Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and forces on them. It can be divided into fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics. Fluid mechanics involves the properties of fluids, including that fluids continually deform under stress, take the shape of their container, and have indefinite shape and volume. Key terms include density, specific weight, specific volume, viscosity, compressibility, and dynamic viscosity. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. Dynamic viscosity describes the direct proportionality between shear stress and velocity gradient in a moving fluid.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and their properties. It can be divided into three parts: statics, kinematics, and dynamics. Statics deals with fluids at rest, kinematics with flow behaviors like velocity and flow patterns, and dynamics with how flow behaviors affect forces on fluids. Fluids are classified based on their molecular spacing and interactions as solids, liquids, or gases. Key fluid properties include density, viscosity, and specific volume. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to shear forces and is dependent on temperature. The viscosity and other properties of common fluids like water, oil, and air are important in fluid mechanics analyses.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume,
specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow
characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy
equation and momentum equation.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation and momentum equation.
This course provides students with an introduction to principal concepts and methods of fluid mechanics. Topics covered include volume and mass flow, Bernoulli's equation, viscosity, flow losses in pipes, dimensional analysis of fluid flow, and the development of similarity relationships. Students will study and analyze fluid systems, develop problem-solving skills, and demonstrate their understanding through assignments and exams.
This document defines fluid properties and concepts in fluid mechanics. It discusses:
1. The definition of a fluid as a substance that flows and takes the shape of its container. Fluids exist in liquid and gas states.
2. The differences between solids and fluids, where fluids have no definite shape and can be compressed.
3. An overview of fluid mechanics, including fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics which consider pressure forces.
4. Fundamental concepts like density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. It also discusses classification of fluids and fluid properties.
5. Applications of Bernoulli's equation like venturi meters, orifice meters, and pitot tubes which
Unit 3 introduction to fluid mechanics as per AKTU KME101TVivek Singh Chauhan
strictly following syllabus of KME 101T of AKTU for first yr 2021
fluid properties, bernoulli's equation with proof and numericals , pumps, turbine , hydraulic lift, continuity equation
Fluid Mechanics.pptx study of fluids is very importantMalluKomar
This document defines fluids and their properties, and discusses various fluid flow concepts.
It begins by defining fluids as substances that deform continuously under applied shear stress and have no fixed shape. Fluids can be liquids or gases. It then discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines fluid mechanics as the study of fluid behavior at rest and in motion.
Finally, it introduces several key fluid properties and concepts, including density, viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension, and Bernoulli's equation. It explains how these properties and concepts are used in common fluid flow measurement devices like Venturi meters, orifice meters, and Pitot tubes.
This document defines fluids and their properties. It discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines the various states of matter. Fluids are classified as ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. The key properties of fluids discussed include density, specific weight, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. Concepts such as bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are also introduced. Various fluid flow measurement devices that utilize Bernoulli's equation are briefly mentioned.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and their properties. It can be divided into three parts: statics, kinematics, and dynamics. Statics deals with fluids at rest, kinematics with flow behaviors like velocity and flow patterns, and dynamics with how flow behaviors affect forces on fluids. Fluids are classified based on their molecular spacing and interactions as solids, liquids, or gases. Key fluid properties include density, viscosity, and specific volume. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to shear forces and is dependent on temperature. The viscosity and other properties of common fluids like water, oil, and air are important in fluid mechanics analyses.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume,
specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow
characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy
equation and momentum equation.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
Units and dimensions- Properties of fluids- mass density, specific weight, specific volume, specific gravity, viscosity, compressibility, vapor pressure, surface tension and capillarity. Flow characteristics – concept of control volume - application of continuity equation, energy equation and momentum equation.
This course provides students with an introduction to principal concepts and methods of fluid mechanics. Topics covered include volume and mass flow, Bernoulli's equation, viscosity, flow losses in pipes, dimensional analysis of fluid flow, and the development of similarity relationships. Students will study and analyze fluid systems, develop problem-solving skills, and demonstrate their understanding through assignments and exams.
This document defines fluid properties and concepts in fluid mechanics. It discusses:
1. The definition of a fluid as a substance that flows and takes the shape of its container. Fluids exist in liquid and gas states.
2. The differences between solids and fluids, where fluids have no definite shape and can be compressed.
3. An overview of fluid mechanics, including fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics which consider pressure forces.
4. Fundamental concepts like density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. It also discusses classification of fluids and fluid properties.
5. Applications of Bernoulli's equation like venturi meters, orifice meters, and pitot tubes which
Unit 3 introduction to fluid mechanics as per AKTU KME101TVivek Singh Chauhan
strictly following syllabus of KME 101T of AKTU for first yr 2021
fluid properties, bernoulli's equation with proof and numericals , pumps, turbine , hydraulic lift, continuity equation
Fluid Mechanics.pptx study of fluids is very importantMalluKomar
This document defines fluids and their properties, and discusses various fluid flow concepts.
It begins by defining fluids as substances that deform continuously under applied shear stress and have no fixed shape. Fluids can be liquids or gases. It then discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines fluid mechanics as the study of fluid behavior at rest and in motion.
Finally, it introduces several key fluid properties and concepts, including density, viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension, and Bernoulli's equation. It explains how these properties and concepts are used in common fluid flow measurement devices like Venturi meters, orifice meters, and Pitot tubes.
This document defines fluids and their properties. It discusses the differences between solids and fluids, and defines the various states of matter. Fluids are classified as ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. The key properties of fluids discussed include density, specific weight, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. Concepts such as bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are also introduced. Various fluid flow measurement devices that utilize Bernoulli's equation are briefly mentioned.
FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
1. The document defines various fluid properties and concepts, including defining fluids as substances that flow and take the shape of their container, and discussing the differences between solids and fluids.
2. It also covers fluid mechanics, which studies fluids at rest and in motion, and fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics.
3. Additionally, the document discusses various fluid types including ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. It also defines key fluid properties such as density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension.
1. The document defines fluids and their properties, including density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. It also defines different types of fluids such as ideal, real, Newtonian, and non-Newtonian fluids.
2. Key concepts in fluid mechanics like pressure, bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are explained. Capillary rise and depression phenomena are described.
3. Measurement devices that use Bernoulli's equation are identified, including Venturi meters, orifice meters, and Pitot tubes. Venturi meters and orifice meters are depicted and their working principles summarized.
This document provides information about a fluid mechanics course taught at Sanjivani College of Engineering. It includes:
- An introduction to fluid properties and the differences between solids, liquids, and gases
- Definitions of fluids and their ability to continuously deform under applied shear stress
- Details about fluid kinematics, dynamics, and statics as branches of fluid mechanics
- Explanations of key fluid properties like density, viscosity, and surface tension along with relevant formulas
- Examples of areas where fluid mechanics is applied, such as mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and more
This course provides an introduction to fluid mechanics concepts including pressure, hydrostatics, buoyancy, momentum and mass conservation, and their applications to fluid systems analysis and design. Students will learn to calculate forces in static and flowing fluids, flow velocities, pressure losses, and dimensionless numbers. They will also learn the properties of laminar and turbulent boundary layers and how to apply Bernoulli's principle to fluid problems. The overall aim is for students to develop skills in solving practical fluid mechanics problems relevant to engineering.
This document provides an overview of a fluid mechanics course. The course aims to provide basic knowledge in fluid mechanics, an understanding of fluid behavior, and the ability to solve simple engineering problems involving fluids. The course objectives are to define fluid properties and concepts, perform basic hydrostatics and kinematics calculations, and make simple hydraulic designs. Lectures, workshops, laboratory works, assignments, and exams will be used for instruction and assessment. Key fluid mechanics topics that will be covered include fluid properties, fluid statics, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, systems and control volumes, and forces on fluids.
Fluid mechanics is a science in study the fluid of liquids and gases in the cases of silence and movement and the forces acting on them can be divided materials found in nature into two branches.
This document discusses properties of fluids. It defines key fluid properties like density, specific gravity, vapor pressure, and viscosity. Density is defined as mass per unit volume, while specific gravity compares the density of a substance to that of water. An ideal gas is one that follows the ideal gas law relating pressure, temperature, and volume. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow and plays a dominant role in fluid mechanics. The document provides examples and discussions of these important fluid properties.
This document discusses properties of fluids and fluid statics. It defines a fluid and fluid mechanics, and classifies fluids as real or ideal. Physical properties of fluids discussed include mass density, specific weight, specific volume, relative density, viscosity, and surface tension. Viscosity is defined using Newton's law of viscosity. Fluid statics is the study of fluids at rest, and concepts covered include pressure, Pascal's law, manometers, buoyancy, and pressure on surfaces. Key terms are defined such as specific gravity, specific volume, and the relationships between mass density, specific weight, and viscosity.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It discusses the key topics in fluid mechanics including fluid statics, kinematics, and fluid dynamics. It also defines important fluid properties such as density, viscosity, compressibility, and surface tension. Density measures the mass per unit volume of a substance and can vary with temperature and pressure. Viscosity represents the internal friction within fluids. Compressibility measures how a fluid's volume changes with pressure. Surface tension is responsible for capillary action in small tubes.
This document defines key concepts in hydrostatics including:
1) Fluids are substances that deform continuously under applied forces, taking the shape of their container, while solids maintain their shape.
2) Fluids have properties like density, specific weight, viscosity, and surface tension that are defined and used to characterize different fluids.
3) Examples are provided to demonstrate calculations involving properties like density, specific weight, viscosity, and fluid levels based on applied forces.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids at rest or in motion. It examines how forces relate to fluid mass, energy, and momentum. A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under applied shear stress.
Engineering fluid mechanics considers fluids as continuous substances rather than individual molecules. Key concepts include density, specific weight, viscosity, and continuity. Density describes the mass contained within a volume. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow due to internal friction.
Engineering projects apply fluid mechanics principles to problems involving buoyancy, hydrostatics, pipe flow, and fluid machinery. Common units of measurement include meters, kilograms, and seconds in the SI system or feet and pounds in imperial units. Dimensional
This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics lectures for a second stage engineering course. It includes a list of reference materials and outlines the main topics to be covered in the first and second semesters. The first chapter introduces key fluid properties like density, viscosity, compressibility and provides example calculations. It defines important concepts like bulk modulus, sonic velocity and explores the relationship between shear stress and strain rate for Newtonian fluids.
Fluid is defined as any substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. All liquids and gases are considered fluids. Key properties of fluids include density, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility. Density is the mass per unit volume and can be used to characterize fluids as heavier or lighter than water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow - Newtonian fluids have a viscosity that does not change with stress, while non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable or complex viscosities. Surface tension arises from unbalanced cohesive forces at the fluid surface that create a membrane-like effect. Compressibility refers to changes in a fluid's volume with pressure.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids either at rest or in motion. There are two main types of fluids: liquids and gases. Liquids have strong cohesive forces that allow them to retain their shape, while gases have negligible cohesive forces and are free to expand. Fluid properties include density, viscosity, and other thermodynamic properties. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow and is dependent on factors like temperature. Reynolds number is used to characterize different flow regimes from laminar to turbulent. Fluid mechanics has many applications in fields like engineering, biology, and meteorology.
This document discusses fluid mechanics and defines key terms. It begins by defining fluid mechanics as the science dealing with fluids at rest or in motion. Fluid mechanics is then divided into several categories based on the type of fluid flow, such as hydrodynamics, hydraulics, gas dynamics, and aerodynamics. The document goes on to define properties of fluids like density, specific gravity, vapor pressure, energy, and viscosity. It also discusses concepts like the ideal gas law, temperature scales, and surface tension.
This chapter introduces concepts related to fluid mechanics including definitions, properties, and units. It defines a fluid as a substance that flows under shear stress and can be a liquid or gas. Properties like density, specific weight, viscosity, and specific gravity are discussed. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and varies between different fluids. Viscosity describes a fluid's resistance to flow and can vary significantly between fluids. Finally, it distinguishes between Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids based on whether viscosity depends on shear rate.
This is related to properties of fluids in Fluid mechanics basically helpful for the Mechanical Engineering students.Most of the part is covered in this regarding the basic properties of fluids and about the meaning of fluid.
The document describes experiments conducted to determine the relative density of glucose and ethylene glycol using a pycnometer, and the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of glycerin using a falling sphere viscometer. The specific gravity of glucose and ethylene glycol were calculated from measurements of the pycnometer weight with and without the samples. Data from the viscometer test including steel ball mass, elapsed time, and diameter were used to calculate the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of glycerin. A graph of observed velocity versus the ratio of steel ball diameter to viscometer diameter showed consistency in the viscometer data.
This document contains information about a fluid mechanics course taught by Dr. Yaser H. Alahmadi, including recommended textbooks, the course outline, definitions of key fluid mechanics terms like fluid and viscosity, basic fluid properties, the no-slip condition, and an example problem calculating fluid velocity. It provides essential concepts and information needed to understand fluid mechanics.
This document contains notes on fluid mechanics written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student. It defines key terms like fluid, fluid mechanics, fluid statics, fluid kinematics, and hydraulics. It describes the physical properties of fluids like density, specific weight, surface tension, and viscosity. It provides Newton's law of viscosity and explains how viscosity is measured using a viscometer. The notes are intended to help other students and engineers working in the field to gain knowledge on fluid mechanics.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
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FMM- UNIT I FLUID PROPERTIES AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICSKarthik R
1. The document defines various fluid properties and concepts, including defining fluids as substances that flow and take the shape of their container, and discussing the differences between solids and fluids.
2. It also covers fluid mechanics, which studies fluids at rest and in motion, and fluid statics, kinematics, and dynamics.
3. Additionally, the document discusses various fluid types including ideal fluids, real fluids, Newtonian fluids, and non-Newtonian fluids. It also defines key fluid properties such as density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension.
1. The document defines fluids and their properties, including density, viscosity, vapor pressure, and surface tension. It also defines different types of fluids such as ideal, real, Newtonian, and non-Newtonian fluids.
2. Key concepts in fluid mechanics like pressure, bulk modulus, compressibility, and capillarity are explained. Capillary rise and depression phenomena are described.
3. Measurement devices that use Bernoulli's equation are identified, including Venturi meters, orifice meters, and Pitot tubes. Venturi meters and orifice meters are depicted and their working principles summarized.
This document provides information about a fluid mechanics course taught at Sanjivani College of Engineering. It includes:
- An introduction to fluid properties and the differences between solids, liquids, and gases
- Definitions of fluids and their ability to continuously deform under applied shear stress
- Details about fluid kinematics, dynamics, and statics as branches of fluid mechanics
- Explanations of key fluid properties like density, viscosity, and surface tension along with relevant formulas
- Examples of areas where fluid mechanics is applied, such as mechanical engineering, civil engineering, and more
This course provides an introduction to fluid mechanics concepts including pressure, hydrostatics, buoyancy, momentum and mass conservation, and their applications to fluid systems analysis and design. Students will learn to calculate forces in static and flowing fluids, flow velocities, pressure losses, and dimensionless numbers. They will also learn the properties of laminar and turbulent boundary layers and how to apply Bernoulli's principle to fluid problems. The overall aim is for students to develop skills in solving practical fluid mechanics problems relevant to engineering.
This document provides an overview of a fluid mechanics course. The course aims to provide basic knowledge in fluid mechanics, an understanding of fluid behavior, and the ability to solve simple engineering problems involving fluids. The course objectives are to define fluid properties and concepts, perform basic hydrostatics and kinematics calculations, and make simple hydraulic designs. Lectures, workshops, laboratory works, assignments, and exams will be used for instruction and assessment. Key fluid mechanics topics that will be covered include fluid properties, fluid statics, fluid kinematics, fluid dynamics, systems and control volumes, and forces on fluids.
Fluid mechanics is a science in study the fluid of liquids and gases in the cases of silence and movement and the forces acting on them can be divided materials found in nature into two branches.
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This document discusses properties of fluids and fluid statics. It defines a fluid and fluid mechanics, and classifies fluids as real or ideal. Physical properties of fluids discussed include mass density, specific weight, specific volume, relative density, viscosity, and surface tension. Viscosity is defined using Newton's law of viscosity. Fluid statics is the study of fluids at rest, and concepts covered include pressure, Pascal's law, manometers, buoyancy, and pressure on surfaces. Key terms are defined such as specific gravity, specific volume, and the relationships between mass density, specific weight, and viscosity.
This document provides an introduction to fluid mechanics. It discusses the key topics in fluid mechanics including fluid statics, kinematics, and fluid dynamics. It also defines important fluid properties such as density, viscosity, compressibility, and surface tension. Density measures the mass per unit volume of a substance and can vary with temperature and pressure. Viscosity represents the internal friction within fluids. Compressibility measures how a fluid's volume changes with pressure. Surface tension is responsible for capillary action in small tubes.
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This document provides an overview of fluid mechanics lectures for a second stage engineering course. It includes a list of reference materials and outlines the main topics to be covered in the first and second semesters. The first chapter introduces key fluid properties like density, viscosity, compressibility and provides example calculations. It defines important concepts like bulk modulus, sonic velocity and explores the relationship between shear stress and strain rate for Newtonian fluids.
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The document describes experiments conducted to determine the relative density of glucose and ethylene glycol using a pycnometer, and the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of glycerin using a falling sphere viscometer. The specific gravity of glucose and ethylene glycol were calculated from measurements of the pycnometer weight with and without the samples. Data from the viscometer test including steel ball mass, elapsed time, and diameter were used to calculate the dynamic and kinematic viscosity of glycerin. A graph of observed velocity versus the ratio of steel ball diameter to viscometer diameter showed consistency in the viscometer data.
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This document contains notes on fluid mechanics written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student. It defines key terms like fluid, fluid mechanics, fluid statics, fluid kinematics, and hydraulics. It describes the physical properties of fluids like density, specific weight, surface tension, and viscosity. It provides Newton's law of viscosity and explains how viscosity is measured using a viscometer. The notes are intended to help other students and engineers working in the field to gain knowledge on fluid mechanics.
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Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
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2. Fluid
A fluid is defined as:
“A substance that continually deforms (flows) under
an applied shear stress regardless of the magnitude
of the applied stress”.
It is a subset of the phases of matter and includes
liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic
solids.
3. Fluid Vs Solid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials which take the shape of their
container.” Or
“Branch of Engg. science that studies fluids and forces on them.”
Solid Mechanics:
“The study of the physics of materials with a defined rest shape.”
Fluid Mechanics can be further subdivided into fluid statics, the study of
fluids at rest, and kinematics, the study of fluids in motion and fluid
dynamics, the study of effect of forces on fluid motion.
In the modern discipline called Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD),
computational approach is used to develop solutions to fluid mechanics
problems.
4. Hydrostatics
Hydrostatics is a Branch of physics that deals with the
characteristics of fluids at rest, particularly with
the pressure in a fluid or exerted by a fluid (gas or liquid)
on an immersed body.
In applications, the principles of hydrostatics are used for
problems relating to pressure in deep water (pressure
increases with depth) and high in
the atmosphere (pressure lessens with altitude).
5. Hydrodynamics
A branch of physics that deals with the motion of fluids and
the forces acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in
motion relative to them.
Hydrodynamics is the study of liquids in motion.
Examples of applications include: determining the mass flow
rate of fluids through pipelines, measuring flows around
bridge pylons and off shore rigs, ship hull designing, and
measuring liquid metal flows.
Reduced drag on structures, minimizing noise and vibration
and mitigating unwanted effects, like fouling.
6. Fluid Kinematics
Fluid kinematics is a field of physics and mechanics
concerned with the movement of fluids.
Fluids tend to flow easily, which causes a net motion of
molecules from one point in space to another point as a
function of time.
Using the continuum hypothesis, fluids are classified into
fluid particles, which are composed of numerous fluid
molecules.
These particles interact with one another and with the
surroundings they are in.
Fluid motion can be described in terms of acceleration or
velocity.
7. Hydraulics
Hydraulics deals with the mechanical properties of liquids,
which focuses on the engineering uses of fluid properties.
Hydraulic applications are pipe flow, dam design, pumps,
turbines, hydropower, computational fluid dynamics, flow
measurement, river channel behavior and erosion.
Other applications are; heart-valve functions, blood flows,
wave dynamics, sedimentation transport, coastal engineering
and river hydrology.
8. Distinction between a Solid and a Fluid
Solid
Definite Shape and definite
volume.
Does not flow easily.
Molecules are closer.
Attractive forces between the
molecules are large enough to
retain its shape.
An ideal Elastic Solid deform
under load and comes back to
original position upon removal of
load.
Plastic Solid does not comes back
to original position upon removal
of load, means permanent
deformation takes place.
Fluid
Indefinite Shape and Indefinite
volume & it assumes the shape
of the container which it
occupies.
Flow Easily.
Molecules are far apart.
Attractive forces between the
molecules are smaller.
Intermolecular cohesive forces
in a fluid are not great enough to
hold the various elements of
fluid together. Hence Fluid will
flow under the action of applied
stress. The flow will be
continuous as long as stress is
applied.
9. Distinction between a Gas and Liquid
The molecules of a gas are
much farther apart than
those of a liquid.
Hence a gas is very
compressible, and when
all external pressure is
removed, it tends to expand
indefinitely.
A gas is therefore in
equilibrium only when it is
completely enclosed.
A liquid is relatively
incompressible.
If all pressure, except that
of its own vapor pressure,
is removed, the cohesion
between molecules holds
them together, so that the
liquid does not expand
indefinitely.
Therefore a liquid may
have a free surface.
12. Important Terms
Density (r):
Mass per unit volume of a substance.
kg/m3 in SI units
slug/ft3 in FPS system of units
Specific weight (g):
Weight per unit volume of substance.
N/m3 in SI units
lbs/ft3 in FPS units
Density and Specific Weight of a fluid are related as:
Where g is the gravitational constant having value 9.8m/s2 or
32.2 ft/s2.
g
r
g
V
w
g
V
m
r
13. Important Terms
Specific Volume (v):
Volume occupied by unit mass of fluid.
It is commonly applied to gases, and is usually expressed in
cubic feet per slug (m3/kg in SI units).
Specific volume is the reciprocal of density.
r
/
1
v
lume
SpecificVo
14. Important Terms
Specific gravity:
It can be defined in either of two ways:
a. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance to
the density of water at 4°C.
b. Specific gravity is the ratio of the specific weight of a
substance to the specific weight of water at 4°C.
w
l
w
l
r
r
g
g
liquid
s
15. Example
The specific wt. of water at ordinary temperature and
pressure is 62.4lb/ft3. The specific gravity of mercury is
13.56. Compute density of water, Specific wt. of mercury,
and density of mercury.
Solution:
(Where Slug = lb.sec2/ ft)
3
mercury
3
mercury
3
/
3
.
26
938
.
1
56
.
13
3.
/
846
4
.
62
56
.
13
2.
slugs/ft
1.938
62.4/32.2
g
/
1.
ft
slugs
x
s
ft
lb
x
s
water
mercury
water
mercury
water
water
r
r
g
g
g
r
16. Example
A certain gas weighs 16.0 N/m3 at a certain temperature and
pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume,
and specific gravity relative to air weighing 12.0 N/m3
Solution:
1.333
16/12
s
/γ
γ
s
gravity
Specific
3.
/kg
m
0.613
1/1.631
u
1/ρ
υ
volume
Specific
2.
kg/m
16.631
16/9.81
ρ
/g
γ
ρ
Density
1.
air
f
3
3
17. Example
The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 lb/ft3. compute its density
and specific gravity. What is its specific weight in kN/m3
Solution:
3
3
3
3
w
3
kN/m
12.36
9.81x1260
g
x
kN/m
in
weight
Specific
3.
Kg/m
1260
kg/m
1.260x1000
so
1.260
78.6/62.4
s
/
s
gravity
Specific
2.
slugs/ft
2.44
78.6/32.2
g
/
Density
1.
g
r
g
r
r
g
g
r
g
r
l
18. Example
Calculate the specific weight, density, specific volume and
specific gravity of 1litre of petrol weights 7 N.
Solution:
Given Volume = 1 litre = 10-3 m3
Weight = 7 N
1. Specific weight,
w = Weight of Liquid/volume of Liquid
w = 7/ 10-3 = 7000 N/m3
2. Density, r = g /g
r = 7000/9.81 = 713.56 kg/m3
19. Solution (Cont.):
3. Specific Volume = 1/ r
1/713.56
=1.4x10-3 m3/kg
4. Specific Gravity = s =
Specific Weight of Liquid/Specific Weight of Water
= Density of Liquid/Density of Water
s = 713.56/1000 = 0.7136
20. Example
If the specific gravity of petrol is 0.70.Calculate its Density,
Specific Volume and Specific Weight.
Solution:
Given
Specific gravity = s = 0.70
Specific Gravity
s = Specific Weight of Liquid/Specific Weight of Water
= Density of Liquid/Density of Water
21. Solution (Cont.):
1. Density of Liquid, r s x density of water
= 0.70x1000
= 700 kg/m3
2. Specific Volume = 1/ r
1/700
1.43 x 10-3
3. Specific Weight, = 700x9.81 = 6867 N/m3
23. Compressibility
It is defined as:
“Change in Volume due to change in Pressure.”
The compressibility of a liquid is inversely proportional to
Bulk Modulus (volume modulus of elasticity).
Bulk modulus of a substance measures resistance of a
substance to uniform compression.
Where; v is the specific volume and p is the pressure.
Units: Psi, MPa , As v/dv is a dimensionless ratio, the units
of E and p are identical.
dp
dv
v
E
v
dv
dp
E
v
v
)
/
(
24. Example
At a depth of 8km in the ocean the pressure is 81.8Mpa. Assume
that the specific weight of sea water at the surface is 10.05 kN/m3
and that the average volume modulus is 2.34 x 103 Mpa for that
pressure range.
(a) What will be the change in specific volume between that at the
surface and at that depth?
(b) What will be the specific volume at that depth?
(c) What will be the specific weight at that depth?
26. Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to deform
under shear stress.
It is commonly perceived as thickness, or resistance to flow.
Viscosity describes a fluid's internal resistance to flow and
may be thought of as a measure of fluid friction.
Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while
vegetable oil is "thick" having a higher viscosity.
27. Viscosity
The friction forces in flowing fluid result from the cohesion
and momentum interchange between molecules.
All real fluids have some resistance to shear stress, but a fluid
which has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal
fluid.
It is also known as Absolute Viscosity or Dynamic
Viscosity.
29. Dynamic Viscosity
As a fluid moves, a shear stress is developed
in it, the magnitude of which depends on the
viscosity of the fluid.
Shear stress, denoted by the Greek letter (tau),
τ, can be defined as the force required to slide
one unit area layer of a substance over
another.
Thus, τ is a force divided by an area and can
be measured in the units of N/m2 (Pa) or lb/ft2.
30. Dynamic Viscosity
Figure shows the velocity gradient in a moving fluid.
Experiments have shown that:
U
F, U
Y
Y
AU
F
31. Dynamic Viscosity
The fact that the shear stress in the fluid is directly
proportional to the velocity gradient can be stated
mathematically as
where the constant of proportionality m (the Greek letter miu)
is called the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. The term absolute
viscosity is sometimes used.
dy
du
Y
U
A
F
m
m
32. Kinematic Viscosity
The kinematic viscosity ν is defined as:
“Ratio of absolute viscosity to density.”
r
m
33. Newtonian Fluid
A Newtonian fluid; where stress is directly
proportional to rate of strain, and (named for Isaac
Newton) is a fluid that flows like water, its stress versus
rate of strain curve is linear and passes through the
origin. The constant of proportionality is known as the
viscosity.
A simple equation to describe Newtonian fluid behavior
is
Where m = absolute viscosity/Dynamic viscosity or
simply viscosity
= shear stress
dy
du
m
34.
35. Example
Find the kinematic viscosity of liquid in stokes whose
specific gravity is 0.85 and dynamic viscosity is 0.015
poise.
Solution:
Given S = 0.85
m = 0.015 poise
= 0.015 x 0.1 Ns/m2 = 1.5 x 10-3 Ns/m2
We know that S = density of liquid/density of water
density of liquid = S x density of water
r 0.85 x 1000 850 kg/m3
Kinematic Viscosity ,
u m/ r 1.5 x 10-3/850
1.76 x 10-6 m2/s = 1.76 x 10-6 x 104cm2/s
= 1.76 x 10-2 stokes.
36. Example
A 1 in wide space between two horizontal plane surface is
filled with SAE 30 Western lubricating oil at 68 F. What
force is required to drag a very thin plate of 4 sq.ft area
through the oil at a velocity of 20 ft/min if the plate is 0.33
in from one surface.
38. Ideal Fluid
An ideal fluid may be defined as:
“A fluid in which there is no friction i.e Zero viscosity.”
Although such a fluid does not exist in reality, many fluids
approximate frictionless flow at sufficient distances, and so
their behaviors can often be conveniently analyzed by
assuming an ideal fluid.
39. Real Fluid
In a real fluid, either liquid or gas, tangential or
shearing forces always come into being whenever
motion relative to a body takes place, thus giving
rise to fluid friction, because these forces oppose
the motion of one particle past another.
These friction forces give rise to a fluid property
called viscosity.
40. Surface Tension
Cohesion: “Attraction between molecules of same surface”
It enables a liquid to resist tensile stresses.
Adhesion: “Attraction between molecules of different surface”
It enables to adhere to another body.
“Surface Tension is the property of a liquid, which enables it
to resist tensile stress”.
At the interface between liquid and a gas i.e at the liquid
surface, and at the interface between two immiscible (not
mixable) liquids, the attraction force between molecules form
an imaginary surface film which exerts a tension force in the
surface. This liquid property is known as Surface Tension.
41. Surface Tension
As a result of surface tension, the liquid surface has a
tendency to reduce its surface as small as possible. That is
why the water droplets assume a nearly spherical shape.
This property of surface tension is utilized in manufacturing
of lead shots.
Capillary Rise: The phenomenon of rising water in the tube of
smaller diameter is called capillary rise.
42. Metric to U.S. System Conversions,
Calculations, Equations, and Formulas
Millimeters (mm) x 0.03937 = inches (")(in)
Centimeters (cm) x 0.3937 = inches (")(in)
Meters (m) x 39.37 = inches (")(in)
Meters (m) x 3.281 = feet (')(ft)
Meters (m) x 1.094 = yards (yds)
Kilometers (km) x 0.62137 = miles (mi)
Kilometers (km) x 3280.87 = feet (')(ft)
Liters (l) x 0.2642 = gallons (U.S.)(gals)
43. Calculations, Equations & Formulas
Bars x 14.5038 = pounds per square inch (PSI)
Kilograms (kg) x 2.205 = Pounds (P)
Kilometers (km) x 1093.62 = yards (yds)
Square centimeters x 0.155 = square inches
Liters (l) x 0.0353 = cubic feet
Square meters x 10.76 = square feet
Square kilometers x 0.386 = square miles
Cubic centimeters x 0.06102 = cubic inches
Cubic meters x 35.315 = cubic feet
44. Calculations, Equations & Formulas
Inches (")(in) x 25.4 = millimeters (mm)
Inches (")(in) x 2.54 = centimeters (cm)
Inches (")(in) x 0.0254 = meters (m)
Feet (')(ft) x 0.3048 = meters (m)
Yards (yds) x 0.9144 = meters (m)
Miles (mi) x 1.6093 = kilometers (km)
Feet (')(ft) x 0.0003048 = kilometers (km)
45. Calculations, Equations & Formulas
Gallons (gals) x 3.78 = liters (l)
Cubic feet x 28.316 = liters (l)
Pounds (P) x 0.4536 = kilograms (kg)
Square inches x 6.452 = square centimeters
Square feet x 0.0929 = square meters
Square miles x 2.59 = square kilometers
Acres x 4046.85 = square meters
Cubic inches x 16.39 = cubic centimeters
Cubic feet x 0.0283 = cubic meters