This document discusses open channel flow. It defines open channel flow and describes the different types of channels and flows that can occur, including steady/unsteady, uniform/non-uniform, laminar/turbulent, sub-critical/super-critical flows. It also discusses point velocity, how velocity varies across a channel, and how the average velocity is calculated.
This document summarizes uniform flow in open channels. It defines open channels as streams not completely enclosed by boundaries with a free water surface. Open channels can be natural or artificial with regular shapes. Uniform flow occurs when the depth, area, velocity and discharge remain constant in a channel with a constant slope and roughness. The Chezy and Manning formulas are presented to calculate mean flow velocity from hydraulic radius, slope and conveyance factors. Examples are given to solve for velocity, flow rate, and channel slope using the formulas.
This document provides an overview of open channel hydraulics. It begins by outlining the key concepts that will be covered, including open channel flow, basic equations like Chezy's and Manning's equations, and the concept of most economical channel sections. The document then defines open channel flow and compares it to pipe flow. It discusses various channel types and flow types in open channels. Empirical formulas for determining coefficients in the open channel flow equations are presented. Examples of applying the Manning's equation to calculate flow rate and velocity are shown. The concept of the most economical channel section is explained for rectangular and trapezoidal channel shapes.
This document discusses open channel flow. It begins by defining open channel flow as flow where the surface is open to the atmosphere, with only atmospheric pressure at the surface. It then classifies open channel flows as being either artificial or natural channels. It further classifies flows as being steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent, subcritical, critical, or supercritical. The document also discusses gradually varied and rapidly varied flow, and defines geometric properties of open channels such as depth, width, perimeter, and hydraulic radius. It concludes by discussing the most economical channel sections.
The document discusses and compares the theories of Kennedy and Lacey regarding stable channel design for irrigation canals. Kennedy's theory is based on the concept of critical velocity to prevent silting, while Lacey's regime theory differentiates between true, initial, and final regimes and introduces the concept of a silt factor. The key differences between the two theories are also summarized.
This document discusses open channel flow and its various types. It defines open channel flow as flow with a free surface driven by gravity. It describes four main types of open channel flows:
1. Steady and unsteady flow
2. Uniform and non-uniform flow
3. Laminar and turbulent flow
4. Sub-critical, critical, and super-critical flow
It also discusses discharge equations for open channels including Chezy's formula, Manning's formula, and Bazin's formula. Finally, it covers specific energy, critical depth, and the hydraulic jump in open channel flow.
This document discusses open channel flow, which is the flow of liquid through a conduit with a free surface driven only by gravity. It compares open channel flow to pipe flow, describes different types of open channel flows, parameters used in analysis like hydraulic radius and Froude number, and formulas like Chezy's and Manning's equations used to analyze open channel flow characteristics. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply these concepts and formulas to calculate quantities like velocity, discharge, slope, and critical depth in open channel flow problems.
These slides will help you understand the concept of Specific Energy Curves including Critical depth, Critical velocity, Condition of minimum specific energy, and Condition for maximum discharge.
This document summarizes uniform flow in open channels. It defines open channels as streams not completely enclosed by boundaries with a free water surface. Open channels can be natural or artificial with regular shapes. Uniform flow occurs when the depth, area, velocity and discharge remain constant in a channel with a constant slope and roughness. The Chezy and Manning formulas are presented to calculate mean flow velocity from hydraulic radius, slope and conveyance factors. Examples are given to solve for velocity, flow rate, and channel slope using the formulas.
This document provides an overview of open channel hydraulics. It begins by outlining the key concepts that will be covered, including open channel flow, basic equations like Chezy's and Manning's equations, and the concept of most economical channel sections. The document then defines open channel flow and compares it to pipe flow. It discusses various channel types and flow types in open channels. Empirical formulas for determining coefficients in the open channel flow equations are presented. Examples of applying the Manning's equation to calculate flow rate and velocity are shown. The concept of the most economical channel section is explained for rectangular and trapezoidal channel shapes.
This document discusses open channel flow. It begins by defining open channel flow as flow where the surface is open to the atmosphere, with only atmospheric pressure at the surface. It then classifies open channel flows as being either artificial or natural channels. It further classifies flows as being steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent, subcritical, critical, or supercritical. The document also discusses gradually varied and rapidly varied flow, and defines geometric properties of open channels such as depth, width, perimeter, and hydraulic radius. It concludes by discussing the most economical channel sections.
The document discusses and compares the theories of Kennedy and Lacey regarding stable channel design for irrigation canals. Kennedy's theory is based on the concept of critical velocity to prevent silting, while Lacey's regime theory differentiates between true, initial, and final regimes and introduces the concept of a silt factor. The key differences between the two theories are also summarized.
This document discusses open channel flow and its various types. It defines open channel flow as flow with a free surface driven by gravity. It describes four main types of open channel flows:
1. Steady and unsteady flow
2. Uniform and non-uniform flow
3. Laminar and turbulent flow
4. Sub-critical, critical, and super-critical flow
It also discusses discharge equations for open channels including Chezy's formula, Manning's formula, and Bazin's formula. Finally, it covers specific energy, critical depth, and the hydraulic jump in open channel flow.
This document discusses open channel flow, which is the flow of liquid through a conduit with a free surface driven only by gravity. It compares open channel flow to pipe flow, describes different types of open channel flows, parameters used in analysis like hydraulic radius and Froude number, and formulas like Chezy's and Manning's equations used to analyze open channel flow characteristics. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to apply these concepts and formulas to calculate quantities like velocity, discharge, slope, and critical depth in open channel flow problems.
These slides will help you understand the concept of Specific Energy Curves including Critical depth, Critical velocity, Condition of minimum specific energy, and Condition for maximum discharge.
Case study on effect of water table on bearing capacityAbhishek Mangukiya
The document discusses the effect of water table on soil bearing capacity. It states that a water table located within the width of a foundation's base will reduce the soil's bearing capacity. The bearing capacity equation is provided, along with factors to account for water table depth. If the water table is below the base width, it has no effect on bearing capacity. A case study finds that for a given project, the water table depth exceeds the foundation depth, so there is no water table effect on soil bearing capacity. In summary, the proximity of the water table can impact a soil's ability to support structural loads, and established methods account for water table levels in bearing capacity calculations.
Uniform Flow: Basic concepts of free surface flows,
velocity and pressure distribution,
Mass, energy and momentum principle for prismatic and non-prismatic channels,
Review of Uniform flow: Standard equations,
hydraulically efficient channel sections,
compound sections,
Energy-depth relations:
Concept of specific energy, specific force,
critical flow, critical depth,
hydraulic exponents, and
Channel transitions.
Chapter 9:Uniform flow in mobile boundary channelBinu Karki
This document discusses uniform flow in mobile boundary channels. It defines rigid and mobile boundary channels, with mobile channels having boundaries made of loose soil that can be eroded. For mobile channels, resistance depends on both the boundary and conditions of the bed and banks. The document covers alluvial channels that transport both water and sediment, and describes shear stress distribution, incipient motion conditions, and different types of bed forms that form under varying shear stress levels including ripples, dunes, transition, and antidunes.
Khosla modified Bligh's theory for designing irrigation structures on permeable foundations. Khosla accounted for actual flow patterns below impermeable bases, unlike Bligh. Khosla derived equations to calculate uplift pressures and exit gradients at key points for structures with single or multiple piles. He also defined safe exit gradients and developed a method of independent variables to solve complex profiles by breaking them into simple components and applying corrections. Khosla's theory is now used for designing hydraulic structures on permeable foundations.
This document provides information on the design of unlined canals in alluvial soil based on Kennedy's theory and Lacey's theory. Kennedy's theory relates the critical velocity to the full supply depth and introduces a critical velocity ratio to account for different silt grades. Lacey's theory is based on the concept of a regime channel where silt grade and charge remain constant. It provides equations to calculate velocity, hydraulic mean depth, area, and bed slope without relying on trial and error. Both theories have drawbacks as they do not fully consider variables like changing silt grade and concentration.
The document discusses the design of hydraulic structures and spillways. It defines a spillway as a structure used to safely release water from a dam. The key components of a spillway are the approach facility, discharging conduit, and outlet structure. Seven common types of spillways are described: straight drop, ogee, shaft, chute, side channel, siphon, and labyrinth. Advantages include safely discharging large volumes of water to prevent dam overtopping. Energy dissipation methods at the spillway end such as steps, flip buckets, and stilling basins are also outlined to prevent erosion. Safety measures around spillway operation are mentioned.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
This document summarizes an experiment on open channel flow to develop generalized specific energy and specific force curves. The objectives are to observe flow profiles and plot the curves from observed data. Specific energy and forces are explained. The apparatus includes a tilting flume, manometer, and hook gauge. Procedures describe maintaining discharge and measuring depths at slopes. Graphs show the specific energy curve developed. Precautions ensure accurate measurements. Applications include determining weir heights, flume widths, and sluice gate openings.
This document discusses spillways and energy dissipators for dams. It defines spillways as structures used to safely release surplus water from reservoirs. The main types of spillways are main, auxiliary, and emergency spillways. Spillways can also be classified based on their prominent features, such as free overflow, overflow, side channel, open channel, tunnel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Energy dissipators, such as stilling basins and bucket types, are also discussed to reduce the energy of water flowing from spillways. Common energy dissipator types include horizontal and sloping apron stilling basins, and solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump bucket dissipators.
There are three main modes of failure for earthen dams: hydraulic failure (40%), seepage failure (30%), and structural failure (30%). Hydraulic failures are caused by overtopping, erosion of the downstream toe, or erosion of the upstream or downstream face. Seepage failures occur through concentrated seepage paths that erode soil and cause piping. Structural failures happen due to shear slides in the embankment or foundation, or issues with construction and maintenance such as overly steep slopes. Earthquakes can also induce failures through cracking, overtopping, settlement, shear slides, or liquefaction.
The document discusses various methods for river training including constructing levees, guide banks, and spurs. Levees are embankments running parallel to rivers that are used to contain flood waters and protect areas from flooding. Guide banks are structures built to confine river flow within a reasonable waterway when constructing bridges or other works. Spurs are embankment structures built transverse to river flow to deflect currents away from banks and prevent erosion. The appropriate river training method depends on the river type, regime, and flow characteristics.
This document provides an overview of spillways and flood control works for dams. It discusses the key components and design considerations for spillways, including approach channels, control structures, discharge carriers, terminal structures, and energy dissipaters. It describes different types of spillways like overflow, trough, siphon, and side channel spillways. Design aspects for spillway crest gates like radial and drum gates are covered. The document also discusses intake and outlet works for reservoirs, including their components and functions.
This document discusses different types of weirs based on their shape, crest width, size, discharge conditions, ratios, alignments, and special types. The most commonly used weir is the rectangular weir. The discharge relationship for weirs is generally expressed as Q=CL(2g/H)^(1/2) where Q is discharge, C is the discharge coefficient, L is the length of the weir, g is acceleration due to gravity, and H is the head over the weir crest. Some other weir types discussed include triangular, trapezoidal, Cipolletti, parabolic, circular, suppressed, contracted, free falling, submerged, proportional, labyrinth, piano key,
Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to raise water levels and divert water into canals. They have several purposes, including increasing the commanded area, regulating water supply to canals, and controlling silt entry. There are two types - temporary and permanent. Key components include weirs/barrages, under sluices, divide walls, fish ladders, and head regulators. The optimal location depends on the river's characteristics, balancing factors like water availability, construction costs, and proximity to agricultural land.
1. The document discusses various methods of measuring and estimating evaporation and transpiration from soil and plants. It describes the processes of interception, depression storage, evaporation and factors affecting evaporation.
2. Methods of measuring evaporation include pan observations using evaporation pans, atmospheric methods using atmometers, and empirical equations. Transpiration can be measured using a phytometer.
3. Evapotranspiration refers to the total water lost from an area due to evaporation from the soil and transpiration from plants. It is estimated using lysimeter methods, field experimental plots, or empirical equations like Blaney-Criddle.
This document discusses open channel hydraulics and includes the following key points:
1. It defines open channel flow and distinguishes it from pipe flow, noting open channels have a free surface subject to atmospheric pressure.
2. It describes the fundamental equations of open channel flow including the continuity equation (conservation of mass), energy equation (conservation of energy), and momentum equation (conservation of momentum).
3. It outlines different types of open channel flow including uniform, gradually varied, rapidly varied, steady and unsteady flow and provides examples of where these occur.
This document discusses soil permeability. It defines permeability as the property of a porous material that allows water to pass through its voids. Permeability depends on factors like particle size, void ratio, and degree of saturation. Darcy's law states that the rate of water flow through a soil is proportional to the hydraulic gradient. Common laboratory tests to measure permeability include constant-head and variable-head tests. Permeability is important for calculating seepage, drainage, settlement, and the stability of earth structures. Soils can be classified based on their permeability rate.
Hydraulic failures .... 40%
Seepage failures…….. 30%
Structural failures .... 30%
(1) Overtopping
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain
(4) Erosion of d/s toe
(5) Frost action
(1) Overtopping = the design flood is under estimated.
spillway capacity is not adequet
spillway gates are not properly operated
free board is not sufficient
excessive settlement of the foundation and dam
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves = The waves developed near the top water surface due to the winds, try to notch out the soil from the upstream face and may even, sometimes, cause the slip of the upstream slope.
Upstream stone pitching or riprap should, therefore, be provided to avoid such failures.
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain = The rainwater flowing down the slope; may result in the formation of 'gullies' on the downstream slope thus damaging the dam which may generally lead to partial failure of the dam or in some cases it may cause complete failure of the dam.
Erosion of d/s toe : = Toe erosion may occur due to two reasons :
erosion due to tail water
erosion due to cross currents that may come from spillway buckets.
Frost action : = If the earth dam is located at a place where the temperature falls below the freezing point, frost may form in the pores of the soil in the earth dam.
When there is heaving, the cracks may form in the soil. This may lead to dangerous seepage and consequent failure.
Seepage failures : = Seepage failures may occur due to the following causes :
(1) Piping through the foundation
(2) Piping through the dam
(3) Sloughing of d/s toe
Structural failures :=
Structural failures in earth dams are generally shear failures leading to sliding of the tents or the foundations.
(1) u/s and d/s slope failures due to construction pore pressures
(2) u/s slope failure due to sudden drawdown
(3) D/s slope failure due to steady seepage
(4) Foundation slide due to spontaneous liquefaction
(5) Failure due to earthquake
(6) Failure by spreading
(7) Slope protection failures
(8) Failure due to damage caused by borrowing animals
(9) Failure due to holes caused by leaching of water soluable salts
Criteria for safe Design of Earth Dam :
Section of an Earth Dam :
The design of an earth dam essentially consists of determining such a cross section
the dam which when constructed with the available materials will fulfill its required
tion with adequate safety. Thus there are two aspects of the design of an earth dam.
This document provides an overview of open channel flow. It defines open channel flow as the flow of liquid through a free surface. It discusses the differences between open channel flow and pipe flow. It also describes the types of open channel flows as steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent, and subcritical, critical, or supercritical. Additional topics covered include the geometric elements of channels, uniform flow, and formulas for calculating discharge through open channels such as Chezy's equation, Manning's formula, and Kutter's formula.
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1) Given: Flow rate Q = 34 Lps = 0.034 m3/s
Pipe diameter D = 0.1 m
Water properties at 50°F: ρ = 1000 kg/m3, μ = 1.12 centipoise
2) Calculate Reynolds number: Re = ρVD/μ
= (1000 kg/m3)×(0.034 m3/s)×(0.1 m)/(1.12×10-3 kg/m-s)
= 3000
3) The flow is turbulent for Re > 2000.
4) Entrance length for turbulent flow: Lh = 4.4D(
Case study on effect of water table on bearing capacityAbhishek Mangukiya
The document discusses the effect of water table on soil bearing capacity. It states that a water table located within the width of a foundation's base will reduce the soil's bearing capacity. The bearing capacity equation is provided, along with factors to account for water table depth. If the water table is below the base width, it has no effect on bearing capacity. A case study finds that for a given project, the water table depth exceeds the foundation depth, so there is no water table effect on soil bearing capacity. In summary, the proximity of the water table can impact a soil's ability to support structural loads, and established methods account for water table levels in bearing capacity calculations.
Uniform Flow: Basic concepts of free surface flows,
velocity and pressure distribution,
Mass, energy and momentum principle for prismatic and non-prismatic channels,
Review of Uniform flow: Standard equations,
hydraulically efficient channel sections,
compound sections,
Energy-depth relations:
Concept of specific energy, specific force,
critical flow, critical depth,
hydraulic exponents, and
Channel transitions.
Chapter 9:Uniform flow in mobile boundary channelBinu Karki
This document discusses uniform flow in mobile boundary channels. It defines rigid and mobile boundary channels, with mobile channels having boundaries made of loose soil that can be eroded. For mobile channels, resistance depends on both the boundary and conditions of the bed and banks. The document covers alluvial channels that transport both water and sediment, and describes shear stress distribution, incipient motion conditions, and different types of bed forms that form under varying shear stress levels including ripples, dunes, transition, and antidunes.
Khosla modified Bligh's theory for designing irrigation structures on permeable foundations. Khosla accounted for actual flow patterns below impermeable bases, unlike Bligh. Khosla derived equations to calculate uplift pressures and exit gradients at key points for structures with single or multiple piles. He also defined safe exit gradients and developed a method of independent variables to solve complex profiles by breaking them into simple components and applying corrections. Khosla's theory is now used for designing hydraulic structures on permeable foundations.
This document provides information on the design of unlined canals in alluvial soil based on Kennedy's theory and Lacey's theory. Kennedy's theory relates the critical velocity to the full supply depth and introduces a critical velocity ratio to account for different silt grades. Lacey's theory is based on the concept of a regime channel where silt grade and charge remain constant. It provides equations to calculate velocity, hydraulic mean depth, area, and bed slope without relying on trial and error. Both theories have drawbacks as they do not fully consider variables like changing silt grade and concentration.
The document discusses the design of hydraulic structures and spillways. It defines a spillway as a structure used to safely release water from a dam. The key components of a spillway are the approach facility, discharging conduit, and outlet structure. Seven common types of spillways are described: straight drop, ogee, shaft, chute, side channel, siphon, and labyrinth. Advantages include safely discharging large volumes of water to prevent dam overtopping. Energy dissipation methods at the spillway end such as steps, flip buckets, and stilling basins are also outlined to prevent erosion. Safety measures around spillway operation are mentioned.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
This document summarizes an experiment on open channel flow to develop generalized specific energy and specific force curves. The objectives are to observe flow profiles and plot the curves from observed data. Specific energy and forces are explained. The apparatus includes a tilting flume, manometer, and hook gauge. Procedures describe maintaining discharge and measuring depths at slopes. Graphs show the specific energy curve developed. Precautions ensure accurate measurements. Applications include determining weir heights, flume widths, and sluice gate openings.
This document discusses spillways and energy dissipators for dams. It defines spillways as structures used to safely release surplus water from reservoirs. The main types of spillways are main, auxiliary, and emergency spillways. Spillways can also be classified based on their prominent features, such as free overflow, overflow, side channel, open channel, tunnel, shaft, and siphon spillways. Energy dissipators, such as stilling basins and bucket types, are also discussed to reduce the energy of water flowing from spillways. Common energy dissipator types include horizontal and sloping apron stilling basins, and solid roller, slotted roller, and ski jump bucket dissipators.
There are three main modes of failure for earthen dams: hydraulic failure (40%), seepage failure (30%), and structural failure (30%). Hydraulic failures are caused by overtopping, erosion of the downstream toe, or erosion of the upstream or downstream face. Seepage failures occur through concentrated seepage paths that erode soil and cause piping. Structural failures happen due to shear slides in the embankment or foundation, or issues with construction and maintenance such as overly steep slopes. Earthquakes can also induce failures through cracking, overtopping, settlement, shear slides, or liquefaction.
The document discusses various methods for river training including constructing levees, guide banks, and spurs. Levees are embankments running parallel to rivers that are used to contain flood waters and protect areas from flooding. Guide banks are structures built to confine river flow within a reasonable waterway when constructing bridges or other works. Spurs are embankment structures built transverse to river flow to deflect currents away from banks and prevent erosion. The appropriate river training method depends on the river type, regime, and flow characteristics.
This document provides an overview of spillways and flood control works for dams. It discusses the key components and design considerations for spillways, including approach channels, control structures, discharge carriers, terminal structures, and energy dissipaters. It describes different types of spillways like overflow, trough, siphon, and side channel spillways. Design aspects for spillway crest gates like radial and drum gates are covered. The document also discusses intake and outlet works for reservoirs, including their components and functions.
This document discusses different types of weirs based on their shape, crest width, size, discharge conditions, ratios, alignments, and special types. The most commonly used weir is the rectangular weir. The discharge relationship for weirs is generally expressed as Q=CL(2g/H)^(1/2) where Q is discharge, C is the discharge coefficient, L is the length of the weir, g is acceleration due to gravity, and H is the head over the weir crest. Some other weir types discussed include triangular, trapezoidal, Cipolletti, parabolic, circular, suppressed, contracted, free falling, submerged, proportional, labyrinth, piano key,
Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to raise water levels and divert water into canals. They have several purposes, including increasing the commanded area, regulating water supply to canals, and controlling silt entry. There are two types - temporary and permanent. Key components include weirs/barrages, under sluices, divide walls, fish ladders, and head regulators. The optimal location depends on the river's characteristics, balancing factors like water availability, construction costs, and proximity to agricultural land.
1. The document discusses various methods of measuring and estimating evaporation and transpiration from soil and plants. It describes the processes of interception, depression storage, evaporation and factors affecting evaporation.
2. Methods of measuring evaporation include pan observations using evaporation pans, atmospheric methods using atmometers, and empirical equations. Transpiration can be measured using a phytometer.
3. Evapotranspiration refers to the total water lost from an area due to evaporation from the soil and transpiration from plants. It is estimated using lysimeter methods, field experimental plots, or empirical equations like Blaney-Criddle.
This document discusses open channel hydraulics and includes the following key points:
1. It defines open channel flow and distinguishes it from pipe flow, noting open channels have a free surface subject to atmospheric pressure.
2. It describes the fundamental equations of open channel flow including the continuity equation (conservation of mass), energy equation (conservation of energy), and momentum equation (conservation of momentum).
3. It outlines different types of open channel flow including uniform, gradually varied, rapidly varied, steady and unsteady flow and provides examples of where these occur.
This document discusses soil permeability. It defines permeability as the property of a porous material that allows water to pass through its voids. Permeability depends on factors like particle size, void ratio, and degree of saturation. Darcy's law states that the rate of water flow through a soil is proportional to the hydraulic gradient. Common laboratory tests to measure permeability include constant-head and variable-head tests. Permeability is important for calculating seepage, drainage, settlement, and the stability of earth structures. Soils can be classified based on their permeability rate.
Hydraulic failures .... 40%
Seepage failures…….. 30%
Structural failures .... 30%
(1) Overtopping
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain
(4) Erosion of d/s toe
(5) Frost action
(1) Overtopping = the design flood is under estimated.
spillway capacity is not adequet
spillway gates are not properly operated
free board is not sufficient
excessive settlement of the foundation and dam
(2) Erosion of u/s slope by waves = The waves developed near the top water surface due to the winds, try to notch out the soil from the upstream face and may even, sometimes, cause the slip of the upstream slope.
Upstream stone pitching or riprap should, therefore, be provided to avoid such failures.
(3) Erosion of d/s slope by wind and rain = The rainwater flowing down the slope; may result in the formation of 'gullies' on the downstream slope thus damaging the dam which may generally lead to partial failure of the dam or in some cases it may cause complete failure of the dam.
Erosion of d/s toe : = Toe erosion may occur due to two reasons :
erosion due to tail water
erosion due to cross currents that may come from spillway buckets.
Frost action : = If the earth dam is located at a place where the temperature falls below the freezing point, frost may form in the pores of the soil in the earth dam.
When there is heaving, the cracks may form in the soil. This may lead to dangerous seepage and consequent failure.
Seepage failures : = Seepage failures may occur due to the following causes :
(1) Piping through the foundation
(2) Piping through the dam
(3) Sloughing of d/s toe
Structural failures :=
Structural failures in earth dams are generally shear failures leading to sliding of the tents or the foundations.
(1) u/s and d/s slope failures due to construction pore pressures
(2) u/s slope failure due to sudden drawdown
(3) D/s slope failure due to steady seepage
(4) Foundation slide due to spontaneous liquefaction
(5) Failure due to earthquake
(6) Failure by spreading
(7) Slope protection failures
(8) Failure due to damage caused by borrowing animals
(9) Failure due to holes caused by leaching of water soluable salts
Criteria for safe Design of Earth Dam :
Section of an Earth Dam :
The design of an earth dam essentially consists of determining such a cross section
the dam which when constructed with the available materials will fulfill its required
tion with adequate safety. Thus there are two aspects of the design of an earth dam.
This document provides an overview of open channel flow. It defines open channel flow as the flow of liquid through a free surface. It discusses the differences between open channel flow and pipe flow. It also describes the types of open channel flows as steady or unsteady, uniform or non-uniform, laminar or turbulent, and subcritical, critical, or supercritical. Additional topics covered include the geometric elements of channels, uniform flow, and formulas for calculating discharge through open channels such as Chezy's equation, Manning's formula, and Kutter's formula.
Here are the key steps to solve this problem:
1) Given: Flow rate Q = 34 Lps = 0.034 m3/s
Pipe diameter D = 0.1 m
Water properties at 50°F: ρ = 1000 kg/m3, μ = 1.12 centipoise
2) Calculate Reynolds number: Re = ρVD/μ
= (1000 kg/m3)×(0.034 m3/s)×(0.1 m)/(1.12×10-3 kg/m-s)
= 3000
3) The flow is turbulent for Re > 2000.
4) Entrance length for turbulent flow: Lh = 4.4D(
This document summarizes key concepts related to fluid flow phenomena, including:
1) It defines fluids and describes their behavior under applied forces, discussing concepts like potential flow and boundary layers.
2) It outlines different fluid flow regimes for compressible and incompressible fluids, as well as rheological properties of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids.
3) It discusses velocity fields, boundary layer formation and properties, and provides an example of a one-dimensional fluid flow through a circular pipe where the velocity depends only on the radial distance from the centerline.
Uniform Flow: Basic concepts of free surface flows,
velocity and pressure distribution,
Mass, energy and momentum principle for prismatic and non-prismatic channels,
Review of Uniform flow: Standard equations,
hydraulically efficient channel sections,
compound sections,
Energy-depth relations:
Concept of specific energy, specific force,
critical flow, critical depth,
hydraulic exponents, and
Channel transitions.
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between the moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will have constant pressure.
In civil engineering applications; water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
The prime motivating force for open channel flow is gravity.
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between the moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will have constant pressure.
In civil engineering applications; water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
The prime motivating force for open channel flow is gravity.
An open channel is a conduit in which a liquid flows with a free surface.
The free surface is actually an interface between the moving liquid and an overlying fluid medium and will have constant pressure.
In civil engineering applications; water is the most common liquid with air at atmospheric pressure as the overlying fluid.
The prime motivating force for open channel flow is gravity.
The document summarizes open channel flow concepts including:
- Open channel flow has a free surface exposed to atmospheric pressure, unlike confined pipe flow.
- Flow can be classified as uniform, gradually varied, or rapidly varied based on depth changes.
- Critical flow occurs when the specific energy is minimum and Froude number is 1.
- The Manning equation relates velocity, hydraulic radius, slope, and roughness for uniform flow calculations.
The document discusses laminar and turbulent fluid flow. Laminar flow occurs in parallel layers with no disruption between layers, while turbulent flow is chaotic with fluid particles transferring between layers. Laminar flow transitions to turbulent flow when the fluid speed increases. The Reynolds number, which depends on fluid properties and flow characteristics, can determine if flow is laminar, turbulent, or in a transitional region between the two.
This document discusses key concepts in fluid dynamics, including:
(i) Fluid kinematics describes fluid motion without forces/energies, examining geometry of motion through concepts like streamlines and pathlines.
(ii) Fluids can flow steadily or unsteadily, uniformly or non-uniformly, laminarly or turbulently depending on properties of the flow and fluid.
(iii) The continuity equation states that mass flow rate remains constant for an incompressible, steady flow through a control volume according to the principle of conservation of mass.
This document discusses the different types of fluid flows:
- Steady and unsteady flows, uniform and non-uniform flows, laminar and turbulent flows, compressible and incompressible flows, rotational and irrotational flows, and one, two, and three-dimensional flows. Each type of flow is defined and examples are provided. The key characteristics such as changes in velocity, density, and flow patterns with respect to time and space are outlined for each type of flow. Reynolds number criteria for laminar versus turbulent flow is also mentioned.
This document provides definitions and concepts related to hydraulics engineering. It defines hydraulics as the study of water in motion or at rest. It then defines key terms like closed and open channels, free surface flow, pressurized flow, channel cross-section measurements, and classification of flows as steady/unsteady and uniform/non-uniform. Finally, it discusses specific energy, critical depth, alternate depths, subcritical and supercritical flows using specific energy diagrams.
This document discusses fluid flow, including definitions, types of flow, and factors affecting flow. It defines laminar and turbulent flow, and notes laminar flow is smooth while turbulent flow is disorganized. Pressure, radius, length, viscosity, density, and temperature can impact flow. Clinical applications of flow include devices like rotameters and measurements of breathing.
This article provides a brief yet concise idea about flow meters and the pertinent terms related to them. This article classifies the different types of flowmeters and cites the different devices for measurement under these categories. Also, this article speaks about the major five classes of flowmeters viz. differential pressure, velocity, positive displacement, mass, and open channel.
This document provides an overview of fluid kinematics, which is the study of fluid motion without considering forces. It discusses key concepts like streamlines, pathlines, and streaklines. It describes Lagrangian and Eulerian methods for describing fluid motion. It also covers various types of fluid flow such as steady/unsteady, laminar/turbulent, compressible/incompressible, and one/two/three-dimensional flow. Important topics like continuity equation, velocity, acceleration, and stream/velocity potential functions are also summarized. The document is intended to outline the syllabus and learning objectives for a course unit on fluid kinematics.
This presentation discusses fluid flow phenomena including potential flow, boundary layers, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Reynolds stresses, eddy viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow in boundary layers, boundary layer formation in straight tubes, and transition length. Potential flow is incompressible fluid flow with no shear or eddies. The boundary layer is the layer of fluid immediately adjacent to a solid boundary where shear stresses are confined. Newtonian fluids have shear stress proportional to shear rate, while non-Newtonian fluids do not have this linear relationship. Turbulent flow produces higher Reynolds stresses than laminar flow. Boundary layers begin forming at the entrance to a tube and thicken until fully developing across the tube diameter. Transition length is
The document provides an introduction to advanced hydraulics. It defines hydraulics as the study of water flow in physical systems and discusses how it analyzes surface and subsurface water movement. The summary then discusses two main types of water flow - open channel flow and pipe flow. Open channel flow occurs in rivers and has a free surface, while pipe flow is confined within a closed conduit. The document also categorizes different types of open channels, flow regimes, dimensionality of flow, and laminar versus turbulent flow.
Friction losses in turbulent flow (Fanning Equation).pdfSharpmark256
This document discusses fluid flow in pipes, including laminar and turbulent flow regimes. It defines key terms like Reynolds number, friction factor, pressure drop, and boundary layers. For laminar flow, the friction factor can be predicted from the Reynolds number using theoretical equations. For turbulent flow, the friction factor must be determined experimentally and depends on both the Reynolds number and pipe roughness.
This document discusses fluid kinematics, which is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the geometry of motion of fluids without considering forces or energies. It describes Lagrangian and Eulerian methods for describing fluid motion, defines types of flow such as laminar, turbulent, steady, and unsteady. It also discusses concepts like acceleration fields, circulation, vorticity, streamlines, pathlines, streaklines, stream functions, and velocity potential functions. Flow nets, which use a grid of streamlines and equipotential lines, are introduced as a way to study two-dimensional irrotational flows.
This document discusses fluid kinematics, which is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with the geometry and motion of fluids without considering forces. It defines key concepts like acceleration fields, Lagrangian and Eulerian methods of describing motion, types of flow such as laminar vs turbulent and steady vs unsteady, streamlines vs pathlines vs streaklines, circulation and vorticity, and analytical tools like the stream function and velocity potential function. Flow nets are introduced as a way to graphically study two-dimensional irrotational flows using a grid of intersecting streamlines and equipotential lines.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
The self purification of natural water systems is a complex process involving physical, chemical, and biological factors. Dissolved oxygen levels below 4-5 mg/L can reduce the forms of life that can survive. Several factors affect dissolved oxygen availability including dilution, dispersion, temperature, sunlight, oxidation rates, and reduction processes. When wastewater is discharged into a stream, it creates four zones: degradation, active decomposition, recovery, and clearer water as the stream restores to its natural condition.
This document outlines the roles that various agencies and professionals play in water resource management. It discusses the contributions of agricultural departments, geologists, meteorologists, chemists, biologists, economists, social workers, politicians, water quality authorities, the general public, NGOs, industries, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, ISRO, and civil engineers to sustainable water management. Their roles include developing irrigation techniques, assessing water quality, predicting weather patterns, studying ecosystems, performing cost-benefit analyses, educating the public, setting standards, building infrastructure, and ensuring water access and conservation.
Recycling of waste water & Solid WasteParth Desani
The document discusses recycling of waste water and solid waste. It defines recycling and describes the types of recycling, including recycling of waste water and solid waste. It discusses uses of recycled water in agriculture, industry, and elsewhere. The document also covers municipal solid waste composition, treatment and disposal methods for solid waste like composting and landfilling, and advantages of recycling.
Air traffic control ensures the safe and efficient movement of aircraft by separating them both vertically and horizontally. Controllers provide guidance to pilots to allow aircraft to take off and land safely in varying weather conditions using a variety of visual and electronic aids. The main goals of air traffic control are safety, efficiency, and economy by avoiding collisions, minimizing delays, and making effective use of facilities. Controllers use different flight rules depending on visibility, providing more guidance to pilots under instrument flight rules when visibility is low.
This document discusses noise pollution, including defining noise and sound, sources of noise pollution like traffic, industries, and construction, effects of noise pollution like physical, physiological and psychological impacts, and methods to control noise pollution such as reducing it at the source, acoustic zoning, legislative measures, and sound insulation during construction.
This document discusses non-destructive testing methods for hardened concrete, including rebound hammer tests and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests. The rebound hammer test measures surface hardness to estimate compressive strength within 50mm depth. The ultrasonic pulse velocity test measures the time for an ultrasonic pulse to pass through concrete, which depends on density, elasticity, and Poisson's ratio, and can assess uniformity and detect flaws. Both methods provide preliminary strength assessments but core tests may be needed for confirmation.
This document provides an overview of various natural phenomena including wind, tides, currents, and littoral drift. It describes the characteristics of wind including direction, frequency, and intensity which are represented graphically in a wind rose. Tides are defined as the periodic rise and fall of ocean waters caused by gravitational forces of the sun and moon. Types of tides include spring, neap, semi-diurnal, and diurnal tides. Currents are horizontal water movements caused by factors such as tides, wind, temperature/salinity differences, and wave breaking. Currents can cause scouring, erosion, deposition, and impact marine structures. Littoral drift is the alongshore sediment movement in the
This document discusses correlation and regression. It defines bivariate distribution and uses an example of age and sex data to illustrate. It explains how to represent bivariate data using a scatter diagram and how different patterns in the diagram indicate positive, negative, or no correlation. It also defines Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation and shows how to calculate it using both the direct and step deviation methods. The document concludes by discussing the regression line and coefficients, as well as rank correlation coefficients.
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Gabion Basket Wall for Flood PreventionParth Desani
Gabion baskets are large galvanized steel cages filled with rock that are used to construct permeable, flexible walls for flood control and erosion prevention. They are placed along river banks and canals to guide water flow and protect the soil from erosion during floods. The baskets are made of zinc-coated steel mesh and lined with filter fabric to prevent soil movement while allowing water to drain freely. When stacked and filled with rock, gabion walls provide structural stability for flood banks, bridges, and coastal protection.
This document provides information about earthquake engineering. It begins with definitions of key earthquake terminology. It then discusses the causes of earthquakes, challenges with earthquake forecasting, seismic zones in India, and factors that affect earthquake magnitude and intensity. The document outlines principles for planning earthquake-resistant buildings and describes seismic construction aspects, repair of damaged structures, and Indian building codes for earthquake design.
This document provides information about earthquake engineering. It begins with definitions of earthquake terminology like focus, epicenter, and magnitude. It then discusses the causes of earthquakes, challenges in forecasting them, and ways of classifying earthquakes based on location, depth, size, and distance from the epicenter. The effects of earthquakes are categorized as primary effects related to geology and secondary effects on infrastructure and humans. Guidelines for earthquake-resistant building design and precautions both during and after quakes are also outlined.
This document discusses drilling and blasting techniques used for rock excavation. It describes the necessity of drilling holes in rock for placing explosives. The main types of drills are abrasion drills like short drills and diamond drills, and percussion drills like jackhammers and rotary drills. Factors for selecting appropriate drilling equipment include rock hardness, depth, terrain, and purpose. Explosives discussed include dynamite, ammonium nitrate, slurry, ANFO, and RDX. The blasting process involves cleaning holes, placing a primer, stemming, and detonating with a fuse or electric spark.
Drainage is important for road design and construction to protect structural integrity. Surface and subsurface drainage removes water to prevent damage. Poor drainage compromises roads and safety due to hydroplaning. Drainage systems use ditches, pipes, culverts and curbs to convey water safely. Subsurface tile drains below the root zone regulate water flow and intercept water movement. They improve soil conditions and control groundwater. Mole ploughs are used to install tile drains without disturbing plants.
Dragline excavators are large machinery used in surface mining and excavation that use a large bucket suspended from a boom. The bucket is moved using chains and ropes to excavate material. John W. Page invented the dragline in 1904 for canal digging. Modern draglines are among the largest mobile equipment, weighing over 10,000 tons. They are used in strip mining to remove overburden and extract coal. Technological advances include automation and the Universal-Dig-Dump system. Heavy Engineering Corporation in India was the first in the country to manufacture a walking dragline.
A master plan or development plan is a general plan for the future layout of a city showing existing and proposed infrastructure like roads, open spaces, and public buildings. It is prepared for both improving old cities and developing new towns. Key objectives are to intelligently use public funds, restrict haphazard growth, and place different city functions in a way that avoids conflicts. Creating a master plan requires collecting data on population, land use, transportation, and environmental conditions to determine land allocation needs and guide orderly development. The plan establishes guidelines for population density and distribution of land for uses like residential, commercial, industrial, and recreational development.
This document discusses various aspects of excavation including:
1) Types of excavation such as deep vs shallow and their definitions
2) The importance of timbering for excavation safety and members used such as polling boards and struts
3) Methods of timbering including stay bracing and box sheeting
4) The definition and necessity of dewatering excavations
5) Methods for dewatering including deep well systems and electro-osmosis
The document discusses critical path method (CPM) network analysis for project planning. CPM was developed in 1957 to plan construction and maintenance projects. It involves identifying all tasks, durations, dependencies and calculating earliest and latest start/finish times to determine the critical path that dictates the project duration. An example CPM network is provided and analyzed to identify the critical path.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
This is an overview of my career in Aircraft Design and Structures, which I am still trying to post on LinkedIn. Includes my BAE Systems Structural Test roles/ my BAE Systems key design roles and my current work on academic projects.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
2. Contents
Open Channel Flow
Types of Channels
Types of Flow in open channel
Point Velocity
Velocity Distribution in Open Channel
3. Open Channel Flow
Open Channel Flow means the flow through channel
that is open to atmosphere and have a free surface.
The pressure on the free surface is atmospheric.
The flow in a close conduit may also be categorized
as open channel flow, if the fluid level falls below the
crown of the pipe.
Open channel flow is needed to study for the
following purposes :
Estimate of discharge in a river or canal
Development of relationship between depth of
flow and the discharge in a channel
Design of canal
Estimating the area of submerged due to
construction of dam on a river
4. Types of flow channels
The different different flow channels are categorized
into two categories based on shape :
Non – Prismatic ChannelPrismatic Channel
5. Types of flow in open channel
The different flow types in open channels are as follows :
Stead flow :
A flow is said to be steady if the flow characteristics i.e.
depth, discharge or velocity at a section do not change with
respect to time.
The flow in a prismatic channel at constant discharge is an
example of the steady flow.
Unsteady flow :
If the flow characteristics i.e. depth, discharge and velocity
change with respect to time, then it may termed as
unsteady flow.
The flow of river during flood is an example of unsteady
flow.
6. Uniform flow :
If the flow characteristics, i.e. depth, discharge or velocity
remain constant along the length of channel, the flow is
termed as uniform flow.
Non – uniform flow :
The depth of flow varies along the length of channel at
various sections, the flow is termed as non-uniform flow.
The non-uniform or varied also subdivided into two types :
Gradually varied flow
Rapidly varied flow
7. Laminar flow & Turbulent flow :
Laminar flow refers to flow in the form of thin sheet
(Lamina). This is only possible when velocity of flow is
very small of the order of the few centimeters per
seconds.
In the most of the practical cases, the velocity of flow
is large therefore paths of each particles are crossing
each other. This type of flow is defined as turbulent
flow.
Flow through open channel for all practical cases
would be turbulent flow.
8. In the case of flow through a circular pipe, the Reynold’s
number defines the criterion for the state of the state of
flow i.e. laminar or turbulent.
If the value of Reynold’s number is less than 2000, then
is known as laminar flow or else it may said turbulent
flow.
9. Sub-critical flow and Super-critical flow :
Gravity is the force responsible for flows through open
channels. Hence, ratio of inertial to gravitational force
will play a major role in the analysis of open channel
flow. This ratio is defined as Froud number, which is
given as
= 1 Critical velocity and Critical flow
< 1 Sub-critical, streaming or tranquil flow
> 1 Super-critical, rapid or shooting flow
10. Point Velocity
A flowing fluid contains any velocity at every different
points, that velocity at a particular point during
flowing and at particular cross-section, which velocity
is obtained, that velocity can be termed as point
velocity.
Velocity at any point can be carried out by,
This velocity is determined for carrying out,
the discharge
pressure difference, etc.
11. Velocity Distribution in open
channel
Looking to the flow in a channel at
first instant, one can say that flow
is occurring in longitudinal direction
or there is a velocity component in
longitudinal direction only.
But due to presence of corners and
boundaries in an open channel, the
velocity vectors are having three
components viz; Vx, Vy, Vz
(corresponding to longitudinal,
lateral and normal or perpendicular
to flow).
12. Mostly Vx is only considered and
small vectors Vy and Vz ignored.
Velocity distribution is dependent on
the geometry of channel. Here
Velocity is 0 at bottom and gradually
increases with distance.
Here is shown a typical profile in a
plane normal to direction of flow. It is
found that max velocity occurs at
0.4y from bed or 0.6y from top
where y is depth.
y
0.2y
0.8y
V0.8
V0.4
V0.2
Channel Bed
13. Average velocity can be found by,
Vav = (V0.2 + V0.8) / 2
Where V0.2 is velocity is at 0.2 y, V0.8 is velocity at
0.8y.
This property of the velocity distribution commonly
used in the calculation of discharge of rivers and
canals using area-velocity method.
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