the K-mean clustering algorithm is applied. It is centralized
clustering algorithm that based on minimum energy clustering to form optimal clusters. For the
candidate nodes, the location and the residual energy are used as key parameters to select the
cluster head (CH). The method shows that the proposed approach outperforms LEACH in terms
of energy conservation and network life time prolonging.
Auction Game Theory Based Adaptive Position Update Strategy for Geographic Ro...IJSRD
The Auction game based Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing, which dynamically adjusts the frequency of position updates based on the mobility dynamics of the nodes and the forwarding patterns in the network. Adaptive position update is based on three simple principles: first principle is nodes whose movements are harder to predict update their positions more frequently (and vice versa), then the second principle is nodes closer to forwarding paths update their positions more frequently (and vice versa) and last principle is Forwarding nodes are selected based on distance and residual energy with bidding among the neighbors. Several experimental analyses, which is validated by NS2 simulations of a well-known geographic routing protocol, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol (GPSR), shows that game based Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing can significantly improve the packet delivery ratio and improve the routing performance in terms of throughput in comparison with periodic beaconing and other recently proposed updating schemes. Finally give a better result in throughput and packet delivery ration by incurring a relatively smaller delay in delivering the packets. As the no. of nodes increases, this results in better packet delivery ratio of around 98%. The tradeoff between packet delivery ratio and Routing Over Head is slightly increased, The benefits of our work further confirmed by undertaking evaluations in realistic network scenarios, which account for localization error, realistic radio propagation, and sparse network.
Geographical routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks a survey on their ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Mobile Ad Hoc network is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links forming a temporary network without the aid of any centralized administration or infrastructure. Each node operates not only as an end system but also as a router to forward packets. The nodes are free to move themselves into a network. These networks have no fixed topology due to the high degree of node mobility. To accommodate the changing topology, special routing protocols are needed. The goal of the routing protocol is to have an efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes, so that messages can be delivered in a timely manner. Mobile Ad Hoc routing protocols are divided into Flat routing, Hierarchical routing, Geographical routing, Power aware routing and Multicast routing. It is difficult to determine which protocols may perform well under a number of different network scenarios. This paper provides an overview of geographical routing protocols proposed in the literature and performance comparison of geographical routing protocols. Index Terms: Mobile Ad Hoc Network, Geographical Routing protocols.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
LACBER: New Location Aided Routing Protocol For GPS Scarce Manetijwmn
Completely GPS-free positioning systems for wireless, mobile, ad-hoc networks typically stress on building a network-wide coordinate system. Such systems suffer from lack of mobility and high computational overhead. On the other hand, specialized hardware in GPS-enabled nodes tends to increase the solution cost. A number of GPS free position based routing algorithms have been studied by the authors before proposing a new positioning framework in this paper. The proposed positioning framework is characterized by using only a handful of GPS enabled nodes. Lower dependence on specialized GPS hardware reduces the total cost of implementing the framework. A new location aided routing protocol called Location Aided Cluster Based Energy-efficient Routing (LACBER) has been proposed in the paper. Simulation results show that using the proposed positioning framework, LACBER turns out to be efficient in lowering mean hop and hence in utilizing the limited energy of mobile nodes.
LOAD BALANCING AND PROVIDING SECURITY USING RSA IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJARIIT
This paper presents load balancing and provides security using RSA algorithm. This is brief introduction to handle the traffic on node. This represents the converge-casting protocol in wireless sensor networks. The protocol is localized and distributed, and adapts efficiently to vary traffic. Graphs are analyzed using NS-2 simulator, here end-to-end packet latency, packet delivery ratio, throughput are analyzed. This is done for 30 nodes in NS-2 simulation.
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
Abstract: The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Multi hop routing, six sigma, QoS
Abstract—Geographic routing also called as Geo routing is a routing principle which relies on the Geographic position information. Geographic routing is the most commonly used routing for MANETs. In Geographic routing each node should be aware of its neighbor’s location to maintain the local topology accuracy. Hence, each node should update its location information through a message called beacon. Existing mechanisms invoke periodic beacon update scheme which consumes the network resources such as energy and bandwidth specifically when the network traffic is high, it creates packet loss in the network and it leads to retransmission of data packet causing additional delay and energy consumption. In this work, adaptive position update is proposed which dynamically adjusts the beacon updation frequency according to the varying network conditions.APU makes use of mobility prediction rule and on demand learning rule for beacon updation.
This document summarizes and classifies various routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSN). It discusses protocols that are homogenous (all nodes are identical) and heterogeneous (nodes differ). It focuses on clustered protocols where nodes are grouped into clusters to aggregate and transmit data. Specific clustered protocols covered include LEACH (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), ALEACH, MR-LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and Re-Cluster LEACH. Each protocol is summarized with its key features and advantages/disadvantages.
IRJET-Mobility Aware Refined Counter Based Broadcasting Model of MANETIRJET Journal
Manjusha Deshmukh,Ratnadeep Deshmukh, Sangeeta Kakarwal, "Mobility Aware Refined Counter Based Broadcasting Model of MANET", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol2,issue-01 March 2015. p-ISSN:2395-0056, e-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net ,published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
The MANET is a special type of wireles mobile network in which mobile hosts can communicate without any aid of established infrastructure. Broadcast or flooding is a dissemination technique oparamount importance in mobile ad-hoc networks MANETs are generating lots of interest due to their dynamic topology and decentralized administration Due to the mobility of nodes there are many problem occurred during the packet transmission. Basic routing protocols such as Ad hoc on Demand Distance Vecto(AODV), Dynamic source routing (DSR) could lead toissues such as Broadcast Storm Problem, Large power consumption, link failure due to mobility. Counter based approaches inhibit a node from broadcasting a packet based on number of copies of the broadcaspacket received by the node within a random accessdelay time. It relies on the threshold value to decide whether or not to forward broadcast packet. In this paper, model is proposed which refines the counter based threshold based on network density and the mobility of nodes. The paper refined the sparse threshold as low sparse threshold and high sparse threshold and dense threshold as low dense threshold and high dense threshold.
This document discusses various techniques for energy efficient unicast routing in wireless sensor networks. It describes algorithms such as Dijkstra's algorithm, minimizing energy per packet, maximizing network lifetime, and routing based on available battery energy. Additional algorithms covered include minimum battery cost routing, minimum-max battery cost routing, and conditional max-min battery capacity routing. The document also discusses multipath unicast routing techniques including constructing disjoint and braided paths, and simultaneously transmitting over multiple paths.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
COVERAGE OPTIMIZED AND TIME EFFICIENT LOCAL SEARCH BETWEENNESS ROUTING FOR HE...ijcsa
The document proposes a Local Search and Enhanced Betweenness Routing (LS-EBR) model for wireless sensor networks used for health monitoring. The LS-EBR model aims to improve routing efficiency by increasing sensor node coverage and minimizing routing time. It uses a local search algorithm based on greedy forwarding to route packets to neighboring nodes that are closest to the destination while also considering the reliability of sensor nodes. An enhanced betweenness routing algorithm is also used to measure energy consumption and select routes that consider both routing overhead and remaining energy of sensor nodes. Simulation results showed the LS-EBR model achieved higher coverage and improved routing efficiency compared to opportunistic routing.
The document discusses routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It outlines several key challenges for routing protocols including node deployment, network dynamics, energy conservation, fault tolerance, scalability, and hardware constraints. It then describes several common routing techniques used in wireless sensor networks, including proactive, reactive, and hybrid path establishment approaches, as well as flat, hierarchical, and location-based network structures. Finally, it discusses different protocol operations such as multipath routing, query-based routing, negotiation-based routing, and supporting quality of service metrics.
Evaluation of routing protocol with multi-mobile sinks in WSNs using QoS and ...IJECEIAES
An efficient networks’ energy consumption and Quality of Services (QoS) are considered the most important issues, to evaluate the route quality of the designed routing protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This study is presented an evaluation performance technique to evaluate two routing protocols: Secure for Mobile Sink Node location using Dynamic Routing Protocol (SMSNDRP) and routing protocol that used K-means algorithm to form Data Gathered Path (KM-DGP), on small and large network with Group of Mobile Sinks (GMSs). The propose technique is based on QoS and sensor nodes’ energy consumption parameters to assess route quality and networks’ energy usage. The evaluation technique is conducted on two routing protocols in two phases: The first phase is used to evaluate the route quality and networks’ energy consumption on small WSN with one mobile Sink Node (SN) and GMSs. The second phase, is used to evaluate the route quality and networks’ energy consumption on large network (four WSNs) with GMSs. The two phases are implementated by creating five sceneries via using NS2.3 simulator software. The implementation results of the proposed performance evaluation technique have demonstrated that SMSNDRP gives better networks’ energy consumption on small single network in comparison with KM-DGP. Also, it gives high quality route in large network that used four mobile SN, in contrast to KM-DGP that used sixteen mobile SNs. While in large network, it found that KM-DGP with sixteen mobile SNs gives better networks’ energy consumption in comparison with SMSNDRP with four mobile SNs.
Comparative Simulation Study Of LEACH-Like And HEED-Like Protocols Deployed I...IOSRJECE
WSNs represents one of the most interesting research areas with deep impact on technological development because of their potential usage in a wide variety of applications such as fire monitoring, border surveillance medical care, and highway traffic coordination. Therefore, WSNs researchers have defined many routing protocols for this type of network. In this paper, we have implemented and analyzed different clustering protocols, namely LEACH, LEACH-C, LEACH-1R, and HEED using MATLAB environment. These routing protocols are compared in different terms such as residual energy, data delivery to the base station, number of rounds and live nodes
The document proposes an Enhanced Heuristic Function based Energy Aware (EHF-EA) routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. EHF-EA aims to extend network lifetime and improve link quality by using a heuristic function to find optimal routes while considering longevity factor, link quality, and bandwidth. It constructs a network of 50 mobile homogeneous sensor nodes in clusters. EHF-EA computes heuristic and cost values to determine the best next hop to the destination, aiming to efficiently transfer data and conserve energy. Simulation results show EHF-EA achieves a 93.85% packet delivery ratio while reducing bandwidth and number of hops compared to other protocols.
An Improved Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks Through Clustering In C...Editor IJCATR
One of the major reason for performance degradation in Wireless sensor network is the overhead due to control packet and packet delivery degradation. Clustering in cross layer network operation is an efficient way manage control packet overhead and which ultimately improve the lifetime of a network. All these overheads are crucial in a scalable networks. But the clustering always suffer from the cluster head failure which need to be solved effectively in a large network. As the focus is to improve the average lifetime of sensor network the cluster head is selected based on the battery life of nodes. The cross-layer operation model optimize the overheads in multiple layer and ultimately the use of clustering will reduce the major overheads identified and their by the energy consumption and throughput of wireless sensor network is improved. The proposed model operates on two layers of network ie., Network Layer and Transport Layer and Clustering is applied in the network layer . The simulation result shows that the integration of two layers reduces the energy consumption and increases the throughput of the wireless sensor networks.
The document provides an overview of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It discusses several categories of routing protocols including data-centric, hierarchical, and location-based. For hierarchical routing protocols, it summarizes LEACH, PEGASIS, HEED, P-LEACH, H-LEACH, and other variants that aim to improve energy efficiency. It provides brief descriptions of how each protocol operates and highlights drawbacks. The document also summarizes several data-centric routing protocols including Directed Diffusion, Rumor Routing, and their limitations.
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This document discusses routing protocols in wireless sensor networks. It begins with an introduction to routing challenges in WSNs such as limited energy, processing, and storage in sensor nodes. It then covers different routing techniques including flat routing protocols like SPIN, directed diffusion, and rumor routing. Hierarchical routing protocols discussed include LEACH, PEGASIS, TEEN, and APTEEN. Finally, it briefly mentions location-based routing and the GEAR protocol.
Energy balanced improved leach routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
A proper sensor node clustering is an effective topology control that can balance energy
consumption among sensor nodes and increase network scalability and life time. As the use of
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown enormously, the need for energy-efficient routing
and data aggregation has also risen. LEACH
(
Low Energy Adaptive Cluster Hierarchy
)
is a
hierarchical clustering protocol that provides an elegant solution for such protocols. Random
clustering is the main deficiency of LEACH. In this paper an energy balanced clustering
approach is proposed, in which the K-mean clustering algorithm is applied. It is centralized
clustering algorithm that based on minimum energy clustering to form optimal clusters. For the
candidate nodes, the location and the residual energy are used as key parameters to select the
cluster head (CH). The method shows that the proposed approach outperforms LEACH in terms
of energy conservation and network life time prolonging.
Auction Game Theory Based Adaptive Position Update Strategy for Geographic Ro...IJSRD
The Auction game based Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing, which dynamically adjusts the frequency of position updates based on the mobility dynamics of the nodes and the forwarding patterns in the network. Adaptive position update is based on three simple principles: first principle is nodes whose movements are harder to predict update their positions more frequently (and vice versa), then the second principle is nodes closer to forwarding paths update their positions more frequently (and vice versa) and last principle is Forwarding nodes are selected based on distance and residual energy with bidding among the neighbors. Several experimental analyses, which is validated by NS2 simulations of a well-known geographic routing protocol, Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol (GPSR), shows that game based Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing can significantly improve the packet delivery ratio and improve the routing performance in terms of throughput in comparison with periodic beaconing and other recently proposed updating schemes. Finally give a better result in throughput and packet delivery ration by incurring a relatively smaller delay in delivering the packets. As the no. of nodes increases, this results in better packet delivery ratio of around 98%. The tradeoff between packet delivery ratio and Routing Over Head is slightly increased, The benefits of our work further confirmed by undertaking evaluations in realistic network scenarios, which account for localization error, realistic radio propagation, and sparse network.
Geographical routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks a survey on their ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Mobile Ad Hoc network is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links forming a temporary network without the aid of any centralized administration or infrastructure. Each node operates not only as an end system but also as a router to forward packets. The nodes are free to move themselves into a network. These networks have no fixed topology due to the high degree of node mobility. To accommodate the changing topology, special routing protocols are needed. The goal of the routing protocol is to have an efficient route establishment between a pair of nodes, so that messages can be delivered in a timely manner. Mobile Ad Hoc routing protocols are divided into Flat routing, Hierarchical routing, Geographical routing, Power aware routing and Multicast routing. It is difficult to determine which protocols may perform well under a number of different network scenarios. This paper provides an overview of geographical routing protocols proposed in the literature and performance comparison of geographical routing protocols. Index Terms: Mobile Ad Hoc Network, Geographical Routing protocols.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
LACBER: New Location Aided Routing Protocol For GPS Scarce Manetijwmn
Completely GPS-free positioning systems for wireless, mobile, ad-hoc networks typically stress on building a network-wide coordinate system. Such systems suffer from lack of mobility and high computational overhead. On the other hand, specialized hardware in GPS-enabled nodes tends to increase the solution cost. A number of GPS free position based routing algorithms have been studied by the authors before proposing a new positioning framework in this paper. The proposed positioning framework is characterized by using only a handful of GPS enabled nodes. Lower dependence on specialized GPS hardware reduces the total cost of implementing the framework. A new location aided routing protocol called Location Aided Cluster Based Energy-efficient Routing (LACBER) has been proposed in the paper. Simulation results show that using the proposed positioning framework, LACBER turns out to be efficient in lowering mean hop and hence in utilizing the limited energy of mobile nodes.
LOAD BALANCING AND PROVIDING SECURITY USING RSA IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJARIIT
This paper presents load balancing and provides security using RSA algorithm. This is brief introduction to handle the traffic on node. This represents the converge-casting protocol in wireless sensor networks. The protocol is localized and distributed, and adapts efficiently to vary traffic. Graphs are analyzed using NS-2 simulator, here end-to-end packet latency, packet delivery ratio, throughput are analyzed. This is done for 30 nodes in NS-2 simulation.
Wireless Sensor Network Using Six Sigma Multi Hop RoutingIOSR Journals
Abstract: The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Multi hop routing, six sigma, QoS
Abstract—Geographic routing also called as Geo routing is a routing principle which relies on the Geographic position information. Geographic routing is the most commonly used routing for MANETs. In Geographic routing each node should be aware of its neighbor’s location to maintain the local topology accuracy. Hence, each node should update its location information through a message called beacon. Existing mechanisms invoke periodic beacon update scheme which consumes the network resources such as energy and bandwidth specifically when the network traffic is high, it creates packet loss in the network and it leads to retransmission of data packet causing additional delay and energy consumption. In this work, adaptive position update is proposed which dynamically adjusts the beacon updation frequency according to the varying network conditions.APU makes use of mobility prediction rule and on demand learning rule for beacon updation.
Location updation for energy efficient geographic routing in maneteSAT Journals
Abstract Routing in mobile ad-hoc networks with a large number of nodes or with high mobility is a very difficult task and energy conservation is very important for mobile devices. In geographic routing each node require information about neighbors to forward data packets. Earlier periodic updations are used for location updation but it consumes much amount of node energy and bandwidth utilized for unnecessary updation where there is no changes in the location information. In this paper adaptive position update used with less energy consumption and utilize the bandwidth for location updation only when there is a change in the network. The GPSR protocol used for packet forwarding in both greedy forwarding and perimeter forwarding. This adaptive updation utilize only less amount of node energy than other beaconing scheme. Index Terms:Routing protocols, Beacon updation scheme, Wireless communication, Greedy forwarding, Adaptive position updation.
This document proposes a system for efficient analysis of sensor data in wireless sensor networks using cloud storage and the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) algorithm. GPSR uses greedy forwarding and perimeter routing to route packets between nodes. The system stores sensor data in the cloud, allowing users to access data, information, and insights. The document summarizes existing routing protocols and their limitations. It then describes the proposed system's architecture and GPSR algorithm in more detail. A simulation is used to evaluate GPSR's performance compared to Dynamic Source Routing in terms of packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and delay. The system aims to improve scalability as the number of nodes increases in large-scale wireless sensor networks.
Efficient IOT Based Sensor Data Analysis in Wireless Sensor Networks with Cloudiosrjce
This summary provides the key details from the document in 3 sentences:
The document proposes an efficient IoT-based sensor data analysis system in wireless sensor networks using cloud computing. It utilizes the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) algorithm to route sensor data to cloud storage. The system is evaluated through simulations analyzing parameters like packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, and delay.
Hybrid Target Tracking Scheme in Wireless Sensor NetworksIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses a hybrid target tracking scheme for wireless sensor networks that combines range-free and range-based localization techniques to more accurately determine the location of unknown nodes.
2) It describes some of the challenges with localization in wireless sensor networks, including environmental factors that can impact variables used for localization like transmission range and signal strength.
3) The hybrid approach determines the exact location of an unknown node using a combination of range-free and range-based methods to improve accuracy compared to using either method alone.
Adaptive position update for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networksJPINFOTECH JAYAPRAKASH
The document proposes an Adaptive Position Update (APU) strategy for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc networks. APU dynamically adjusts the frequency at which nodes broadcast updates about their position based on their mobility and proximity to packet forwarding paths. This reduces update costs and improves routing performance compared to periodic broadcasting or other updating schemes. APU incorporates rules where nodes with less predictable movement or near forwarding paths update more frequently. Simulations show APU generates similar or less overhead than other schemes but achieves better delivery ratios and delays.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes several geographical routing protocols for wireless sensor networks:
1) Small World Topology-Aware Routing (SWTAR) uses topological awareness to discover routes and avoid voids, achieving high delivery ratios with short paths.
2) Geographic Wireless Reliable Multicast (GeoWiReM) provides efficient multicast delivery within ad hoc regions using passive acknowledgments and local recovery.
3) Energy-aware interference-sensitive geographic routing (EIGR) minimizes energy use and interference by selecting next hops along an anchor list that guides packets along energy-optimal low-interference paths.
- The document discusses energy aware geographic routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides background on geographic routing and its advantages over other routing approaches.
- It reviews previous work on geographic routing protocols that address issues like local maxima, planarization of graphs, and constrained flooding. However, most protocols do not consider energy efficiency or balancing energy consumption across nodes.
- The paper aims to provide an overview of geographic routing in MANETs for new researchers, with a focus on challenges and opportunities for developing energy-aware geographic routing protocols to extend the lifetime of energy-constrained MANETs.
The document summarizes an enhanced version of the GPSR routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. It begins by describing the GPSR protocol and some of its limitations in wireless sensor network environments, such as asymmetric links and situations where the destination is outside the network boundary. It then proposes modifications to GPSR to address these issues. The enhanced protocol introduces aggregation nodes that are responsible for transmitting messages to distant base stations. It also utilizes a "head set" concept where a set of nodes takes turns transmitting data to save energy compared to always using the same node. The enhanced protocol is claimed to help ensure successful data delivery, reduce packet delay, and optimize energy consumption for wireless sensor networks.
POSITION BASED ADAPTIVE ROUTING FOR VANETSIJCNCJournal
Routing plays a very significant role in multi hop data dissemination in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks
(VANETs). Wehave proposed a Position based Adaptive Routing (PAR) protocol which is scalable for different
network densities in VANETs. This scheme uses Preferred Group Broadcasting (PGB) for route discovery.
In this mode, after broadcasting the request for route discovery the source node starts listening to
the channel. If the packet is not further rebroadcasted by any neighbor in a set timeout, then it repeats the
broadcast. This process is repeated until the request reaches the destination. The destination keeps on accumulating
route requests coming from different paths until predefined time. It then chooses the least cost
path as route reply. It uses the set of traversed anchors for sending the unicast route reply to the source
node. PAR uses Advance Greedy Forwarding (AGF) for data forwarding and greedily forwards the data
packet to the next anchor towards destination node. It switches to carry and forward mode once it finds
partitions in the network. The intermediate vehicle buffers the packet until next junction and switches back
to position based scheme and greedily forwards to next node in range which is closest to the destination. To
have an end to end connectedpath, it uses guards to guard anchors tied to different junction and geographical
locations in the network. The algorithm is scalable and exploits advantages of existing techniques
already developed for specific scenarios in VANET. Results show that the service ratio and packet
delay of PAR are higher than its counterparts.
Location-aware hybrid microscopic routing scheme for mobile opportunistic net...IAESIJAI
Mobile opportunistic networks (MON) have been used for provisioning delaytolerant applications. In MON the device communicates with each other with
no assured end-to-end paths from source and destination because of frequent
topology changes, node mobility, low density, and intermittent connectivity.
In MON the device battery drains very fast for performing activities such as
scanning, transceiver, and other computational processes, impacting the
overall performance thus, designing energy-efficient routing is a challenging
task. The routing employs a store-carry-and-forward mechanism for packet
communication, where the packet is composed of time-to-live (TTL) and is
kept in buffer till the opportunity arises. In improving delivery ratio message
replication has been adopted; however, induces high network congestion.
Here we present a location-aware hybrid microscopic routing (LAHMR)
scheme for MON. The LAHMR provides an effective packet transmission
scheme with location awareness and high reliability by limiting unnecessary
packets being circulated in the network. Experiment outcome shows the
LAHMR scheme achieves a much better delivery ratio with less delay, and
also reduces the number of a forwarder for transmitting a packet, aiding in the
reduction of network overhead concerning recent routing method namely the
social-aware reliable forwarding (SCARF) technique.
A Virtual Grid-Based Dynamic Routes Adjustment (VGDRA) Scheme for Wireless ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a virtual grid-based dynamic routes adjustment (VGDRA) scheme for wireless sensor networks with a mobile sink. The scheme aims to conserve network energy while dynamically routing information towards the moving sink. It divides the sensor field into a virtual grid with cell header nodes. These cell header nodes participate in adjusting routes according to the latest location of the mobile sink, reducing communication costs and energy consumption compared to having all nodes participate. The VGDRA scheme balances energy expenditure of nodes and allows data to be efficiently disseminated to the mobile sink as it changes locations through dynamic routing reconstruction using the virtual grid structure.
This document presents a virtual grid-based dynamic routes adjustment (VGDRA) scheme for wireless sensor networks with a mobile sink. The scheme aims to minimize the energy consumed when sensor nodes adjust their routes to the sink's new location. It divides the sensor field into a virtual grid with cell headers. When the sink moves, only the cell headers participate in rerouting to the new location, reducing the communication cost compared to all nodes adjusting routes. The VGDRA scheme maintains nearly optimal routes to the mobile sink while minimizing the cost of route reconstruction as the sink moves.
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Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile Node in Wireless Ad Hoc Network
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 2|| February 2016 || PP.24-28
www.ijesi.org 24 | Page
Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using
Mobile Node in Wireless Ad Hoc Network
1
M. PRAKASH, 2
Dr. M.PRABAKARAN
1
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Ariyalur, Tamilnadu, India.
2
Research Advisor, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Government Arts College, Ariyalur,
Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT: One of the most significant challenges introduced by mobile networks is the difficulty in coping
withthe unpredictable movement of Geocast mobile nodes. If, instead, the Geocast mobile nodes could be
programmed totravel through the world in a predictable and useful manner, the task of designing algorithms for
mobile networks would be significantly simplified.Geocasting represents today a challengingfield of research
due to the numerous application scenariosoffered by ad hoc and sensor networks. Recently, the some Geocast
routing protocols have beenproposed, most of which are basically inherited from unicastrouting solutions and
consequently are not optimizedfor Geocast applications. Another, more interesting, classof region, which will be
referred to as position-awareGeocast routing Algorithm, follow a progressive reductionin the distance to the
destination, every time a relaynode must be chosen for forwarding a data packet. Thisallows to avoid the
unnecessary dissemination of datapackets to nodes farther away from the destination andthe consequent useless
energy consumption. This paperwill focus on the exploitation of this interesting positionawareapproach which
seems to be more suitable forthe scenarios under consideration.
Keywords: Geocast, Region Tracking, PAGRM, Mobile Nodes, Ad Hoc Network.
I. INTRODUCTION:
Geocasting represents today a challenging field of research for the numerous application scenarios offered
by ad hocnetworks. Geocasting is a variant of multicasting: data packetsare delivered to a certain set of users,
which constitutethe so called Geocast group, located in a particulargeographical area, called Geocast region.
They presented a hierarchy of geographically-aware routers that can route packets geographically and use
tunnels to route through areas not supporting geographic routing. Each router covers a certain geographic area
called a service area. When a router receives a packet with a Geocast region within its service area, it forwards
the packet to its children nodes routers or hosts that cover or are within this Geocast region. If the Geocast
region does not intersect with the router service area, the router forwards the packet to its parent. If the Geocast
region and the service area in network, the router forwards to its region that cover the intersected in network.
Each node forwards a packet to the neighbor that is closest to the destination. The link quality of that
neighbor may be very bad. The existence of such unreliable links exposes a key weakness in maximum-distance
greedy forwarding that we refer to as the weakest link problem. At each step, the neighbors that are closest to
the destination may have poor links with the current node. These weak links would result in a high rate of
packet drops, resulting in drastic reduction of delivery rate or increased energy wastage if retransmissions are
employed. This observation brings to the fore the concept of neighbor classification based on link reliability.
Some neighbors may be more favorable to choose than others, not only based on distance.
Concerning the reduction in energy consumption, onlynodes having a sufficient residual energy will be
responsiblefor forwarding the data packet towards the destination.Moreover, an integrated approach which can
helpto preserve either reliability or energetic requirementswill be studied. This consists in dynamically varying
thesize of the forwarding zone, being, the latter, and the areawhere candidate relay nodes are searched. This will
beimplemented through a threshold mechanism.To satisfy the first requirement,a power energy mechanism at
the network layer is proposedwhich allows to guarantee that information is correctlydelivered at the destination.
This improves the reliabilityof the system even if obviously, it can cause a possibleincrease in the signaling
travelling the network. Consequentlya tradeoff between these two antagonist featuresis needed.The network
which can cause the message not to reachthe destination, without any knowledge at the transmitterside.
Moreover, a transmitter node, upon recognizing tobe isolated, can turn into sleep mode, thus reducing theenergy
consumption.An approach like this, allows multiple copies of thesame packet to circulate in the network. This
improvesthe reliability of the system even if, obviously, it cancause a possible increase in the signaling
overheadtraveling the network.
2. Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile…
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II. RELATED WORK:
Since each region contains several servers, and insertions and mobility may invokenew server elections, it
is unlikely that independent reasonable failures will cause all servers tovanish. In order to avoid this case
anyway, servers use a low-frequency periodic soft-statemechanism during silent (low traffic) periods, to detect
failing servers and promote new servers.Each server runs a low-frequency timer, which is reset each time an
insertion geocast is received.When the server times out, it geocasts a packet checking for other servers [1, 2].
Other servers resettheir timers upon receiving this check and reply back demonstrating their existence. If
notenough servers reply back, server election is triggered. Another option is to use thesame rendezvous
mechanism, in order to provide a bootstrap overlay that publishes dynamicmappings. Using the mapping for a
well-known key, a node sends request to a well-known regionto obtain the mapping function of a set of services
[3].
These mappings however are not expected to change frequently. This introduces more flexibility for
providing different mappings for differenttype of services and changing them when required.A network consists
of one or multiple data centers called a sink node and many low-cost and low-powered adhoc devices, called
adhoc network. Each mobile node has the ability of sensing data, processing data, and communicating with
others via radio transceivers [4].Geographic routing protocols typically assumed the availability of accurate
location information which is necessary for their correct operation [5, 6].
However, in all localization systems an estimation error is incurred that depends on the system and the
environment in which it is used. GPS is relatively accurate, but it requires visibility to its satellites and so is
ineffective indoors or under coverage. In addition, the high cost, size, and power requirements make it
impractical to deploy GPS on all nodes [7]. Infrastructure-based localization systems are mostly designed to
work inside buildings and they either have a coarse-granularity of several meters or require a costly
infrastructure. In ad hoc localization systems nodes calculate their locations based on measurements to their
neighbors or to other reference nodes in the environment [9, 10].
III. PROPOSED SYSTEM:
In our proposed system used Position-Aware Geocast Routing Mechanism (PAGRM), some techniques
to improve the performancein terms of reliability in data delivery and energy efficiency. Geographic routing
provides a way to deliver a packetto a destination location, based only on local information and without the need
for any extrainfrastructure, which makes geographic routing the main basic component for geographicscheme.
With the existence of location information, geographic routing provides the mostefficient and natural way to
route packets comparable to other routing protocols. Geocasting isthe delivery of packets to nodes within a
certain geographic area. It is an extension to geographicrouting where in this case the destination is a geographic
region instead of a specific node orpoint.
Fig 1: Architecture of proposed system
Geocasting is an important communication primitive in wireless ad hoc networks, since in many
applications the target is to reach nodes in a certain region. Inposition-aware geocast routing
mechanism,geographical locations are used as a position-aware geocast routing mechanismplace for providers
and seekers of information. Position-aware geocast routing mechanismcanbe used as an efficient means for
service location and resource discovery in ad hoc networks.They can also provide efficient data dissemination
and access in sensor networks.
SourceRegio
n
Source
Region
Target
Region
Target
Region
Geocast
Region
Sink nodePAGRM
Tracking for
Geocast
region
Neighbor List
3. Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile…
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3.1 Efficient Geocasting region tracking with PAGRM:
Geocasting region trackingis combine position-aware geocast routing mechanismwith region flooding
to achieve high delivery rate and low overhead. The challenging problem in Geocasting is distributing the
packets to all the nodes within the Geocast region with high probability but with low overhead. According to our
study we noticed a clear tradeoff between the proportion of nodes in the Geocast region that receive the packet
and the overhead incurred by the Geocast packet especially at low densities and irregular distributions. We
presented two novel mechanism for Geocasting that achieve high delivery rate and low overhead by utilizing the
local location information of nodes to combine geographic routing mechanisms with region flooding.
Algorithm:
S-Source, D-Destination, T-Traffic, P-Packets, M-message, GR-Geocast Region
R-Routing Information, RT-Region tracking, U-uncovered Node, E-Energy
Step 1: Initialize network nodes
Initialize the Topology level
Send S message to D
Step 2: If (M=true)
S sends Packets to D
Step 3: if Else (M=false)
Get T on Network Path
Step 4:Message send using MP
S collects the R
Step 5: Routing Information Saved on the network
Shortest route on Region
Step6: Check if (RT=0)
Goto First Priority Node on GRs Path
GR Change dynamically on the network
Step 7: if Else (F≠0)
PAGRM for region tracking
Else
Waiting on network request
End
Step 8: Check Available Route otherwise
Step 9: Node’s are sleep mode in the network
Step 10: Save E on Network
Step 11: P send to S to D normally
Packets sending to Destination
Else
End
Step 12: Drop the Packets P
Exit
Step 13: Every Time update Routing information on network
3.2 Geocast region overhead in Network:
The delivery of a Geocast packet to all nodes inside the Geocast region, given that the network as a
whole is connected. The algorithm solves the region gap problem in light networks, but it causes unnecessary
overhead in dense networks.This algorithm uses a mix of geocast and perimeter routing to guarantee the
delivery of thegeocast packet to all nodes in the region. To illustrate the idea, assume there is a gap betweentwo
clusters of nodes inside the region. The nodes around the gap are part of the same planarface. Thus if a packet is
sent in perimeter mode by a node on the gap border, it will go around thegap and traverse the nodes on the other
side of the gap. The idea is to useperimeter routing on the faces intersecting the region border in addition to
flooding inside theregion to reach all nodes.In addition, all nodes on theborder of the region send perimeter
mode packets to their neighbors that are outside of theregion. A node is a region border node if it has neighbors
outside of the region. By sendingperimeter packets to neighbors outside the region perimeter mode packets are
sentonly to neighbors in the planar graph not to all physical neighbors, the faces intersecting theregion border
are traversed. The node outside the region, receiving the perimeter mode packet,forwards the packet using the
right-hand rule to its neighbor in the planar graph and thatneighbor forwards it to its neighbor.
Algorithm:
Input:Region.
Output: Geocast region tracking.
4. Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile…
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step1: For each region Ti from Ts
Match Ti with regions of Geocast (G)
if ∀(𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝐺)∃𝑇𝑖) then
Extract the region from G as location = Region (Ti) ∃𝐺𝑒𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑡
End.
end.
Step2: for each size m From M
Constructareaof region size m.
IE = 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑁 × 𝑚 × 𝑚 )
𝑛
𝑚
For each Geocast region Pi from IE
ComputeGeocast region Ge =
𝑁𝑃𝑖
𝑚
𝑁
1
N- Total number of region present in IE.
m – Node of region.
if Ge>previous then
Keep the region of Pi.
End.
End
Step3: stop.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The proposed PAGRM with node region tracking approach has been implemented and tested for its
efficiency. The proposed method has produced efficient results in all the factors of ad hoc routing. The method
has produced higher resistance in adversary node identification and has produced higher rate of detection.
Graph1: Various types of region tracking
Figure 2: Performance of Throughput
0
20
40
60
80
100
Geocast
region
SC CD-P Region
Base
Tracking
G-ERLAR MFB-GRT PAGRM
noofregiontrackingin%
REGION TRACKING
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
10 20 30 40 50 100 200
Timeinsec
Over all Throughput Performance
PAGRM
MFB-GRT
G-ERLAR
Region Based Tracking
SC CD-P
No of packets
ge
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Figure3: Comparison of time complexity in region tracking
The graph3, shows the comparison of time complexity introduced by various methods in region
tracking and it shows clearly that the proposed method has produced less time complexity than others.
V. CONCLUSION:
We have presented an overview of geographic PAGRM for wireless ad hoc networks. It is obvious that
utilizing the geographic information is vital for building scalable and efficient techniques in these environments.
This study shows that there is a significant amount of work done in this area. Nevertheless, in order for power
aware Geocast region to be implemented in the real-world, they need a higher degree of robustness to the
realistic environmental conditions. In our work, we focus on this issue of assessing the robustness of geographic
region tracking to non-ideal conditions corresponding to the real-world environments and designing new
strategies and protocols that take these conditions into network.
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[5] I. Akyildiz, J. Ho, and Y. Lin. “Movement-Based Location Update and Selective Paging for PCS Networks”. August 2006.
[6] D. Estrin, M. Handley, A. Helmy, P. Huang, and D. Thaler. “A Dynamic Bootstrap Mechanism for Rendezvous-basedMulticast
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[7] D. De Couto and R. Morris. “Location Proxies and Intermediate Node Forwarding for Practical Geographic Forwarding”. June
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[8] W. H. Liao, Y. C. Tseng, K. L. Lo, J. P. Sheu. “Geogrid:A geocasting protocol for mobile ad hoc networks based ongrid”. 2010.
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