Aim: This review aims at opening the clinical professionals eyes to various possibilities for the usage of laser that is innovative skill in the field of periodontics. Background: There is no doubt regarding clinical application of laser, but for best management and for effective clinical protocols literature should be supported by basic and clinical research and evidence. Review Results: In this review there is a collection of data from scientific papers clinically relevant to the periodontitis providing description of parameters of lasers, its effect on soft tissue, history of use laser in periodontics in particular as well as various use of laser in the field of periodontics .Conclusion: Laser is a promising auxillary tool in periodontics but further evidence is required to have effective clinical effect. Clinical Significance: Less of thermal damage, less bleeding and uneventful healing is the clinical significance of laser when used on soft tissues.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF A LASER
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
CLASSIFICATION OF LASER
EFFECTS OF LASER ON SOFT AND HARD TISSUES
VARIOUS LASERS AVAILABLE FOR PERIDONTAL USE
APPLICATION OF LASER TREATMENT IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LASER IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
LASER PRECAUTIONS
LASER HAZARDS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
This document provides an overview of guided tissue regeneration (GTR). It begins with definitions of periodontal regeneration and GTR. It then discusses the history and development of GTR from the 1970s onwards. The core concept of GTR is explained, which is based on Melcher's hypothesis that only periodontal ligament cells can regenerate the periodontal attachment apparatus. Indications, contraindications, design criteria and objectives of GTR barriers are covered. The document classifies and compares advantages and disadvantages of absorbable versus non-absorbable membranes. Key factors affecting GTR outcomes are discussed. Surgical techniques and the healing of GTR-treated defects are described. The document concludes with additional considerations like complications and the
This document discusses chemical plaque control agents. It begins by defining terms like antimicrobial agents, antiplaque agents, and antigingivitis agents. It describes ideal properties of antiplaque agents such as eliminating pathogens selectively and exhibiting substantivity. The document then examines various approaches to chemical plaque control like using antiadhesive, antimicrobial, plaque removal, and antipathogenic agents. Specific agents discussed in detail include chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, triclosan, and delmopinol. The modes of action, effectiveness, and potential side effects of different agents are summarized.
Lasers and its application in periodonticsShilpa Shiv
The document discusses different types of lasers used in periodontology, including their properties, mechanisms of interaction with tissue, safety classifications, and clinical applications. It provides details on lasers such as the argon, diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and CO2 lasers, covering their wavelengths, active mediums, delivery systems, absorption characteristics, and periodontal uses. The document also examines laser tissue interactions, safety considerations, and the theoretical zones of tissue change caused by laser exposure.
This document discusses the historical background and various methods of root biomodification, which involves chemically or mechanically modifying the root surface to promote periodontal regeneration. It describes how citric acid, tetracycline, fibronectin, and EDTA work to demineralize and detoxify the root surface in order to remove the smear layer and expose collagen fibers, making the surface more biocompatible and conducive to new attachment of periodontal tissues. Register and Burdick's 1975 technique using citric acid application for 2-3 minutes is outlined, along with modifications by Miller. The mechanisms and benefits of different agents are explained.
This document discusses the use of lasers in periodontology. It begins by covering laser tissue interaction and the types of lasers available for periodontal applications. The document then summarizes several clinical applications of lasers in periodontology including frenectomies, crown lengthening, biopsies, and treatments for lesions, ulcers, and bleeding disorders. It also discusses uses for guided tissue regeneration, scaling and root planing, and preprosthetic surgery. In general, lasers provide benefits like less bleeding, sterilization of surgical sites, reduced post-op pain and swelling, and faster procedures. The laser-assisted new attachment procedure is described as a method for treating moderate to advanced periodontitis. Both advantages
This document discusses resective osseous surgery for treating periodontal bone defects. It covers normal bone anatomy, classification of bone defects, rationale for resective surgery, techniques, instruments and steps. Resective surgery aims to reshape marginal bone to resemble healthy bone and facilitate maintenance. It can reliably reduce pocket depth by 0.6-1.2mm but risks root exposure and recession. Success requires careful patient selection and surgical skill.
This document discusses periodontal regeneration and the various factors involved. It begins by defining key terminology related to grafting and regeneration. It then discusses the biology and objectives of periodontal regeneration, including the ideal outcome of new attachment formation and factors that can influence outcomes. The document outlines various techniques for periodontal regeneration including non-graft associated approaches involving removal of epithelium and surgical techniques, as well as graft-associated approaches using various graft materials. Requirements for predictable regeneration and assessment methods are also summarized.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PRINCIPLES OF WORKING OF A LASER
FUNDAMENTALS OF LASER
CHARACTERISTICS OF LASER
CLASSIFICATION OF LASER
EFFECTS OF LASER ON SOFT AND HARD TISSUES
VARIOUS LASERS AVAILABLE FOR PERIDONTAL USE
APPLICATION OF LASER TREATMENT IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF LASER IN PERIODONTAL THERAPY
LASER PRECAUTIONS
LASER HAZARDS
RECENT ADVANCES
CONCLUSION
This document provides an overview of guided tissue regeneration (GTR). It begins with definitions of periodontal regeneration and GTR. It then discusses the history and development of GTR from the 1970s onwards. The core concept of GTR is explained, which is based on Melcher's hypothesis that only periodontal ligament cells can regenerate the periodontal attachment apparatus. Indications, contraindications, design criteria and objectives of GTR barriers are covered. The document classifies and compares advantages and disadvantages of absorbable versus non-absorbable membranes. Key factors affecting GTR outcomes are discussed. Surgical techniques and the healing of GTR-treated defects are described. The document concludes with additional considerations like complications and the
This document discusses chemical plaque control agents. It begins by defining terms like antimicrobial agents, antiplaque agents, and antigingivitis agents. It describes ideal properties of antiplaque agents such as eliminating pathogens selectively and exhibiting substantivity. The document then examines various approaches to chemical plaque control like using antiadhesive, antimicrobial, plaque removal, and antipathogenic agents. Specific agents discussed in detail include chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, triclosan, and delmopinol. The modes of action, effectiveness, and potential side effects of different agents are summarized.
Lasers and its application in periodonticsShilpa Shiv
The document discusses different types of lasers used in periodontology, including their properties, mechanisms of interaction with tissue, safety classifications, and clinical applications. It provides details on lasers such as the argon, diode, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and CO2 lasers, covering their wavelengths, active mediums, delivery systems, absorption characteristics, and periodontal uses. The document also examines laser tissue interactions, safety considerations, and the theoretical zones of tissue change caused by laser exposure.
This document discusses the historical background and various methods of root biomodification, which involves chemically or mechanically modifying the root surface to promote periodontal regeneration. It describes how citric acid, tetracycline, fibronectin, and EDTA work to demineralize and detoxify the root surface in order to remove the smear layer and expose collagen fibers, making the surface more biocompatible and conducive to new attachment of periodontal tissues. Register and Burdick's 1975 technique using citric acid application for 2-3 minutes is outlined, along with modifications by Miller. The mechanisms and benefits of different agents are explained.
This document discusses the use of lasers in periodontology. It begins by covering laser tissue interaction and the types of lasers available for periodontal applications. The document then summarizes several clinical applications of lasers in periodontology including frenectomies, crown lengthening, biopsies, and treatments for lesions, ulcers, and bleeding disorders. It also discusses uses for guided tissue regeneration, scaling and root planing, and preprosthetic surgery. In general, lasers provide benefits like less bleeding, sterilization of surgical sites, reduced post-op pain and swelling, and faster procedures. The laser-assisted new attachment procedure is described as a method for treating moderate to advanced periodontitis. Both advantages
This document discusses resective osseous surgery for treating periodontal bone defects. It covers normal bone anatomy, classification of bone defects, rationale for resective surgery, techniques, instruments and steps. Resective surgery aims to reshape marginal bone to resemble healthy bone and facilitate maintenance. It can reliably reduce pocket depth by 0.6-1.2mm but risks root exposure and recession. Success requires careful patient selection and surgical skill.
This document discusses periodontal regeneration and the various factors involved. It begins by defining key terminology related to grafting and regeneration. It then discusses the biology and objectives of periodontal regeneration, including the ideal outcome of new attachment formation and factors that can influence outcomes. The document outlines various techniques for periodontal regeneration including non-graft associated approaches involving removal of epithelium and surgical techniques, as well as graft-associated approaches using various graft materials. Requirements for predictable regeneration and assessment methods are also summarized.
A detailed description about endo perio interrelationship, including introduction, development and etiology, historical aspects, definition, classification, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, special consideration in management,controversies prognosis, conclusion.
This lecture reviews the role of laser therapy in dentistry in particular for Periodontal treatment. Dr. Smith reviews many of his own cases with the audience.
Please contact Dr. Smith with questions.
drsmith@cpident.com
This document discusses advances in periodontal diagnostic techniques beyond conventional methods. It covers advances in clinical diagnosis including gingival temperature measurement and automated periodontal probes. For radiographic assessment, it discusses digital radiography, subtraction radiography, CADIA, CT, and CBCT. Under microbiological analysis, it outlines advances like immunohistodiagnostic methods using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and ELISA. It also discusses enzymatic methods like BANA testing and molecular biology techniques including nucleic acid probes and DNA hybridization.
This document discusses the use of lasers in periodontal treatment. It begins by introducing several types of lasers approved for soft tissue treatments in dentistry, including CO2, Nd:YAG, and diode lasers. The Er:YAG laser is also noted as being approved for hard tissue treatments. The document then lists advantages of laser surgery over conventional treatments. It provides examples of soft tissue applications like gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, and frenectomy. Hard tissue applications mentioned include scaling and root planing, bone procedures, whitening, and crown lengthening. Specific case examples are also included to illustrate laser procedures.
Periodontal dressings are materials placed over wounds created by periodontal surgery. They protect the wound, help maintain close adaptation of tissue flaps, and provide patient comfort by preventing bleeding and excessive tissue growth. Effective dressings are soft but become rigid, have a smooth surface to prevent irritation, and preferably have antibacterial properties. Common types include zinc oxide eugenol packs and non-eugenol packs. Dressings are typically kept in place for one week following surgery.
The perioscope is a tiny camera that attaches to dental instruments allowing dentists and hygienists to visualize the subgingival root surfaces. It provides high magnification views of the root and pocket in real time on a monitor. This allows for more accurate diagnosis and complete removal of tartar and bacteria compared to traditional methods. The perioscope has increased the effectiveness of non-surgical treatments and improved outcomes for both non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapies.
Gingivectomy is the surgical excision of gingiva to remove diseased pocket walls and expose tooth surfaces. It is indicated for conditions like suprabonny pockets, fibrous enlargement, and crown lengthening. There are several types of gingivectomy including surgical, chemosurgery, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, and laser gingivectomy. The surgical procedure involves marking pockets, making internal beveled incisions, removing diseased tissue and calculus, and placing a periodontal pack. Post-operative healing occurs through clot formation, granulation tissue growth, and epithelialization over 2-3 weeks.
This document discusses local drug delivery (LDD) for the treatment of periodontal disease. It begins with an introduction to LDD and its advantages over systemic antibiotics. It describes the goal of LDD as achieving therapeutic drug levels in the periodontal pocket for effective treatment. The document discusses various LDD methods including non-sustained and sustained release delivery systems. It covers indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of LDD. Various classifications of LDD systems and commonly used drugs are also summarized.
1. Osseous surgery involves modifying the alveolar bone support of teeth and includes techniques like osteoplasty and ostectomy. It aims to eliminate pockets and correct unphysiological bone architecture.
2. Factors in selecting a technique include the amount and location of bone loss, root trunk length, and anatomical limitations. Techniques range from non-resective procedures like osteoplasty to resective procedures like ostectomy.
3. Outcomes of osseous surgery generally include pocket elimination and establishment of physiological bone contours and architecture, though some bone loss from remodeling is expected in the range of 0.06mm to 1.2mm.
This document discusses the use of lasers in endodontics. It begins with a brief history of lasers, describing their development from Einstein's work in the early 1900s to their first use in dentistry in the 1970s. It then covers laser physics and components, different types of lasers including wavelengths used in dentistry, and laser tissue interactions. The main body discusses several clinical applications of lasers in endodontics such as pulp testing, pulp capping, pulpotomy, root canal disinfection and shaping, and endosurgery. Lasers can provide benefits like reduced need for anesthesia, hemostasis, and less collateral damage compared to other tools. Training is required and no single laser can perform all
This document provides an overview of lasers used in periodontics. It discusses the history of lasers dating back to 1917 and important developments. Key laser terminology is defined, including wavelengths, power, modes of operation, and tissue interactions. The major types of lasers are classified and their components described. Advantages of lasers include precision and hemostasis, while disadvantages include cost and safety concerns. Applications of lasers in periodontics include non-surgical therapy, surgery, and implant treatment.
Juvenile periodontitis is a type of periodontitis that occurs in otherwise healthy individuals under 30 years old. It is characterized by rapid attachment and bone loss. There are two types: localized juvenile periodontitis, which is destructive to the first molars and incisors, and generalized juvenile periodontitis, which affects at least three teeth besides the first molars and incisors. Both types are caused by specific microorganisms like Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and have features like deep pockets despite minimal plaque. Treatment involves scaling, root planing, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery.
The document summarizes the key phases and techniques involved in nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). It discusses the goals of NSPT to eliminate pathogens and halt disease progression. Techniques include scaling and root planing to remove calculus, contaminated cementum, and bacterial toxins. Studies found that aggressive root planing is not needed and that clinical improvements result from scaling alone or with root planing. The effects of NSPT on subgingival microflora and selection of instrumentation techniques are also summarized.
4.furcation involvement and its treatmentpunitnaidu07
This document discusses furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth. It begins with introductions and definitions, then describes the anatomy of furcated teeth. Several classifications of furcation involvement are presented based on horizontal and vertical bone loss. Potential etiologies include dental plaque, local anatomic factors like furcation dimensions and root concavities, developmental anomalies, trauma, caries, and pulpal pathology. Diagnosis and various treatment options are also covered, along with prognostic factors and conclusions.
The document discusses lasers and their applications in periodontology. It describes how the first laser was created in 1960 and emitted a deep red beam from a ruby crystal. It also discusses the development of dental lasers including the CO2 laser in the 1980s. The document covers laser fundamentals including components of a laser, gain medium, pumping energy, optical cavity, and delivery systems. It discusses laser tissue interactions including absorption, transmission, reflection, and scattering. It also covers the different laser wavelengths used in dentistry including argon, diode, Nd:YAG, erbium family, and CO2 lasers as well as their tissue effects and clinical applications.
1. Gingival recession is the exposure of root surface caused by an apical shift in gingival position. It can be classified as visible, hidden, localized, or generalized.
2. Miller and Atkin & Sullivan classified gingival recession defects based on their location and amount of bone loss. Common causes of recession include age, faulty brushing technique, tooth malposition, gingival inflammation, abnormal frenal attachment, and masochistic habits.
3. Recession can be treated non-surgically through modifying risks or surgically through pedicle or free soft tissue grafts to cover exposed root surfaces and reduce sensitivity.
Pathologic tooth migration (PTM) refers to tooth displacement resulting from a disturbance in factors that maintain normal tooth position. PTM is common in periodontal patients, with prevalence studies finding rates of 30-55%. The primary factor in PTM is periodontal bone loss resulting from periodontal disease. Other factors include occlusal changes from tooth loss, soft tissue pressures, oral habits, and periapical or gingival inflammation. Treatment involves periodontal therapy, sometimes with adjunctive orthodontics or prosthodontics, while prevention focuses on periodontal disease control and management of predisposing occlusal and habit factors.
Furcation involvement is a common sequela of severe chronic periodontal disease. Its effective management has a profound influence on the outcome of periodontal therapy.
Gingivectomy is a surgical procedure that removes gingival pockets by eliminating excess gingiva. It has limited indications for conditions like gingival enlargement or shallow pockets. The procedure involves making continuous incisions at the base of pockets and removing tissue. Disadvantages include pain, healing by secondary intention, and risk of exposing bone. Instruments used include specialized knives and marking forceps. The area is dressed post-operatively to aid healing. Drug-induced gingival overgrowth can also be treated with gingivectomy.
This document provides an overview of periodontal flap surgery techniques. It defines a periodontal flap as incising the gingival tissues to control or eliminate periodontal disease by elevating the gingiva and oral mucosa from underlying tissues for improved accessibility and visibility of bone and roots. The document discusses the classification, indications, advantages, and types of incisions for various flap techniques used in pocket therapy, including modified Widman flap, undisplaced flap, apically displaced flap, and distal wedge procedure. Healing processes and outcomes for different flap techniques are also summarized.
This document discusses the use of therapeutic and Nd:YAG lasers as adjunct treatments for periodontitis. It presents the results of four clinical studies that investigated the effects of low-level lasers and a single application of an Nd:YAG laser as supplements to scaling and root planing. The studies found that both therapeutic lasers and a single use of the Nd:YAG laser improved clinical outcomes and some immunological parameters when used in addition to conventional periodontal treatment. Longer coherence length appeared to produce slightly better results for therapeutic lasers.
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental
lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain
theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an
exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a
daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong
reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or
alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be
towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection
systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which
selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent
advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and
different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current
concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
A detailed description about endo perio interrelationship, including introduction, development and etiology, historical aspects, definition, classification, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, special consideration in management,controversies prognosis, conclusion.
This lecture reviews the role of laser therapy in dentistry in particular for Periodontal treatment. Dr. Smith reviews many of his own cases with the audience.
Please contact Dr. Smith with questions.
drsmith@cpident.com
This document discusses advances in periodontal diagnostic techniques beyond conventional methods. It covers advances in clinical diagnosis including gingival temperature measurement and automated periodontal probes. For radiographic assessment, it discusses digital radiography, subtraction radiography, CADIA, CT, and CBCT. Under microbiological analysis, it outlines advances like immunohistodiagnostic methods using immunofluorescence, flow cytometry and ELISA. It also discusses enzymatic methods like BANA testing and molecular biology techniques including nucleic acid probes and DNA hybridization.
This document discusses the use of lasers in periodontal treatment. It begins by introducing several types of lasers approved for soft tissue treatments in dentistry, including CO2, Nd:YAG, and diode lasers. The Er:YAG laser is also noted as being approved for hard tissue treatments. The document then lists advantages of laser surgery over conventional treatments. It provides examples of soft tissue applications like gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, and frenectomy. Hard tissue applications mentioned include scaling and root planing, bone procedures, whitening, and crown lengthening. Specific case examples are also included to illustrate laser procedures.
Periodontal dressings are materials placed over wounds created by periodontal surgery. They protect the wound, help maintain close adaptation of tissue flaps, and provide patient comfort by preventing bleeding and excessive tissue growth. Effective dressings are soft but become rigid, have a smooth surface to prevent irritation, and preferably have antibacterial properties. Common types include zinc oxide eugenol packs and non-eugenol packs. Dressings are typically kept in place for one week following surgery.
The perioscope is a tiny camera that attaches to dental instruments allowing dentists and hygienists to visualize the subgingival root surfaces. It provides high magnification views of the root and pocket in real time on a monitor. This allows for more accurate diagnosis and complete removal of tartar and bacteria compared to traditional methods. The perioscope has increased the effectiveness of non-surgical treatments and improved outcomes for both non-surgical and surgical periodontal therapies.
Gingivectomy is the surgical excision of gingiva to remove diseased pocket walls and expose tooth surfaces. It is indicated for conditions like suprabonny pockets, fibrous enlargement, and crown lengthening. There are several types of gingivectomy including surgical, chemosurgery, electrosurgery, cryosurgery, and laser gingivectomy. The surgical procedure involves marking pockets, making internal beveled incisions, removing diseased tissue and calculus, and placing a periodontal pack. Post-operative healing occurs through clot formation, granulation tissue growth, and epithelialization over 2-3 weeks.
This document discusses local drug delivery (LDD) for the treatment of periodontal disease. It begins with an introduction to LDD and its advantages over systemic antibiotics. It describes the goal of LDD as achieving therapeutic drug levels in the periodontal pocket for effective treatment. The document discusses various LDD methods including non-sustained and sustained release delivery systems. It covers indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages of LDD. Various classifications of LDD systems and commonly used drugs are also summarized.
1. Osseous surgery involves modifying the alveolar bone support of teeth and includes techniques like osteoplasty and ostectomy. It aims to eliminate pockets and correct unphysiological bone architecture.
2. Factors in selecting a technique include the amount and location of bone loss, root trunk length, and anatomical limitations. Techniques range from non-resective procedures like osteoplasty to resective procedures like ostectomy.
3. Outcomes of osseous surgery generally include pocket elimination and establishment of physiological bone contours and architecture, though some bone loss from remodeling is expected in the range of 0.06mm to 1.2mm.
This document discusses the use of lasers in endodontics. It begins with a brief history of lasers, describing their development from Einstein's work in the early 1900s to their first use in dentistry in the 1970s. It then covers laser physics and components, different types of lasers including wavelengths used in dentistry, and laser tissue interactions. The main body discusses several clinical applications of lasers in endodontics such as pulp testing, pulp capping, pulpotomy, root canal disinfection and shaping, and endosurgery. Lasers can provide benefits like reduced need for anesthesia, hemostasis, and less collateral damage compared to other tools. Training is required and no single laser can perform all
This document provides an overview of lasers used in periodontics. It discusses the history of lasers dating back to 1917 and important developments. Key laser terminology is defined, including wavelengths, power, modes of operation, and tissue interactions. The major types of lasers are classified and their components described. Advantages of lasers include precision and hemostasis, while disadvantages include cost and safety concerns. Applications of lasers in periodontics include non-surgical therapy, surgery, and implant treatment.
Juvenile periodontitis is a type of periodontitis that occurs in otherwise healthy individuals under 30 years old. It is characterized by rapid attachment and bone loss. There are two types: localized juvenile periodontitis, which is destructive to the first molars and incisors, and generalized juvenile periodontitis, which affects at least three teeth besides the first molars and incisors. Both types are caused by specific microorganisms like Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and have features like deep pockets despite minimal plaque. Treatment involves scaling, root planing, antibiotics, and sometimes surgery.
The document summarizes the key phases and techniques involved in nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). It discusses the goals of NSPT to eliminate pathogens and halt disease progression. Techniques include scaling and root planing to remove calculus, contaminated cementum, and bacterial toxins. Studies found that aggressive root planing is not needed and that clinical improvements result from scaling alone or with root planing. The effects of NSPT on subgingival microflora and selection of instrumentation techniques are also summarized.
4.furcation involvement and its treatmentpunitnaidu07
This document discusses furcation involvement in multi-rooted teeth. It begins with introductions and definitions, then describes the anatomy of furcated teeth. Several classifications of furcation involvement are presented based on horizontal and vertical bone loss. Potential etiologies include dental plaque, local anatomic factors like furcation dimensions and root concavities, developmental anomalies, trauma, caries, and pulpal pathology. Diagnosis and various treatment options are also covered, along with prognostic factors and conclusions.
The document discusses lasers and their applications in periodontology. It describes how the first laser was created in 1960 and emitted a deep red beam from a ruby crystal. It also discusses the development of dental lasers including the CO2 laser in the 1980s. The document covers laser fundamentals including components of a laser, gain medium, pumping energy, optical cavity, and delivery systems. It discusses laser tissue interactions including absorption, transmission, reflection, and scattering. It also covers the different laser wavelengths used in dentistry including argon, diode, Nd:YAG, erbium family, and CO2 lasers as well as their tissue effects and clinical applications.
1. Gingival recession is the exposure of root surface caused by an apical shift in gingival position. It can be classified as visible, hidden, localized, or generalized.
2. Miller and Atkin & Sullivan classified gingival recession defects based on their location and amount of bone loss. Common causes of recession include age, faulty brushing technique, tooth malposition, gingival inflammation, abnormal frenal attachment, and masochistic habits.
3. Recession can be treated non-surgically through modifying risks or surgically through pedicle or free soft tissue grafts to cover exposed root surfaces and reduce sensitivity.
Pathologic tooth migration (PTM) refers to tooth displacement resulting from a disturbance in factors that maintain normal tooth position. PTM is common in periodontal patients, with prevalence studies finding rates of 30-55%. The primary factor in PTM is periodontal bone loss resulting from periodontal disease. Other factors include occlusal changes from tooth loss, soft tissue pressures, oral habits, and periapical or gingival inflammation. Treatment involves periodontal therapy, sometimes with adjunctive orthodontics or prosthodontics, while prevention focuses on periodontal disease control and management of predisposing occlusal and habit factors.
Furcation involvement is a common sequela of severe chronic periodontal disease. Its effective management has a profound influence on the outcome of periodontal therapy.
Gingivectomy is a surgical procedure that removes gingival pockets by eliminating excess gingiva. It has limited indications for conditions like gingival enlargement or shallow pockets. The procedure involves making continuous incisions at the base of pockets and removing tissue. Disadvantages include pain, healing by secondary intention, and risk of exposing bone. Instruments used include specialized knives and marking forceps. The area is dressed post-operatively to aid healing. Drug-induced gingival overgrowth can also be treated with gingivectomy.
This document provides an overview of periodontal flap surgery techniques. It defines a periodontal flap as incising the gingival tissues to control or eliminate periodontal disease by elevating the gingiva and oral mucosa from underlying tissues for improved accessibility and visibility of bone and roots. The document discusses the classification, indications, advantages, and types of incisions for various flap techniques used in pocket therapy, including modified Widman flap, undisplaced flap, apically displaced flap, and distal wedge procedure. Healing processes and outcomes for different flap techniques are also summarized.
This document discusses the use of therapeutic and Nd:YAG lasers as adjunct treatments for periodontitis. It presents the results of four clinical studies that investigated the effects of low-level lasers and a single application of an Nd:YAG laser as supplements to scaling and root planing. The studies found that both therapeutic lasers and a single use of the Nd:YAG laser improved clinical outcomes and some immunological parameters when used in addition to conventional periodontal treatment. Longer coherence length appeared to produce slightly better results for therapeutic lasers.
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental
lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain
theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an
exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a
daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong
reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or
alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be
towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection
systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which
selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent
advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and
different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current
concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
LASERS – IT’S ROLE IN PERIODONTAL REGENERATIONhiij
The use of lasers has evolved as clinical experience along with scientific investigation. The dental
lasers of today have benefited from decades of laser research and have their basis in certain
theories from the field of quantum mechanics. When used efficaciously and ethically, lasers are an
exceptional modality of treatment for many clinical conditions that dental specialists treat on a
daily basis. The concept of using lasers for the treatment of periodontal disease elicits very strong
reactions from all sides of spectrum. Evidence suggests that lasers are useful as an adjunct or
alternative to traditional approaches in periodontal therapy. Future direction of lasers would be
towards a minimally invasive regenerative procedures along with laser assisted calculus detection
systems using laser fluorescence that is optical coherence tomography and a laser system which
selectively and completely removes the plaque and calculus that is under development. With recent
advances and development of wide range of laser wavelengths, different instrument designs and
different delivery systems, the purpose of this review is to determine the application and current
concept of lasers in the regeneration of periodontal tissues.
This document discusses the clinical applications of lasers in the oral cavity. It begins with an introduction to lasers and their tissue interactions. It then discusses various types of lasers and their uses in procedures like caries removal, treating dentinal hypersensitivity, managing recurrent aphthous stomatitis, performing frenectomies, root canal treatments, laser-assisted curettage, gingival recontouring, soft tissue excisions, and treating oral malignancies with photodynamic therapy. It emphasizes that lasers can be effective alternatives to scalpels for many oral procedures due to benefits like hemostasis, lack of sutures needed, reduced pain and scarring. However, precautions must be taken
Health informatics an international journal (hiij) -- november 2018 issuehiij
The journal focuses on all of aspect in theory, practices, and applications of Digital Health Records, Knowledge Engineering in Health, E-Health Information, and Information Management in healthcare, Bio-Medical Expert Systems, ICT in health promotion and related topics.
Review of Lasers in Dentistry and Safety MeasuresIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of lasers in dentistry and safety measures. It summarizes the main types of lasers used including CO2, Nd:YAG, diode, and discusses their applications such as caries removal, gum treatment, and teeth whitening. Lasers have advantages over traditional methods like less bleeding and minimal swelling. However, safety is an important concern as different lasers have varying tissue penetration and thermal effects. Proper training, safety equipment, and adherence to exposure limits are needed to ensure safe use of lasers in clinical procedures.
The use of lasers in dentistry, particularly in periodontics and peri-implant diseases, is becoming
increasingly common nowadays. Since their introduction in the late 20th century, they have revolutionized the
treatment options available for the management of periodontal disease. They allow the clinician to reach inside the
deeper pockets and help in reducing the bacterial load. They offer various advantages and have variations according
to their clinical use. This review presents an overview of their applications in periodontics.
BACKGROUND: The stimulating effect of low level laser phototherapy on bone healing has been shown in a number of in vitro and animal studies. However, the effect of LLLT on the bone healing in human has not been previously wide demonstrated. The article reports an accidentally injury pattern and reported as fractures of the mid third of the left tibia. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this case study was to demonstrate the biological effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on tibial fractures treated surgically using radiographic, examinations. CASE REPORT: The case hospitalized for conventional surgery and followed by applying Low Level Laser Therapy LLLT to enhance and accelerate the bone fracture healing of the left tibia using the effect of laser bio-stimulation. Radiological x-ray imaging evaluation follow up for our case showed a significant bone healing rate as result of exposure of Diode Laser 650 nm with energy density of 5 J/cm2 three times/week for one month. Radiographic findings revealed no significant fracture callus thickness difference before using LLLT however, the fractures showed significant callus formation after using LLLT. CONCLUSION: The study suggests that LLLT accelerates the process of fracture repair or cause increases in callus volume
This document reviews the soft tissue applications of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers provide benefits like surface sterilization, a dry surgical field, and increased patient acceptance for soft tissue procedures. Specific conditions that can be effectively treated with lasers are mentioned, such as peripheral ossifying fibromas, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, mucoceles, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas. Lasers are described as a useful tool for treating premalignant and malignant oral lesions as well.
This document reviews the soft tissue applications of lasers in dentistry. It discusses how lasers provide benefits like sterilization of surfaces, a dry surgical field, decreased swelling and pain, and increased patient acceptance. Specific conditions that can be effectively treated with lasers are mentioned, such as peripheral ossifying fibromas, denture-induced fibrous hyperplasia, mucoceles, hemangiomas, and lymphangiomas. Lasers are shown to be useful tools for excising premalignant and malignant oral lesions as well. In summary, this document outlines the various uses of lasers in treating oral soft tissue disorders and conditions.
1) Lasers have various applications in periodontal and implant dentistry including calculus removal, soft tissue excision and ablation, root decontamination, biostimulation, and bacteria reduction.
2) Studies show lasers may provide benefits like less swelling and pain compared to conventional methods.
3) Different laser wavelengths penetrate tissues to varying depths depending on characteristics, and care must be taken to avoid overheating implants which could damage surfaces.
This document describes a new cancer therapy technique using tunable, monochromatic X-rays being developed by the company MXISystems. The technique shows promise in precisely targeting radiation therapy to cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. However, commercializing the technology faces challenges including high capital costs, lack of supply chain for key components, and investor reluctance over perceived long-term risk. The document applies the framework of accelerated radical innovation to analyze MXISystems' innovation and determine how to accelerate its widespread clinical use by addressing challenges it faces in commercialization.
Diode laser applications in periodonticsMinkle Gulati
This document summarizes 5 case reports demonstrating the use of a 940nm diode laser for various soft tissue dental procedures. The laser was used to perform a frenectomy, second stage implant surgery, vestibular deepening, gingivectomy, and gingival depigmentation. For all cases, the laser provided advantages over traditional techniques such as less bleeding, pain, swelling and scarring. Patients experienced faster healing and good postoperative outcomes. The document concludes the diode laser is a beneficial device for soft tissue dental surgery that provides intraoperative and postoperative advantages compared to conventional methods.
This document provides an overview of lasers used in oral medicine. It discusses the history and mechanism of laser tissue interaction. Common lasers used include CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG, and diode lasers. Applications include treatment of oral lesions, pain management, salivary gland diseases, biopsy, caries detection and removal, calculus removal, and bleaching. Lasers offer advantages over traditional techniques such as less bleeding, less pain, and faster healing.
The document discusses the use of lasers in periodontics, including for treating dentinal hypersensitivity, non-surgical periodontal therapy, and surgical therapy. It summarizes the different types of lasers used, such as low-level lasers for biostimulation, Nd:YAG and diode lasers for bacterial reduction, and Er:YAG lasers for calculus detection and removal with minimal thermal damage to tooth surfaces. The document reviews studies on the effectiveness of lasers for calculus detection and removal, bacterial reduction, detoxification of root surfaces, and biostimulation effects with low-level laser therapy.
Laser science is principally concerned with quantum electronics, laser construction, optical cavity design, the physics of producing a population inversion in laser media, and the temporal evolution of the light field in the laser. It is also concerned with the physics of laser beam propagation, particularly the physics of Gaussian beams, with laser applications, and with associated fields such as non-linear optics and quantum optics.
Low level light therapy direction of irradiation for orthodonticCecilia Young 楊幽幽
Low level Light Therapy - Direction of Irradiation for Orthodontic Movement and Reduction of Pain
Cecilia Young*
Department of Dental Surgery, Physician Pharmacist People Health Magazine, Hong Kong
*Corresponding Author: Cecilia Young, Department of Dental Surgery, Physician Pharmacist People Health Magazine, Hong Kong. Received: June 14, 2018; Published: July 18, 2018
An Update on Safety Measures in Laser Dentistryiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Congestive Heart failure is caused by low cardiac output and high sympathetic discharge. Diuretics reduce preload, ACE inhibitors lower afterload, beta blockers reduce sympathetic activity, and digitalis has inotropic effects. Newer medications target vasodilation and myosin activation to improve heart efficiency while lowering energy requirements. Combination therapy, following an assessment of cardiac function and volume status, is the most effective strategy to heart failure care.
Breast cancer :Receptor (ER/PR/HER2 NEU) Discordance.pptxDr. Sumit KUMAR
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
congenital GI disorders are very dangerous to child. it is also a leading cause for death of the child.
this congenital GI disorders includes cleft lip, cleft palate, hirchsprung's disease etc.
Understanding Atherosclerosis Causes, Symptoms, Complications, and Preventionrealmbeats0
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Explain the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, including the processes of plaque formation and arterial hardening.
Identify the risk factors associated with atherosclerosis, such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and sedentary lifestyle.
Discuss the clinical signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of atherosclerosis.
Highlight the potential complications arising from untreated atherosclerosis, including heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
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Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Lasers in Periodontics
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Lasers in Periodontics
Akshatha Shetty1
,Rahul Bhandary2
, Biju Thomas3
, Amitha Ramesh4
1
Lecturer, Dept of periodontics, A.B.Shetty Institute of Dental Science. Nitte University,Mangalore, India.
2
Professor, Dept of periodontics, A.B.Shetty Institute of Dental Science. Nitte University,Mangalore, India.
3
HOD and Professor, Dept of periodontics, A.B.Shetty Institute of Dental Science. Nitte University,Mangalore, India.
4
Professor, Dept of periodontics, A.B.Shetty Institute of Dental Science. Nitte University,Mangalore, India.
Abstract— Aim: This review aims at opening the clinical
professionals eyes to various possibilities for the usage of
laser that is innovative skill in the field of periodontics.
Background: There is no doubt regarding clinical
application of laser, but for best management and for
effective clinical protocols literature should be supported
by basic and clinical research and evidence. Review
Results: In this review there is a collection of data from
scientific papers clinically relevant to the periodontitis
providing description of parameters of lasers, its effect on
soft tissue, history of use laser in periodontics in
particular as well as various use of laser in the field of
periodontics .Conclusion: Laser is a promising auxillary
tool in periodontics but further evidence is required to
have effective clinical effect. Clinical Significance: Less
of thermal damage, less bleeding and uneventful healing
is the clinical significance of laser when used on soft
tissues.
Keywords— Laser, Periodontics, Soft tissue.
I. INTRODUCTION
Knowledge regarding thermal effect of laser is essential
as it is essential in deciding when cutting, coagulation and
ablation of tissues when a laser is applied in health
sciences and periodontics [1]. Recently the usage of laser
irradiation for biostimulation of periodontal tissues have
developed popularity where the consequence are centred
on cellular mechanism additional to rise in temperature
[1] . Lasers are categorized into 2 wide-ranging
classifications, conferring to their power: high power
laser and low power laser [2]. High power laser also
known as surgical laser are frequently used for
periodontal surgery [2] while low power laser is used in
photobiomodulation, photodynamic therapy in
periodontics [2].
Laser system that involves thermal interaction, like high
power lasers where heat is produced in nearly all
irradiated circumstances and which gets transformed into
measured temperature increase in a precise area of
biological tissues can be a beneficial device for numerous
techniques in periodontics [3]. Possible microstructural
and physical changes in biological tissues occurs when
laser irradiate tissue structure [4]. Er:YAG (2940nm) ,
Diode Laser (810nm) , Nd :YAG(1064nm),Co2 (9300nm,
9600nm ) are most frequently used high power laser in
periodontics [5] . High power lasers are mostly studied in
periodontics but effectiveness of many of these
applications are still unclear [6].
High power laser is used widely for surgical clinical
procedures like gingivectomy, frenectomy, recontouring
of gingival tissues, removal of melanin pigmentation,
proximal wedges. Ablation of soft tissues with effective
haemostasis and reduction of bacterial burden is the major
advantage of high power laser.[5]
Non- surgical treatment
are mostly done using high power lasers , but there is
uncertainity of effectiveness of the lasers used [6] .
Low level laser can be repairing the bone as it can
promote positive biomodulatory outcome [7]
Photochemical and photophysical properties of low level
laser are essential tools which helps stimulation of bone.
In vivo and In vitro studies has evidence stimulation of
bone using low level laser [7].
Bone defect in periodontum due to periodontitis may be
enormous for spontaneous and physiological
repair.[7]
Treatment protocol to ameliorate bone repair
includes numerous approaches which comprises of bone
grafts, of late removal of necrotic or pathological bone is
done using low level laser [7] .The mechanism of
outcome of low level laser is compound and challenging
to appreciate [7].
II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Earlier suggested lasers which were intended to be used
for handling soft tissues in the field of periodontics were
CO2 (10600nm), ND: YAG (1064nm) and semi-
conductor diode (800-980nm) lasers [5].Laser which was
accepted for clinical use by US food and drug
administration (FDA) IN 1976 was CO2 laser
[8].Recently lasers which are specified for soft tissue
surgery, management of mineralised tissues and radicular
scraping is ER:YAG (2940nm).
III. DISCUSSION
3.a. Clinical Application of lasers
Appropriate wavelength of laser is used to be determined
first when lasers are used on target tissues. Other features
2. International Journal of Medical, Pharmacy and Drug Research (IJMPD) [Vol-1, Issue-2, July-Aug, 2017]
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or parameters which must be considered is outpower,
repetition rate, energy density (fluence) and whether laser
is to be operated in continuous or pulsed mode [9]. When
tissues need biomodulation with no rise in temperature
low power laser is used [9]. When tissues have to be
incised or vaporisation or coagulation is required high
power laser is to be used [9].
Laser only ablate the target tissues, thus less damage to
adjacent tissue and decreased complication of target
tissue, wound healing is optimised.This are the few
benefits of using laser in periodontal surgery. Lasers are
widely used in the field of periodontal esthetics as it is
capable of removing the tissues precisely and
conservatively [10,11].Studies has shown that when CO2
laser is used there is only superficial necrosis of the
tissues, there is more of heat which is liberated engrossed
by water, also energy gets transformed into heat and
henceforth slight diffusion and dispersion into soft tissue
[10] .ER:YAG laser is also effective in causing
undesirable damage to adjacent hard tissues as it gets
effectively absorbed [10].Procedures like frenectomy,
recontouring of the gingival tissues, gingivectomy are
widely done using lasers .Hemostasis of surgical area,
reducing the need for suture are major benefit using lasers
for the above mentioned procedure[11] .Flap surgeries are
done using high power lasers [12] lasers like C02, ND:
YAG, ER: YAG and of lately Er,Cr:YSGG is used for
non-surgical management of periodontal diseases. When
laser was used for scraping the root surface carbonization
and melting of irradiated tissues was seen [5].Regarding
removal of pathogenic bacteria and reduction of
periodontal pathogens from root surfaces high power
lasers are studied. Clinical study employing this laser
have evidenced not be effective in removing mineralised
bacterial deposits [5]. No scientific evidence has
demonstrated been demonstrated with this laser after used
as monotherapy or in combination to be superior to
conventional modalities of periodontal therapy [13,14]
.Some clinical study have verified a decrease of
periodontal pathogenic microorganism with a high power
laser though other study has not established a larger
decrease of periodontal pathogens [15,16] .
Depigmentation of gingiva are cosmetic therapy which
can be done using various methods like gingivectomy,
electrosurgery, cryosurgery, chemical agents like 90%
phenol, and 95% alcohol, abrasion with diamond bur
[17].Of lately laser must been used to ablate cells
containing melanin pigments [18] . Effective management
of periodontal tissue without producing major thermal
side effects is done using erbium-doped: yttrium-
aluminium-granet laser as the laser energy is extremely
captivated by water [19] .Studies have proved high
absorption of water and less tissue degeneration and thin
surface interaction in Er:YAG laser as compared to CO2
laser and Nd:YAG laser [19] .Of lately Er:YAG has
added growing importance and recognition since it
effectively removes melanin hyperpigmentation [20,21] .
Non-invasive therapy like antimicrobial photodynamic
therapy is accomplished of treating perimplantitis and
also capable of eliminating periodontopathic bacteria
[22]. In vivo lessons established that photodynamic
therapy to be effective in controlling and treating
periodontal disease [23],also histomorphometric analysis
has shown control of alveolar bone loss [24,25]
.Controversial results of effectiveness of use of a
photodynamic therapy in humans is produced, meta
analyses has demonstrated that a photodynamic therapy is
not greater to conventional periodontal treatment [26]
,conversely of lately a meta analyses has concluded that
use of photo dynamic remedy as an adjuvant to
conventional periodontal therapy provided beneficial
effect [27].Hence it is opined to do more microbiological
and longitudinal studies to check evidence of efficacy of a
photodynamic therapy as an substitute to SRP [27] .
Bone loss is a most important problem in periodontium ,
ample amount of healing may not happen if there is
incomplete blood supply, mechanical stability or
competition with high proliferating tissue [28] The use of
accurate and suitable parameters has been revealed
effective in promoting positive biomodulatory effect [28]
.The result of our studies has shown that bone irradiated
with infrared wavelengths displays amplified osteoblastic
proliferation, bone neoformation and collagen deposition
when linked to non- irradiated bone [28] . High cellular
proliferation is seen when treatment is accepted out at
early stage, also vascular response has been suggested as
a positive response to treatment using low level laser
therapy [28] .But it quiet remains uncertain if bone
stimulation by laser light is a overall result or if it is the
isolated stimulation of osteoblasts that is answerable for
the outcome [28].
Peri-implant mucositis and peri- implantitis are two major
implant diseases caused due to host tissue inflammatory
reaction around implant tissues [29].Microbial
colonization plays a major role in this condition
[29].Mechanical debridement and chemical treatment
followed by several maintenance strategies are the recent
treatment protocol proposed [30] .Plastic currettes are
used to do mechanical debridement as this avoids
roughening the metal surface which may favour bacterial
colonization [31] but only mechanical debridement is
proved inefficient on the roughened surface of implants .
Thus usage of diverse lasers has been planned for both
cleaning and decontamination of implant surface. There
are controversial studies demonstrating the result of using
lasers .In vitro studies study have considered CO2 and
3. International Journal of Medical, Pharmacy and Drug Research (IJMPD) [Vol-1, Issue-2, July-Aug, 2017]
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diode laser and ER:YAG laser appropriate for
instrumentation of implant surface based on energy
dependent format whereas Nd:YAG laser resulted in
extensive melting and damage to the porous titanium
surface coating [31].Beneficial bactericidal effect is
reported when CO2 and Er:YAG lasers are used [32].CO2
nor diode laser remained in effect in eliminating dental
calculus [33].In contrast ER: YAG laser competently
ablate dental calculus devoid of producing thermal side
effects [33].
IV. CONCLUSION
CO2, ND:YAG , diode, Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG laser
possibly will be used carefully for soft tissue surgeries in
periodontics, through advantage of a lesser amount of
bleeding, condensed microbial burden and better
postoperative ease. Presently at hand there is inadequate
evidence to upkeep clinical use of laser for non-surgical
periodontal therapy. In difference laser is being widely
used for minor surgical procedures like frenectomy,
depigmentation, gingivectomy and has proved longer
benefit. Additionally, in spite of the presence of limited
controlled studies, for better clinical efficacy more
research is required in this field.
V. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Laser has proved to be an promising auxillary tool for
periodontal surgery as treating soft tissue using laser
causes less thermal damage, photobiomodualtion, less
bleeding and pain. Main clinical significance of laser is its
application in perioesthetic as there is uneventful wound
healing.
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