This document is an internship training report submitted by Muhammad Usman Rafiq to the Department of P&I at IESCO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a one month internship. The report provides an overview of the equipment used at a 132kv grid substation, including transformers, circuit breakers, bus couplers, incoming and outgoing panels, and batteries/battery chargers. It discusses the components and functions of these devices. The report is dedicated to Usman Rafiq's parents and teachers for their support and includes certificates, acknowledgments, and abstract sections.
- The document provides details of a 132kV grid station project in Rawalpindi for Islamabad Electric Supply Company, including scope of work, contract values, equipment installed, civil works completed, and diagrams of the site layout, single line diagram, and protection relay circuits. Key equipment installed includes two 31.5/40MVA power transformers, four 132kV circuit breakers, disconnect switches, current and potential transformers, and indoor panels. Civil works included foundations, trenches, roads, fencing and a control house building. Diagrams show the layout and protection schemes.
A report on 220 kv gss mansarovar, jaipur by ravindra kumar gomaravindragoma
This document provides a seminar report on practical training completed at 220 kV G.S.S. Mansarovar, Jaipur. It includes an introduction to the substation, descriptions of its incoming and outgoing feeders, and sections covering various equipment found at the substation like bus bars, isolators, insulators, protective relays, circuit breakers, transformers, and earthing systems. The report also provides technical specifications and ratings for the main equipment.
PPT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING ON 132/33 KV AT MOHADDIPUR, SUB-STATION, GO...Abrar Ahmad
IT PRESENTATION IS USEFUL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS OF B.TECH.WHICH IS STUDYING IN ALL ENGINEERING COLLEGES FOR VARIOUS STREAMS FIRST OF ALL IS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND THEY ARE DOING SUMMER TRAINING BETWEEN 3RD YEAR TO 4TH YEAR.
Report on visiting 132/33 kv substation teliarganj allahabad ADARSH KUMAR
This document summarizes a site visit report for an electrical engineering summer internship program. It details a visit by interns to a 132/33 KV substation in Allahabad, India. The interns were given an overview of the substation's components and operations by assistant engineers, including learning about protection equipment, transformers, circuit breakers, and the SCADA system. The purpose of the visit was for the electrical engineering students to gain practical knowledge of power transmission and distribution. The interns concluded they benefited from seeing the equipment in person and having the chance to discuss with substation staff.
This document provides a 3-page summer internship report submitted by Asafak Husain to Prof. S.P. Srivastava of IIT Roorkee. The report summarizes Husain's 45-day internship at the 220kV GSS RRVPNL substation in Ajmer, Rajasthan, where he learned about the operation and equipment of the substation. Key points covered in the report include the types and functions of equipment like transformers, relays, circuit breakers, capacitors, and the roles they play in transmitting and distributing electrical power safely and efficiently.
The document provides a typical list of materials required for construction of a 132 kV grid substation, including:
1. Various types of structures/beams, outdoor equipment like transformers, isolators, circuit breakers, current/potential transformers, lightning arresters, post insulators.
2. Control room equipment such as different voltage control and relay panels, battery sets, chargers, distribution boards.
3. Bus bar materials like hardware for single zebra and panther conductors, disc insulators.
The list covers common equipment but is not exhaustive, as additional items may be needed depending on the specific substation layout and requirements. It is intended to aid planning for substation construction projects.
This document provides an overview of a 132kV grid substation in Sitapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. It discusses the purpose of the substation and its owner, the Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited. It then outlines the various components within the substation, including transformers, bus bars, circuit breakers, protective relays, insulators, and more. The substation receives power from two incoming 132kV lines and distributes it through various outgoing 33kV feeders to nearby areas.
The document summarizes the setup of a 132kv substation with 3 incoming transmission lines and 1 outgoing line. It has 2 transformers that step down the voltage from 132kv to 33kv to feed a 33kv substation. The substation contains circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, capacitor banks, and other equipment to regulate voltage and distribute power safely throughout the electrical network.
- The document provides details of a 132kV grid station project in Rawalpindi for Islamabad Electric Supply Company, including scope of work, contract values, equipment installed, civil works completed, and diagrams of the site layout, single line diagram, and protection relay circuits. Key equipment installed includes two 31.5/40MVA power transformers, four 132kV circuit breakers, disconnect switches, current and potential transformers, and indoor panels. Civil works included foundations, trenches, roads, fencing and a control house building. Diagrams show the layout and protection schemes.
A report on 220 kv gss mansarovar, jaipur by ravindra kumar gomaravindragoma
This document provides a seminar report on practical training completed at 220 kV G.S.S. Mansarovar, Jaipur. It includes an introduction to the substation, descriptions of its incoming and outgoing feeders, and sections covering various equipment found at the substation like bus bars, isolators, insulators, protective relays, circuit breakers, transformers, and earthing systems. The report also provides technical specifications and ratings for the main equipment.
PPT ON SUMMER VOCATIONAL TRAINING ON 132/33 KV AT MOHADDIPUR, SUB-STATION, GO...Abrar Ahmad
IT PRESENTATION IS USEFUL FOR ENGINEERING STUDENTS OF B.TECH.WHICH IS STUDYING IN ALL ENGINEERING COLLEGES FOR VARIOUS STREAMS FIRST OF ALL IS ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND THEY ARE DOING SUMMER TRAINING BETWEEN 3RD YEAR TO 4TH YEAR.
Report on visiting 132/33 kv substation teliarganj allahabad ADARSH KUMAR
This document summarizes a site visit report for an electrical engineering summer internship program. It details a visit by interns to a 132/33 KV substation in Allahabad, India. The interns were given an overview of the substation's components and operations by assistant engineers, including learning about protection equipment, transformers, circuit breakers, and the SCADA system. The purpose of the visit was for the electrical engineering students to gain practical knowledge of power transmission and distribution. The interns concluded they benefited from seeing the equipment in person and having the chance to discuss with substation staff.
This document provides a 3-page summer internship report submitted by Asafak Husain to Prof. S.P. Srivastava of IIT Roorkee. The report summarizes Husain's 45-day internship at the 220kV GSS RRVPNL substation in Ajmer, Rajasthan, where he learned about the operation and equipment of the substation. Key points covered in the report include the types and functions of equipment like transformers, relays, circuit breakers, capacitors, and the roles they play in transmitting and distributing electrical power safely and efficiently.
The document provides a typical list of materials required for construction of a 132 kV grid substation, including:
1. Various types of structures/beams, outdoor equipment like transformers, isolators, circuit breakers, current/potential transformers, lightning arresters, post insulators.
2. Control room equipment such as different voltage control and relay panels, battery sets, chargers, distribution boards.
3. Bus bar materials like hardware for single zebra and panther conductors, disc insulators.
The list covers common equipment but is not exhaustive, as additional items may be needed depending on the specific substation layout and requirements. It is intended to aid planning for substation construction projects.
This document provides an overview of a 132kV grid substation in Sitapura, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. It discusses the purpose of the substation and its owner, the Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Limited. It then outlines the various components within the substation, including transformers, bus bars, circuit breakers, protective relays, insulators, and more. The substation receives power from two incoming 132kV lines and distributes it through various outgoing 33kV feeders to nearby areas.
The document summarizes the setup of a 132kv substation with 3 incoming transmission lines and 1 outgoing line. It has 2 transformers that step down the voltage from 132kv to 33kv to feed a 33kv substation. The substation contains circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, capacitor banks, and other equipment to regulate voltage and distribute power safely throughout the electrical network.
NTDC 220kV Transmission gird station Internship reportAneel-k Suthar
This document provides an overview of Anil Kumar's internship report on the 220/132 kV grid station in Jamshoro-T.M. Khan Road. It includes acknowledgements, an executive summary, and sections on the grid station, one-line diagram, bus bar, switches, relays, transformers, and maintenance. The grid station regulates and controls power flow and supplies electricity to substations. It uses a double bus one and a half breaker scheme, which improves reliability over other schemes by allowing maintenance without power interruptions.
This document provides details about a practical training report submitted by Srijan Tripathi at a 220KV grid substation in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. It includes an introduction to the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited (UPPTCL), which owns and operates the high-voltage electrical transmission system in Uttar Pradesh. The report then describes the 220KV grid substation where the training took place, and lists the main equipment housed there, including transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, and control systems. It concludes with the candidate declaring the work as their own and acknowledging those who supported and guided the training.
Two sub-transmission lines from New Multan 500 kv and Vehari 132 kv feed into the Qasim-pur grid station. The main components in the grid station include current transformers, isolators, circuit breakers, tie breakers, bus bars, lightning arresters, potential transformers, and a capacitor bank. The control room houses measuring, controlling and isolating devices like relays, circuit breakers, meters to monitor amps, energy, and power factor. A battery room provides DC power to the controlling devices through a series connection of dry cell batteries.
The 220/133kV Moulali substation has a capacity of (3*100MVA+2*50MVA). It receives two 220kV lines and steps down the supply to 132kV, 66kV, 33kV and 11kV. The substation contains various equipment including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, lightning arrestors, capacitor voltage transformers and current transformers. It also has extensive earthing systems to provide safety and reduce damage from faults. The equipment works together to transform and distribute electricity to various areas while protecting the substation from faults and surges on the transmission lines.
This document is a certificate from the JKPDD substation in Wanpoh, Anantnag certifying that Sheikh Shakir Zahoor underwent project training there from June 26th to August 14th, 2014. It provides an overview of his training at the 132/33kV substation where incoming power at 132kV is stepped down to 33kV before being distributed. The document also includes an acknowledgment from Sheikh Shakir thanking those involved in his training and an introduction describing the components and functions of electrical substations.
The document is a presentation on the Liluah 132/33/25 KV substation in West Bengal. It includes acknowledgments, a single line diagram of the substation, and sections covering various equipment found at the substation like electrical busbars, protective relay schemes, lightning protection, isolators, capacitor banks, powerline carrier communication, batteries, earth transformers, traction transformers, station service transformers, and power transformers. Technical specifications are provided for some of the major equipment.
This document provides a summary of a vocational training report at the WBSETCL Kalyani 132 kV substation. It describes the substation's incoming and outgoing feeders, transformers, and provides an overview of the equipment used at the substation including busbars, insulators, isolating switches, and circuit breakers. The trainee expresses gratitude for the opportunity to learn practical skills during their training placement at the substation.
Ishank Ranjan completed an industrial training project at the 220kV Grid Transmission Substation in Naubasta, Kanpur. The report acknowledges the contributions of staff at the substation who helped explain the various equipment. It includes sections on the components used at grid transmission substations such as conductors, transformers, capacitor banks, isolators, circuit breakers and lightning arresters. The report provides details on the panel section which contains control and protection panels, and the substation yard layout.
Mirza Sarmad Baig presented on the components and workings of the 132kV GSS Sitapura substation operated by RRVPNL. The substation transforms high transmission voltages to lower distribution voltages and interconnects different transmission systems. It contains key equipment like power transformers, circuit breakers, capacitors, isolators, relays, and bus bars to transform and distribute electricity safely and efficiently. A single line diagram depicts the substation's incoming and outgoing feeders. The presentation aimed to increase understanding of power transmission and distribution, and maintenance of circuit equipment.
The document provides information about the 66kV grid substation located in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. It discusses the key equipment installed at the substation including 3 transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, current transformers, potential transformers, lightning arrestors, and wave traps. It also provides brief summaries of the functions and operating principles of these various types of equipment that comprise the 66kV distribution and transmission system. The document aims to describe the technical specifications and functionalities of the core infrastructure that enables power distribution at this substation.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a 33/11 kV substation in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses the key components of the substation including transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, and earthing systems. The substation steps down power from 33 kV to 11 kV and distributes it to nearby areas. Earthing is an important consideration in substation design for safety and preventing potential gradients. Transformers, circuit breakers, and other equipment are discussed in terms of their functions and specifications at this particular substation.
The document discusses the 33/11 kV substation in Indiranagar, Lucknow. Key details include:
1) The substation receives power at 33kV from the main grid and contains transformers that step down the voltage to 11kV.
2) It has a total transformer capacity of 160MVA split between four transformers connected in parallel.
3) The substation contains equipment like circuit breakers, current transformers, lightning arrestors to monitor and regulate power flow.
4) Power is distributed from the substation through six 33kV feeders and multiple 11kV feeders to the surrounding Indiranagar area.
This document summarizes a practical training report on a 132 kV gas insulated substation (GSS) in Jalore, submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering. The 30-day training took place at the 132 kV GSS Jalore and covered topics like the single line diagram, bus bars, isolators, insulators, protective relays, circuit breakers, power transformers, current and potential transformers, transformer oil testing, lightning arrestors, the control room, earthing systems, and power line carrier communication.
This document describes the TT Nagar 33/11kV substation. It was established in 2002 to transform incoming 33kV power to 11kV to supply approximately 52,000 customers. It includes 3 operators and 3 linemen overseen by 1 junior engineer. In 2004, it was expanded to also supply Meharbaan Singh Ka Purva. The single line diagram shows how 132kV power enters and is stepped down to 33kV and 11kV to supply the local areas. The substation contains various equipment for transforming, protecting, and distributing power, including transformers, circuit breakers, protective relays, grounding systems, batteries, switchgear, and a fire suppression system.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on a summer training at a 132/33 kV sub-station in Allahabad, India. It discusses key equipment used in sub-stations including transformers, protection devices like Buchholz relays and silica gel breathers, cooling equipment, and other critical infrastructure like circuit breakers, capacitor banks, potential and current transformers, isolators, and insulators. It also describes the functions of this equipment and why they are important components of the power distribution system.
The document summarizes the power distribution system for a city located between an industrial area and railway station. A 10 MW small hydro power plant was chosen due to topography and cost. Power is distributed through 4 substations to various areas of the city including 2 railway substations. The protection scheme and equipment used including transformers, circuit breakers and isolators are listed. A single line diagram shows the layout of the generation plant, distributing unit and substations along with feeders.
Engineering Final Year Project Report on "Electrical Safety and Protection of...Pratap Bhunia
Substation Network and Load Distribution
Substation Network Design
Civil Works Specification
Various Subsystems in Substation and Their Functions
Substation Equipment and Their Functions
Design of Capacity of Transmission Lines
Calculation of Line Constants and SIL
Bus Bar Arrangement
Power Transformer
Substation Earthing
Circuit Breaker
Isolator
Current Transformer
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Lightning Surge
Switching Surge
Lightning Arrester
Surge Absorber
Solicita ao exmo sr prefeito municipal a realização de obras de reforma e man...drtaylorjr
O documento solicita ao prefeito municipal a realização de obras de reforma e manutenção do Shopping da Gambôa em Cabo Frio devido ao seu estado de deterioração, que está afetando o fluxo de turistas e prejudicando os lojistas.
Este documento presenta siete claves o consejos para mejorar la lectura. Cada clave se enfoca en un tipo de lectura diferente como enciclopedias en línea, ficción con ilustraciones, poesía, deportes, y fantasía. El documento enfatiza la importancia de usar la biblioteca escolar y buscar ayuda de los profesores para encontrar información relevante.
NTDC 220kV Transmission gird station Internship reportAneel-k Suthar
This document provides an overview of Anil Kumar's internship report on the 220/132 kV grid station in Jamshoro-T.M. Khan Road. It includes acknowledgements, an executive summary, and sections on the grid station, one-line diagram, bus bar, switches, relays, transformers, and maintenance. The grid station regulates and controls power flow and supplies electricity to substations. It uses a double bus one and a half breaker scheme, which improves reliability over other schemes by allowing maintenance without power interruptions.
This document provides details about a practical training report submitted by Srijan Tripathi at a 220KV grid substation in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. It includes an introduction to the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited (UPPTCL), which owns and operates the high-voltage electrical transmission system in Uttar Pradesh. The report then describes the 220KV grid substation where the training took place, and lists the main equipment housed there, including transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, and control systems. It concludes with the candidate declaring the work as their own and acknowledging those who supported and guided the training.
Two sub-transmission lines from New Multan 500 kv and Vehari 132 kv feed into the Qasim-pur grid station. The main components in the grid station include current transformers, isolators, circuit breakers, tie breakers, bus bars, lightning arresters, potential transformers, and a capacitor bank. The control room houses measuring, controlling and isolating devices like relays, circuit breakers, meters to monitor amps, energy, and power factor. A battery room provides DC power to the controlling devices through a series connection of dry cell batteries.
The 220/133kV Moulali substation has a capacity of (3*100MVA+2*50MVA). It receives two 220kV lines and steps down the supply to 132kV, 66kV, 33kV and 11kV. The substation contains various equipment including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, lightning arrestors, capacitor voltage transformers and current transformers. It also has extensive earthing systems to provide safety and reduce damage from faults. The equipment works together to transform and distribute electricity to various areas while protecting the substation from faults and surges on the transmission lines.
This document is a certificate from the JKPDD substation in Wanpoh, Anantnag certifying that Sheikh Shakir Zahoor underwent project training there from June 26th to August 14th, 2014. It provides an overview of his training at the 132/33kV substation where incoming power at 132kV is stepped down to 33kV before being distributed. The document also includes an acknowledgment from Sheikh Shakir thanking those involved in his training and an introduction describing the components and functions of electrical substations.
The document is a presentation on the Liluah 132/33/25 KV substation in West Bengal. It includes acknowledgments, a single line diagram of the substation, and sections covering various equipment found at the substation like electrical busbars, protective relay schemes, lightning protection, isolators, capacitor banks, powerline carrier communication, batteries, earth transformers, traction transformers, station service transformers, and power transformers. Technical specifications are provided for some of the major equipment.
This document provides a summary of a vocational training report at the WBSETCL Kalyani 132 kV substation. It describes the substation's incoming and outgoing feeders, transformers, and provides an overview of the equipment used at the substation including busbars, insulators, isolating switches, and circuit breakers. The trainee expresses gratitude for the opportunity to learn practical skills during their training placement at the substation.
Ishank Ranjan completed an industrial training project at the 220kV Grid Transmission Substation in Naubasta, Kanpur. The report acknowledges the contributions of staff at the substation who helped explain the various equipment. It includes sections on the components used at grid transmission substations such as conductors, transformers, capacitor banks, isolators, circuit breakers and lightning arresters. The report provides details on the panel section which contains control and protection panels, and the substation yard layout.
Mirza Sarmad Baig presented on the components and workings of the 132kV GSS Sitapura substation operated by RRVPNL. The substation transforms high transmission voltages to lower distribution voltages and interconnects different transmission systems. It contains key equipment like power transformers, circuit breakers, capacitors, isolators, relays, and bus bars to transform and distribute electricity safely and efficiently. A single line diagram depicts the substation's incoming and outgoing feeders. The presentation aimed to increase understanding of power transmission and distribution, and maintenance of circuit equipment.
The document provides information about the 66kV grid substation located in Jalandhar, Punjab, India. It discusses the key equipment installed at the substation including 3 transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, current transformers, potential transformers, lightning arrestors, and wave traps. It also provides brief summaries of the functions and operating principles of these various types of equipment that comprise the 66kV distribution and transmission system. The document aims to describe the technical specifications and functionalities of the core infrastructure that enables power distribution at this substation.
This document provides an introduction and overview of a 33/11 kV substation in Uttar Pradesh, India. It discusses the key components of the substation including transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, and earthing systems. The substation steps down power from 33 kV to 11 kV and distributes it to nearby areas. Earthing is an important consideration in substation design for safety and preventing potential gradients. Transformers, circuit breakers, and other equipment are discussed in terms of their functions and specifications at this particular substation.
The document discusses the 33/11 kV substation in Indiranagar, Lucknow. Key details include:
1) The substation receives power at 33kV from the main grid and contains transformers that step down the voltage to 11kV.
2) It has a total transformer capacity of 160MVA split between four transformers connected in parallel.
3) The substation contains equipment like circuit breakers, current transformers, lightning arrestors to monitor and regulate power flow.
4) Power is distributed from the substation through six 33kV feeders and multiple 11kV feeders to the surrounding Indiranagar area.
This document summarizes a practical training report on a 132 kV gas insulated substation (GSS) in Jalore, submitted in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering. The 30-day training took place at the 132 kV GSS Jalore and covered topics like the single line diagram, bus bars, isolators, insulators, protective relays, circuit breakers, power transformers, current and potential transformers, transformer oil testing, lightning arrestors, the control room, earthing systems, and power line carrier communication.
This document describes the TT Nagar 33/11kV substation. It was established in 2002 to transform incoming 33kV power to 11kV to supply approximately 52,000 customers. It includes 3 operators and 3 linemen overseen by 1 junior engineer. In 2004, it was expanded to also supply Meharbaan Singh Ka Purva. The single line diagram shows how 132kV power enters and is stepped down to 33kV and 11kV to supply the local areas. The substation contains various equipment for transforming, protecting, and distributing power, including transformers, circuit breakers, protective relays, grounding systems, batteries, switchgear, and a fire suppression system.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on a summer training at a 132/33 kV sub-station in Allahabad, India. It discusses key equipment used in sub-stations including transformers, protection devices like Buchholz relays and silica gel breathers, cooling equipment, and other critical infrastructure like circuit breakers, capacitor banks, potential and current transformers, isolators, and insulators. It also describes the functions of this equipment and why they are important components of the power distribution system.
The document summarizes the power distribution system for a city located between an industrial area and railway station. A 10 MW small hydro power plant was chosen due to topography and cost. Power is distributed through 4 substations to various areas of the city including 2 railway substations. The protection scheme and equipment used including transformers, circuit breakers and isolators are listed. A single line diagram shows the layout of the generation plant, distributing unit and substations along with feeders.
Engineering Final Year Project Report on "Electrical Safety and Protection of...Pratap Bhunia
Substation Network and Load Distribution
Substation Network Design
Civil Works Specification
Various Subsystems in Substation and Their Functions
Substation Equipment and Their Functions
Design of Capacity of Transmission Lines
Calculation of Line Constants and SIL
Bus Bar Arrangement
Power Transformer
Substation Earthing
Circuit Breaker
Isolator
Current Transformer
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Lightning Surge
Switching Surge
Lightning Arrester
Surge Absorber
Solicita ao exmo sr prefeito municipal a realização de obras de reforma e man...drtaylorjr
O documento solicita ao prefeito municipal a realização de obras de reforma e manutenção do Shopping da Gambôa em Cabo Frio devido ao seu estado de deterioração, que está afetando o fluxo de turistas e prejudicando os lojistas.
Este documento presenta siete claves o consejos para mejorar la lectura. Cada clave se enfoca en un tipo de lectura diferente como enciclopedias en línea, ficción con ilustraciones, poesía, deportes, y fantasía. El documento enfatiza la importancia de usar la biblioteca escolar y buscar ayuda de los profesores para encontrar información relevante.
O documento apresenta os resultados de análises de amostras de água pluvial coletadas em três locais. Foram medidos os níveis de pH, dureza e alcalinidade total da água, bem como a massa fresca e seca de plantas cultivadas usando essa água. Os valores médios destas propriedades são comparados entre as três amostras de cada localidade.
This document discusses how client data is at risk and how to mitigate that risk through security policies and procedures. It explains that client data contains sensitive personal and financial information that makes it a target. Attackers seek this data to access clients or for ransom. The document then outlines common ways client data is vulnerable during storage, transmission, and through unsecured access points. These vulnerabilities can be exploited by threats like hackers, malware, or negligent access. It emphasizes the need for lawyers to understand how data moves and implement controls to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability of client information as required by ethical standards. Finally, it provides examples of specific vulnerabilities at different points in the data lifecycle and how attacks can exploit them.
The document summarizes results from Matchday 28 in a youth soccer league. F.B.C.D. Catarroja "C" won their game 11-0 over Torrent C.F. "C". SEDAVI U.E. "C" defeated C.F. City Five Massanassa "C" 7-5. C.D. Juventud Picanya "B" edged out a 4-3 win over Paiporta C.F. "C". The standings table shows F.B.C.D. Catarroja "C" in first place with 81 points followed by Avant Aldaia C.D.F. "C" in
Ivan Lumala has over 25 years of experience in technology roles at Microsoft, including as Chief Technology Officer leading Microsoft's initiative in Africa from 2012-2015. He has also founded Leadership Advancement International, a non-profit focused on developing leaders in developing countries. Lumala has a background in software engineering and testing and has held roles managing teams and developing strategies to enable partners on Microsoft platforms like Windows and Office. He currently resides in Sammamish, Washington.
Oplæg på Det Informationsvidenskabelige Akademis kandidatuddannelse om hvordan informationsvidenskab og kulturstudier har glæder af hinanden i den virkelige verden
Gạch bông, Gạch cổ chuyên trang trí quán Cafe, Nhà hàng, Biệt thự, Resort... Tạo điểm nhấn sang trọng, lịch lãm và ấn tượng cho các công trình kiến trúc.
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Sami Ul Haq is seeking a challenging position in a reputed organization. He has a BBA in Finance from the University of Science and Technology Bannu. He has over 5 years of work experience including at Bannu Woollen Mills Ltd and the PESCO Revenue Office. His technical skills include Microsoft Office, internet proficiency, and typing. He aims to apply his education and experience to benefit humanity through research. He has strong analytical, managerial, communication and computer skills.
The document provides details about an internship report submitted by Bilal Jan Manja Khel to the Director of IMS UST Bannu. The report focuses on an internship conducted at WAPDA (PESCO) Peshawar. Key details include the history and organizational structure of PESCO, its mission, vision and goals, as well as sections on human resources, compensation, revenue offices, and a SWOT analysis. The report was submitted to fulfill the requirements for a BBA.IT degree from IMS UST Bannu.
Suturing techniques & properties of skin /certified fixed orthodontic courses...Indian dental academy
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This document provides a summary report of Muhammad Khurram's one month internship at the Neelum Jhelum Hydropower project from June 6th to July 5th, 2016. It discusses the project's background and rationale, salient features including its installed capacity of 969 MW, and tunnel construction methods like drill and blast that were learned. Project implementation details are provided on construction, engineering, design and supervision. The document is organized with sections on acknowledgements, introduction, practices learned, and progress of the hydropower project.
This document discusses the use of esmolol in sepsis patients and summarizes two recent studies on this topic. It provides background on beta-adrenergic receptors and their widespread effects throughout the body. Excess adrenergic stress can have negative effects. The document then reviews how beta blockade may help modulate the immune system and cardiovascular system in sepsis patients. Two recent studies are summarized that found esmolol reduced heart rate and noradrenaline requirements while improving microvascular flow and 28-day mortality rates. However, more research is still needed to determine optimal heart rate targets, agents, and patient cohorts.
The document presents a case study of the WAPDA House building in Lahore, Pakistan. It provides background on the objective to evaluate the building's facade appearance. Some key details include:
- The building was designed by American architect Edward Durrel Stone and completed in 1963 to house the Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority.
- Architectural features of the building include bay windows, a dome-like structure, thin columns, rectangular patterns on the facade and interior, and perforated canopies.
- While some Mughal-inspired elements were incorporated, the architect failed to truly capture the essence of traditional Mughal architecture for the region's climate and instead replicated his own prior work from the United States
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Internship Report
1. Internship Training Report
132kv Grid Substation Kamalabad, P&I
IESCO
by
Muhammad Usman Rafiq
F-4068
A Report submitted to the
Department of P&I, IESCO
Islamabad
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
internship of one month for
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
P&I, IESCO Islamabad, 46000 Pakistan
<August, 2016>
3. DEDICATION
Thanks to almighty Allah, who makes me, grows me and produces such abilities in me so I
become able to produce such report. I want to dedicate “My Little Work” to my parents and
teachers. Parents and teachers have a great role in my life. Both the personalities exert a lot of
efforts on me which make me eligible for making this report.
4. C E R T I F I C A T E O F A P P R O
V A L
It is certified that the work of report titled “132K Internship Training Report
132kv Grid Substation Kamalabad, P&I IESCO” is carried out by Muhammad Usman
Rafiq, Roll. No F-4068, under the supervision of IESCO, at Islamabad and
Rawalpindi. It is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a report for the internship
of one month.
Supervisor: ------------------------
5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
IESCO has been the ideal training institute. Officials deputed are highly trained; their
sage advices, insightful criticisms, and patient encouragement aided this report in
innumerable ways. I would also like to thank trainers which steadfast support of this
report was greatly needed and deeply appreciated.
6. DECLARATION
We hereby declare that this project, neither as a whole nor as a part thereof has been
copied from any source. It is further declared that we have developed this report entirely
on the basis of our personal efforts under the sincere guidance of IESCO officials.
______________________
Muhammad Usman Rafiq
7. ABSTRACT
Now a day’s everything is depending up on the power. So give the reliable supply to the
consumers. In distribution systems one of the major parts is "SUBSTATIONS".
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity, Generation, Transmission
and distribution systems where the voltage is transformed from high to low or reverse using
the transformers .Electric power may flow through several substations between generating
plant and consumer and may be changed in different voltage levels .the equipment used in
substation are Transformer, Lightening arresters, isolator, bus bar, protective devices,
Battery charger, earth switches, earth rods. So for of supply the regular maintenance and
checking is necessary from that we conclude weather it is suitable or not for the desired
operation.
8. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Introduction ....................................................................... 8
1.1 Substation .................................................................... 8
1.2 132Kv single-line grid substation diagram ............................... 9
1.2 Classification of substation ...................................................... 10
1.3 Function of substation ................................................. 11
Chapter 2
Equipment Used in a Sub Station …….................................. 12
2.1 Transformer ...................................................................... 12
Types of transformer
2.1.1 Power Transformer ............................................. 12
2.1.1.1 Parts of transformer
1. Conservative Tank .................................. 14
2. Tape Changer .......................... 15
3. Buchholz Relay .......................... 16
4. Silica Gel .......................... 17
2.1.2 Instrument transformer ........................ 19
2.1.2.1 Current transformer ........................ 19
2.1.2.2 Potential transformer ........................ 20
2.1.2.3 Unit Auxiliary transformer ........................ 21
Chapter 3
Circuit Breaker …………......................................................... 24
3.1 S F 6 g a s c i r c u i t b r e a k e r ........................... 24
Chapter 4
Bus Coupler ................................................... 27
4.1 Bus coupler ....................................... 27
Chapter 5
9. 11kv incoming and outgoing Panels ................................................. 29
5.1 11kv incoming Panels .............................................................. 29
5.2 11kv outgoing Panels .............................................................. 31
Chapter 6
Batteries and Batteries Charger ................................................. 32
6.1 Station Batteries System ................................................. 32
Chapter 7
Electrical Function Numbers ............................................. 36
7.1 Introduction ................................................. 36
7.2 List of device numbers and acronyms ........................................ 36
7.3 Suffixes and prefixes
........................................ 39
10. CHAPTER 1
Introduction:
The present day electrical power system is a.c i.e. electric power is
generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of Alternating current. The
electric power is produce at the power station, which are located at favorable
places. It is delivered to the consumer through a large network of transmission
and distribution. At many place in the line of power system, it may be desirable
and necessary to change some characteristic ( e.g. Voltage, ac to dc, frequency
p.f. etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called
sub-station for example, generation voltage (11kv or 6.6kv) at the power station
is stepped up to high voltage (Say 220kv to 132kv) for transmission of electric
power. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be
stepped down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable
apparatus called sub-stations.
1.1 Substation:
An electrical substation is a subsidiary station of an electricity
generation, transmission and distribution system where voltage is transformed
high to low or the reverse using transformers. Electric power may flow through
several substations between generation plant and consumer, and may be
changed in voltage in several steps.
The main equipment used in substation are transformers lighting
arresters, Circuit breakers PLCC, isolators, bus bars, protective relays, Battery
8
12. 1.2 Classification of substations:
Classification of substations based on
(1) Service requirements
(2) Constructional features
1. According to service requirements: According to service requirements
substations are classified into:
i. Transformer Substations
ii. Switching Substations
iii. Power factor correction substations
iv. Frequency changer substations
v. Converting substations
vi. Industrial substations
2. According to construction features: According to constructional features
substations are classified as;
i. Indoor substations
ii. Outdoor substations
iii. Underground substations
iv. Pole mounted substations
10
13. 1.3 Functions of a Substation:
1 - Supply of required electrical power.
2 - Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
3 - Maximum security of supply.
4 - Shortest possible fault-duration.
5 - Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
6 - Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hz
and50.5 Hz).
7 - Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
8 - Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
11
14. Chapter 2
Equipment Used in a Sub-Station
The equipment required for a transformer Sub-Station depends upon the
type of Sub-Station, Service requirement and the degree of protection desired.
TIF Sub-Station has the following major equipments.
2.1 Transformers:
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of
alternating current at same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the
low voltage into high voltage & high voltage to low voltage at same frequency.
It works on the principle of static induction principle.
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called
step up transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
2.1.1 Power Transformer:
It is used for the transmission purpose at heavy load, high voltage
greater than 33 KV & 100% efficiency. It also having a big in size as compare
to distribution transformer, it used in generating station and Transmission
substation at high insulation level. They can be of two types: Single Phase
Transformers and Multi Phase Transformers.
12
18. i. Conservator Tank:
This is a cylindrical tank mounted on supporting structure on the
roof the transformer main tank. The main function of conservator tank of
transformer is to provide adequate space for expansion of oil inside the
transformer.
Function of Conservator Tank of a Transformer:
When transformer is loaded and when ambient temperature rises,
the volume of oil inside transformer increases. A conservator tank of
transformer provides adequate space to this expanded transformer oil. It also
acts as a reservoir for transformer insulating oil.
Construction of Conservator Tank:
This is a cylindrical shaped oil container closed from both ends.
One large inspection cover is provided on either side of the container to
facilitate maintenance and cleaning inside of the conservator.
Conservator pipe, i.e. pipe comes from main transformer tank, is
projected inside the conservator from bottom portion. Head of the
conservator pipe inside the conservator is provided with a cap. This pipe is
projected as well as provided with a cap because this design prevents oil
sludge and sediment to enter into main tank from conservator. Generally
silica gel breather fixing pipe enters into the conservator from top. If it enters
from bottom, it should be projected well above the level of oil inside the
conservator. This arrangement ensures that oil does not enter the silica gel
breather even at highest operating level.
16
19. Working of Conservator Tank:
When volume of transformer insulating oil increases due to load
and ambient temperature, the vacant space above the oil level inside the
conservator is partially occupied by the expanded oil. Consequently,
corresponding quantity of air of that space is pushed away through breather.
On other hand, when load of transformer decreases, the transformer is
switched off and when the ambient temperature decreases, the oil inside the
transformer contracts. This causes outside air to enter in the conservator tank
of transformer through silica gel breather.
ii. Tape Changer:
A tap changer is a connection point selection mechanism along
a power transformer winding that allows a variable number of turns to be
selected in discrete steps. A transformer with a variable turns ratio is
produced, enabling stepped voltage regulation of the output. The tap
selection may be made via an automatic or manual tap changer mechanism.
17
20. Voltage considerations:
If only one tap changer is required, manually operated tap
points are usually made on the high voltage (primary) or lower current
winding of the transformer to minimize the current handling requirements
of the contacts. However, a transformer may include a tap changer on
each winding if there are advantages to do so. For example, in power
distribution networks, a large step-down transformer may have an off-
load tap changer on the primary winding and an on-load automatic tap
changer on the secondary winding or windings. The high voltage tap is
set to match long term system profile on the high voltage network
(typically supply voltage averages) and is rarely changed. The low
voltage tap may be requested to change positions multiple times each day,
without interrupting the power delivery, to follow loading conditions on
the low-voltage (secondary winding) network.
To minimize the number of winding taps and thus reduce the
physical size of a tap changing transformer, a 'reversing' tap changer
winding may be used, which is a portion of the main winding able to be
connected in its opposite direction (buck) and thus oppose the voltage.
iii. Buchholz Relay:
Buchholz relay in transformer is an oil container housed the
connecting pipe from main tank to conservator tank. It has mainly two
elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is attached to a
hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil
level in the Buchholz relay Container. One mercury switch is fixed on the
float. The alignment of mercury switch hence depends upon the position
of the float.
The lower element consists of a baffle plate and mercury switch.
This plate is fitted on a hinge just in front of the inlet (main tank side) of
Buchholz relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the
relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate
along with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.
18
21. In addition to these main elements a Buchholz relay has gas release
pockets on top. The electrical leads from both mercury switches are taken
out through a molded terminal block.
iv. Silica Gel Breather of Transformer:
Whenever electrical power transformer is loaded, the temperature of
the transformer insulating oil increases, consequently the volume of the oil is
increased. As the volume of the oil is increased, the air above the oil level in
conservator will come out. Again at low oil temperature; the volume of the oil is
decreased, which causes the volume of the oil to be decreased which again
causes air to enter into conservator tank.
The natural air always consists of more or less moisture in it and this
moisture can be mixed up with oil if it is allowed to enter into the transformer.
The air moisture should be resisted during entering of the air into the
transformer, because moisture is very harmful for transformer insulation. A
silica gel breather is the most commonly used way of filtering air from moisture.
Silica gel breather for transformer is connected with conservator tank by
means of breathing pipe.
19
22. Construction of Silica Gel Breather:
The silica gel breather of transformer is very simple in the aspect of
design. It is nothing but a pot of silica gel through which, air passes during
breathing of transformer. The silica gel is a very good absorber of moisture.
Freshly regenerated gel is very efficient, it may dry down air to a dew point of
below −40°C. A well maintained silica gel breather will generally operate with a
dew point of −35°C as long as a large enough quantity of gel has been used. The
picture shows a silica gel breather of transformer.
Working Principle of Silica Gel Breather:
Silica gel crystal has tremendous capacity of absorbing moisture. When
air passes through these crystals in the breather; the moisture of the air is
absorbed by them. Therefore, the air reaches to the conservator is quite dry, the
dust particles in the air get trapped by the oil in the oil seal cup. The oil in the
oil sealing cup acts as barrier between silica gel crystal and air when there is no
flow of air through silica gel breather. The color of silica gel crystal is dark blue
but, when it absorbs moisture; it becomes pink.
When there is sufficient difference between the air inside the conservator
and the outside air, the oil level in two components of the oil seal changes until
the lower oil level just reaches the rim of the inverted cup, the air then moves
from high pressure compartment to the low pressure compartment of the oil
20
23. seal. Both of these happen when the oil acts as core filter and removes the dust
from the outside air.
2.1.2 Instrument Transformers:
These transformers are used for the measurement purposes at that
points where standard voltmeters and ammeters cannot be used. They are of two
types:
2.1.2.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
A current transformer (CT) is used
for measurement of alternating electric currents.
When current in a circuit is too high to apply
directly to measuring instruments, a current
transformer produces a reduced current accurately
proportional to the current in the circuit, which
can be conveniently connected to measuring and
recording instruments. A current transformer
isolates the measuring instruments from what
may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit.
Nameplate:
21
24. 2.1.2.2 POTENTIAL OR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER:
Voltage transformers (VT) (also called
potential transformers (PT)) are a parallel connected
type of instrument transformer, used for metering
and protection in high-voltage circuits or phase shift
isolation. They are designed to present negligible
load to the supply being measured and to have an
accurate voltage ratio to enable accurate metering. A
potential transformer may have several secondary
windings on the same core as a primary winding, for
use in different metering or protection circuits.
Nameplate:
22
25. 2.1.2.3 Unit Auxiliary Transformers (UAT)
The Unit Auxiliary Transformer is the Power Transformer that
provides power to the auxiliary equipment of a power generating station during
its normal operation. This transformer is connected directly to the generator out-
put by a tap-off of the isolated phase bus duct and thus becomes cheapest source
of power to the generating station.
It is generally a three-winding transformer i.e. one primary and two
separate secondary windings. Primary winding of UAT is equal to the main
generator voltage rating. The secondary windings can have same or different
voltages i.e. generally 11KV and or 6.9KV as per plant layout.
23
27. Chapter 3:
Circuit Breaker:
3.1 Sf6 Circuit Breaker:
In such breakers, sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is used as the arc
quenching medium.
The sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) is an electronegative gas and
has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts of the breaker
are opened in a high pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas and
an arc is struck between them. The gas captures the conducting free
electrons in the arc to form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of
conducting electrons in the arc quickly builds up enough insulation
strength to extinguish the arc.
The sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breakers have been found to be
very effective for high power and high voltage service.
Construction of SF6 Circuit Breaker:
A sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) circuit breaker consists of fixed and
moving contacts enclosed in a chamber. The chamber is called arc
interruption chamber which contains the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas.
This chamber is connected to sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas reservoir. A
25
28. valve mechanism is there to permit the gas to the arc interruption
chamber. When the contacts of breaker are opened, the valve mechanism
permits a high pressure sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas from the reservoir
to flow towards the arc interruption chamber.
The fixed contact is a hollow cylindrical current carrying contact
fitted with an arc horn. The moving contact is also a hollow cylinder with
rectangular holes in the sides. The holes permit the sulphur hexafluoride
gas (SF6) gas to let out through them after flowing along and across the
arc. The tips of fixed contact, moving contact and arcing horn are coated
with copper-tungsten arc resistant material. Since sulphur hexafluoride
gas (SF6) gas is costly, it is reconditioned and reclaimed using suitable
auxiliary system after each operation of breaker.
Working of SF6 CB:
In the closed position of the breaker, the contacts remain
surrounded by sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at a pressure of about
2.8 kg/cm2. When the breaker operates, the moving contact is pulled
apart and an arc is struck between the contacts. The movement of the
moving contact is synchronized with the opening of a valve which
permits sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas at 14 kg/cm2 pressure from
the reservoir to the arc interruption chamber.
The high pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) rapidly absorbs
the free electrons in the arc path to form immobile negative ions which
26
29. are ineffective as charge carriers. The result is that the medium between
the contacts quickly builds up high dielectric strength and causes the
extinction of the arc. After the breaker operation (i.e. after arc extinction),
the valve is closed by the action of a set of springs.
Advantages of SF6:
Due, to the superior arc quenching properties of sulphur
hexafluoride gas (SF6) gas, the sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit
breakers have many advantages over oil or air circuit breakers. Some of
them are listed below Due to the superior arc quenching property of
sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6), such circuit breakers have very short
arcing time.
Since the dielectric strength of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) gas is 2
to 3 times that operation due unlike of air, such breakers can interrupt
much larger currents.
The sulphur hexafluoride gas (SF6) circuit breaker gives noiseless
operation due its closed gas circuit and no exhaust to atmosphere unlike
the air blast circuit breaker.
27
30. Chapter 4:
Bus Coupler
4.1 Bus Coupler:
Bus coupler is a device which is used to couple one bus to the other
without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs.
Bus coupler is a breaker used to couple two bus-bars in order to perform
maintenance on other circuit breakers associated with that bus-bar.
It is achieved with the help of a circuit breaker and isolators.
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32. Chapter 5:
11kv incoming and outgoing Panels
5.1 11kv incoming panel:
Specifications:
11KV Incoming Panel for 20/26MVA power transformer with draw out type
vacuumed circuit breaker, 2500A, 25KA, BIL 95KV, One minute power
frequency withstand voltage 36KV, C.T. Ratio 1600:800/5/5A for metering and
protection purpose having class 0.5 and 5P20 respectively, C.T. Ratio
1600:800/5A having protection class 5P20, P.T. 11000/110V AC, complete with
over current and earth fault relay CDG61, Back up earth fault relay CDG21, DC
supervision relay along with DC healthy lamp, 3 phase 4 wire energy meter for
energy metering, moving iron type ampere meter, moving iron type power
factor meter, Moving iron type volt meter with selector switch, On Off push
button and indication lamps, DP and TP control MCB for AC & DC auxiliary
voltage controls, Trip coil 110 V DC, Closing coil 110 V DC, Anti pumping
feature, Spring charging motor 220 V AC, insulators and 99.9% pure tine coated
copper bus bar arrangement covered with heat shrinkable tubing, Cable
termination pads, Earthing ball arrangement for earthing kit, Explosion vents
and Protection class IP3X
30
34. 5.2 11kv outgoing panel:
Specifications:
11KV Outgoing Panel with draw out type vacuumed circuit
breaker, 630A, 25KA, BIL 95KV, One minute power frequency withstand
voltage 36KV, C.T. Ratio 400:200/5/5A, complete with over current and earth
fault relay CDG61, DC supervision relay along with DC healthy lamp, 3 phase 4
wire energy meter for energy metering, moving iron type ampere meter, moving
iron type power factor meter, On Off push button and indication lamps, DP and
TP control MCB for AC & DC auxiliary voltage controls, Trip coil 110 V DC,
Closing coil 110 V DC, Anti pumping feature, Spring charging motor 220 V
AC, insulators and 99.9% pure tine coated copper bus bar arrangement covered
with heat shrinkable insulation tubing, Cable termination pads, Earthing ball
arrangement for earthing kit, explosion vents and Protection class IP3X.
32
36. Chapter 6
Batteries and Batteries Charger
6.1 Station Batteries System
The purpose of station batteries system is to provide safe and liable
power supply to all primary functions. The system is almost independent of all
other power supply and ensures reliable execution of control functions.
Dc batteries (110V) are installed in grid for protection, emergency
power, alarm and indications.
These batteries have their own battery charger. Under normal
conditions, dc supplies are obtaining through AC to DC rectifier but in case of
failure of AC supplies; DC are used to run the system.
34
39. Chapter 7:
Electrical Function Numbers
7.1 Introduction:
In the design of electrical power systems, the ANSI standard
device numbers (ANSI /IEEE Standard C37.2 Standard for Electrical Power
System Device Function Numbers, Acronyms, and Contact Designations)
identifies the features of a protective device such as a relay or circuit breaker.
These types of devices protect electrical systems and components from damage
when an unwanted event occurs, such as an electrical fault. Device numbers are
used to identify the functions of devices shown on a schematic diagram.
Function descriptions are given in the standard.
One physical device may correspond to one function number, for
example "29 Isolating Switch", or a single physical device may have many
function numbers associated with it, such as a numerical protective relay. Suffix
and prefix letters may be added to further specify the purpose and function of a
device.
ANSI/IEEE C37.2-2008 is one of a continuing series of revisions
of the standard, which originated in 1928.
7.2 List of device numbers and acronyms:
2 – Time delay Starting or Closing Relay
3 – Checking or Interlocking Relay
4 – Master Contactor
5 – Stopping
6 – Starting Circuit Breaker
7 – Rate of Change Relay
8 – Control Power Disconnecting Device
9 – Reversing Device
10 – Unit Sequence Switch
11 – Multi-function Device
12 – Overspeed Device
13 – Synchronous-speed Device
14 – Underspeed Device
15 – Speed – or Frequency, Matching Device
16 – Data Communications Device
17 – Shunting or Discharge Switch
18 – Accelerating or Decelerating Device
19 – Starting to Running Transition Contractor
20 – Electrically Operated Valve
37
40. 21 – Distance Relay
22 – Equalizer Circuit Breaker
23 – Temperature Control Device
24 – Volts Per Hertz Relay
25 – Synchronizing or Synchronize-Check Device
26 – Apparatus Thermal Device
27 – Undervoltage Relay
27s - DC under voltage Relay
28 – Flame detector
29 – Isolating Contactor or Switch
30 – Annunciator Relay
31 – Separate Excitation
32 – Directional Power Relay or Reverse Power Relay
33 – Position Switch
34 – Master Sequence Device
35 – Brush-Operating or Slip-Ring Short-Circuiting Device
36 – Polarity or Polarizing Voltage Devices
37 – Undercurrent or Underpower Relay
38 – Bearing Protective Device
39 – Mechanical Condition Monitor
40 – Field (over/under excitation) Relay
41 – Field Circuit Breaker
42 – Running Circuit Breaker
43 – Manual Transfer or Selector Device
44 – Unit Sequence Starting Relay
45 – DC over voltage Relay
46 – Reverse-phase or Phase-Balance Current Relay
47 – Phase-Sequence or Phase-Balance Voltage Relay
48 – Incomplete Sequence Relay
49 – Machine or Transformer, Thermal Relay-OLR
50 – Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay
50G - Instantaneous Earth Over Current Relay (Neutral CT Method)
50N - Instantaneous Earth Over Current Relay (Residual Method)
50BF - Breaker failure
51 – AC Inverse Time Overcurrent Relay
51LR - AC Invers Time overcurrent (locked Roter) protection Relay
51G - AC Inverse Time Earth Overcurrent Relay (Neutral CT Method)
51N - AC Inverse Time Earth Overcurrent Relay (Residual Method)
52 – AC Circuit Breaker
52a - AC Circuit Breaker Position (Contact Open when Breaker Open)
52b - AC Circuit Breaker Position (Contact Closed when Breaker Open)
53 – Exciter or DC Generator Relay
54 – Turning Gear Engaging Device
55 – Power Factor Relay
56 – Field Application Relay
57 – Short-Circuiting or Grounding Device
58 – Rectification Failure Relay
59 – Overvoltage Relay
60 – Voltage or Current Balance Relay.
61 – Density Switch or Sensor
62 – Time-Delay Stopping or Opening Relay
63 – Pressure Switch
64 – Ground Detector Relay
64R - Restricted earth fault
38
41. 64S - Stator earth fault
65 – Governor
66 – Notching or Jogging Device
67 – AC Directional Overcurrent Relay
67N- Directional Earth Fault relay
68 – Blocking Relay
69 – Permissive Control Device
70 – Rheostat
71 – Liquid Level Switch
72 – DC Circuit Breaker
73 – Load-Resistor Contactor
74 – Alarm Relay
75 – Position Changing Mechanism
76 – DC Overcurrent Relay
77 – Telemetering Device
78 – Phase-Angle Measuring Relay or "Out-of-Step" Relay
79 – AC Reclosing Relay (Auto Reclosing)
80 – Flow Switch
81 – Frequency Relay
82 – DC Reclosing Relay
83 – Automatic Selective Control or Transfer Relay
84 – Operating Mechanism
85 – Communications,Carrier or Pilot-Wire Relay
86 – Lockout Relay/Master Trip
87 – Differential Protective Relay
88 – Auxiliary Motor or Motor Generator
89 – Line Switch
90 – Regulating Device
91 – Voltage Directional Relay
92 – Voltage and Power Directional Relay
93 – Field Changing Contactor
94 – Tripping or Trip-Free Relay( trip circuit supervision Relay)
95 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
96 – Busbar Trip Lockout relay
97 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
98 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
99 – For specific applications where other numbers are not suitable
150 – Earth Fault Indicator
AFD – Arc Flash Detector
CLK – Clock or Timing Source
DDR – Dynamic Disturbance Recorder
DFR – Digital Fault Recorder
DME – Disturbance Monitor Equipment
HIZ – High Impedance Fault Detector
HMI – Human Machine Interface
HST – Historian
LGC – Scheme Logic
MET – Substation Metering
PDC – Phasor Data Concentrator
PMU – Phasor Measurement Unit
PQM – Power Quality Monitor
RIO – Remote Input/Output Device
RTU – Remote Terminal Unit/Data Concentrator
SER – Sequence of Events Recorder
39
42. 7.3 Suffixes and prefixes:
A suffix letter or number may be used with the device
number; for example, suffix N is used if the device is connected to a
Neutral wire (example: 59N in a relay is used for protection against
Neutral Displacement); and suffixes X, Y, Z are used for auxiliary
devices. Similarly, the "G" suffix can denote a "ground"; hence a
"51G" is a time overcurrent ground relay. The "G" suffix can also
mean "generator", hence an "87G" is a Generator Differential
Protective Relay while an "87T" is a Transformer Differential
Protective Relay. "F" can denote "field" on a generator or "fuse", as in
the protective fuse for a pickup transformer. Suffix numbers are used
to distinguish multiple "same" devices in the same equipment such as
51-1, 51–2. Device numbers may be combined if the device provides
multiple functions, such as the instantaneous/time-delay AC over
current relay denoted as 50/51. For device 16, the suffix letters further
define the device: the first suffix letter is 'S' for serial or 'E' for
Ethernet. The subsequent letters are: 'C' security processing function
(e.g. VPN, encryption), 'F' firewall or message filter, 'M' network
managed function, 'R' rotor, and ‘S’ switch and 'T' telephone
component. Thus a managed Ethernet switch would be 16ESM.
40