Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
Capsule endoscopy provides a non-invasive method to examine the small intestine using a pill-sized camera that is swallowed. It takes and transmits images that are recorded for physicians to review. Previous endoscopy methods could not fully examine the small intestine. Research shows capsule endoscopy can diagnose certain gastrointestinal diseases. The document discusses the
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule endoscopy device used to examine the digestive tract. It is about the size of a pill and contains a camera, lights, batteries, and transmitter. Patients swallow the capsule, which takes pictures as it passes through the digestive system. The images are transmitted to a data recorder and can be reviewed later by doctors. The capsule offers a non-invasive alternative to traditional endoscopy for examining the small intestine. Key benefits include increased patient comfort and ability to capture images of hard to reach areas of the digestive tract.
The document describes a capsule camera, also known as capsule endoscopy. It provides a brief history of endoscopy and describes how the capsule camera was invented in 2000. The summary provides an overview of the key components of the capsule camera, including a CMOS image sensor, batteries, transmitter, and antenna. It also describes how the capsule camera works, taking images as it passes through the digestive tract that are transmitted to an external recorder. The summary concludes by mentioning some of the advantages of capsule cameras, such as being painless and providing accurate images of the small intestine.
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule endoscopy device used to examine the small intestine. It consists of a pill-sized capsule containing a camera, light source, and transmitter. Patients swallow the capsule, which passes naturally through the digestive tract while transmitting thousands of images. These images are received by a sensor array worn by the patient and recorded for physicians to review on specialized software. The capsule does not require sedation and allows examination of the entire small intestine, providing a more complete evaluation than other endoscopic methods. Key advantages include it being non-invasive, comfortable for patients, and providing better imaging of hard to reach areas of the digestive tract.
Pill Camera is a vitamin pill-sized capsule that travels through the human body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which previously would have been found only through surgery
pill camera/ capsule endoscopy used inn medical field to find out the abnormalities of small intestine. This replaced the convectional endoscopy method.
The document discusses the pill camera, which is a capsule-sized endoscopy device used to non-invasively examine the esophagus and small intestine. The pill camera contains a camera, light source, transmitter and batteries. It is swallowed and passes naturally through the digestive tract, transmitting over 50,000 images to an external recorder. Compared to conventional endoscopy, the pill camera offers a painless procedure without sedation that provides images of the entire small intestine. However, it cannot stop to examine areas of interest and cannot perform biopsies. The document reviews the capsule components, procedure, advantages of providing detailed images without risks of other methods, and applications in diagnosing gastrointestinal conditions.
The document discusses the "camera in a pill", or capsule endoscopy. It provides a high-level overview of the technology, including that a pill-sized camera is swallowed to take images of the small intestine as it passes through. The camera transmits over 56,000 images wirelessly to a sensor array and data recorder worn on the body. The images can later be reviewed by a doctor on specialized software to diagnose conditions of the small intestine.
Capsule endoscopy provides a non-invasive method to examine the small intestine using a pill-sized camera that is swallowed. It takes and transmits images that are recorded for physicians to review. Previous endoscopy methods could not fully examine the small intestine. Research shows capsule endoscopy can diagnose certain gastrointestinal diseases. The document discusses the
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule endoscopy device used to examine the digestive tract. It is about the size of a pill and contains a camera, lights, batteries, and transmitter. Patients swallow the capsule, which takes pictures as it passes through the digestive system. The images are transmitted to a data recorder and can be reviewed later by doctors. The capsule offers a non-invasive alternative to traditional endoscopy for examining the small intestine. Key benefits include increased patient comfort and ability to capture images of hard to reach areas of the digestive tract.
The document describes a capsule camera, also known as capsule endoscopy. It provides a brief history of endoscopy and describes how the capsule camera was invented in 2000. The summary provides an overview of the key components of the capsule camera, including a CMOS image sensor, batteries, transmitter, and antenna. It also describes how the capsule camera works, taking images as it passes through the digestive tract that are transmitted to an external recorder. The summary concludes by mentioning some of the advantages of capsule cameras, such as being painless and providing accurate images of the small intestine.
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule endoscopy device used to examine the small intestine. It consists of a pill-sized capsule containing a camera, light source, and transmitter. Patients swallow the capsule, which passes naturally through the digestive tract while transmitting thousands of images. These images are received by a sensor array worn by the patient and recorded for physicians to review on specialized software. The capsule does not require sedation and allows examination of the entire small intestine, providing a more complete evaluation than other endoscopic methods. Key advantages include it being non-invasive, comfortable for patients, and providing better imaging of hard to reach areas of the digestive tract.
Pill Camera is a vitamin pill-sized capsule that travels through the human body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which previously would have been found only through surgery
pill camera/ capsule endoscopy used inn medical field to find out the abnormalities of small intestine. This replaced the convectional endoscopy method.
The document discusses the pill camera, which is a capsule-sized endoscopy device used to non-invasively examine the esophagus and small intestine. The pill camera contains a camera, light source, transmitter and batteries. It is swallowed and passes naturally through the digestive tract, transmitting over 50,000 images to an external recorder. Compared to conventional endoscopy, the pill camera offers a painless procedure without sedation that provides images of the entire small intestine. However, it cannot stop to examine areas of interest and cannot perform biopsies. The document reviews the capsule components, procedure, advantages of providing detailed images without risks of other methods, and applications in diagnosing gastrointestinal conditions.
The document discusses the "camera in a pill", or capsule endoscopy. It provides a high-level overview of the technology, including that a pill-sized camera is swallowed to take images of the small intestine as it passes through. The camera transmits over 56,000 images wirelessly to a sensor array and data recorder worn on the body. The images can later be reviewed by a doctor on specialized software to diagnose conditions of the small intestine.
The document describes the components and operation of a pill camera. The pill camera is about 26x11 mm in size and can take over 50,000 color images as it passes through the digestive tract. It contains an optical dome with a light receiving window, lens, LED lights, CMOS image sensor, batteries, transmitter, and antenna. The capsule transmits images to an external recorder as it is propelled through the intestines by peristalsis, allowing physicians to non-invasively examine the small intestine.
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a small, capsule-sized camera that can be swallowed to examine the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how the pill camera works, including how it is administered and how images are transmitted. Key advantages are that it provides detailed images of the entire digestive tract without pain or sedation compared to other examination methods. Potential disadvantages are that it is expensive, can become stuck, and doctors have limited control over its movement. The conclusion states it is a pioneering medical technology that has revolutionized diagnostic imaging.
The technology used to achieve manufacturing the product at molecular level is “NANOTECHNOLOGY”.
Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices and system through manipulation of such miniscule matter (nanometer).
Trillions of assemblers will be needed to develop products in viable time
frame.
Pill camera technology allows a miniature camera to be housed in a capsule and passed through the digestive tract to provide images of the small intestine. The capsule captures images as it is propelled through the tract and transmits them to an external recorder. This provides a painless alternative to endoscopy for diagnosing conditions like cancer by visualizing areas that standard techniques cannot reach. The capsule offers advantages over endoscopy like being non-invasive and allowing patients to avoid sedation and return to normal activities after swallowing.
The document discusses capsule cameras, which are pill-sized cameras that can be swallowed to take pictures as they pass through the digestive tract. Conventional methods like endoscopes are limited in the areas they can examine. Capsule cameras contain lenses, lights, batteries, and a transmitter to send over 50,000 high quality images to a data recorder. They help diagnose conditions like Crohn's disease and tumors. Capsule cameras are painless and accurate but have drawbacks like being unable to control behavior, though new technologies may help overcome limitations.
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule-sized camera that can be swallowed to take pictures of the digestive tract. It consists of an optical dome, lens, LED lights, CMOS image sensor, battery, transmitter, and antenna. The procedure involves swallowing the capsule, which then transmits over 50,000 color images as it passes through the digestive system. The capsule provides a painless and accurate way to diagnose gastrointestinal conditions without surgery. However, it is very expensive and cannot be reused. Future improvements could include zooming, auto-focus, smaller size, and longer battery life.
The document describes a pill camera, which is a capsule-sized device that can be swallowed to examine the gastrointestinal tract. The pill camera contains fibers, LEDs, a camera, batteries, and a transmitter to capture and transmit images as it passes through the digestive system. These images are received by a sensor array worn by the patient and recorded for physicians to review. The pill camera provides a non-invasive alternative to traditional endoscopy exams and allows doctors to more easily diagnose digestive diseases.
The pill camera was invented in the 1990s as a minimally invasive way to examine the digestive tract. It is a capsule-sized device containing a camera, lights, batteries, and transmitter. As it passes through the digestive system, it takes over 50,000 images that are transmitted to an external data recorder. The pill camera has revolutionized gastrointestinal diagnosis and detection of conditions like Crohn's disease with its painless, non-invasive procedure.
Capsule endoscopy is a medical procedure where a patient swallows a small capsule containing a camera. The capsule travels through the gastrointestinal tract taking pictures, which are transmitted to a data recorder worn by the patient. This allows physicians to examine the small intestine for conditions like bleeding, polyps, or inflammatory bowel disease. The capsule is painless, provides high quality images, and avoids risks of other imaging techniques. However, it cannot be controlled and may get stuck if obstructions are present. The document provides details on the history, components, procedure, uses, and advantages/disadvantages of capsule endoscopy.
Capsule endoscopy is a procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of your digestive tract. Mainly it observes the 20feet long small intestine.
The document describes the pill camera, a vitamin-sized device invented in 2000 that can be swallowed to take pictures inside the digestive tract to help diagnose problems. It contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries. Images are transmitted to a recorder worn by the patient. The capsule passes naturally through the digestive system, providing a clear view of the intestines. It is an alternative to conventional endoscopy for examining parts of the intestine that cannot be seen with other methods.
The document describes a pill-sized camera called a pill camera that can be swallowed to take over 50,000 photos as it passes through the digestive tract. It consists of components like a lens, light source, and antenna to transmit photos. The pill camera allows physicians to non-invasively examine the small intestine for conditions like Crohn's disease and tumors. It provides advantages over endoscopy by being painless, having no side effects, and enabling high-quality internal images of areas endoscopy can't reach. However, it risks obstruction if partial blockages are present in the small intestine.
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule-sized camera that can be swallowed to take pictures as it passes through the digestive system. It has revolutionized medical diagnosis by allowing doctors to non-invasively examine the small intestine. The pill camera contains a lens, light source, image sensor and transmitter inside a biocompatible casing. It transmits over 5,000 images during its 8-hour operation to an external recorder for analysis by doctors. The pill camera provides a painless alternative to invasive endoscopy and has improved diagnosis of conditions like cancer and ulcers.
The document describes a pill camera, which is a capsule-sized, swallowable camera that can capture over 50,000 images of the inside of the body as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract. It has a diameter of 11mm and length of 26mm, with components like an optical dome, lens, LED lights, CMOS image sensor, batteries, transmitter, and antenna that allow it to wirelessly transmit the captured images to an external data recorder. The pill camera provides a painless and effective way to examine the small intestine for conditions like tumors or ulcers.
Capsule endoscopy leads the doctors examine the lining of the middle part of one’s gastrointestinal tract,which include the three portion of the small intestine(duodenum , jejunum , ileum).
Doctor will give a pill sized video camera for a patient to swallow.
This camera has its own light source and takes picture of small intestine as it passess through .These pictures are send to a small recording device patient have to wear on this body.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
A pill camera is a capsule-sized device used in endoscopy to record images of the digestive tract. It contains a tiny camera that takes pictures after being swallowed. The primary use is to examine the small intestine, which other endoscopy methods cannot access well. The capsule transmits images wirelessly to an external receiver as it passes through the tract. Images are then reviewed by doctors to diagnose problems, though the capsule cannot treat any issues found. While generally safe, there is a small risk of the capsule being retained in the body for an extended time. It works using electromagnetic waves and has protections to safely pass through the digestive system.
The document describes a pill-sized camera that can be swallowed to take pictures inside the digestive tract. It contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries inside a capsule. Over 50,000 color images are transmitted as it passes through the tract. Components include an optical dome, lens, LED lights, image sensor, battery and transmitter. The capsule is swallowed and images are transmitted to a receiver and computer for processing. It can diagnose conditions like Crohn's disease without surgery. Advantages are it is painless and provides high quality images of the small intestine. Drawbacks are it may get stuck if obstructions are present, though new bi-directional cameras aim to overcome this.
Travel 2.0 Communities: Who they are and why they matterStuart Hemerling
Travel 2.0 refers to online travel that is community-generated and focused on experience sharing, as opposed to Travel 1.0 which is industry-generated and focused on sales and marketing. TripAdvisor is currently the best known and most visited travel 2.0 site. Travel 2.0 sites allow travelers to organize trips, share experiences through reviews and photos, and interact with other travelers. Those who use travel 2.0 sites tend to have higher incomes and are more influential to other travelers when making travel decisions. Overall ratings of travel 2.0 sites are positive, especially regarding professionalism, look/feel, and content quality.
The document describes the components and operation of a pill camera. The pill camera is about 26x11 mm in size and can take over 50,000 color images as it passes through the digestive tract. It contains an optical dome with a light receiving window, lens, LED lights, CMOS image sensor, batteries, transmitter, and antenna. The capsule transmits images to an external recorder as it is propelled through the intestines by peristalsis, allowing physicians to non-invasively examine the small intestine.
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a small, capsule-sized camera that can be swallowed to examine the gastrointestinal tract. It describes how the pill camera works, including how it is administered and how images are transmitted. Key advantages are that it provides detailed images of the entire digestive tract without pain or sedation compared to other examination methods. Potential disadvantages are that it is expensive, can become stuck, and doctors have limited control over its movement. The conclusion states it is a pioneering medical technology that has revolutionized diagnostic imaging.
The technology used to achieve manufacturing the product at molecular level is “NANOTECHNOLOGY”.
Nanotechnology is the creation of useful materials, devices and system through manipulation of such miniscule matter (nanometer).
Trillions of assemblers will be needed to develop products in viable time
frame.
Pill camera technology allows a miniature camera to be housed in a capsule and passed through the digestive tract to provide images of the small intestine. The capsule captures images as it is propelled through the tract and transmits them to an external recorder. This provides a painless alternative to endoscopy for diagnosing conditions like cancer by visualizing areas that standard techniques cannot reach. The capsule offers advantages over endoscopy like being non-invasive and allowing patients to avoid sedation and return to normal activities after swallowing.
The document discusses capsule cameras, which are pill-sized cameras that can be swallowed to take pictures as they pass through the digestive tract. Conventional methods like endoscopes are limited in the areas they can examine. Capsule cameras contain lenses, lights, batteries, and a transmitter to send over 50,000 high quality images to a data recorder. They help diagnose conditions like Crohn's disease and tumors. Capsule cameras are painless and accurate but have drawbacks like being unable to control behavior, though new technologies may help overcome limitations.
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule-sized camera that can be swallowed to take pictures of the digestive tract. It consists of an optical dome, lens, LED lights, CMOS image sensor, battery, transmitter, and antenna. The procedure involves swallowing the capsule, which then transmits over 50,000 color images as it passes through the digestive system. The capsule provides a painless and accurate way to diagnose gastrointestinal conditions without surgery. However, it is very expensive and cannot be reused. Future improvements could include zooming, auto-focus, smaller size, and longer battery life.
The document describes a pill camera, which is a capsule-sized device that can be swallowed to examine the gastrointestinal tract. The pill camera contains fibers, LEDs, a camera, batteries, and a transmitter to capture and transmit images as it passes through the digestive system. These images are received by a sensor array worn by the patient and recorded for physicians to review. The pill camera provides a non-invasive alternative to traditional endoscopy exams and allows doctors to more easily diagnose digestive diseases.
The pill camera was invented in the 1990s as a minimally invasive way to examine the digestive tract. It is a capsule-sized device containing a camera, lights, batteries, and transmitter. As it passes through the digestive system, it takes over 50,000 images that are transmitted to an external data recorder. The pill camera has revolutionized gastrointestinal diagnosis and detection of conditions like Crohn's disease with its painless, non-invasive procedure.
Capsule endoscopy is a medical procedure where a patient swallows a small capsule containing a camera. The capsule travels through the gastrointestinal tract taking pictures, which are transmitted to a data recorder worn by the patient. This allows physicians to examine the small intestine for conditions like bleeding, polyps, or inflammatory bowel disease. The capsule is painless, provides high quality images, and avoids risks of other imaging techniques. However, it cannot be controlled and may get stuck if obstructions are present. The document provides details on the history, components, procedure, uses, and advantages/disadvantages of capsule endoscopy.
Capsule endoscopy is a procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of your digestive tract. Mainly it observes the 20feet long small intestine.
The document describes the pill camera, a vitamin-sized device invented in 2000 that can be swallowed to take pictures inside the digestive tract to help diagnose problems. It contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries. Images are transmitted to a recorder worn by the patient. The capsule passes naturally through the digestive system, providing a clear view of the intestines. It is an alternative to conventional endoscopy for examining parts of the intestine that cannot be seen with other methods.
The document describes a pill-sized camera called a pill camera that can be swallowed to take over 50,000 photos as it passes through the digestive tract. It consists of components like a lens, light source, and antenna to transmit photos. The pill camera allows physicians to non-invasively examine the small intestine for conditions like Crohn's disease and tumors. It provides advantages over endoscopy by being painless, having no side effects, and enabling high-quality internal images of areas endoscopy can't reach. However, it risks obstruction if partial blockages are present in the small intestine.
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule-sized camera that can be swallowed to take pictures as it passes through the digestive system. It has revolutionized medical diagnosis by allowing doctors to non-invasively examine the small intestine. The pill camera contains a lens, light source, image sensor and transmitter inside a biocompatible casing. It transmits over 5,000 images during its 8-hour operation to an external recorder for analysis by doctors. The pill camera provides a painless alternative to invasive endoscopy and has improved diagnosis of conditions like cancer and ulcers.
The document describes a pill camera, which is a capsule-sized, swallowable camera that can capture over 50,000 images of the inside of the body as it passes through the gastrointestinal tract. It has a diameter of 11mm and length of 26mm, with components like an optical dome, lens, LED lights, CMOS image sensor, batteries, transmitter, and antenna that allow it to wirelessly transmit the captured images to an external data recorder. The pill camera provides a painless and effective way to examine the small intestine for conditions like tumors or ulcers.
Capsule endoscopy leads the doctors examine the lining of the middle part of one’s gastrointestinal tract,which include the three portion of the small intestine(duodenum , jejunum , ileum).
Doctor will give a pill sized video camera for a patient to swallow.
This camera has its own light source and takes picture of small intestine as it passess through .These pictures are send to a small recording device patient have to wear on this body.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
A pill camera is a capsule-sized device used in endoscopy to record images of the digestive tract. It contains a tiny camera that takes pictures after being swallowed. The primary use is to examine the small intestine, which other endoscopy methods cannot access well. The capsule transmits images wirelessly to an external receiver as it passes through the tract. Images are then reviewed by doctors to diagnose problems, though the capsule cannot treat any issues found. While generally safe, there is a small risk of the capsule being retained in the body for an extended time. It works using electromagnetic waves and has protections to safely pass through the digestive system.
The document describes a pill-sized camera that can be swallowed to take pictures inside the digestive tract. It contains a camera, lights, transmitter and batteries inside a capsule. Over 50,000 color images are transmitted as it passes through the tract. Components include an optical dome, lens, LED lights, image sensor, battery and transmitter. The capsule is swallowed and images are transmitted to a receiver and computer for processing. It can diagnose conditions like Crohn's disease without surgery. Advantages are it is painless and provides high quality images of the small intestine. Drawbacks are it may get stuck if obstructions are present, though new bi-directional cameras aim to overcome this.
Travel 2.0 Communities: Who they are and why they matterStuart Hemerling
Travel 2.0 refers to online travel that is community-generated and focused on experience sharing, as opposed to Travel 1.0 which is industry-generated and focused on sales and marketing. TripAdvisor is currently the best known and most visited travel 2.0 site. Travel 2.0 sites allow travelers to organize trips, share experiences through reviews and photos, and interact with other travelers. Those who use travel 2.0 sites tend to have higher incomes and are more influential to other travelers when making travel decisions. Overall ratings of travel 2.0 sites are positive, especially regarding professionalism, look/feel, and content quality.
This document discusses a travel app called Travel Buddy that aims to provide a complete travel solution for tourists. It allows users to book accommodations and transportation, get recommendations for attractions, order food, book taxis, create travel communities, and share or purchase internet data from locals. The app sees opportunities in being a one-stop solution and in facilitating data sharing and community building. It plans to partner with local aggregators and tour operators and reach 1 million users through digital marketing and awareness drives. Competitors provide some but not all of Travel Buddy's proposed services.
1. The document proposes the development of a virtual fitting room application using augmented reality to allow users to try on clothes virtually when shopping online.
2. Research into augmented reality found that it overlays digital components such as 3D models onto a live video feed when a marker is detected by the camera.
3. An online survey found that most respondents were positive about the idea but some had concerns about being able to view outfits from all angles.
The singularity is coming by Takuya Matsuda - CODE BLUE 2015CODE BLUE
An Artificial Intelligence (AI) extremely surpassed the human intelligence is called "Superintelligence". In a short while, the Superintelligence will be developed for the first time in our history. The Superintelligence raises an exponential development of the scientific technology and affects the human society and civilization. The time is called "Singularity (Technological Singularity)". An American futurist Ray Kurzweil, who bruits the concept of Singularity, predicts that the time will come in the year 2045. And he also predicts that the capacity of the AI will gets up to that of a human in the year 2029. I would like to call the period prior to 2045 as "Pre-Singularity". An AI used for a specific purpose is called "Narrow AI", and an AI used for general purposes is called "Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)“. Today there is only Narrow AI, but it will greatly affect the human society such as Technological Unemployment in the coming future. If AGI comes into being, the influence increases dramatically. Researchers all over the world endeavors to develop the AGI. In recent years, researches of the Superintelligence are implemented in Japan. I will discuss what is the Superintelligence and political, economic, technological and military significances. I will especially introduce the roadmap for the development of the Super intelligence in Japan. I will also discuss about the possibility that Singularity will be occurred from Japan in 2020s much earlier than the year 2045.
Parent communication register android applicationBhadra Gowdra
In this new era of Science and Technology, computer is one of the most important components in our life. Works can be done in a better way by the help of computer.
The Main aim of our project is to automate the attendance in the form of Android Mobile Application. Our intention is to establish a good communication between Student Mentor and parent.We have seen over the years that the process of manual attendance is being carried out across almost all educational institutions. The process is not only time consuming but also sometimes yield inefficient results in the false marking and calculation of attendance. We need not maintain pen and paper based attendance registers. Following this thought, we have proposed a Parent communication register android application APP by which we notify parents via SMS OR a call Notification system which is implemented on Android mobile application.This Android application will give the students attendance information and SMS notification feature whereby every parent will be periodically notified regarding his/her child attendance. Our system primarily focuses on building an efficient and user friendly Android mobile application. The application will be installed on the Mentor phone which runs android OS. It intends to provide an interface to the professor who will require a user id and password to carry out the task. Apart from that, the application would support strong user authentication and quick transmission of data.
Your birth-date-surprisingly-reveals-a-lot-about-your-personality,-know-them!Bhadra Gowdra
This document discusses how a person's birth date can reveal aspects of their personality. It claims that people born on certain dates in the month (1st, 10th, 19th, 28th for example) are natural born leaders. Others born on dates like the 2nd, 11th, 20th or 29th are said to be highly sensitive. The 3rd, 12th, 21st or 30th are purported to be very creative. The document then provides brief personality descriptions for each date of the month.
Information security is about protecting data from unauthorized access or modification. The document discusses several key aspects of information security including security attacks (active and passive), security services (confidentiality, authentication, integrity, etc.), and security mechanisms (encryption, digital signatures, access control). It also defines common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVE), which is a list of known cybersecurity threats maintained by MITRE to help identify vulnerabilities.
The article examines the Uniform Trade Secrets Act adopted by the Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1979. The Act aims to harmonize and clarify trade secret law, which had developed differently across states under common law. The summary discusses:
1) Trade secret law protects commercially valuable ideas and information from misappropriation through improper means such as theft, breach of confidentiality, or espionage.
2) Common law trade secret principles vary between jurisdictions, creating a need for uniform rules.
3) The Uniform Trade Secrets Act codifies trade secret definitions and available remedies, aiming to standardize an important area of commercial law across states.
PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT:
This project is mainly used to decrease the time constrain to find all fun and food zones near to the user location.The main advantage of this application is the user can view all the fun and food zones at one place,now we have so many websites and applications which gives information only about food or fun individually.To overcome this disadvantage we developed an application which gives all the details about both fun and food zones based on user specified location so we Entitled this project as ‘FUN AND FOOD’ it is used to provide all fun and food zones near to location specified by the user.The user can view minimum details of nearest fun and food zones and user can also view the details of respective fun and food service provider.
This document is a mini project report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Computer Science and Engineering. It describes a project to create a "College Phone Book" application, with the goal of storing contact information for students and faculty at the college. The report includes sections on introduction, literature survey, requirements analysis, implementation, system design, coding, system testing, screenshots, limitations and future enhancements, and conclusion. It was created by four students under the guidance of an associate professor.
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.
Matt wants to buy a bus for a school in Nepal to help children who walk for hours each way to get to their only opportunity for an education. He is asking 1,000 people to donate $25 each to reach his $25,000 goal and buy the bus for Maggie Doyne's Kopi la Valley Primary School by his 25th birthday on December 25th. The bus would help save children like Laxmi Karki, who walks 5 hours round trip daily, and Nisha Bakabal, who walks 2 hours round trip daily, from the harsh realities and dangers of their long walks.
The document describes the objectives and process of a buddy program for new employees. The goals are to help new employees feel welcome and understand the company culture, policies, and day-to-day operations. As part of the program, an experienced employee is assigned as a "buddy" to each new hire. The buddy acts as a mentor and guide, answering questions and assisting with introductions, training, and acclimating to workplace norms. The roles and responsibilities of both the buddy and new employee are outlined, along with guidelines for how long the pairing should last and how often they should meet.
Virtual reality is a computer-generated simulation of an environment that users can interact with. It tracks users in real-time to give the impression of being in the simulated world. VR has been used since the 1950s in flight simulators and has since expanded to entertainment, design, education, and more. There are several types of VR including immersive, augmented, projected, and desktop. Key VR technologies include head-mounted displays, haptic interfaces, CAVE systems, and motion tracking. VR has many applications such as rehabilitation, training, education, design, and more. Major VR software includes VRML for creating virtual worlds on the web.
This document presents an overview of Blue Eyes Technology, which aims to create computational machines that have human-like sensory abilities such as sight and emotion detection. It does this using technologies like an Emotion Mouse that can sense a user's mood based on hand pressure and temperature, as well as eye tracking sensors that allow computers to see where a user is looking. The goal is for computers to be able to understand user emotions and identity to have more natural human-computer interaction. Future applications mentioned include using these sensors in cars, games, and industrial control centers.
STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION OF CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY (PILL CAMERA) TECHNOLO...ijfcstjournal
This research paper examined and re-evaluates the technological innovation, theory, structural dynamics
and evolution of Pill Camera(Capsule Endoscopy) technology in redirecting the response manner of small
bowel (intestine) examination in human. The Pill Camera (Endoscopy Capsule) is made up of sealed
biocompatible material to withstand acid, enzymes and other antibody chemicals in the stomach is a
technology that helps the medical practitioners especially the general physicians and the
gastroenterologists to examine and re-examine the intestine for possible bleeding or infection. Before the
advent of the Pill camera (Endoscopy Capsule) the colonoscopy was the local method used but research
showed that some parts (bowel) of the intestine can’t be reach by mere traditional method hence the need
for Pill Camera. Countless number of deaths from stomach disease such as polyps, inflammatory bowel
(Crohn”s diseases), Cancers, Ulcer, anaemia and tumours of small intestines which ordinary would have
been detected by sophisticated technology like Pill Camera has become norm in the developing nations.
Nevertheless, not only will this paper examine and re-evaluate the Pill Camera Innovation, theory,
Structural dynamics and evolution it unravelled and aimed to create awareness for both medical
practitioners and the public.
This research paper examined and re-evaluates the technological innovation, theory, structural dynamics and evolution of Pill Camera(Capsule Endoscopy) technology in redirecting the response manner of smallbowel (intestine) examination in human. The Pill Camera (Endoscopy Capsule) is made up of sealed biocompatible material to withstand acid, enzymes and other antibody chemicals in the stomach is a technology that helps the medical practitioners especially the general physicians and the gastroenterologists to examine and re-examine the intestine for possible bleeding or infection. Before the advent of the Pill camera (Endoscopy Capsule) the colonoscopy was the local method used but research showed that some parts (bowel) of the intestine can’t be reach by mere traditional method hence the need for Pill Camera.
STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION OF CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY (PILL CAMERA) TECHNOLO...ijfcstjournal
This research paper examined and re-evaluates the technological innovation, theory, structural dynamics
and evolution of Pill Camera(Capsule Endoscopy) technology in redirecting the response manner of small
bowel (intestine) examination in human. The Pill Camera (Endoscopy Capsule) is made up of sealed
biocompatible material to withstand acid, enzymes and other antibody chemicals in the stomach is a
technology that helps the medical practitioners especially the general physicians and the
gastroenterologists to examine and re-examine the intestine for possible bleeding or infection. Before the
advent of the Pill camera (Endoscopy Capsule) the colonoscopy was the local method used but research
showed that some parts (bowel) of the intestine can’t be reach by mere traditional method hence the need
for Pill Camera. Countless number of deaths from stomach disease such as polyps, inflammatory bowel
(Crohn”s diseases), Cancers, Ulcer, anaemia and tumours of small intestines which ordinary would have
been detected by sophisticated technology like Pill Camera has become norm in the developing nations.
Nevertheless, not only will this paper examine and re-evaluate the Pill Camera Innovation, theory,
Structural dynamics and evolution it unravelled and aimed to create awareness for both medical
practitioners and the public.
STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS AND EVOLUTION OF CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY (PILL CAMERA) TECHNOLO...ijfcstjournal
This research paper examined and re-evaluates the technological innovation, theory, structural dynamics
and evolution of Pill Camera(Capsule Endoscopy) technology in redirecting the response manner of small
bowel (intestine) examination in human. The Pill Camera (Endoscopy Capsule) is made up of sealed
biocompatible material to withstand acid, enzymes and other antibody chemicals in the stomach is a
technology that helps the medical practitioners especially the general physicians and the
gastroenterologists to examine and re-examine the intestine for possible bleeding or infection. Before the
advent of the Pill camera (Endoscopy Capsule) the colonoscopy was the local method used but research
showed that some parts (bowel) of the intestine can’t be reach by mere traditional method hence the need
for Pill Camera. Countless number of deaths from stomach disease such as polyps, inflammatory bowel
(Crohn”s diseases), Cancers, Ulcer, anaemia and tumours of small intestines which ordinary would have
been detected by sophisticated technology like Pill Camera has become norm in the developing nations.
Nevertheless, not only will this paper examine and re-evaluate the Pill Camera Innovation, theory,
Structural dynamics and evolution it unravelled and aimed to create awareness for both medical
practitioners and the public.
This document discusses capsule endoscopy, a medical procedure where patients swallow a pill-sized capsule containing a camera. The capsule passes naturally through the digestive tract, taking over 2,600 images which are transmitted to a recorder. This allows physicians to noninvasively examine the entire small intestine. The technology has advanced from basic endoscopy in the 1960s to now include capsule cameras, which provide benefits over traditional endoscopy like viewing the entire GI tract and earlier cancer detection. The capsule uses ultra-low power wireless transmission of images to help diagnose conditions like bleeding, Crohn's disease, and small bowel tumors.
The document summarizes a pill camera, which is a capsule-sized device that can be swallowed to take pictures throughout the digestive tract. It passes naturally through the stomach and intestines, taking over 50,000 pictures that are transmitted to an external recorder. This allows physicians to examine the entire small intestine non-invasively. While it provides a safer alternative to endoscopy, there are risks like intestinal obstruction for some patients and it has a higher cost than conventional endoscopy.
Capsule endoscopy was first used in humans in 1999 and approved by the FDA in 2001. It has become a valuable tool for investigating gastrointestinal diseases. The capsule consists of lenses, LEDs, batteries, and an imaging sensor that transmits thousands of images as it passes through the digestive tract. Preparations may include laxatives or other medications. Complications are rare but include capsule retention. Technical improvements continue to enhance image quality and navigation capabilities. Future directions include remote-controlled and self-propelled capsules.
The document discusses capsule endoscopy, a medical procedure where a patient swallows a small capsule containing a camera to provide internal images of the gastrointestinal tract. Specifically, it focuses on the PillCam ESO capsule used to examine the esophagus. It describes how the capsule works, capturing images as it passes through the esophagus. It also outlines the procedure, including swallowing the capsule, wearing an external recorder, and physicians reviewing the images afterwards.
Dr. Jeffrey Milsom and Dr. Fred Cornhill lead the Minimally Invasive New Technologies (MINT) program at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center to develop new endolumenal surgical techniques and technologies. Their goal is to transform digestive disease surgery by performing procedures entirely within the intestine using their Endolumenal Surgical Platform (ESP). ESP and future platforms will allow complex procedures to be done without incisions, improving patient outcomes and safety while lowering costs. The MINT team's innovations have the potential to redefine care for common digestive diseases and conditions that currently require open or laparoscopic surgery.
Endoscopy refers to examining the interior of the body using an endoscope, an instrument used to look inside hollow organs and cavities. Endoscopes can be used to perform simple procedures and surgery with small incisions. Various types of endoscopes and endoscopic procedures are described for examining different parts of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and reproductive systems. Endoscopy allows doctors to visualize the inside of organs and potentially treat any abnormalities found.
Endoscopy refers to examining the interior of the body using an endoscope, an instrument used to look inside hollow organs and cavities. Endoscopes can be used to perform simple procedures and surgery with small incisions. Various types of endoscopes and endoscopic procedures are described for examining different parts of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and reproductive systems. Endoscopy allows doctors to visualize the inside of organs and potentially treat any abnormalities found.
This document discusses Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES), a new surgical technique. NOTES involves performing surgery using an endoscope inserted through natural openings like the mouth, vagina, or anus without external incisions. The document provides a brief history of NOTES, describes some procedures that have been performed, and discusses potential advantages as well as challenges to further development and acceptance of the technique.
Capsule endoscopy involves swallowing a small pill-sized camera to examine the small intestine. The camera takes images as it passes through the intestines, which are transmitted to a recorder worn by the patient. This allows visualization of the small intestine, which cannot be examined by standard endoscopy. It may help detect sources of bleeding, polyps, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcers or tumors. The procedure involves no pain, sedation or radiation risk compared to other imaging methods.
The document discusses a pill camera, which is a capsule endoscopy used to detect diseases in the small intestine. The pill camera contains a lens, LEDs, battery, image sensor, and transmitter to capture and transmit images. It passes naturally through the digestive tract, allowing visualization of the small intestine without risks of traditional endoscopy. The document outlines the interior components of the pill camera, how it works, applications for detecting conditions like Crohn's disease, and potential future improvements.
The document describes a capsule camera, or pill camera, which is a miniature camera that can be swallowed to examine the digestive tract. It consists of a lens, light source, battery and transmitter inside a capsule the size of a pill. The capsule passes naturally through the digestive system, taking pictures that are transmitted to a data recorder. The images allow physicians to detect conditions like Crohn's disease or tumors in the small intestine in a non-invasive way. While innovative, capsule endoscopy has limitations like inability to control the camera and risk of obstruction if narrowing is present.
The document discusses various advances in medical technology in the 21st century, including 4D ultrasound that provides more detailed moving images of fetuses; microfluidic chips that can quickly diagnose the flu; non-invasive methods for detecting diabetes; brain-computer interfaces; ingestible camera pills; smart capsules equipped with tools and sensors; engineered bacteria that prevent tooth decay; artificial lymph nodes; sensors for monitoring asthma and detecting oral cancer from saliva; biological pacemakers; prosthetics that provide feedback to the user; smart contact lenses that monitor eye pressure; speech restoration devices; and absorbable heart stents. The technologies presented help with diagnoses, treatment, and quality of life.
Transgastric and transvaginal endoscopic cholecystectomy procedures were performed in 27 patients between 2007-2008. The procedures were performed using hybrid NOTES techniques, with laparoscopic assistance. Both transgastric and transvaginal routes were utilized to access the peritoneal cavity. The authors present their initial experience with these novel natural orifice techniques for cholecystectomy in humans.
Analysis of historical movie data by BHADRABhadra Gowdra
Recommendation system provides the facility to understand a person's taste and find new, desirable content for them automatically based on the pattern between their likes and rating of different items. In this paper, we have proposed a recommendation system for the large amount of data available on the web in the form of ratings, reviews, opinions, complaints, remarks, feedback, and comments about any item (product, event, individual and services) using Hadoop Framework.
I locate security for lost or misplaced devices PPTBhadra Gowdra
ILocate comes with the set of features to locate your lost or misplaced android mobile. User may find his mobile by turning off the silent mode by sending simple code as a text message to make his mobile ring.
User may also locate his device on map by requesting the mobile’s current location through sending a simple preconfigured code as text message from another trusted device to user’s mobile. In response user will get a link as a text message on a trusted device which will show user’s mobile’s current location on map.
User can choose specific numbers to receive the command from by maintaining a list called – ‘Whitelist’.
Currently there are no proper managed system which can give all the information’s easily at one place, if a person wants to know about the current event happening around him, then he have to use a pc to search related information and there are no proper website exists which provides all the information at the same place, then if he gets the event location even though he have to suffer a lot to reach that place, in the stadium after taking the seat if the person wants to eat something or order something he need to go to the food court nearby him which again need a lot of time in the searching process in the main time they may miss a lot of stuff in the show . This is what the existing unmanaged system look like.
The Fun and Food application can manage all those things in a very good and efficient way, The application is very powerful and efficient that it can locate user’s required position and track all the nearby fun and food zones currently available, if user selects any zone the app will automatically provide the minimum detail about the zone i.e., minimum cost, entry fee such kind of detail are being displayed in the app. We will get the zones on the base of location which will be a viewed in a list which contains the entire fun and food zones at that particular location.
Worldranking universities final documentationBhadra Gowdra
With the upcoming data deluge of semantic data, the fast growth of ontology bases has brought significant challenges in performing efficient and scalable reasoning. Traditional centralized reasoning methods are not sufficient to process large ontologies. Distributed searching methods are thus required to improve the scalability and performance of inferences. This paper proposes an incremental and distributed inference method for large-scale ontologies by using Map reduce, which realizes high-performance reasoning and runtime searching, especially for incremental knowledge base. By constructing transfer inference forest and effective assertion triples, the storage is largely reduced and the search process is simplified and accelerated. We propose an incremental and distributed inference method (IDIM) for large-scale RDF datasets via Map reduce. The choice of Map reduce is motivated by the fact that it can limit data exchange and alleviate load balancing problems by dynamically scheduling jobs on computing nodes. In order to store the incremental RDF triples more efficiently, we present two novel concepts, i.e., transfer inference forest (TIF) and effective assertion triples (EAT). Their use can largely reduce the storage and simplify the reasoning process. Based on TIF/EAT, we need not compute and store RDF closure, and the reasoning time so significantly decreases that a user’s online query can be answered timely, which is more efficient than existing methods to our best knowledge. More importantly, the update of TIF/EAT needs only minimum computation since the relationship between new triples and existing ones is fully used, which is not found in the existing literature. In order to store the incremental RDF triples more efficiently, we present two novel concepts, transfer inference forest and effective assertion triples. Their use can largely reduce the storage and simplify the searching process.
plant disease recognition method is proposed based on plant images abstractBhadra Gowdra
This document proposes a mobile application using image recognition techniques to help farmers identify diseases affecting their crops. The app would allow farmers to take pictures of diseased plants or plant parts and receive an identification of the disease along with recommended treatments. The goal is to help farmers diagnose issues early when damage can be minimized, even if they lack knowledge of plant diseases. It estimates the cost to create such an app at 35,000 INR and lists the three team members who would develop it.
This document provides an overview of brain-computer interfaces (BCI). It discusses the human brain and electroencephalography. It describes two approaches to BCI - pattern recognition based on mental tasks and operant conditioning based on self-regulation of EEG signals. The document outlines the hardware, software, and basic working process of BCI systems. It also covers feedback types, drawbacks, innovators in the field, and applications of BCI technologies. The conclusion evaluates experiments with an adaptive brain interface system.
The document summarizes a technical seminar on brain-computer interfaces (BCI). It begins with certificates of completion and declarations. It then discusses the different types of BCIs, including invasive BCIs implanted in the brain, partially-invasive BCIs implanted in the skull, and non-invasive EEG-based BCIs. The document outlines how BCI works, involving signal acquisition, preprocessing, classification, and using the signals to control external devices. Limitations and applications are discussed, along with the present and future of BCI technology. The seminar provides an overview of BCI systems and their potential to enhance human-computer interaction.
This document appears to be a technical seminar report submitted by a student named N.DEEKSHITH for their bachelor's degree in computer science engineering. The report discusses mobile jammers and was conducted under the guidance of an associate professor named Mr. P.DAYAKAR at MLR Institute of Technology in Hyderabad, India. The report includes an abstract, introduction, working of mobile jammers, advantages and disadvantages.
G.bhadra is pursuing a B.Tech degree from MLR Institute of Technology in Hyderabad. He has received prizes for sports, quizzes and science projects in school. In college, he has received certificates for programming in C and Java. He is interested in working in an organization where he can enhance his knowledge and take on challenges. His hobbies include browsing the internet, playing cricket, listening to music, travelling and video gaming.
Right now, in most of the countries, inside the people ’s wallet, they probably have a the
couple of credit cards, an identification card, automatic machine teller cards (ATM card), and maybe a few other plastic cards. Without realizing it, these plastic cards havebecome a very important part of their life. Although smart card technology improves security and convenient but it is not used in a wide range in Middle East countries.
User acceptance is vital for further development of any fresh technology and smart card technology as well. One of the factors that can effect on the acceptance of smart card technology is users’ awareness. The goal of this study is to present a general overview of smart card technology and identify the smart card’s benefits, features and characteristics and moreover, the level of users’ knowledge and awareness about smart card technology will be evaluated. In order to achieve this goal, a survey was conducted among the international students of University Technology Malaysia to measure their awareness of smart technology
5G wireless technology and internet of thingsBhadra Gowdra
The document discusses the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 5G. It describes the key concepts, architecture, hardware, software and features of 5G. 5G is expected to offer speeds up to 1 Gbps, be more reliable than 4G, and have lower costs than previous generations. It will allow for real wireless connectivity without limitations and support applications like wearable devices, virtual reality, and the Internet of Things.
5th generation mobile networks or 5th generation wireless systems, abbreviated 5G, are the proposed next telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advanced standards.
An initial chip design by Qualcomm in October 2016, the Snapdragon X50 5G modem, supports operations in the 28 GHz band, also known as millimetre wave (mmW) spectrum. With 800 MHz bandwidth support, it is designed to support peak download speeds of up to 35.46 gigabits per second.
5G planning aims at higher capacity than current 4G, allowing a higher density of mobile broadband users, and supporting device-to-device, ultra reliable, and massive machine communications.
5G research and development also aims at lower latency than 4G equipment and lower battery consumption, for better implementation of the Internet of things
INTERNET OF THINGS
. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction
Breast cancer :Receptor (ER/PR/HER2 NEU) Discordance.pptxDr. Sumit KUMAR
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Understanding Atherosclerosis Causes, Symptoms, Complications, and Preventionrealmbeats0
Definition: Atherosclerosis is a condition characterized by the buildup of plaques, which are made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, in the walls of arteries. Over time, these plaques harden and narrow the arteries, restricting blood flow.
Importance: This condition is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease, carotid artery disease, and peripheral artery disease. Understanding atherosclerosis is crucial for preventing these serious health issues.
Overview: We will cover the aims and objectives of this presentation, delve into the signs and symptoms of atherosclerosis, discuss its complications, and explore preventive measures and lifestyle changes that can mitigate risk.
Aim: To provide a detailed understanding of atherosclerosis, encompassing its pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and strategies for prevention and management.
Purpose: The primary purpose of this presentation is to raise awareness about atherosclerosis, highlight its impact on public health, and educate individuals on how they can reduce their risk through lifestyle changes and medical interventions.
Educational Goals:
Explain the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, including the processes of plaque formation and arterial hardening.
Identify the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle.
Discuss the clinical signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of atherosclerosis.
Highlight the potential complications arising from untreated atherosclerosis, including heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Provide practical advice on preventive measures, including dietary recommendations, exercise guidelines, and the importance of regular medical check-ups.
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
1. Technical Project Report
On
“PILL CAMERA”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Computer Science & Engineering
By
G.VEERABHADRA(13R21A05C8)
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
DUNDIGAL(V), QUTHBULLAPUR Mdl), HYDERABAD -500 043.
2016-17
2. Department of Computer Science & Engineering
MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad)
DUNDIGAL(V), QUTHBULLAPUR Mandal, HYDERABAD -500 043.
.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical project entitled “PILL CAMERA” by G
VEERABHADRA(13R21A05C8) has been submitted in the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and
Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad. The results embodied
in this project have not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any
degree or diploma.
Internal Guide Head of the Department
External Examiner
3. DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project entitled “PILL CAMERA” is the work done during the
period from MARCH 2017 and is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of degree of Bachelor of technology in computer Science and Engineering from Jawaharlal
Nehru Technology University, Hyderabad. The results embodied in this project have not been
submitted to any other university or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
GOWDRA VEERABHADRA(13R21A05C8)
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
There are many people who helped me directly and indirectly to complete my project
successfully. I would like to take this opportunity to thank one and all.
First of all I would like to express my deep gratitude towards my internal guide Mr Dr.
Arul Dalton, Assistant Professor. Department of CSE for his support in the completion of my
dissertation. I wish to express my sincere thanks to, Dr. N. Chandrashekar HOD, Dept. of CSE
and also to our principal Dr. P BHASKARAR REDDY for providing the facilities to complete
the dissertation.
I would like to thank all our faculty and friends for their help and constructive criticism
during the project period. Finally, I am very much indebted to our parents for their moral support
and encouragement to achieve goals.
GOEDRA VEERABHADRA(13R21A05C8)
5. Pill Camera Page 1
ABSTRACT
Scientific advances in areas such as nanotechnology and gene therapy Promise to
revolutionize the way we discover and develop drugs, as well as how we diagnose and
treat disease. The ‘camera in a pill’ is one recent development that is generating
considerable interest. Until recently, only the proximal (esophagus, stomach and
duodenum) and the distal (colon) portions of the Gastrointestinal tract were easily
visible using available technology. The twenty feet or so of small intestine in between
these two portions was essentially Unreachable. This hurdle might soon be overcome.
6. Pill Camera Page 2
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2: HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT 2
CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY 4
CHAPTER 4: ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 6
4.1: Internal View of the Capsule
4.2: Pill Camera Platform Components
CHAPTER 5: THE CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURES 17
CHAPTER 6: RESEARCHES 18
CHAPTER 7: ADVANTAGES 19
CHAPTER 8: DISADVANTAGES 20
CHAPTER 9: APPLICATIONS 21
CHAPTER 10: FUTURE SCOPE 22
CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION 24
REFERENCES 25
7. Pill Camera Page 3
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 2.1:EUS Endoscope 2
Fig. 3.1: A capsule in view 4
Fig. 4.1: Wireless Endoscope 6
Fig. 4.2: I internal view of a capsule 8
Fig..4.3: Sensor array belt 13
Fig. 4.4: Data recorder 14
Fig. 4.5: Real time viewer 15
8. CHAPTER 1 Page 1
INTRODUCTION
The advancement of our technology today has lead to its effective use and application to the
medical field. One effective and purposeful application of the advancement of technology is
the process of Endoscopy, which is used to diagnose and examine the conditions of the
gastrointestinal tract of the patents. It has been reported that this process is done by inserting an
8mm tube through the mouth, with a camera at one end, and images are shown on nearby
monitor, allowing the medics to carefully guide it down to the gullet or stomach.
However, despite the effectiveness of this process to diagnose the patients, research shows
that endoscopy is a pain stacking process not only for the patients, but also for the doctors and
nurses as well. From this, the evolution of the wireless capsule endoscope has emerged. Reports,
that through the marvels of miniaturization, people with symptoms that indicate a possible in the
gastrointestinal tract can now swallow a tiny camera that takes snapshots inside the body for a
physician to evaluate.
The miniature camera, along with a light, transmitter, and batteries, called capsule cam, is
housed in a capsule, the size of a large vitamin pill, and is used in a procedure known as capsule
endoscopy, which is a non-invasive and painless way of looking into the esophagus and small
intestine. Once swallowed, the capsule is propelled through the small intestine by peristalsis,
and acquires and transmits digital images at the rate of two per second to a sensor array
attached to the patients abdomen, through a recording device worn on a belt stores the images,
to be examined and reviewed.
9. CHAPTER Page 2
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) endoscopes are unique because they offer ultrasound guided
needle biopsy, colour Doppler and advanced image. The technology available to doctors has
evolved dramatically over the past 40 years, enabling specially trained gastroenterologists
to perform tests and procedures that traditionally required surgery or were difficult on the
patient.
Fig.2.1:EUS endoscope
"Basic endoscopy was introduced in the late 1960s”, and about 20 years later, ultrasound was
added, enabling us to look at internal GI structures as never before. Now, with EUS ,we can
determine the extent to which tumors in the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, or rectum have
spread in a less invasive way. In addition to using endoscope to stage tumors,
10. Page 3
gastroenterologists can use the instrument to take tissue samples with fine needle aspiration
(FNA). The endoscope, specially equipped with a biopsy needle, is guided to a specific site and
extracts a tissue sample.
One technology that has been available for about 30 years, Endoscopic Retrograde
Cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP),combines X-rays and endoscopy to diagnose conditions
affecting the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and the associated ducts. An endoscope is guided
down the patient's esophagus, stomach, and small intestine, and dye is injected to tiny ducts to
enhance their visibility on X-ray. ERCP's role has expanded, and in retain medical centers,
such as University Hospital's Therapeutic Endoscopy and GI ability center, it is used to place
stents within bile ducts, remove difficult bile duct tones, and obtain biopsy samples.
Motility is the movement of food from one place to another along the digestive tract.
When a person has difficulty in swallow in food or excreting waste, there could be a
motility problem. "Manometer" is a specialized test that gastroenterologists use to record
muscle pressure within the esophagus or anorectic area, essential information for the diagnosis
of esophageal disorder such as achalasia, the failure of the lower esophageal sphincter muscle
to relax, and problem such as fecal incontinence or constipation-related rectal outlet
obstruction.
The traditional pH test involves threading a catheter into the patient's nose and down the
throat; the catheter is attached to a special monitor, which is worn by the patient for 24 hours. A
newer alternative eliminates the catheter completely. Instead, the gastroenterologist, using an
endoscope, attaches a small capsule to the wall of the esophagus. The capsule transmits signals
to a special receiver; afterward, the data is downloaded to a computer at the doctor's office.
11. CHAPTER 3 Page 4
UNDERSTANDING CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY
Capsule Endoscopy lets the doctor to examine the lining of the gastrointestinal tract,
which includes the three portion of the small intestine(duodenum, jejunum, and ileum). A
pill sized video camera is given to swallow. This camera has its own light source and takes
picture of small intestine as it passes through. It produces two frames per second with an
approximate of 56,000 high quality images. These pictures are sending to recording device,
which has to wear on the body.
Fig.3.1: A capsule in view
Doctor will be able to view these pictures at a later time and might be able to provide useful
information regarding a human’s small intestine. Capsule Endoscopy helps the doctor to evaluate
the small intestine. This part of the bowel cannot be reached by traditional upper endoscopy or
12. Page 5
by colonoscopy. The most common reason for doing capsule endoscopy is to search for a
cause of bleeding from the small intestine. It may also be useful for detecting polyps,
inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease), ulcers and tumors of the small intestine.
13. CHAPTER 4 Page 6
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
Fig.4.1:Wireless Capsule Endoscope
Measuring 11×26 mm, the capsule is constructed with an isoplast outer envelope that is
biocompatible and impervious to gastric fluids. Despite its diminutive profile, the envelope
contains LEDs, a lens, a colour camera chip, two silver- oxide batteries, a transmitter, an
antenna, and a magnetic switch. The camera chip is constructed in complementary-metal–
oxide-semiconductor technology to require significantly less power than charge-coupled
devices.
Other construction benefits include the unit’s dome shaped that cleans itself of body fluids
and moves along to ensure optimal imaging to its obtained. For this application, small size and
power efficiency are important. There are three vital technologies that made the tiny imaging
system possible: improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in CMOS detectors,
14. Page 7
development of white LEDs and development of application-specific integrated circuits
(ASICs).
The silver oxide batteries in the capsule power the CMOS detector, as well as the LEDs and
transmitter. The white- light LEDs are important because pathologists distinguish diseased
tissue by colour.
The developers provided a novel optical design that uses a wide-angle over the imager, and
manages to integrate both the LEDs and imager under one dome while handling stray light and
reflections. Recent advances in ASIC design allowed the integration of a video transmitter
of sufficient power output, efficiency, and band width of very small size into the capsule.
Synchronous switching of the LEDs, the CMOS sensor, and ASIC transmitter minimizes the
power consumptions.
The system’s computer work station is equipped with software for reviewing the
camera data using a variety of diagnostic tools. This allows physicians choice of viewing
the information as either streaming or single video images.
15. 4.1 INTERNALVIEW OF THE CAPSULE Page 8
Fig.4.2:Internal view of a capsule
The figure shows the internal view of the pill camera. It has 8 parts:
1. Optical Dome.
2. Lens Holder.
3. Lens.
4. Illuminating LEDs.
5. CMOS Image Sensor.
6. Battery.
7. ASIC Transmitter.
8. Antenna.
16. OPTICAL DOME: Page 9
It is the front part of the capsule and it is bullet shaped. Optical dome is the light receiving
window of the capsule and it is a non- conductor material. It prevents the filtration of digestive
fluids inside the capsule.
LENS HOLDER:
This accommodates the lens. Lenses are tightly fixed in the capsule to avoid dislocation of
lens.
LENS:
It is the integral component of pill camera. This lens is placed behind the Optical Dome. The
light through window falls on the lens.
ILLUMINATING LED’S:
Illuminating LEDs illuminate an object. Non reflection coating is placed on the light
receiving window to prevent the reflection. Light irradiated from the LED’s pass through the light
receiving window.
CMOS IMAGE SENSOR:
It has 140 degree field of view and detect object as small as 0.1mm. It have high precise.
BATTERY:
Battery used in the pill camera is button shaped and two in number and silver oxide primary
batteries are used. It is disposable and harmless material.
ASIC TRANSMITTER:
It is application specific integrated circuit and is placed behind the batteries. Two
transmitting electrodes are connected to this transmitter and these electrodes are electrically
isolated
17. ANTENNA: Page 10
Parylene coated on to polyethylene or polypropylene antennas are used. Antenna receives data
from transmitter and then sends to data recorder.
4.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TRANSMITTER AND RECE
18. Fig.4.3:Video signaltransmitter of capsule. Page 11
Fig.4.4:Receivercircuitinside capsule
In the first block diagram, one SMD type transistor amplifies the video signal for efficient
modulation using a 3 biasing resistor and 1 inductor. In the bottom block, a tiny SAW resonator
oscillates at 315 MHZ for modulation of the video signal. This modulated signal is then radiated
from inside the body to outside the body. For Receiver block diagram a commercialized
ASK/OOK (ON/OFFKeyed) super heterodyne receiver with an 8-pin SMD was used. This single
chip receiver for remote wireless communications, which includes an internal local oscillator
fixed at a single frequency, is based on an external reference crystal or clock. The decoder IC
receives the serial stream and interprets the serial information as 4 bits of binary data. Each bit is
used for channel recognition of the control signal from outside the body. Since the CMOS image
sensor module consumes most of the power compared to the other components in the telemetry
module, controlling the ON/OFF of the CMOS image sensor is very important.
Moreover, since lightning LED’s also use significant amount of power, the individual
ON/OFF control of each LED is equally necessary. As such the control system is divided into 4
19. Page 12
channels in the current study. A high output current amplifier with a single supply is utilized
to drive loads in capsule.
4.3 PILL CAMERA PLATFORM COMPONENTS
In order for the images obtained and transmitted by the capsule endoscope to be useful, they
must be received and recorded for study. Patients undergoing capsule endoscopy bear an antenna
array consisting of leads that are connected by wires to the recording unit, worn in standard
locations over the abdomen, as dictated by a template for lead placement.
The antenna array is very similar in concept and practice to the multiple leads that must be
affixed to the chest of patients undergoing standard lead electrocardiography. The antenna
array and battery pack can be worn under regular clothing. The recording device to which the
leads are attached is capable of recording the thousands of images transmitted by the capsule and
received by the antenna array. Ambulary (non-vigorous) patient movement does not interfere
with image acquisition and recording. A typical capsule endoscopy examination takes
approximately 7 hours.
Mainly there are 5 platform components:
1. Pill cam Capsule -SB or ESO.
2. Sensor Array Belt.
3. Data Recorder.
4. Real Time Viewer.
5. Work Station and Rapid Software.
20. PILL CAMERA CAPSULE: - SB OR ESO Page 13
SB ESO
Approved by Food and
Drug Administration.
Approved by Food and
Drug Administration.
For small bowel. For esophagus.
Standard lighting control. Automatic lighting control.
One side imaging. Two sided imaging.
Two images per second. 14 images per second.
50,000 images in 8 hours. 2,600 images in 20 minutes.
SENSOR ARRAY BELT
Fig.4.5:Sensorarraybelt
Several wires are attached to the abdomen like ECG leads to obtain images by radio
frequency. These wires are connected to a light weight data recorder worn on a belt. Sensor
arrays are used to calculate and indicate the position of capsule in the body. A patient receiver
belt around his or her waist over clothing. A belt is applied around the waist and holds a recording
21. Page 14
device and a battery pack. Sensors are incorporated within the belt. Parts of sensor array are
sensor pads, data cable, battery charging, and receiver bag.
To remove the Sensor Array from your abdomen, do not pull the leads off the Sensor Array!
Peel off each adhesive sleeve starting with the non-adhesive tab without removing the sensor from
the adhesive sleeve. Place the Sensor Array with the rest of the equipment.
DATA RECORDER
Data recorder is a small portable recording device placed in the recorder pouch, attached to
the sensor belt. It has light weight (470 gm.). Data recorder receives and records signals
transmitted by the camera to an array of sensors placed on the patient’s body. It is of the size
of Walkman and it receives and stores 5000 to 6000 JPEG images on a 9 GB hard drive. Images
take several hours to download through several connections.
Fig.4.6:Data recorder
The Data Recorder stores the images of your examination. Handle the Data Recorder,
Recorder Belt, Sensor Array and Battery Pack carefully. Do not expose them to shock, vibration
or direct sunlight, which may result in loss of information. Return all of the equipment as
soon as possible.
22. REAL TIME VIEWER Page 15
Fig.4.7:Realtime viewer
It is a handheld device and it enables real-time viewing. It contains rapid reader software and
colour LCD monitors. It tests the proper functioning before procedures and confirms location of
capsule.
WORKSTATION AND RAPID SOFTWARE
Rapid workstation performs the function of reporting and processing of images and data.
Image data from the data recorder is downloaded to a computer equipped with software called
rapid application software. It helps to convert images in to a movie and allows the doctor to view
the colour 3D images.
Once the patient has completed the endoscopy examination, the antenna array and image
recording device are returned to the health care provider. The recording device is then attached to
a specially modified computer work station, and the entire examination is downloaded in to the
computer, where it becomes available to the physician as a digital video. The workstation software
23. Page 16
allows the viewer to watch the video at varying rates of speed, to view it in both forward and
reverse directions, and to capture and label individual frames as well as brief video clips. Images
showing normal anatomy of pathologic findings can be closely examined in full colour.
A recent addition to the software package is a feature that allows some degree of localization
of the capsule within the abdomen and correlation to the video images. Another new addition to
the software package automatically highlights capsule images that correlate with the existence of
suspected blood or red areas.
24. CHAPTER 5 Page 17
THE CAPSULE ENDOSCOPYPROCEDURES
A typical capsule endoscopic procedures begins with the patient fasting after midnight
on the day before the examination. No formal bowel preparation is required; however,
surfactant (e.g.: simethicone) may be administered prior to the examination to enhance
viewing. After a careful medical examination the patient is fitted with the antenna array and image
recorder. The recording device and its battery pack are worn on a special belt that allows the
patient to move freely. A fully charged capsule is removed from its holder; once the indicator
lights on the capsule and recorder show that data is being transmitted and received, the capsule
is swallowed with a small amount of water. At this point, the patient is free to move about.
Patients should avoid ingesting anything other than clear liquids for approximately two hours
after capsule ingestion (although medications can be taken with water). Patients can eat food
approximately 4 hours after they swallow the capsule without interfering with the examination.
Seven to eight hours after ingestion. The examination can be considered complete, and the
patient can return the antenna array and recording device to the physician. It should be noted that
gastrointestinal motility is variable among individuals, and hyper and hypo motility states
affect the free-floating capsule’s transit rate through the gut. Download of the data in the
recording device to the workstation takes approximately 2.5 to 3 hours. Interpretation of the study
takes approximately 1 hour. Individual frames and video clips of normal or pathologic findings
can be saved and exported as electronic files for incorporation into procedure reports or patient
records.
25. CHAPTER 6 Page 18
RESEARCHES
One research suggests that , with the use of capsule endoscopy, certain gastrointestinal
diseases were diagnosed from a number of patients in a hospital, such as obscure
gastrointestinal bleeding(OGB) and Crone’s disease, and is believed useful in investigating
and guiding further management of patients suspected with the identified diseases. Another
research by supports this claim, and reported that capsule endoscopy is useful for evaluation of
suspected Crohn’s disease, related enteropathy and celiac disease, and is helpful in
assessment of small bowel disease of children.
The third study also evaluates the potential of capsule endoscopy, and conducts a research
to evaluate its safety in patients with implanted cardiac devices, who were being assessed
for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, and determine whether implanted cardiac devices had any
effect on the image capture by capsule endoscopy.
Thus, study concludes that capsule endoscopy was not associated with any adverse cardiac
events, and implanted cardiac devices do not appear to interfere with video capsule imaging. To
put it simply, the three researches conducted, emphasize that the use of capsule endoscopy is safe,
has no side effects, effective, and is efficient in the careful diagnosis and treatment of the patients.
All of the three research studies were able to effectively convey their message and aim, and
give importance to the value and efficiency of using the capsule endoscope as a way of evaluating
the existing gastrointestinal diseases of patients. The researchers were done by letting the
participants swallow the Capsule Endoscope for the physicians to examine and assess the
conditions of their gastrointestinal tract by the image captured by the capsule endoscope. This
process does not only help to detect the severity of the existing gastrointestinal disease but
also determine its effective to the presence of implanted cardiac devices.
The researchers also emphasized that the use of the capsule endoscope is better than using
the traditional endoscope, for the use of the traditional endoscope does not only damage
the gastrointestinal tract of the patients but affects also the patients and the hospital staffs
because of the pain stacking process.
26. CHAPTER 7 Page 19
ADVANTAGES
Painless, no side effects.
Miniature size.
Accurate, precise (view of 150 degree).
High quality images.
Harmless material.
Simple procedure.
High sensitivity and specificity.
Avoids risk in sedation.
Efficient than X-ray CT-scan, normal endoscopy.
27. CHAPTER 8 Page 20
DISADVANTAGES
Gastrointestinal obstructions prevent the free flow of capsule.
Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women face difficulties.
It is very expensive and not reusable.
Capsule endoscopy does not replace standard diagnostic endoscopy.
It is not a replacement for any existing GI imaging technique, generally performed after a
standard endoscopy and colonoscopy.
It cannot be controlled once it has been ingested, cannot be stopped or steered to collect
close-up details.
It cannot be used to take biopsies, apply therapy or mark abnormalities for surgery.
28. CHAPTER 9 Page 21
APPLICATIONS
Biggest impact in the medical industry.
Nano robots perform delicate surgeries.
Pill cam ESO can detect esophageal diseases, gastrointestinal reflex diseases, and barreff’s
esophagus.
Pill cam SB can detect Crohn’s disease, small bowel tumours, small bowel injury, celiac
disease, ulcerative colitis etc.
29. CHAPTER 10 Page 22
FUTURE SCOPE
It seems likely that capsule endoscopy will become increasingly effective in diagnostic
gastrointestinal endoscopy. This will be attractive to patients especially for cancer or varices
detection because capsule endoscopy is painless and is likely to have a higher take up rate
compared to conventional colonoscopy and gastroscopy. Double imager capsules with
increased frame rates have been used to image the esophagus for Barrett’s and esophageal
varices. The image quality is not bad but needs to be improved if it is to become a realistic
substitute for flexible upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. An increase in the frame
rate, angle of view, depth of field, image numbers, duration of the procedure and improvements
in illumination seem likely.
Colonic, esophageal and gastric capsules will improve in quality, eroding the supremacy of
flexible endoscopy, and become embedded into screening programs. Therapeutic capsules will
emerge with brushing, cytology, and fluid aspiration; biopsy and drug delivery capabilities.
Electro cautery may also become possible. Diagnostic capsules will integrate physiological
measurements with imaging and optical biopsy, and immunologic cancer recognition. Remote
control movement will improve with the use of magnets and/or electro stimulation and perhaps
electromechanical methods. External wireless commands will influence capsule diagnosis and
therapy and will increasingly entail the use of real-time imaging. However, it should be noted
that speculations about the future of technology in any detail are almost always wrong.
The development of the capsule endoscopy was made possible by miniaturization of digital
chip camera technology, especially CMOS chip technology. The continued reduction in size,
increases in pixel numbers and improvements in imaging with the two rival technologies-
CCD and CMOS is likely to change the nature of endoscopy. The current differences are
becoming blurred and hybrids are emerging. The main pressure is to reduce the component size,
which will release space that could be used for other capsule functions such as biopsy, coagulation
or therapy. New engineering methods for constructing tiny moving parts, miniature actuators and
even motors into capsule endoscopes are being developed.
30. Page 23
Although semi-conductor lasers that are small enough to swallow are available, the nature of
lasers which have typical inefficiencies of 100-1000 percent makes the idea of a remote laser in
a capsule capable of stopping bleeding or cutting out tumours seems to be something of a pipe
dream at present, because of power requirements.
The construction of an electrosurgical generator small enough to swallow and powered by
small batteries is conceivable but currently difficult because of the limitations imposed by the
internal resistance of the batteries. It may be possible to store power in small capacitors for
endosurgical use, and the size to capacity ratio of some capacitors has recently been reduced by
the use of tantalum. Small motors are currently available to move components such as biopsy
devices but need radio- controlled activators.
One limitation to therapeutic capsule endoscopy is the low mass of the capsule endoscope
(3.7 g). A force exerted on tissue for example by biopsy forceps may push the capsule away from
the tissue. Opening small biopsy forceps to grasp tissue and pull it free will require different
solutions to those used at flexible endoscopy-the push force exerted during conventional biopsy
is typically about 100 g and the force to pull tissue free is about 400 g.
Future diagnostic developments are likely to include capsule gastroscopy, attachment to the
gut wall, ultrasound imaging, biopsy and cytology, propulsion methods and therapy including
tissue coagulation. Narrow band imaging and immunologically or chemically targeted optical
recognition of malignancy are currently being explored by two different groups supported by the
European Union as FP6 projects: -the VECTOR and NEMO projects. These acronyms stand for:
VECTOR = Versatile Endoscopic Capsule for gastrointestinal Tumours Recognition and therapy
and NEMO = Nano-based capsule-Endoscopy with Molecular Imaging and Optical biopsy.
The reason because of doctors rely more on camera pill than other types of endoscope is
because the former has the ability of taking pictures of small intestine which is not possible from
the other types of tests.
31. CONCLUSION Page 24
Wireless capsule endoscopy represents a significant technical breakthrough for the
investigation of the small bowel, especially in light of the shortcomings of other available
techniques to image this region. Capsule endoscopy has the potential for use in a wide range of
patients with a variety of illnesses. At present, capsule endoscopy seems best suited to patients
with gastrointestinal bleeding of unclear etiology who have had non-diagnostic traditional testing
and whom the distal small bowel (beyond reach of a push electroscope) needs to be visualized.
The ability of the capsule to detect small lesions that could cause recurrent bleeding (e.g.
tumours, ulcers) seems ideally suited for this particular role. Although a wide variety of
indications for capsule endoscopy are being investigated, other uses for the device should be
considered experimental at this time and should be performed in the context of clinical trials.
Care must be taken in patient selection, and the images obtained must be interpreted
approximately and not over read that is, not all abnormal findings encountered are the source of
patient’s problem. Still, in the proper context, capsule endoscopy can provide valuable
information and assist in the management of patients with difficult-to-diagnose small bowel
disease.
32. REFERENCES Page 25
[1] Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference, 2009. BioCAS 2009. IEEE.
[2] Intelligent Systems, 2006 3rd International IEEE Conference on capsule endoscopy.
[3] Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on Dec. 2008.
[4] Sidhu, Reena, etal. " Gastrointestinal capsule endoscopy: from tertiary centers to primary
care". BMJ, March 4 2006. 332:528-531. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7540.528.
[5] "Capsule Endoscopy in Gastroenterology". Mayo Clinic. Accessed October 5 2007.