Mankind is facing an enormous challenge of food insecurity. By the year 2050, the population of the world is projected to increase by 35% to a whopping 9 billion; and an almost doubling of global food production is needed to feed the planet. This additional food for humans and farm animals has to come from the existing land, through maximization of genetic potential and relatively quickly. This demand for unprecedented productivity in agriculture needs to be realized in the presence of growing challenges of climate change, shortsighted land-use practices and increasing cost of agriculture despite the rate of improved adoption of technology in crop breeding. Recent advances in our understanding of genes and genomes combined with development of novel tools in biotechnology will play a vital role in accelerating efforts in plant breeding. Genomics assisted breeding assists the breeders in precise selection to enhance the effectivity and enhancement of the precise selection to develop a new cultivars.
Modern techniques of crop improvement.pptx finalDr Anjani Kumar
This document discusses modern techniques for crop improvement, including genome editing, gene silencing, cisgenics, site directed mutagenesis, and programmed cell death. It begins with an introduction noting the increasing global population and need to improve crop yields. Genome editing uses engineered nucleases to insert, delete, or replace DNA in living organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 is highlighted as a powerful and precise genome editing technique. Gene silencing techniques like RNA interference can be used to "switch off" genes and improve crop traits. These modern techniques allow for more targeted genetic modifications of crops compared to traditional breeding methods and have potential for meeting future agricultural demands.
Marker assisted selection (MAS) is a technique used in animal breeding that uses genetic markers linked to traits of interest to indirectly select desirable individuals. MAS can improve traits more efficiently than traditional breeding by selecting early in an individual's life. The key advantages of MAS are that it allows selection based on traits that are difficult to measure, for recessive genes, and faster than phenotypic selection. Future challenges include reducing costs and developing methods for large-scale genotyping to implement MAS in large breeding populations.
This document discusses allele mining, which aims to identify allelic variations in gene banks that could have important traits for crops. It summarizes that identifying these variations could help in tracing the evolution of alleles, developing markers for selection, and providing access to alleles that confer stress resistance, nutrient use efficiency, yield, and quality. The document also mentions that the TILLING method is used for allele mining, which treats seeds with mutagens, analyzes pooled DNA samples, and identifies variations using Cel I enzyme cleavage and gel electrophoresis.
This document discusses allele mining as a technique for improving crops. It defines allele mining as identifying allelic variation within genetic resources collections to find superior alleles. There are two main approaches - TILLING based allele mining which uses mutagenized populations and enzymatic cleavage to find mutations, and sequencing-based allele mining which uses PCR and sequencing to identify natural variation. Both have benefits and limitations. Applications of allele mining include finding alleles for resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yield and quality. Overall, allele mining is a promising approach for utilizing genetic resources to discover variants that can aid crop breeding.
Global developments of genome editing in agricultureOECD Environment
This presentation covers the scope of agricultural applications of genome editing by describing the relevance of these techniques to agriculture especially crop plants, farm animals as well as the foods and feeds derived from them.
Gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9: sorghum as a case studyapaari
This document summarizes a presentation on using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to improve sorghum. The presentation discusses using gene editing to increase grain size and protein content in sorghum, which could improve its use for animal feed. It describes ongoing research knocking out specific genes to increase grain size by over 10% and protein content by up to 24%. If successful, this could increase sorghum yields and protein per hectare for uses like poultry feed. The presentation notes that gene edited crops may not be classified as GMOs, depending on regulatory decisions, and outlines ongoing research using this technology in sorghum.
This document discusses current trends in plant breeding. It begins by defining plant breeding as the genetic improvement of crops using both traditional and modern techniques to select for desired traits. It then provides background on the history of plant breeding, including the Green Revolution. The document outlines various modern breeding technologies like phenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, genetic modification, and the role of bioinformatics in data analysis. It discusses using these omics approaches and genome sequencing to enable a second Green Revolution with crops that are higher yielding, more nutritious, and tolerant of environmental stresses. The goal is to produce more food to feed a growing global population in a sustainable way.
Modern techniques of crop improvement.pptx finalDr Anjani Kumar
This document discusses modern techniques for crop improvement, including genome editing, gene silencing, cisgenics, site directed mutagenesis, and programmed cell death. It begins with an introduction noting the increasing global population and need to improve crop yields. Genome editing uses engineered nucleases to insert, delete, or replace DNA in living organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 is highlighted as a powerful and precise genome editing technique. Gene silencing techniques like RNA interference can be used to "switch off" genes and improve crop traits. These modern techniques allow for more targeted genetic modifications of crops compared to traditional breeding methods and have potential for meeting future agricultural demands.
Marker assisted selection (MAS) is a technique used in animal breeding that uses genetic markers linked to traits of interest to indirectly select desirable individuals. MAS can improve traits more efficiently than traditional breeding by selecting early in an individual's life. The key advantages of MAS are that it allows selection based on traits that are difficult to measure, for recessive genes, and faster than phenotypic selection. Future challenges include reducing costs and developing methods for large-scale genotyping to implement MAS in large breeding populations.
This document discusses allele mining, which aims to identify allelic variations in gene banks that could have important traits for crops. It summarizes that identifying these variations could help in tracing the evolution of alleles, developing markers for selection, and providing access to alleles that confer stress resistance, nutrient use efficiency, yield, and quality. The document also mentions that the TILLING method is used for allele mining, which treats seeds with mutagens, analyzes pooled DNA samples, and identifies variations using Cel I enzyme cleavage and gel electrophoresis.
This document discusses allele mining as a technique for improving crops. It defines allele mining as identifying allelic variation within genetic resources collections to find superior alleles. There are two main approaches - TILLING based allele mining which uses mutagenized populations and enzymatic cleavage to find mutations, and sequencing-based allele mining which uses PCR and sequencing to identify natural variation. Both have benefits and limitations. Applications of allele mining include finding alleles for resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and improved yield and quality. Overall, allele mining is a promising approach for utilizing genetic resources to discover variants that can aid crop breeding.
Global developments of genome editing in agricultureOECD Environment
This presentation covers the scope of agricultural applications of genome editing by describing the relevance of these techniques to agriculture especially crop plants, farm animals as well as the foods and feeds derived from them.
Gene editing with CRISPR/Cas9: sorghum as a case studyapaari
This document summarizes a presentation on using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to improve sorghum. The presentation discusses using gene editing to increase grain size and protein content in sorghum, which could improve its use for animal feed. It describes ongoing research knocking out specific genes to increase grain size by over 10% and protein content by up to 24%. If successful, this could increase sorghum yields and protein per hectare for uses like poultry feed. The presentation notes that gene edited crops may not be classified as GMOs, depending on regulatory decisions, and outlines ongoing research using this technology in sorghum.
This document discusses current trends in plant breeding. It begins by defining plant breeding as the genetic improvement of crops using both traditional and modern techniques to select for desired traits. It then provides background on the history of plant breeding, including the Green Revolution. The document outlines various modern breeding technologies like phenomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, genetic modification, and the role of bioinformatics in data analysis. It discusses using these omics approaches and genome sequencing to enable a second Green Revolution with crops that are higher yielding, more nutritious, and tolerant of environmental stresses. The goal is to produce more food to feed a growing global population in a sustainable way.
Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) is a combined tool of plant mutagenesis and DNA Biology to investigate useful mutations at Genomic level. First time used for cotton improvement.
Major hindrance in pest control
Shorter life cycle
High fecundity
Faster rate of evolution
Faster rate of evolution
Insect data bases
KAIKObase
InsectBase
Molecular Database On Indian Insects (MODII)
Pathogen data bases
Comprehensive Phytopathogen Genome Resource (CPGR),
e-Fungi
pathogenic fungal ESTs (COGEME)
Other pest genome
NCBI data bases
PTGBase
Ensembl Plants
To handle complex Traits like Yield, different stress we must do modification in DNA molecular breeding techniques help us to do such changes in DNA to archive the Goals.
Reverse Breeding: a tool to create homozygous plants from the heterozygous po...Sanjay Kumar
This document provides an overview of reverse breeding, a novel plant breeding technique to directly produce homozygous parental lines from any heterozygous plant. It discusses how reverse breeding uses RNA interference to suppress meiotic recombination and produce doubled haploids from gametes, generating homozygous parental lines. The document summarizes a case study applying this to Arabidopsis thaliana and discusses applications like reconstructing hybrids, breeding at the chromosome level, and implications for food safety. Limitations and future research directions are also outlined.
This case study describes the development of cisgenic barley with improved phytase activity through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. 72 transgenic T0 barley plants were produced by co-transforming with two vectors, one containing the HvPAPhy_a gene and the other a selectable marker. 19 plants were found to contain only the HvPAPhy_a insert through PCR analysis. Two of these plants, PAPhy05 and PAPhy07, showed increased phytase activity and a 3:1 segregation ratio in progeny, indicating single insertions of HvPAPhy_a without the selectable marker. This demonstrates the successful production and analysis of cisgenic barley
CRISPR-Cas is a genome editing technique derived from bacterial immune systems that allows for precise genomic modifications. The document discusses applications of CRISPR-Cas in plants, animals, and bacteria, including developing pest and disease resistant crops and livestock, modifying stem cells and embryos, targeting antibiotic resistant bacteria, and controlling gene expression.
This document discusses the application of genomics in improving crop plants. It explains that genomics tools like tissue culture, genetic engineering, molecular diagnostics and molecular markers have revolutionized crop breeding programs. Specifically, it describes how tissue culture allows for rapid propagation of disease-free plants at scale. It also outlines how genetic engineering has been used to develop transgenic crops with improved traits like herbicide tolerance, pathogen resistance, stress tolerance, fruit quality and pest resistance. Molecular diagnostics using probes and monoclonal antibodies enable early disease detection. Molecular markers aid in selecting desirable traits at early stages.
This document summarizes research on genome editing in poultry. It discusses how gene editing could help address issues like disease resilience and food allergies in chickens. The researchers have used CRISPR-Cas9 to successfully edit genes in chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) through direct injection. This led to heterozygous and homozygous gene deletions being passed down to subsequent generations. Applications mentioned include deleting allergenic proteins from eggs and improving resistance to avian influenza. The document acknowledges the team conducting this research and expresses hope that their work can enhance sustainability, health, and efficiency in poultry production while improving food safety.
Application of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for the improvement of Bean Co...CIAT
The document summarizes efforts to develop common bean varieties in Rwanda resistant to Bean Common Mosaic Necrotic Virus (BCMNV) using Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). Researchers screened 219 bean varieties and identified genes conferring resistance. They developed 86 breeding lines by crossing donor lines containing resistance genes with local varieties. These lines were selected using linked markers and for resistance to BCMNV and other diseases. Participatory plant breeding involved farmers in selection. The integration of conventional breeding and MAS was successful in pyramiding resistance genes and developing lines adapted to Rwanda.
Microinjection is a gene transfer technique where DNA is directly injected into cells using a fine glass micropipette. It is highly efficient at the individual cell level and was originally used for transfecting hard-to-transfect cells. The procedure involves holding a cell using one pipette while another pipette is used to inject DNA into the cell's cytoplasm or nucleus. It allows for stable transfection efficiencies of around 20% and is used to generate transgenic animals by injecting DNA into oocytes, eggs or embryos. However, it is time-consuming and can only be done for a small number of cells.
This document discusses gene pyramiding as a tool for developing durable resistance in crops. It defines gene pyramiding as combining two or more genes from multiple parents to develop elite lines with simultaneous expression of multiple genes. The objectives of gene pyramiding are to enhance traits, meet deficits in elite cultivars, and increase durability. Types of gene pyramiding include conventional pedigree breeding and backcrossing as well as molecular marker-assisted selection and transgenic methods. Gene pyramiding provides advantages like wider disease resistance and improved elite cultivars, while limitations include difficulty achieving multiple gene incorporation. Examples and applications in rice, wheat and other crops are also provided.
The document describes the TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) technique for functional genomics and bioinformatics in cotton. TILLING involves mutagenizing a population, typically using EMS to achieve one mutation per 300,000 base pairs. DNA is extracted from the mutagenized population and pooled for PCR amplification. The PCR products are then digested with CEL I enzyme to detect mutations based on mismatches. TILLING can generate an allelic series of mutations to provide insight into gene and protein function beyond what a single knockout could reveal. The technique is effective for crop improvement by creating beneficial changes without foreign DNA insertion.
This document summarizes various methods for plant transformation in biotechnology. It discusses both direct physical methods like microinjection, biolistic bombardment, electroporation, and chemical methods like calcium phosphate and polyethylene glycol transfection. It also covers indirect, natural methods for plant transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium bacteria, as well as virus-mediated transformation. The document aims to explain the benefits of transgenic plants produced through genetic engineering techniques for improving crop traits and resistance to diseases and environmental stresses.
This document summarizes a case study on transgenic barley. A bacterial gene encoding a thermostable beta-glucanase was modified to match the codon usage of a barley beta-glucanase gene. Both the modified and unmodified bacterial genes were introduced into barley aleurone protoplasts and immature embryos. Only the modified gene directed synthesis of the thermostable enzyme in protoplasts. When the modified gene was placed under control of a barley promoter, 75% of T1 grains synthesized the enzyme during germination and all three transgenes were detected in T2 progeny of a homozygous T1 plant, demonstrating stable integration and expression.
Gene pyramiding in tomato involves combining desirable genes from multiple parents into a single genotype to improve specific traits. It can enhance disease resistance, drought tolerance, yield, and fruit quality. One study found that pyramiding two virus resistance genes (Ty-2 and Ty-3) in tomato improved resistance to three viruses and had higher yields than lines with single genes. Another study found that pyramiding introgressions from wild tomato species S. pennellii improved drought tolerance, yield, soluble solids content, and the ratio of soluble solids to fruit weight. A third study showed that pyramiding quality trait genes increased antioxidant levels, soluble solids, and yield compared to lines with single introgressions. Gene
Genetic transformation is a technique used to directly manipulate an organism's genome. It has several applications for fruit crop improvement, including shortening juvenile phase, increasing productivity, improving biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancing quality. Key methods are Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment. Studies show overexpression of flowering genes reduced juvenile phase in apple, while auxin-related genes increased grape fecundity. Disease resistance genes like Xa21 and NPR1 enhanced resistance to citrus canker and diseases in strawberry. Abiotic stress tolerance was achieved in strawberry and apple through expression of osmotin and Myb4 genes. Quality was improved by modulating pigmentation and shelf life genes in apple and
Our Genome-Edited Future: the Promise and the ChallengeOECD Environment
This presentation gives some background of genome editing techniques in the broader context. The focus of the Conference is on agriculture to ensure that one specific sector can be addressed in depth. However, the potential applications of genome editing are much broader than just agriculture and
there are a number of topic areas which cannot be covered thoroughly in the limited time available.
Solutions for Impact in Emerging Markets: The role of biotechnologyICRISAT
To develop and deploy state-of-the-art infrastructure for conduct of transgenic research and to act as a clearinghouse for technology inputs, transgenic research leads/ prototypes with proof of concept derived from Indian research institutes, universities, and other likely sources.Also to evolve the technology to a point where a practical application can be demonstrated, and transfer this “evolved” technology for product development and distribution to appropriate agencies.
The document presents on gene stacking, pathway engineering, and marker-free transgenic development strategies. It discusses various methods for combining multiple genes/traits into plants, including gene stacking, gene pyramiding, sexual hybridization, re-transformation, co-transformation, and marker-free techniques. The goal is to develop crops with improved agronomic traits through plant genome engineering approaches.
Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) is a combined tool of plant mutagenesis and DNA Biology to investigate useful mutations at Genomic level. First time used for cotton improvement.
Major hindrance in pest control
Shorter life cycle
High fecundity
Faster rate of evolution
Faster rate of evolution
Insect data bases
KAIKObase
InsectBase
Molecular Database On Indian Insects (MODII)
Pathogen data bases
Comprehensive Phytopathogen Genome Resource (CPGR),
e-Fungi
pathogenic fungal ESTs (COGEME)
Other pest genome
NCBI data bases
PTGBase
Ensembl Plants
To handle complex Traits like Yield, different stress we must do modification in DNA molecular breeding techniques help us to do such changes in DNA to archive the Goals.
Reverse Breeding: a tool to create homozygous plants from the heterozygous po...Sanjay Kumar
This document provides an overview of reverse breeding, a novel plant breeding technique to directly produce homozygous parental lines from any heterozygous plant. It discusses how reverse breeding uses RNA interference to suppress meiotic recombination and produce doubled haploids from gametes, generating homozygous parental lines. The document summarizes a case study applying this to Arabidopsis thaliana and discusses applications like reconstructing hybrids, breeding at the chromosome level, and implications for food safety. Limitations and future research directions are also outlined.
This case study describes the development of cisgenic barley with improved phytase activity through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. 72 transgenic T0 barley plants were produced by co-transforming with two vectors, one containing the HvPAPhy_a gene and the other a selectable marker. 19 plants were found to contain only the HvPAPhy_a insert through PCR analysis. Two of these plants, PAPhy05 and PAPhy07, showed increased phytase activity and a 3:1 segregation ratio in progeny, indicating single insertions of HvPAPhy_a without the selectable marker. This demonstrates the successful production and analysis of cisgenic barley
CRISPR-Cas is a genome editing technique derived from bacterial immune systems that allows for precise genomic modifications. The document discusses applications of CRISPR-Cas in plants, animals, and bacteria, including developing pest and disease resistant crops and livestock, modifying stem cells and embryos, targeting antibiotic resistant bacteria, and controlling gene expression.
This document discusses the application of genomics in improving crop plants. It explains that genomics tools like tissue culture, genetic engineering, molecular diagnostics and molecular markers have revolutionized crop breeding programs. Specifically, it describes how tissue culture allows for rapid propagation of disease-free plants at scale. It also outlines how genetic engineering has been used to develop transgenic crops with improved traits like herbicide tolerance, pathogen resistance, stress tolerance, fruit quality and pest resistance. Molecular diagnostics using probes and monoclonal antibodies enable early disease detection. Molecular markers aid in selecting desirable traits at early stages.
This document summarizes research on genome editing in poultry. It discusses how gene editing could help address issues like disease resilience and food allergies in chickens. The researchers have used CRISPR-Cas9 to successfully edit genes in chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) through direct injection. This led to heterozygous and homozygous gene deletions being passed down to subsequent generations. Applications mentioned include deleting allergenic proteins from eggs and improving resistance to avian influenza. The document acknowledges the team conducting this research and expresses hope that their work can enhance sustainability, health, and efficiency in poultry production while improving food safety.
Application of Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for the improvement of Bean Co...CIAT
The document summarizes efforts to develop common bean varieties in Rwanda resistant to Bean Common Mosaic Necrotic Virus (BCMNV) using Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). Researchers screened 219 bean varieties and identified genes conferring resistance. They developed 86 breeding lines by crossing donor lines containing resistance genes with local varieties. These lines were selected using linked markers and for resistance to BCMNV and other diseases. Participatory plant breeding involved farmers in selection. The integration of conventional breeding and MAS was successful in pyramiding resistance genes and developing lines adapted to Rwanda.
Microinjection is a gene transfer technique where DNA is directly injected into cells using a fine glass micropipette. It is highly efficient at the individual cell level and was originally used for transfecting hard-to-transfect cells. The procedure involves holding a cell using one pipette while another pipette is used to inject DNA into the cell's cytoplasm or nucleus. It allows for stable transfection efficiencies of around 20% and is used to generate transgenic animals by injecting DNA into oocytes, eggs or embryos. However, it is time-consuming and can only be done for a small number of cells.
This document discusses gene pyramiding as a tool for developing durable resistance in crops. It defines gene pyramiding as combining two or more genes from multiple parents to develop elite lines with simultaneous expression of multiple genes. The objectives of gene pyramiding are to enhance traits, meet deficits in elite cultivars, and increase durability. Types of gene pyramiding include conventional pedigree breeding and backcrossing as well as molecular marker-assisted selection and transgenic methods. Gene pyramiding provides advantages like wider disease resistance and improved elite cultivars, while limitations include difficulty achieving multiple gene incorporation. Examples and applications in rice, wheat and other crops are also provided.
The document describes the TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) technique for functional genomics and bioinformatics in cotton. TILLING involves mutagenizing a population, typically using EMS to achieve one mutation per 300,000 base pairs. DNA is extracted from the mutagenized population and pooled for PCR amplification. The PCR products are then digested with CEL I enzyme to detect mutations based on mismatches. TILLING can generate an allelic series of mutations to provide insight into gene and protein function beyond what a single knockout could reveal. The technique is effective for crop improvement by creating beneficial changes without foreign DNA insertion.
This document summarizes various methods for plant transformation in biotechnology. It discusses both direct physical methods like microinjection, biolistic bombardment, electroporation, and chemical methods like calcium phosphate and polyethylene glycol transfection. It also covers indirect, natural methods for plant transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium bacteria, as well as virus-mediated transformation. The document aims to explain the benefits of transgenic plants produced through genetic engineering techniques for improving crop traits and resistance to diseases and environmental stresses.
This document summarizes a case study on transgenic barley. A bacterial gene encoding a thermostable beta-glucanase was modified to match the codon usage of a barley beta-glucanase gene. Both the modified and unmodified bacterial genes were introduced into barley aleurone protoplasts and immature embryos. Only the modified gene directed synthesis of the thermostable enzyme in protoplasts. When the modified gene was placed under control of a barley promoter, 75% of T1 grains synthesized the enzyme during germination and all three transgenes were detected in T2 progeny of a homozygous T1 plant, demonstrating stable integration and expression.
Gene pyramiding in tomato involves combining desirable genes from multiple parents into a single genotype to improve specific traits. It can enhance disease resistance, drought tolerance, yield, and fruit quality. One study found that pyramiding two virus resistance genes (Ty-2 and Ty-3) in tomato improved resistance to three viruses and had higher yields than lines with single genes. Another study found that pyramiding introgressions from wild tomato species S. pennellii improved drought tolerance, yield, soluble solids content, and the ratio of soluble solids to fruit weight. A third study showed that pyramiding quality trait genes increased antioxidant levels, soluble solids, and yield compared to lines with single introgressions. Gene
Genetic transformation is a technique used to directly manipulate an organism's genome. It has several applications for fruit crop improvement, including shortening juvenile phase, increasing productivity, improving biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancing quality. Key methods are Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment. Studies show overexpression of flowering genes reduced juvenile phase in apple, while auxin-related genes increased grape fecundity. Disease resistance genes like Xa21 and NPR1 enhanced resistance to citrus canker and diseases in strawberry. Abiotic stress tolerance was achieved in strawberry and apple through expression of osmotin and Myb4 genes. Quality was improved by modulating pigmentation and shelf life genes in apple and
Our Genome-Edited Future: the Promise and the ChallengeOECD Environment
This presentation gives some background of genome editing techniques in the broader context. The focus of the Conference is on agriculture to ensure that one specific sector can be addressed in depth. However, the potential applications of genome editing are much broader than just agriculture and
there are a number of topic areas which cannot be covered thoroughly in the limited time available.
Solutions for Impact in Emerging Markets: The role of biotechnologyICRISAT
To develop and deploy state-of-the-art infrastructure for conduct of transgenic research and to act as a clearinghouse for technology inputs, transgenic research leads/ prototypes with proof of concept derived from Indian research institutes, universities, and other likely sources.Also to evolve the technology to a point where a practical application can be demonstrated, and transfer this “evolved” technology for product development and distribution to appropriate agencies.
The document presents on gene stacking, pathway engineering, and marker-free transgenic development strategies. It discusses various methods for combining multiple genes/traits into plants, including gene stacking, gene pyramiding, sexual hybridization, re-transformation, co-transformation, and marker-free techniques. The goal is to develop crops with improved agronomic traits through plant genome engineering approaches.
Marker assisted selection is the breeding strategy in which selection for a gene is based on molecular markers closely linked to the gene of interest rather than the gene itself, and the markers are used to monitor the incorporation of the desirable allele from the donor source. Selection of a genotype carrying desirable gene via linked marker (s) is called Marker Assisted Selection. MAS can be applied to possible to use this kind of information.
The prerequisites for the classical procedure of MAS are the tight linkage between molecular marker and gene of interest and high heritability of the gene of interest. It is noteworthy that the “quality” and the number of markers have a major impact on the success of MAS. The quality of markers relates to their characteristics and to the cost and the efficiency of the genotyping process. The number of markers affects the reliability of the linkage between them and the gene(s). In other words, screening a large number of markers has the potential to identify close and reliable linkage between the marker and the gene of interest. MAS has greater potential for efficient gene pyramiding combining several important genes in one cultivar. MAS is gaining considerable importance as it can improve the efficiency of plant breeding through precise transfer of genomic regions of interest and acceleration of the recovery of the recurrent parent genome. Marker-assisted selection is gaining considerable importance as it would improve the efficiency of plant breeding through precise transfer of genomic regions of interest (foreground selection) and accelerating the recovery of the recurrent parent genome (background selection). The use of MAS in crop improvement will not only reduce the cost of developing new varieties but will also increase the precision and efficiency of selection in the breeding program as well as lessen the number of years required to come up with a new crop variety.
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The document discusses various biotechnological interventions for improving fruit crops. It begins with an introduction to fruit production and its economic importance. It then discusses limitations of traditional breeding methods and how biotechnology can help overcome these limitations. Various biotechnological techniques for fruit crop improvement are described, including genetic engineering techniques like transgenics, cisgenics, and genome editing using CRISPR-Cas. Molecular marker techniques like marker-assisted selection are also discussed. Examples of using these techniques in crops like apple, pear, and papaya are provided.
The use of the term cisgenesis is an attempt to distinguish GM plants or other organisms produced in this way from transgenics that is GM plants that contain DNA from unrelated organisms. Schouten et al. (2006) introduced the term cisgenesis and defined cisgenesis as the modification in the genetic background of a recipient plant by a naturally derived gene from a cross compatible species including its introns and its native promoter and terminator flanked in the normal sense orientation. Since cisgenes shared a common gene pool available for traditional breeding the final cisgenic plant should be devoid of any kind of foreign DNA viz., selection markers and vector- backbone sequences. Sometimes the word cisgenesis is also referred to as Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer from a sexually compatible plant where only the T-DNA borders may be present in the recipient organism after transformation (EFSA, 2012). The cisgenesis precludes linkage drag, and hence, prevents hazards from unidentified hitch hiking genes (Schouten, and Jacobsen, 2008). Compared to transgenesis, one of the disadvantages shared by cisgenesis is that characters outside the sexually compatible gene pool cannot be introduced. Furthermore, development of cisgenic crops involves extraordinary proficiency and time compared to transgenic crops. Therefore, the required genes or fragments of genes may not be readily accessible but have to be isolated from the sexually compatible gene pool (Holme et al., 2013).
On 16 February 2012, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA, 2012) reported the detail study concerning the safety aspects of cisgenic plants and validated that cisgenic plants are secure to be used in terms of environment, food and feed, similar to the traditionally bred plants. However, the present GMO regulation keeps the cisgenic micro-organisms out from its supervision. The first scientific statement of bringing forth a true plant obtained by cisgenic approach was reported in apple through the insertion of the internal scab resistance gene HcrVf2 influenced by their own regulatory genes into the cultivar Gala, a scab susceptible cultivar (Vanblaere et al., 2011). Barley with improved phytase activity was produced successfully by Holme et al. 2011, through cisgenic approach. Late blight resistant potatoes have developed by cisgene stacking of R- gene (jo et al., 2014).
1. The document discusses biotechnological interventions for crop improvement in fruit crops. It describes various conventional and biotechnological methods for fruit crop breeding including molecular markers, genetic engineering, and marker-assisted selection.
2. Molecular markers like SSRs, SNPs, and RAPDs can be used for genetic mapping, marker-assisted selection, and gene cloning in fruit crops. The document provides examples of using SSR markers for mapping genes controlling fruit traits in papaya and strawberry.
3. Marker-assisted selection allows shortening the breeding cycle by selecting genotypes with desired traits based on their marker profile, without needing to wait for phenotypic evaluation.
Introduction
Backcross breeding & its types
Marker assisted breeding
Marker assisted backcross breeding (MABC)
Main strategies
Advantages over conventional breeding
Case studies
Future outlook
Conclusion
Marker assisted selection of male sterility in rice --vipin Vipin Kannan
This document provides information on various methods of inducing male sterility in plants, especially rice, for the purpose of hybrid seed production. It discusses chemical, genetic, and transgenic approaches. Specifically, it describes cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), nuclear male sterility (NMS), and cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS). It also discusses the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS) to more efficiently select for male sterility genes and introgress them into adapted varieties through techniques like marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB). Overall, the document outlines methods for inducing and tracking male sterility that can facilitate efficient hybrid rice breeding programs.
This document discusses advance plant breeding techniques, including molecular breeding (marker assisted selection) and micro-propagation. Molecular breeding uses DNA markers linked to desirable traits to assist in selecting plants with those traits, without needing to phenotype the traits directly. Marker assisted selection allows for more breeding cycles in a year and pyramiding of multiple resistance genes. Micro-propagation, also called clonal propagation, involves propagating plants vegetatively in vitro to produce clones that are genetically identical to the original plant.
This document summarizes a study on marker assisted selection for disease resistance in legume crops. It discusses marker assisted selection (MAS) and its advantages over conventional breeding. MAS allows for indirect selection of traits using DNA markers linked to genes or traits of interest. It also describes specific examples of using MAS to develop disease resistance in pea and common bean crops by mapping genes conferring resistance to powdery mildew in pea and rust resistance in common bean. The studies aimed to validate DNA markers for use in MAS breeding programs to more efficiently develop legume varieties with improved disease resistance.
Advances in Vegetable Improvement through Biotechnological ApproachAditika Sharma
The document discusses various biotechnological approaches that can be used to improve vegetables, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, and tissue culture techniques. It provides examples of how transgenic crops have been developed with traits like virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and improved nutrition. Molecular markers can be used for marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and introgressing traits from wild relatives. The global adoption of biotech crops is also summarized. Genome sequencing of various crops is helping with marker development and gene discovery.
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) uses molecular markers linked to genes or traits of interest to select desirable plants. MAS can reduce the time needed for variety development compared to conventional breeding by allowing early generation selection. The success of MAS depends on the close linkage between markers and target genes. MAS has been used successfully in crops like rice, maize, and chickpeas to develop varieties with improved disease resistance and other traits. While powerful, MAS also has limitations like the need for accurate marker-trait linkage and potential recombination between markers and genes.
Genomic aided selection for crop improvementtanvic2
This document summarizes a case study on the draft genome sequence of chickpea. Key points include:
- Researchers sequenced and assembled the ~738Mb genome of a kabuli chickpea variety, identifying an estimated 28,269 genes.
- The genome provides resources for molecular breeding through identification of candidate genes for traits like disease resistance.
- Resequencing of elite varieties provided insights into genome diversity and domestication.
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1. Need to Revolutionize the Crop Breeding
Presented by
Krishnananda Pralhad Ingle
(PhD Agricultural Biotechnology)
Associate Scientist, Jain Irrigation Systems Limited,
Jalgaon - 425001 (India)
2. Impact of Climate Change
By 2030, nine out of 10 of the major crops will experience reduced or stagnant growth rates, while average prices will
increase dramatically as a result, at least in part, due to climate change.
8. 5Gs For Crop Improvement
Human Gene
Therapy
Genome 1G
Germplasm 2G
Characterization
Genes 3G
Genomic
Breeding 4G
Gene Editing 5G
5 G Technologies for
Crop improvement
9. Crop Innovation Platforms
Genomic Insight: To unravel
the genomics of crop
Digital Phenotype: High throughput
computational and digital phenotyping
to track the desired traits
Cell and Tissue Design:
Optimization of regeneration
abilities of plant cells and tissues
Trait Discovery: Identification and
validation for the gene and
markers responsible for trait
expression
Genomic Breeding: MAS/
Selection of phenotype based
on genotypic markers
Precision Breeding: Non GM
Technologies to deliver true to
type varieties
11. Marker Assisted Breeding/Genomics Breeding
▪Molecular Breeding market is estimated to be valued at USD 1.79
billion in 2018 and estimated to grow at a CGAR of 17.11% up to
2023
▪ Increased funding for agrigenomics research, the need to improve
the yield, and the exponential fall in prices of genetic solutions for
agricultural applications are the important drivers of the growth of
the molecular breeding market
▪ Molecular breeding assists the breeders for precise selection, trait
introgression and phenotype selection based on genotype using
functional markers domain
▪ Time saving from the substitution of complex field trials (that need
to be conducted at particular times of year or at specific locations,
or are technically complicated) with molecular tests
▪ Selection of genotypes at seedling stage
▪ Gene ‘pyramiding’ or combining multiple genes simultaneously
▪ Avoid the transfer of undesirable or deleterious genes (‘linkage
drag, this is of particular relevance when the introgression of genes
from wild species is involved)
▪ Selecting for traits with low heritability
▪ Testing for specific traits where phenotypic evaluation is not
feasible
13. KASPr Based Genotyping
KASP- Kompetitive Allele Specific
primers:
A genotyping assay utilizes unique
form of competitive allele specific PCR
combined with homogeneous
fluorescence, based reporting system
for the identification & measurement of
genetic variation occurring at the
nucleotide level to detect SNPs &
InDels.
Applications
Discovery of SNP markers in (flanking
regions) of targeted SSR/STR/Micros
atellite
Discovery of new SNP markers in spec
ific genomic regions
Conversion of QTL SSR/STS/microsate
llite trait specific marker
14. Precision Breeding using CRISPR Cas9/Genome Editing
Genome editing is the process of precisely modifying the nucleotide sequence of the genome
CRISPR-Cas9 is a unique technology that enables geneticists & medical researchers to edit parts of
the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of DNA sequence
16. Speed Breeding + MAB….a booming approach
‘Speed breeding’ technology shortens the breeding cycle and accelerates crop research through rapid
generation advancement. Speed breeding can be carried out in numerous ways, one of which involves
extending the duration of plants’ daily exposure to light, combined with early seed harvest, to cycle quickly
from seed to seed, thereby reducing the generation times for some long-day or day-neutral crops.
17. Rapid trait stacking through speed breeding and marker
assisted selection
Strategy for stacking of four traits for
enhanced resistance to preharvest
sprouting (Phs-A1), wheat rusts (Lr34),
fusarium headblight (Fhb1) and salinity
tolerance (Nax1) from unadapted
backgrounds into an elite wheat
cultivar. a, Four rounds of
backcrossing and selection resulting
in near isogenic lines (>96% pure)
are combined with two rounds of
crossing (genestacking steps 1 and
2) and selection for a homozygous
line carrying all four traits (gene
stacking step 3). b, The timeline to
achieve the quadruple stack is shown
for the field (one generation per
year), a regular greenhouse (two
generations per year) and a speed
breeding greenhouse (six generations
per year).
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