Genetic transformation is a technique used to directly manipulate an organism's genome. It has several applications for fruit crop improvement, including shortening juvenile phase, increasing productivity, improving biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and enhancing quality. Key methods are Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment. Studies show overexpression of flowering genes reduced juvenile phase in apple, while auxin-related genes increased grape fecundity. Disease resistance genes like Xa21 and NPR1 enhanced resistance to citrus canker and diseases in strawberry. Abiotic stress tolerance was achieved in strawberry and apple through expression of osmotin and Myb4 genes. Quality was improved by modulating pigmentation and shelf life genes in apple and
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Transgenic crops can be used to introduce traits that are difficult or impossible to combine through traditional breeding methods. The document discusses using transgenic methods to introduce virus and insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, and quality traits like increased nutrients and shelf life into various vegetable crops. Specific examples discussed include brinjal with resistance to fruit and shoot borer, tomato with increased lycopene, zinc, and shelf life. The document compares traditional breeding to transgenic methods and lists the status of development for some GM vegetable crops in India.
Three line system of hybrid seed productionmuruganjey
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
Tomato has been extensively bred due to its short duration, easy cultivation, and large number of seeds per fruit. Breeding objectives include earliness, increased yield, fruit quality traits like size, color, and disease/stress resistance. Common breeding methods are introduction, pure line selection, pedigree, backcrossing, and heterosis breeding. Interspecific hybridization utilizes wild relatives for traits like disease resistance. New varieties have been developed with resistance to important diseases like bacterial wilt, nematodes, and viruses. Processing varieties have traits like uniform color, shape, acidity, and crack resistance.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS IN INDIAAditika Sharma
This document provides an overview of recent advances in improving vegetable crops in India. It discusses the development of higher yielding and stress resistant varieties through both conventional breeding methods like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding as well as advanced techniques like genetic engineering and marker assisted selection. Key achievements include the development of gynoecious lines in cucumber, seedless varieties of watermelon, varieties adapted to year-round cultivation, hybrid varieties with disease resistance, and nutritionally enriched varieties. The application of biotechnology tools such as transgenic approaches, molecular markers, and genome sequencing in vegetable improvement is also summarized.
This document discusses ideotype breeding, which aims to develop ideal plant models for specific environments. It outlines the steps in ideotype breeding, including developing a conceptual model, selecting base materials, incorporating desirable traits, and selecting an ideal plant type. Advantages are that it can break yield barriers and solve multiple problems at once. However, it is difficult to combine all desired traits and is a slow process compared to traditional breeding. The ideotype is also constantly evolving with new knowledge and demands.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
Micropropagation and commercial exploitation in horticulture cropsDheeraj Sharma
Micro-propagation – principles and concepts, commercial exploitation in horticultural crops. Techniques - in vitro clonal propagation, direct organogenesis, embryogenesis, micrografting, meristem culture. Hardening, packing and transport of micro-propagules.
Transgenic crops can be used to introduce traits that are difficult or impossible to combine through traditional breeding methods. The document discusses using transgenic methods to introduce virus and insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, and quality traits like increased nutrients and shelf life into various vegetable crops. Specific examples discussed include brinjal with resistance to fruit and shoot borer, tomato with increased lycopene, zinc, and shelf life. The document compares traditional breeding to transgenic methods and lists the status of development for some GM vegetable crops in India.
Three line system of hybrid seed productionmuruganjey
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
Tomato has been extensively bred due to its short duration, easy cultivation, and large number of seeds per fruit. Breeding objectives include earliness, increased yield, fruit quality traits like size, color, and disease/stress resistance. Common breeding methods are introduction, pure line selection, pedigree, backcrossing, and heterosis breeding. Interspecific hybridization utilizes wild relatives for traits like disease resistance. New varieties have been developed with resistance to important diseases like bacterial wilt, nematodes, and viruses. Processing varieties have traits like uniform color, shape, acidity, and crack resistance.
RECENT ADVANCES IN IMPROVEMENT OF VEGETABLE CROPS IN INDIAAditika Sharma
This document provides an overview of recent advances in improving vegetable crops in India. It discusses the development of higher yielding and stress resistant varieties through both conventional breeding methods like hybridization, selection, and mutation breeding as well as advanced techniques like genetic engineering and marker assisted selection. Key achievements include the development of gynoecious lines in cucumber, seedless varieties of watermelon, varieties adapted to year-round cultivation, hybrid varieties with disease resistance, and nutritionally enriched varieties. The application of biotechnology tools such as transgenic approaches, molecular markers, and genome sequencing in vegetable improvement is also summarized.
This document discusses ideotype breeding, which aims to develop ideal plant models for specific environments. It outlines the steps in ideotype breeding, including developing a conceptual model, selecting base materials, incorporating desirable traits, and selecting an ideal plant type. Advantages are that it can break yield barriers and solve multiple problems at once. However, it is difficult to combine all desired traits and is a slow process compared to traditional breeding. The ideotype is also constantly evolving with new knowledge and demands.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
This document discusses breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. It begins by defining different types of environmental stresses plants face, with a focus on abiotic stresses like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. Conventional breeding methods are then outlined, including selection, hybridization, pedigree method, and backcross breeding. Specific strategies for breeding tolerance to drought, salinity, and waterlogging are covered in more detail. Screening criteria and sources of tolerance for different stresses in various vegetable crops are also provided. The document aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations for developing stress-tolerant vegetable varieties through plant breeding.
BREEDING FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN VEGETABLE CROPSAdhiyamaan Raj
This document discusses breeding for quality traits in vegetable crops. It begins by explaining the importance of vegetables in the human diet and as sources of nutrients. It then discusses key quality traits like morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological traits. The rest of the document provides examples of specific quality traits targeted for improvement in crops like tomato, carrot, brinjal, capsicum, and methods used like evaluation of germplasm, hybridization, and development of varieties with improved traits.
Male sterility, types and utilization in hybrid seed productionHirdayesh Anuragi
The document discusses different types of male sterility including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), genetic male sterility (GMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It describes key characteristics of each type of male sterility such as mode of inheritance, environmental sensitivity, and use in hybrid seed production. The document also covers creation of male sterility through mutations, classification of male sterility systems, and applications of male sterility in commercial hybrid seed production.
This document summarizes information about strawberry breeding and genetics. It discusses the botanical details of strawberry, its origin as a hybrid between Fragaria virginiana and Fragaria chiloensis, and lists various strawberry species. It also describes strawberry flower and fruit morphology, inheritance patterns of traits, breeding objectives and methods used, and important cultivated varieties developed through hybridization. Additionally, it discusses biotechnological tools used in strawberry breeding like micropropagation, somaclonal variation, and genetic transformation. Finally, it outlines some constraints in strawberry breeding.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
abiotic stress and its management in fruit cropsrehana javid
This document discusses various types of stresses that affect fruit crops, including temperature, water, radiation, wind, and soil stresses. It defines stress, describes different stress classifications, and outlines the effects of specific stresses like high temperature, low temperature, water deficit, flooding, wind, salt, and radiation on fruit crop growth, development, and yield. It also discusses various cropping systems used in fruit crops and strategies for contingency planning and mitigation of different stress situations, including the use of tolerant varieties, cultural practices, protection methods, and rainwater harvesting.
This document summarizes banana taxonomy and classification. It discusses:
1) The two original species described by Linnaeus, Musa paradisiaca and Musa sapientum, which created confusion due to Southeast Asian diversity.
2) A new classification system proposed by Cheesman in 1948 and Simmonds and Shepherd in 1955, which used diagnostic traits and taxonomic scoring to classify cultivars into genomic groups based on their Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana ancestry.
3) Modern taxonomy confirms the multi-specific origin of edible bananas and classifies them into species, genome groups, and cultivars using molecular markers and the Descriptors for Banana published by INIB
The document outlines seed certification procedures, which ensure quality seeds for farmers. Seed certification verifies genetic identity and purity, germination rates, and freedom from diseases. It involves registering seed producers, inspecting seed fields for standards, processing and testing seeds, and issuing certificates for certified seeds. The goal is to provide high-quality seeds of improved varieties to increase crop production.
This document discusses breeding for resistance to biotic stresses in plants. It defines biotic stress as damage caused by living organisms such as pathogens. Major causes of agricultural loss are discussed, including different types of pathogens and their characteristics. Methods for developing disease resistance in plants are then outlined, including hybridization, selection from germplasm and related species, mutation breeding, and biotechnological methods. Specific examples of varieties developed for resistance to important diseases in crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton are also provided.
The document discusses the objectives of plant breeding for several crops including chilli, brinjal, and okra. The main objectives discussed are:
1. Developing improved varieties that have higher yields, better quality, disease and insect resistance, and other desirable traits to be commercially successful.
2. Breeding objectives for individual crops include earliness, desirable fruit/pod characteristics, quality, resistance to diseases and insects, and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
3. Information is provided on the origin, distribution, species, and popular varieties of chilli, brinjal, and okra, which are important vegetable crops grown in India and other countries.
This document discusses the breeding objectives of several important vegetable crops in India. It begins by defining breeding objectives as specific agronomic parameters that breeders aim to improve in a crop, such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, quality traits, and yield. It then provides some statistics on vegetable production and consumption in India. The rest of the document outlines the key breeding objectives for several crops, including high yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance, quality traits, and maturity timing. Crops discussed include potato, pea, muskmelon, watermelon, onion, and radish.
Quality refers to the suitability of a crop for its intended end use. Quality traits include morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological characteristics. Morphological traits relate to appearance while organoleptic traits influence taste and aroma. Nutritional traits determine health value and biological traits define usefulness when consumed. Quality is governed by oligogenic, polygenic, or maternal inheritance. Sources of improved quality traits include cultivated varieties, germplasm, mutants, somaclonal variants, wild relatives, and transgenic sources.
India is the second largest producer of fruits globally and fruit breeding research began in India in 1905 with the establishment of agricultural colleges. Several initiatives in the early 20th century helped boost fruit research. Fruit breeding is challenging due to long lifecycles, juvenile periods, heterozygosity, and other genetic factors of fruit crops. The objectives of fruit breeding are to develop varieties with high quality production, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and marketability. Fruit breeding plays an important role in developing improved varieties and meeting the needs of a growing population.
Advances in Vegetable Improvement through Biotechnological ApproachAditika Sharma
The document discusses various biotechnological approaches that can be used to improve vegetables, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, and tissue culture techniques. It provides examples of how transgenic crops have been developed with traits like virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and improved nutrition. Molecular markers can be used for marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and introgressing traits from wild relatives. The global adoption of biotech crops is also summarized. Genome sequencing of various crops is helping with marker development and gene discovery.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
This document provides an overview of transgenic fruit plants. It discusses the history of transgenic plants, how they differ from traditional breeding methods, and why transgenic fruit crops are developed. The document outlines the process of plant transformation and lists some deregulated transgenic fruit crops. It also discusses production and adoption rates of transgenic fruits and provides case studies on papaya and plum. The document notes both advantages and constraints of transgenic plants and concludes by discussing alternative technologies.
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cassava Research in Nigeria - Emmanual Okogbeninb4fa
Presentation by Dr Emmanuel Okogbenin, National Root Crops Research Centre, Umudike, Nigeria
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
This document discusses breeding strategies for abiotic stress tolerance in vegetable crops. It begins by defining different types of environmental stresses plants face, with a focus on abiotic stresses like drought, waterlogging, heat, cold, and salinity. Conventional breeding methods are then outlined, including selection, hybridization, pedigree method, and backcross breeding. Specific strategies for breeding tolerance to drought, salinity, and waterlogging are covered in more detail. Screening criteria and sources of tolerance for different stresses in various vegetable crops are also provided. The document aims to provide an overview of approaches and considerations for developing stress-tolerant vegetable varieties through plant breeding.
BREEDING FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN VEGETABLE CROPSAdhiyamaan Raj
This document discusses breeding for quality traits in vegetable crops. It begins by explaining the importance of vegetables in the human diet and as sources of nutrients. It then discusses key quality traits like morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological traits. The rest of the document provides examples of specific quality traits targeted for improvement in crops like tomato, carrot, brinjal, capsicum, and methods used like evaluation of germplasm, hybridization, and development of varieties with improved traits.
Male sterility, types and utilization in hybrid seed productionHirdayesh Anuragi
The document discusses different types of male sterility including cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), genetic male sterility (GMS), and cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS). It describes key characteristics of each type of male sterility such as mode of inheritance, environmental sensitivity, and use in hybrid seed production. The document also covers creation of male sterility through mutations, classification of male sterility systems, and applications of male sterility in commercial hybrid seed production.
This document summarizes information about strawberry breeding and genetics. It discusses the botanical details of strawberry, its origin as a hybrid between Fragaria virginiana and Fragaria chiloensis, and lists various strawberry species. It also describes strawberry flower and fruit morphology, inheritance patterns of traits, breeding objectives and methods used, and important cultivated varieties developed through hybridization. Additionally, it discusses biotechnological tools used in strawberry breeding like micropropagation, somaclonal variation, and genetic transformation. Finally, it outlines some constraints in strawberry breeding.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
abiotic stress and its management in fruit cropsrehana javid
This document discusses various types of stresses that affect fruit crops, including temperature, water, radiation, wind, and soil stresses. It defines stress, describes different stress classifications, and outlines the effects of specific stresses like high temperature, low temperature, water deficit, flooding, wind, salt, and radiation on fruit crop growth, development, and yield. It also discusses various cropping systems used in fruit crops and strategies for contingency planning and mitigation of different stress situations, including the use of tolerant varieties, cultural practices, protection methods, and rainwater harvesting.
This document summarizes banana taxonomy and classification. It discusses:
1) The two original species described by Linnaeus, Musa paradisiaca and Musa sapientum, which created confusion due to Southeast Asian diversity.
2) A new classification system proposed by Cheesman in 1948 and Simmonds and Shepherd in 1955, which used diagnostic traits and taxonomic scoring to classify cultivars into genomic groups based on their Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana ancestry.
3) Modern taxonomy confirms the multi-specific origin of edible bananas and classifies them into species, genome groups, and cultivars using molecular markers and the Descriptors for Banana published by INIB
The document outlines seed certification procedures, which ensure quality seeds for farmers. Seed certification verifies genetic identity and purity, germination rates, and freedom from diseases. It involves registering seed producers, inspecting seed fields for standards, processing and testing seeds, and issuing certificates for certified seeds. The goal is to provide high-quality seeds of improved varieties to increase crop production.
This document discusses breeding for resistance to biotic stresses in plants. It defines biotic stress as damage caused by living organisms such as pathogens. Major causes of agricultural loss are discussed, including different types of pathogens and their characteristics. Methods for developing disease resistance in plants are then outlined, including hybridization, selection from germplasm and related species, mutation breeding, and biotechnological methods. Specific examples of varieties developed for resistance to important diseases in crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, and cotton are also provided.
The document discusses the objectives of plant breeding for several crops including chilli, brinjal, and okra. The main objectives discussed are:
1. Developing improved varieties that have higher yields, better quality, disease and insect resistance, and other desirable traits to be commercially successful.
2. Breeding objectives for individual crops include earliness, desirable fruit/pod characteristics, quality, resistance to diseases and insects, and tolerance to abiotic stresses.
3. Information is provided on the origin, distribution, species, and popular varieties of chilli, brinjal, and okra, which are important vegetable crops grown in India and other countries.
This document discusses the breeding objectives of several important vegetable crops in India. It begins by defining breeding objectives as specific agronomic parameters that breeders aim to improve in a crop, such as disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, quality traits, and yield. It then provides some statistics on vegetable production and consumption in India. The rest of the document outlines the key breeding objectives for several crops, including high yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance, quality traits, and maturity timing. Crops discussed include potato, pea, muskmelon, watermelon, onion, and radish.
Quality refers to the suitability of a crop for its intended end use. Quality traits include morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological characteristics. Morphological traits relate to appearance while organoleptic traits influence taste and aroma. Nutritional traits determine health value and biological traits define usefulness when consumed. Quality is governed by oligogenic, polygenic, or maternal inheritance. Sources of improved quality traits include cultivated varieties, germplasm, mutants, somaclonal variants, wild relatives, and transgenic sources.
India is the second largest producer of fruits globally and fruit breeding research began in India in 1905 with the establishment of agricultural colleges. Several initiatives in the early 20th century helped boost fruit research. Fruit breeding is challenging due to long lifecycles, juvenile periods, heterozygosity, and other genetic factors of fruit crops. The objectives of fruit breeding are to develop varieties with high quality production, biotic/abiotic stress tolerance, and marketability. Fruit breeding plays an important role in developing improved varieties and meeting the needs of a growing population.
Advances in Vegetable Improvement through Biotechnological ApproachAditika Sharma
The document discusses various biotechnological approaches that can be used to improve vegetables, including genetic engineering, molecular markers, and tissue culture techniques. It provides examples of how transgenic crops have been developed with traits like virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and improved nutrition. Molecular markers can be used for marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and introgressing traits from wild relatives. The global adoption of biotech crops is also summarized. Genome sequencing of various crops is helping with marker development and gene discovery.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
This document provides an overview of transgenic fruit plants. It discusses the history of transgenic plants, how they differ from traditional breeding methods, and why transgenic fruit crops are developed. The document outlines the process of plant transformation and lists some deregulated transgenic fruit crops. It also discusses production and adoption rates of transgenic fruits and provides case studies on papaya and plum. The document notes both advantages and constraints of transgenic plants and concludes by discussing alternative technologies.
B4FA 2012 Nigeria: Cassava Research in Nigeria - Emmanual Okogbeninb4fa
Presentation by Dr Emmanuel Okogbenin, National Root Crops Research Centre, Umudike, Nigeria
Delivered at the B4FA Media Dialogue Workshop, Ibadan, Nigeria - September 2012
www.b4fa.org
What Remains to be Discovered: Unlocking the Potential of Modern BiosciencesSIANI
Presented at the workshop "Moving Africa Towards a Knowledge based Bio-economy: How can Sweden assist?" organised by the SIANI Bio-economy Expert Group. More at: http://www.siani.se/news/siani-bioeconomy-expert-group-business
Transgenic fruit crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to transfer desirable traits from unrelated species. This allows for rapid crop improvement compared to conventional breeding. Examples of transgenic fruit crops include papaya with resistance to papaya ring spot virus approved in 1996, and non-browning Arctic apples approved in 2015. Transgenic breeding can help impart resistance to diseases, insects, and abiotic stresses in fruit crops like apple, banana, grape, and strawberry. While it has benefits, there are also concerns over unintended effects and high costs of developing transgenic varieties.
Transgenic plants can be engineered for insect resistance by introducing genes from bacteria, plants or animals. This study generated transgenic broccoli expressing a Cry1Aa gene from Bacillus thuringiensis for resistance against diamondback moth. A second study transformed two cabbage varieties with a sporamin gene, conferring resistance against diamondback moth. Transgene insertion was confirmed, and resistant transgenic lines were selected and shown to inherit resistance stably to subsequent generations. Transgenic crops hold promise for reduced pesticide use and increased sustainable food production.
Role of tissue culture techniques in overcoming major breeding constraints in...MANDEEP KAUR
This document discusses how tissue culture techniques can help overcome major constraints in fruit crop breeding. It covers techniques like embryo rescue, haploid production, somatic hybridization, somaclonal variation, cryopreservation, and in vitro germplasm storage. Embryo rescue allows the development of interspecific and intergeneric hybrids by rescuing immature or weak embryos. Haploid production through anther or pollen culture can generate pure lines more quickly. Somatic hybridization combines genomes from incompatible parents to create novel hybrids. Somaclonal variation and in vitro mutagenesis are used to select stress-tolerant variants. Cryopreservation and in vitro storage help conserve genetic resources long-term. Overall, integrating these bi
Precision Breeding for Climate-Smart Crops - Integrating Genome Editing and B...Sudip Kundu
Climate change poses a serious threat to global food security, demanding innovative solutions. Precision breeding, leveraging the power of genome editing and bioinformatics, presents a promising approach to develop climate-smart crops. This presentation explores the exciting convergence of these technologies, unveiling their potential to unlock resilient and adaptable crops for a changing world.
Key topics covered:
Climate change challenges: Explore the growing threats to agriculture, including rising temperatures, droughts, floods, and pests.
Precision breeding fundamentals: Demystify genome editing techniques like CRISPR and their role in targeted genetic modifications.
Bioinformatics in action: Discover how computational tools analyze vast genetic data, guiding precise interventions in crops.
Developing climate-smart crops: Learn how scientists harness this combined power to breed for traits like heat tolerance, water efficiency, and disease resistance.
Real-world applications: Witness case studies showcasing the development of climate-resilient crops like wheat, rice, and maize.
Future outlook: Discuss the ethical considerations, regulatory frameworks, and potential breakthroughs shaping the future of precision breeding.
Join us on this journey to explore how precision breeding can:
Boost food security in a changing climate
Empower farmers and ensure sustainable agriculture
Shape a brighter future for generations to come
Don't miss this insightful presentation. Share it with your network and engage in the discussion!
#ClimateSmartCrops #PrecisionBreeding #GenomeEditing #Bioinformatics #FoodSecurity
Sustainable Food Production: Sustainable alternatives to manage crop diseases...IFSD14
This document summarizes research on developing sustainable alternatives for managing late blight disease in potatoes in Nariño, Colombia. The researchers used omic techniques like metabolomics and transcriptomics to identify resistance-related metabolites and genes in resistant potato cultivars. They found hydroxycinnamic acid amides were highly abundant and associated with cell wall thickening, which may confer resistance. Candidate genes for cell wall thickening were identified. Gene function was validated using VIGS. Resistance genes may be transferred to elite cultivars using marker-assisted breeding or cisgenics to improve food security for indigenous communities affected by late blight losses.
based on the following paper
"Enhanced resistance to blast fungus in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by
expressing the ribosome-inactivating protein alpha-momorcharin
Qian Qian1, Lin Huang1, Rong Yi, Shuzhen Wang, Yi Ding∗
State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Department of Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei Province, People’s Republic
of China
Solutions for Impact in Emerging Markets: The role of biotechnologyICRISAT
To develop and deploy state-of-the-art infrastructure for conduct of transgenic research and to act as a clearinghouse for technology inputs, transgenic research leads/ prototypes with proof of concept derived from Indian research institutes, universities, and other likely sources.Also to evolve the technology to a point where a practical application can be demonstrated, and transfer this “evolved” technology for product development and distribution to appropriate agencies.
Genomic, transcriptomic & proteomics approaches to - Copy.pptxPudhuvai Baveesh
This document discusses using genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic approaches to improve drought tolerance in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum.L). It identifies several genes involved in drought response pathways like signal perception, transcriptional control, and ion homeostasis. The document outlines a study to subject poppy plants to artificial drought, analyze relative water content and proline levels, perform transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to identify responsive genes and proteins, and validate targets using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. The overall goal is to identify mechanisms of drought tolerance at the gene and protein level to breed more drought-resistant poppy varieties.
Development of New Biotech Food Products: Fruits (Nafisa Nawal Islam)Nafisa Nawal Islam
- Food biotechnology employs modern genetics tools to enhance desirable traits in plants, animals, and microorganisms for food production. This includes adding or removing selected genes.
- The document discusses developing genetically engineered fruits with traits like virus resistance, increased vitamin content, drought tolerance, and longer shelf life. Methods like gene overexpression, gene silencing, and CRISPR genome editing are described.
- Examples of engineered fruits presented include papaya with resistance to papaya ringspot virus, squash resistant to various viruses, and non-browning apples. Potential benefits of these new biotech foods include higher yields, nutrition, and food security.
This document summarizes research on developing transgenic crops with improved tolerance to salinity and drought stress and enhanced nutritional quality. It describes how genes like OsMYB6, IPT, and MCM6 were introduced into rice, tobacco, and pea plants via genetic engineering to increase their tolerance to salt and drought. Transgenic sugarcane with the AVP1 gene also showed improved tolerance. Additionally, it discusses efforts to biofortify crops like bananas, potatoes and wheat to increase their vitamin, mineral and micronutrient content through metabolic engineering and breeding.
Role of biotechnology - gene silencing in plant disease controlAshajyothi Mushineni
An overview of role of biotechnology especially gene silencing approach in plant disease control and success achieved so far and way forward and it's importance in developing countries
Applications of genetic engineering techniques in agricultureB.Devadatha datha
This document discusses applications of genetic engineering techniques in agriculture. It begins by outlining reasons for genetically engineering plants, such as improving crops, using plants as bioreactors, and studying gene action. Various genetic engineering methods are then described, including Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. Applications like developing herbicide-resistant, insect-resistant, virus-resistant, and drought/cold-tolerant crops are covered. The document also discusses using genetic engineering for nutritional enhancement and production of edible vaccines. Potential risks like contamination and effects on non-target organisms are noted.
This document discusses in planta transgenic approaches for crop improvement using molecular techniques. It provides information on various physical, chemical and biological plant transformation methods including microinjection, biolistics, electroporation, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The document then focuses on Agrobacterium tumefaciens and its Ti plasmid, describing the mechanism of T-DNA transfer to plant cells. It discusses binary vector systems and various in planta transformation protocols like floral dip and vacuum infiltration methods. Finally, it presents a case study demonstrating the successful use of floral dip transformation to produce transgenic rice plants.
The document summarizes the principles and practice of environmental safety assessment for transgenic plants. It discusses evaluating the stability of genetic modifications, potential for gene transfer to related and unrelated organisms, weediness potential, and effects on non-target organisms. It provides details on Monsanto's MON 810 Bt corn, including the genetic elements inserted, molecular characterization of the inserted DNA, expression of the Cry1Ab protein, and laboratory and field studies finding no adverse effects on non-target and beneficial organisms except certain lepidopteran pests. It emphasizes the importance of insect resistance management plans to prolong the effectiveness of Bt toxins in crops.
The document summarizes the principles and practice of environmental safety assessment for transgenic plants. It discusses evaluating the stability of genetic modifications, potential for gene transfer to related and unrelated organisms, weediness potential, and effects on non-target organisms. It provides details on Monsanto's MON 810 Bt corn, including the genetic elements inserted, transformation method used, molecular characterization of the inserted DNA, stability of the insertion, potential for gene transfer, and laboratory and field studies finding no adverse effects on non-target and beneficial organisms except specific lepidopteran pests. It also discusses the importance of insect resistance management plans to prolong the effectiveness of Bt toxins in transgenic crops.
Advances in breeding of Apple and pear.pptxTajamul Wani
1. The document summarizes breeding methods for apple and pear, including conventional methods like plant introduction, clonal selection, and hybridization, as well as newer non-conventional methods like mutation breeding, genetic transformation, marker-assisted selection, and CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
2. Important breeding objectives for apple include early and regular bearing, good fruit quality and storage, dwarfness, and disease/pest resistance. Important pear breeding objectives are high and regular bearing, excellent fruit quality, disease resistance, and dwarfness.
3. Newer transgenic technologies like CRISPR/Cas9 hold promise for quickly introducing economically important traits to improve existing cultivars for apple and pear breeding.
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1. M K Saini
1
Presented by:
Mandeep Kaur
L-2018-A-35-D
PhD Fruit Science
Genetic Transformation
in Fruit Crops
Presented to:
Dr H S Dhaliwal
Dr Monika Gupta
Dr Rachna Arora
2. M K Saini
Content
– Genetic Transformation –
– Shortening of Juvenile Phase
– Increasing Productivity
– Biotic Stress Tolerance
– Abiotic Stress Tolerance
– Quality Improvement
3. M K Saini
Genetic Transformation
PROCEDURE FOR GENETIC TRANSFORMATION
Isolation of the gene(s) of interest
Insertion of the gene(s) into a transfer vector
Plant transformation
Selection of the modified plant cells
Regeneration into whole plants via tissue culture
Verification of transformation and characterization of the inserted DNA fragment
(Transient transformation and Stable transformation)
Testing of the plant performance
Safety assessment
Genetic transformation also called genetic modification is the direct
manipulation of an organism's genome using rDNA technology (Hota et al 2020).
4. M K Saini
Direct Method
Biolistic or Particle gun
Electroporation
Microinjection & Macroinjection
PEG
Indirect/Biological Method
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Agrobacterium rhizogenes
METHODS OF GENE TRANSFER
5. M K Saini
Genetic Transformation in Fruit Crops
b. Increasing Productivity
c. Biotic Stress Tolerance
a. Shortening of Juvenile Phase
d. Abiotic Stress Tolerance
e. Quality Improvement
7. M K Saini
FasTrack Breeding
(Scorza et al (2012) West Virginia, USA
STEP 1
STEP 2
Flowering within 6 months
STEP 3
Breeding system that uses genetically engineered tree carrying early flowering gene.
The variety released for commercial use is not a genetically modified plant.
8. M K Saini
Overexpression of BpMADS4 gene from silver
birch induces early-flowering in apple
• Objective => To shorten the juvenile stage.
• Proliferating axillary shoot cultures of apple cv. Pinova.
• BpMADS4 gene from silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.)
• Floral initiation within 3–4 months.
Flower buds (13 weeks) 5–7 days later,
Flowers were obvious
After 10–14 days,
Complete flower opened
Morphologically similar to
normal
Flachowsky et al (2007) Finland
10. M K Saini
Ovule-specific auxin-synthesizing (DefH9-iaaM)
transgene enhances grape fecundity
• Grapevine fecundity (fertility) is determined by its genetic makeup.
• DefH9 coding region from Antirrhinum majus.
• iaaM from Pseudomonas savastonoi.
• Inflorescences per shoot - Doubled in transgenics of Thompson Seedless.
• Berry number per bunch - Increased in both transgenic cultivars.
Costantini et al (2007) Italy
SILCORA
THOMPSON SEEDLESS
Control Transgenic Transgenic
Control
12. M K Saini
Enhanced resistance to citrus canker in
transgenic mandarin expressing Xa21 from rice
• Disease susceptibility, inter- & intraspecific incompatibility => Breeding obstacles.
• ‘W. Murcott’ mandarin - Direct DNA uptake using a protoplast transformation system.
• DNA construct - cDNA of Xa21, a Xanthomonas resistance gene from rice.
Omar et al (2018) USA
qRT-PCR of W. Murcott Transgenic lines Resistant phenotypes of transgenic lines
13. M K Saini
The Arabidopsis NPR1 gene confers broad-
spectrum disease resistance in strawberry
• Allo-octaploid nature of cultivated strawberry => Breeding constraint.
• AtNPR1 gene provides System Acquired Resistance.
• Diploid strawberry (F. vesca) accession Hawaii 4 - Agrobacterium strain GV3101.
• Overexpression of AtNPR1 increased resistance to 3 diseases.
Fig 1: Resistance to Anthracnose rot in TL-16
Silva et al (2015) USA
Fig 2:
Powdery mildew
in TL-14 & TL-53
Fig 3:
Angular leaf spot
in TL-61
14. M K Saini
Production of transgenic kiwifruit plants
harbouring the SbtCry1Ac gene
• Loss of valuable kiwifruit germplasm & Auto-hexaploid nature => Breeding problem.
• Objective: Transgenic kiwifruit against fruit-piercing moth (Oraesia excavata)
• Kiwifruit (cv. Hongyang) leaf tissues - SbtCry1Ac gene.
• Expression of insecticidal btCrylAc gene in tissues of transgenic kiwifruit.
Zhang et al (2015) China
Fig 1:
Column 1. Non-transgenic plant
Column 2. Transgenic plant
Fig 2:
Column 1. Non-transgenic plant
Column 2. Transgenic plant
Leaf damage rate Average weight of surviving larvae
15. M K Saini
Transgenic PRSV Resistant Papaya cv. ‘SunUp’
• Monotypic Genus Carica => No resistance gene for PRSV.
• Vasconcella cauliflora (Carica cauliflora) => Resistant to PRSV.
• Intergeneric incompatibility => Breeding problem.
• CP gene of PRSV strain
• Line 55-1 => excellent resistance against PRSV.
• Line 55-1 X non-transgenic - Sunset => ‘SunUp’
• SunUp X non-transgenic - Kapoho => ‘Rainbow’
Gonsalves et al (1998) Hawaii
Transgenic Control-NT
SunUp Rainbow
16. M K Saini
Transgenic PPV resistant plum cv. ‘HoneySweet’
• Allo-hexaploid nature of European plum => Breeding problem.
• Gene for PPV coat protein inserted into plant genome.
• Bluebyrd plum seedling => A. tumefaciens EHA 101.
• Field evaluation - 12 years in aphid vectored conditions.
• Later patented as ‘HoneySweet’.
Scorza et al (2016) US Kearneysville
18. M K Saini
Overexpression of tobacco osmotin gene leads
to salt stress tolerance in strawberry plants
• Allo-octaploid nature of cultivated strawberry => Breeding constraint.
• Strawberry plants => A. tumefaciens (GV2260) harbouring Osmotin gene.
• Expression of osmotin gene increased in transgenic lines TL3, TL5, TL9.
Husaini and Abdin (2008) India
Proline content at 1 week and 2 week exposure to NaCl Chlorophyll content upon exposure to NaCl
19. M K Saini
Osmyb4 expression improves adaptive responses
to drought & cold stress in transgenic apples
• Long juvenile period => Breeding problem
• In vitro cultured apple shoots cv. Greensleeves transformed via A.
tumefaciens strain EHA105.
• Ectopic expression of the Myb4 transcription factor improved tolerance.
Pasquali et al (2008) Italy
RT-PCR analysis of Osmyb4 gene expression
• WT - Wild type
• HE - High transgene expression
• LE - Low transgene expression
20. M K Saini
Relative water content & ion leakage in apple leaves during the 15 days of drought treatment
Glucose and proline contents of wild-type (WT) and
high expression (HE) apple plants during cold treatment 4ᵒC for 1, 2 and 9 days.
22. M K Saini
MYB transcription factor (MdMYB10) increases
red colouration in transgenic apple fruit
• Long juvenile period => Breeding problem.
• Objective => To increase red coloration in cortex & skin of fruit.
• Leaf pieces of Malus domestica cv. Red chief - MdMYB10 cDNA.
• Differences in expression of MdMYB10 gene that determine cortex colour.
Espley et al (2007) New Zealand
RT-PCR analysis of MdMYB10 cDNA
in ‘Red Field’ & Control (Pacific Roseᵀᴹ)
Red Field
Pacific Roseᵀᴹ
23. M K Saini
• Allo-octaploid nature of cultivated strawberry => Breeding constraint.
• Objective => To increase postharvest shelf life.
• Strawberry plants => FaPG1-cDNA fragment in antisense orientation.
• Antisense down-regulation of FaPG1 in AntiPG lines reduced fruit softening.
• Total Polygalacturonase activity reduced in 3 transgenic lines.
Antisense down-regulation of the FaPG1 reduces
fruit softening in Strawberry cv. Chandler
Quesada et al (2009) Spain
Control & Transgenic (AntiPG)
harvested at the full ripened stage.
Total PG activity in ripened fruits from
control and Transgenic lines (APG).
24. M K Saini
Conclusion & Future Prospects
• Biotechnology has brought great opportunities and
prospects for overcoming problems of conventional
breeding.
• However, biotechnology as transgenic breeding or genetic
manipulation cannot replace conventional breeding but it is
and only is a supplementary addition to conventional
breeding.
• Therefore, integration of biotechnology into conventional
breeding programs will be an optimistic strategy for fruit
crop improvement in the future.
Conventional breeding in octoploid strawberry is laborious, time-consuming, and expensive.
The coding region of AtNPR1 was amplified from cDNA using PCR, cloned into pK7WG2D,1 and then transformed into the diploid strawberry F. vesca L. using the Agrobacterium strain GV3101.
Transgenic manipulation of strawberry’s innate defense signaling pathways may offer an alternative approach to generate resistance or tolerance to various pathogens.
CP gene of a mild mutant of a PRSV strain.
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