This study examined the level of awareness and stigma regarding tuberculosis (TB) among university students in Malaysia. A survey was administered to 400 students at Universiti Sains Malaysia. The findings showed that while most students had heard of TB, many were unsure of the factors that cause it or how it spreads. The study also found that most students held stigmatizing views of TB patients, reporting feeling uncomfortable or afraid around them. Based on these results, the study recommends improving TB education and awareness campaigns targeting students, using effective media like television, social media, and newspapers. Addressing insufficient knowledge and stigma is important for controlling the spread of TB.
This document provides background information on HIV/AIDS and discusses the problem of HIV infection among 4th year high school students in the Philippines. Some key points:
- HIV/AIDS is a major global health issue, having killed millions and infected tens of millions worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa has been particularly hard hit.
- The study aims to assess the level of awareness about HIV infection among 48 4th year high school students in the Philippines. It will examine their awareness of causes, manifestations, complications and management of HIV.
- The theoretical framework discusses Freud's psychosexual development theory and how it relates to understanding human sexuality and the transmission of HIV during adolescence.
- The research methodology is described
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers in Jos North, Nigeria regarding childhood immunization. The study used a questionnaire to survey 232 mothers with children aged 0-1 years old. It found that while most mothers (89.6%) had good overall knowledge of vaccines, less than 60% reported vaccinating their children on schedule and less than 3% had negative attitudes towards immunization. Factors like education level, marital status, religion, and whether the mother was vaccinated as a child influenced mothers' knowledge. Records also showed only 23.4% of children completed their vaccination schedules, revealing poor practice. The study concluded health education and promotion efforts are needed to improve mothers' knowledge
Perceptions of tertiary students on the prevention of sexually transmitted di...iosrjce
The purpose of the study was to evaluate tertiary student’s sexual behaviour and their knowledge and attitudes
towards STDs, among students of University for Development Studies (UDS).
The research design: data was collected by using a quantitative survey using self-answered questionnaire, from
a sample of one hundred and thirty-four (n=134) out of a total student population of 3,881, using the simple
random sampling technique in the data gathering process.
Results/findings: out of the sample size of 134 students aged 15-44, 46.3% were males and 53.7% were females.
About 24.6%, (n=33) have ever had sex without a condom. The study revealed that 99.3% ever heard of STDs,
85.1% had either below or average knowledge about the causes of STDs, 55.2% had knowledge above average
on the prevention of STDs and more than 90% of the student sampled indicated that STDs are very common.
Interestingly, 6.7% of the sampled population said STDs are mainly female infections.
Recommendations: There is need for wider education at various levels of the educational system on STDs by
health care providers, and effective collaboration among health care providers, social activists, NGOs and
tertiary students to promote peer education on STDs prevention among students.
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...Earthjournal Publisher
This study analyzed 99 suspected diphtheria cases admitted to a hospital in Assam, India over 3 years. Throat swabs were collected and tested. Corynebacterium diphtheriae was isolated in 26 cases (26.26%). The highest culture positivity was in patients aged 5-9 years (53.84%) and 10-14 years (30.76%). Culture positivity was highest in non-immunized patients (62.5%) and surprisingly high in fully immunized patients too (31.58%). The study findings suggest a re-emergence of diphtheria in Assam, calling for intensive monitoring and review of immunization programs and vaccine quality/handling in the state
GENDER DIFFERENCE ON CASE DETECTION OF PULMONARY - Dr. Kapil Amgain DrKapilAmgain
GENDER DIFFERENCE ON CASE DETECTION OF PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS AMONG THE SUSPECTED CASES ATTENDING
IN JUTPANI PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE OF CHITWAN, NEPAL.
Amgain Kapil1, Paudel DP2, Paneru DP3, Dhital Mukesh4, Amgain Ganesh5
1 Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Zoology, University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
2 Department of Public Health, JN Medical College, KLE University, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Public Health, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal
4 JN Medical College, KLE University, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
5 Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Phychology, University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Migrant Workers’ Wives on HIVAIDS in Bang...Md. Tarek Hossain
In Bangladesh, the targets under MDG-6 are to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases by 2015 and reverse the spread of the diseases. The increasing trend of HIV/AIDS positively indicates that country is on the brink of a nationwide crisis. Mobility is a key structural factor that has been linked to increased HIV incidence and vulnerability globally. Bangladeshi migrant workers suffer problems found among other internal and international migrant groups including socioeconomic and power inequalities, limited social capital, loneliness, and coping with different cultural norms relating to sex. HIV transmission from international migrant workers who have returned and are HIV positive has been mostly restricted to their spouses, although the degree of spousal transmission and couples in which one person is HIV positive and putting the other at high risk has not been evaluated methodically in Bangladesh. Given the large numbers of people on the move, ensuring the rights and access to HIV prevention, treatment and care and support services for the wives of these migrant workers is a crucial component of an effective regional response to HIV. Therefore, it is important to analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice level of these groups of women. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice of wives of the emigrant workers of Bangladesh and factors that may influence their health decisions. Seven
(7) districts from seven (7) administrative divisions of the country were selected purposively as the study area. The study areas include Tangail (Dhaka division), Comilla (Chittagong division), Moulovibazar (Sylhet division), Meherpur (Khulna division), Dinajpur (Rangpur division), Barisal (Barisal division) and Serajganj (Rajshahi division). Women at their reproductive age from selected households of these seven districts, whose heads are/used to be a migrant worker, was the study subject. Respondents also include health service professionals from the study areas. The general knowledge/ perception, attitudes, and practices were assessed through qualitative study method while a quantitative socio economic survey was also done to attain information related to respondents’ age, education, income and expenditure. The tools include in-depth interview (II), focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII). In total,
70 KIIs and 7 FGDs with 63 women participants were done while a short survey of the socioeconomic status of all 133 women was conducted through structured questionnaire.
This document provides background information on HIV/AIDS and discusses the problem of HIV infection among 4th year high school students in the Philippines. Some key points:
- HIV/AIDS is a major global health issue, having killed millions and infected tens of millions worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa has been particularly hard hit.
- The study aims to assess the level of awareness about HIV infection among 48 4th year high school students in the Philippines. It will examine their awareness of causes, manifestations, complications and management of HIV.
- The theoretical framework discusses Freud's psychosexual development theory and how it relates to understanding human sexuality and the transmission of HIV during adolescence.
- The research methodology is described
Patients Knowledge and Attitude towards Tuberculosis in a Rural Setting in Al...inventionjournals
Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major cause of illness worldwide. The burden is rising globally due to poverty, increasing population and HIV/AIDS. In developing countries, poor knowledge and perception of tuberculosis is prevalent, which causes delay in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis..India has the highest number of TB cases in the world. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted in Rural Health Training Centre, Jawan, of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College,AMU, Aligarh .A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data from January- March,2015. A total of 80 subjects ,more than 15 years age group,residents of Jawan,were selected who either had completed tuberculosis treatment or are still on treatment.An informed consent was taken,before starting the questionnaire. Results: shows that out of 80 subjects under study,50% were in age –group 35 to 55 years and 75 % were males. Radio/T.V. was the maximum source of information on tuberculosis (60%), followed by health workers or community workers(50%) .Few subjects got information about T.B. from family members and friends/neighbours. 87.5% of the subjects were aware of the evening rise of temperature inT.B., followed by blood in sputum(80%) and cough more than 3 weeks(42.5%).Regarding causes of T.B.,76.25% of the subjects said that T.B. was due to smoking, followed by alcohol consumption(42.5%). 85% of the subjects knew that T.B. was a communicable disease.70% of the subjects knew that the mode of transmission of T.B. was during coughing.50% of the subjects believed that tuberculosis could be transmitted by sharing of common materials with T.B. patients.70% of the subjects reported that BCG immunization prevented tuberculosis. More than half(55%) of the participants reported that the transmission of T.B. could be prevented by avoiding personal contact with the T.B. patient. Conclusion: The study showed that the knowledge of people relating to T.B. is insufficient in most of the aspects.TB awareness programs should focus on reduction of TB associated stigmas.We need to train our health workers and also educate our masses especially those living in rural areas
This document summarizes a study that assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mothers in Jos North, Nigeria regarding childhood immunization. The study used a questionnaire to survey 232 mothers with children aged 0-1 years old. It found that while most mothers (89.6%) had good overall knowledge of vaccines, less than 60% reported vaccinating their children on schedule and less than 3% had negative attitudes towards immunization. Factors like education level, marital status, religion, and whether the mother was vaccinated as a child influenced mothers' knowledge. Records also showed only 23.4% of children completed their vaccination schedules, revealing poor practice. The study concluded health education and promotion efforts are needed to improve mothers' knowledge
Perceptions of tertiary students on the prevention of sexually transmitted di...iosrjce
The purpose of the study was to evaluate tertiary student’s sexual behaviour and their knowledge and attitudes
towards STDs, among students of University for Development Studies (UDS).
The research design: data was collected by using a quantitative survey using self-answered questionnaire, from
a sample of one hundred and thirty-four (n=134) out of a total student population of 3,881, using the simple
random sampling technique in the data gathering process.
Results/findings: out of the sample size of 134 students aged 15-44, 46.3% were males and 53.7% were females.
About 24.6%, (n=33) have ever had sex without a condom. The study revealed that 99.3% ever heard of STDs,
85.1% had either below or average knowledge about the causes of STDs, 55.2% had knowledge above average
on the prevention of STDs and more than 90% of the student sampled indicated that STDs are very common.
Interestingly, 6.7% of the sampled population said STDs are mainly female infections.
Recommendations: There is need for wider education at various levels of the educational system on STDs by
health care providers, and effective collaboration among health care providers, social activists, NGOs and
tertiary students to promote peer education on STDs prevention among students.
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...Earthjournal Publisher
This study analyzed 99 suspected diphtheria cases admitted to a hospital in Assam, India over 3 years. Throat swabs were collected and tested. Corynebacterium diphtheriae was isolated in 26 cases (26.26%). The highest culture positivity was in patients aged 5-9 years (53.84%) and 10-14 years (30.76%). Culture positivity was highest in non-immunized patients (62.5%) and surprisingly high in fully immunized patients too (31.58%). The study findings suggest a re-emergence of diphtheria in Assam, calling for intensive monitoring and review of immunization programs and vaccine quality/handling in the state
GENDER DIFFERENCE ON CASE DETECTION OF PULMONARY - Dr. Kapil Amgain DrKapilAmgain
GENDER DIFFERENCE ON CASE DETECTION OF PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS AMONG THE SUSPECTED CASES ATTENDING
IN JUTPANI PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE OF CHITWAN, NEPAL.
Amgain Kapil1, Paudel DP2, Paneru DP3, Dhital Mukesh4, Amgain Ganesh5
1 Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Zoology, University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
2 Department of Public Health, JN Medical College, KLE University, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Public Health, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal
4 JN Medical College, KLE University, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
5 Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Phychology, University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Migrant Workers’ Wives on HIVAIDS in Bang...Md. Tarek Hossain
In Bangladesh, the targets under MDG-6 are to halt the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases by 2015 and reverse the spread of the diseases. The increasing trend of HIV/AIDS positively indicates that country is on the brink of a nationwide crisis. Mobility is a key structural factor that has been linked to increased HIV incidence and vulnerability globally. Bangladeshi migrant workers suffer problems found among other internal and international migrant groups including socioeconomic and power inequalities, limited social capital, loneliness, and coping with different cultural norms relating to sex. HIV transmission from international migrant workers who have returned and are HIV positive has been mostly restricted to their spouses, although the degree of spousal transmission and couples in which one person is HIV positive and putting the other at high risk has not been evaluated methodically in Bangladesh. Given the large numbers of people on the move, ensuring the rights and access to HIV prevention, treatment and care and support services for the wives of these migrant workers is a crucial component of an effective regional response to HIV. Therefore, it is important to analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice level of these groups of women. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the knowledge, attitude and practice of wives of the emigrant workers of Bangladesh and factors that may influence their health decisions. Seven
(7) districts from seven (7) administrative divisions of the country were selected purposively as the study area. The study areas include Tangail (Dhaka division), Comilla (Chittagong division), Moulovibazar (Sylhet division), Meherpur (Khulna division), Dinajpur (Rangpur division), Barisal (Barisal division) and Serajganj (Rajshahi division). Women at their reproductive age from selected households of these seven districts, whose heads are/used to be a migrant worker, was the study subject. Respondents also include health service professionals from the study areas. The general knowledge/ perception, attitudes, and practices were assessed through qualitative study method while a quantitative socio economic survey was also done to attain information related to respondents’ age, education, income and expenditure. The tools include in-depth interview (II), focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview (KII). In total,
70 KIIs and 7 FGDs with 63 women participants were done while a short survey of the socioeconomic status of all 133 women was conducted through structured questionnaire.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column is split (bifid) due to failed closure of the embryonic neural tube during development. The most common and severe form is myelomeningocele (MMC) where the spinal cord is exposed, forming a sac on the back that often contains spinal fluid and nerves. Individuals with MMC often have neurological deficits like weakness or paralysis below the lesion level. Both genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to spina bifida risk, with the genetic component estimated around 60-70%. Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy can help prevent spina bifida.
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a comparative study on the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on student awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kenya. The study found that students in urban schools had significantly greater knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes towards infected individuals, and exhibited higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. It recommends revising the curriculum to provide a more multi-faceted HIV/AIDS education approach, including extracurricular activities and parent seminars.
A presentation on tuberculosis control efforts in Cuba vs. Haiti. Presented for my class Intensive Study of Public Health Services in Cuba, June 25, 2015.
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
This document analyzes data from the 2014 National Immunization Survey to examine factors associated with DTaP vaccination rates in the United States. Regression models were used to analyze relationships between vaccination status and variables such as race, poverty level, WIC recipient status, number of vaccination providers, and whether the child's provider receives vaccines from state programs. The results show several significant associations, including between poverty status and vaccination rates, race and WIC status, and mother's age and WIC status. Overall vaccination rates are also presented.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It involves the systematic collection and analysis of data related to health problems. The goals of epidemiology are to identify risk factors for disease, prevent incidence, and improve population health. Epidemiology examines the impact of public health programs and can describe disease presence and controlling factors in a population.
Socio-Economic Effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyami...paperpublications3
Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Kenya in 1984 the numbers of those infected have risen and many people have since died or are living with the HIV/AIDS since the epidemic started in 1980s in the drug injecting people and the homosexuals. These deaths have resulted in Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with one of the objective of finding out the socio-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyamira district. A sample of 384 people participated in the study. The people were through simple random selected from Bonyegwe sublocation of Nyamusi division. Semi-structured interview schedules were used in data collection from the households. To remove ambiguity, the research tools were pre-tested to both HIV/AIDS organizations and householders not in the sample population but with similar characteristics. The research tools were refined and used on the actual sample population. Text, graphs, figures and tables were used in data presentation. The study indicates that those people who had not attained any level of formal education were (17%). The study revealed that householders (40%) had higher proportion of secondary education as compared with members of HIV/AIDS organizations (37%). Most of the members of HIV/AIDS organizations (89%) indicated that farming is their main source of income and a cushion for food security as compared with householders (63%). The ministry of health should strengthen provision of PMTCT services at the ANC clinic so that we prevent more cases of orphans and vulnerable children. The study suggests that in future all mothers who test positive for HIV virus should be put on treatment in order to reduce defaulters at the same time reach sustainable coverage in the provision of HIV/AIDS services to the orphans and vulnerable children in the society.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a major global health threat. According to the WHO's 2014 Global TB Report, approximately 480,000 people developed MDR-TB in 2013, and only one in four cases are diagnosed and one in five receive treatment. India faces significant challenges from MDR-TB due to a large population and most suspected TB cases being treated in the private sector by underqualified doctors. New diagnostic tools and treatments like bedaquiline offer hope, but increased awareness, monitoring of patients, and strengthening of tuberculosis control programs are still urgently needed to curb the spread of drug-resistant strains of the disease.
- The study analyzed epidemiological data on AIDS cases in Piauí, Brazil from 2008 to 2012 to characterize the profile.
- It found an increase in reported AIDS cases overall, as well as a rise in the feminization of AIDS and cases among older age groups (35-49 and 50-64).
- The highest number of cases occurred in those aged 20-34 and among individuals with incomplete primary education.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. The cardinal signs of pulmonary TB include chronic cough lasting more than 2-3 weeks, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB transmission occurs via airborne droplets. Nepal has a high burden of TB and implements the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy for prevention and control, which involves directly observed treatment to improve adherence and cure rates. Expansion of DOTS nationwide and addressing issues like drug-resistant TB and co-infection with HIV are national policy priorities.
This document summarizes a study on childhood vaccination rates in Athens, Greece. The study assessed vaccination coverage of 304 preschool and primary school children, identified weaknesses in vaccination programs, and examined the impact of parental socioeconomic factors and attitudes. The results showed vaccination rates were higher than other Greek studies, with 94.8% fully vaccinated for DTP, 99.2% for polio, and 63.3% for MMR. Socioeconomic factors like low parental education and poorly organized family schedules were associated with lower vaccination rates. The study aimed to evaluate vaccination programs and factors influencing coverage in an urban Greek population.
The role of health communication in achieving global tb control goalsDr Lendy Spires
The document discusses the role of health communication in achieving global tuberculosis (TB) control goals based on the experiences of TB programs in Peru and Vietnam. It provides 12 key lessons learned from those programs' successes in exceeding World Health Organization targets for TB detection and treatment. Effective health communication must be integrated into all aspects of TB programs, from advocacy to secure political commitment and resources, to mass media campaigns, community mobilization, and training health workers in interpersonal communication skills to ensure patient compliance and reduce stigma. Formative research is also important to understand audiences and design appropriate messaging to address misperceptions that create barriers to treatment.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in epidemiology. It discusses epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations, including determinants, distribution, and health phenomena. It also defines important epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, outbreaks, transmission, and measures like rate, ratio and proportion used to quantify epidemiological data. The document aims to describe the scope and methodology of epidemiology as a public health discipline.
This document presents a systematic literature review protocol for developing an offshore country selection risk management model. The objective is to identify potential risks associated with selecting an offshore country for software outsourcing projects. The review will analyze previous research to determine critical risks that could impact cost, quality or schedule. The expected outcome is identification and analysis of key risks that client organizations should address to properly manage offshore software development contracts.
This document proposes and evaluates a new routing protocol called Conditional Shortest Path Routing (CSPR) for delay tolerant networks. CSPR uses a new metric called conditional intermeeting time to determine link costs, which measures the average time between two nodes meeting given that one node previously met a third node. Through simulations using real mobility traces, CSPR is shown to achieve higher delivery rates and lower end-to-end delays than existing shortest path routing protocols that use conventional intermeeting times as link costs. The conditional intermeeting time better captures link characteristics and allows for more effective forwarding decisions in routing messages.
This document lists several toxicology and chemical databases including ToxNet, DART, LactMed, and CCRIS that can be used to research chemicals and their effects. ToxNet provides toxicity data on chemicals, DART and LactMed focus on drugs and lactation, and CCRIS contains information on cancer research studies and clinical trials.
This document discusses the concept of God in the works of Tennessee Williams and Rabindranath Tagore. While from different cultures and born decades apart, both authors deeply explored human nature and spirituality. The document analyzes Williams' play "The Night of the Iguana" in depth, noting its religious symbols and exploration of faith through characters like Shannon. It also briefly discusses Tagore's views on evil and the nature of God. Overall, the document examines how both authors conveyed spiritual questions and themes in their work despite coming from varied backgrounds.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column is split (bifid) due to failed closure of the embryonic neural tube during development. The most common and severe form is myelomeningocele (MMC) where the spinal cord is exposed, forming a sac on the back that often contains spinal fluid and nerves. Individuals with MMC often have neurological deficits like weakness or paralysis below the lesion level. Both genetic and non-genetic factors contribute to spina bifida risk, with the genetic component estimated around 60-70%. Folic acid supplementation before and during pregnancy can help prevent spina bifida.
A comparative study of the influence of infused hiv and aidsAlexander Decker
This document discusses a comparative study on the influence of infused HIV/AIDS education on student awareness in rural and urban secondary schools in Kenya. The study found that students in urban schools had significantly greater knowledge of HIV/AIDS facts, more positive attitudes towards infected individuals, and exhibited higher levels of behavior change compared to rural students. It recommends revising the curriculum to provide a more multi-faceted HIV/AIDS education approach, including extracurricular activities and parent seminars.
A presentation on tuberculosis control efforts in Cuba vs. Haiti. Presented for my class Intensive Study of Public Health Services in Cuba, June 25, 2015.
A Short Report on Status of Leprosy in India by Rahul Shukla in Advances in Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Hansen’s disease, known as leprosy in colloquial language has been able to maintain its prevalence in the Indian subcontinent due to the haggard socio-economic status, lack of awareness and multiple other predisposing factors. Leprosy has been found to suppress the immune system thereby accentuating the chance of secondary infections. Contrary to the long held prevalent notion that the disease is not very contagious but shows long term effects that may lead to permanent limb and nerve disfigurement. The chronic effects of the ailment also include loss of visual acuity along with deformed limbs. Despite the prevalence and emergence of substantial number of new cases of leprosy each year in most of the developed and developing nations, the disease has still not been identified as a major health problem. The major hurdle in tackling the disease is also stemmed from the under reporting of the ailment caused by the excommunication of the afflicted individuals. India accounts for a large chunk of the global burden of leprosy, contributing almost 3/5th of the newly documented cases per annum. Reemergence of leprosy has been evidenced due to development of resistance in the causative bacterial strain. Yet much has not been accomplished in developing therapeutic regimen to curb the rampage of this insidious enemy. The aim of this short communication aims at portraying the true scenario of leprosy and there by attract the attention of policy makers and implementers to take radical actions to eradicate the menace to public health.
This document analyzes data from the 2014 National Immunization Survey to examine factors associated with DTaP vaccination rates in the United States. Regression models were used to analyze relationships between vaccination status and variables such as race, poverty level, WIC recipient status, number of vaccination providers, and whether the child's provider receives vaccines from state programs. The results show several significant associations, including between poverty status and vaccination rates, race and WIC status, and mother's age and WIC status. Overall vaccination rates are also presented.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It involves the systematic collection and analysis of data related to health problems. The goals of epidemiology are to identify risk factors for disease, prevent incidence, and improve population health. Epidemiology examines the impact of public health programs and can describe disease presence and controlling factors in a population.
Socio-Economic Effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyami...paperpublications3
Since the first case of HIV/AIDS was reported in Kenya in 1984 the numbers of those infected have risen and many people have since died or are living with the HIV/AIDS since the epidemic started in 1980s in the drug injecting people and the homosexuals. These deaths have resulted in Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study, with one of the objective of finding out the socio-economic effect of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Nyamira district. A sample of 384 people participated in the study. The people were through simple random selected from Bonyegwe sublocation of Nyamusi division. Semi-structured interview schedules were used in data collection from the households. To remove ambiguity, the research tools were pre-tested to both HIV/AIDS organizations and householders not in the sample population but with similar characteristics. The research tools were refined and used on the actual sample population. Text, graphs, figures and tables were used in data presentation. The study indicates that those people who had not attained any level of formal education were (17%). The study revealed that householders (40%) had higher proportion of secondary education as compared with members of HIV/AIDS organizations (37%). Most of the members of HIV/AIDS organizations (89%) indicated that farming is their main source of income and a cushion for food security as compared with householders (63%). The ministry of health should strengthen provision of PMTCT services at the ANC clinic so that we prevent more cases of orphans and vulnerable children. The study suggests that in future all mothers who test positive for HIV virus should be put on treatment in order to reduce defaulters at the same time reach sustainable coverage in the provision of HIV/AIDS services to the orphans and vulnerable children in the society.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a major global health threat. According to the WHO's 2014 Global TB Report, approximately 480,000 people developed MDR-TB in 2013, and only one in four cases are diagnosed and one in five receive treatment. India faces significant challenges from MDR-TB due to a large population and most suspected TB cases being treated in the private sector by underqualified doctors. New diagnostic tools and treatments like bedaquiline offer hope, but increased awareness, monitoring of patients, and strengthening of tuberculosis control programs are still urgently needed to curb the spread of drug-resistant strains of the disease.
- The study analyzed epidemiological data on AIDS cases in Piauí, Brazil from 2008 to 2012 to characterize the profile.
- It found an increase in reported AIDS cases overall, as well as a rise in the feminization of AIDS and cases among older age groups (35-49 and 50-64).
- The highest number of cases occurred in those aged 20-34 and among individuals with incomplete primary education.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs. The cardinal signs of pulmonary TB include chronic cough lasting more than 2-3 weeks, chest pain, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB transmission occurs via airborne droplets. Nepal has a high burden of TB and implements the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy for prevention and control, which involves directly observed treatment to improve adherence and cure rates. Expansion of DOTS nationwide and addressing issues like drug-resistant TB and co-infection with HIV are national policy priorities.
This document summarizes a study on childhood vaccination rates in Athens, Greece. The study assessed vaccination coverage of 304 preschool and primary school children, identified weaknesses in vaccination programs, and examined the impact of parental socioeconomic factors and attitudes. The results showed vaccination rates were higher than other Greek studies, with 94.8% fully vaccinated for DTP, 99.2% for polio, and 63.3% for MMR. Socioeconomic factors like low parental education and poorly organized family schedules were associated with lower vaccination rates. The study aimed to evaluate vaccination programs and factors influencing coverage in an urban Greek population.
The role of health communication in achieving global tb control goalsDr Lendy Spires
The document discusses the role of health communication in achieving global tuberculosis (TB) control goals based on the experiences of TB programs in Peru and Vietnam. It provides 12 key lessons learned from those programs' successes in exceeding World Health Organization targets for TB detection and treatment. Effective health communication must be integrated into all aspects of TB programs, from advocacy to secure political commitment and resources, to mass media campaigns, community mobilization, and training health workers in interpersonal communication skills to ensure patient compliance and reduce stigma. Formative research is also important to understand audiences and design appropriate messaging to address misperceptions that create barriers to treatment.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in epidemiology. It discusses epidemiology as the study of health-related states and events in populations, including determinants, distribution, and health phenomena. It also defines important epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, outbreaks, transmission, and measures like rate, ratio and proportion used to quantify epidemiological data. The document aims to describe the scope and methodology of epidemiology as a public health discipline.
This document presents a systematic literature review protocol for developing an offshore country selection risk management model. The objective is to identify potential risks associated with selecting an offshore country for software outsourcing projects. The review will analyze previous research to determine critical risks that could impact cost, quality or schedule. The expected outcome is identification and analysis of key risks that client organizations should address to properly manage offshore software development contracts.
This document proposes and evaluates a new routing protocol called Conditional Shortest Path Routing (CSPR) for delay tolerant networks. CSPR uses a new metric called conditional intermeeting time to determine link costs, which measures the average time between two nodes meeting given that one node previously met a third node. Through simulations using real mobility traces, CSPR is shown to achieve higher delivery rates and lower end-to-end delays than existing shortest path routing protocols that use conventional intermeeting times as link costs. The conditional intermeeting time better captures link characteristics and allows for more effective forwarding decisions in routing messages.
This document lists several toxicology and chemical databases including ToxNet, DART, LactMed, and CCRIS that can be used to research chemicals and their effects. ToxNet provides toxicity data on chemicals, DART and LactMed focus on drugs and lactation, and CCRIS contains information on cancer research studies and clinical trials.
This document discusses the concept of God in the works of Tennessee Williams and Rabindranath Tagore. While from different cultures and born decades apart, both authors deeply explored human nature and spirituality. The document analyzes Williams' play "The Night of the Iguana" in depth, noting its religious symbols and exploration of faith through characters like Shannon. It also briefly discusses Tagore's views on evil and the nature of God. Overall, the document examines how both authors conveyed spiritual questions and themes in their work despite coming from varied backgrounds.
This document proposes a new technique to enhance the learning capabilities and reduce the computation intensity of a competitive learning multi-layered neural network using the K-means clustering algorithm. The proposed model uses a multi-layered network architecture with backpropagation learning to analyze web log data. Data preprocessing steps like cleaning, user identification, and transaction identification are applied to prepare the enterprise proxy log data for analysis. The proposed framework aims to discover useful patterns from web log data through a combination of K-means clustering and a feedforward neural network.
Assessment of the level of awareness on AIDS/HIV in Johor, MalaysiaSriramNagarajan17
This document summarizes a study that assessed awareness of HIV/AIDS among 396 respondents in Johor, Malaysia. The study found that respondents had moderately high overall knowledge of HIV/AIDS, though some misconceptions remained. Most respondents knew that high-risk behaviors like needle sharing and unprotected sex can transmit HIV, but fewer were aware of risks from activities like tattooing or sharing personal items. While most knew there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, over half believed incorrectly that washing after sex prevents transmission. The study provides insight into awareness levels and information gaps regarding HIV/AIDS in Johor.
Running head: TUBERCULOSIS 1
TUBERCULOSIS 2
Tuberculosis
NRS-427VN | Epidemiology and Communicable Disease
8/26/18
Tuberculosis
About 33% in our existence's people is considered to have been tainted with tuberculosis (TB), new attacks are symbolized in no under 1% of the people every year". In 2016, a standard 1.5 million fatalities associated with TB have took place, the lion's talk about which are from younger looking countries over the world. As this quantity has been reducing, unnecessarily various have been sullied. The best center is situated in the Asian and African countries, at 80%. Within the USA, 5-10% of the individuals studies constructive. With tuberculosis taking after second behind HIV/Helps in most common deaths from powerful ailment, they have transformed into an over-all exchange. Understanding the annals, seeing the signals and appearances, evolved treatment alternatives, and neutralizing activity, will spread this disease to an even of control.
Since the start, tuberculosis has been accessible. Most quick unambiguous affirmation of the malady has been dated around 17,000 years before, in stays of a bison in Wyoming. Effective treatment of tuberculosis has finished up being bothersome and long. Chemical manifestations of the mycobacterium cell dividers and bizarre form, restricts most against microbial alternatives. Most typically used is Isoniazid and Rifampicin. Advised estimations of treatment, for new starting point, are half a year of blend hostile to infections operators. 8 weeks of rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol drugs. Together with the latest four a few months of just rifampicin and isoniazid"(Wikipedia, 2015, p. 12).For the individuals who have idle TB receive only a sole against microbial.
This estimation ruins the inert TB to wrap up aspect. As this move out estimations of hostile to infections specialists can be difficult, direct observed treatment is preferred by WHO (World Health Corporation, 2015). Facts have exhibited that folks, who are depended after to adopt their medicine, will miss organized estimations. Immediate discernment treatment contains having an interpersonal protection employee watch the individual taking their remedies. As this is dreary, using diverse contraptions of acknowledgment is necessary. Such overhauls can sign up for booked calls or digital notices. By not doing medication regimens, put others at peril to finding this sickness.
Those in close closeness to specific with tuberculosis are in an especially high danger to finding the opportunity to be debased. Besides, with HIV/Supports hold the most hoisted risk element of all. Early on area and treatment, with fitted hindrances of these polluted is an integral.
Friendly determinants ...
This document discusses a study on factors predisposing to tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance in Londiani Sub County Hospital. It aims to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of TB patients, their knowledge of completing drug dosages, and the relationship between drug-resistant TB and other illnesses. The study justification is that TB remains a major global public health issue, with drug-resistant strains complicating treatment. The objectives are to describe TB patients and understand how knowledge and comorbidities influence drug resistance. The study will be limited to consenting patients at the hospital and provide practical and theoretical significance.
Attitude of the youth towards voluntary counselling and testing (vct) of hiv ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the attitudes of youth in Accra, Ghana toward voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS. The study found that while knowledge of HIV/AIDS was high, awareness and use of VCT services was low. Most respondents were unaware that VCT services existed or where they could access them. Of those aware of VCT, very few had utilized the services themselves. Fear of knowing their HIV status appeared to be a major barrier preventing youth from seeking VCT. The study concluded that efforts must be made to increase awareness and use of VCT, especially among youth, through expanded information and education campaigns.
This document provides background information on HIV/AIDS and disease surveillance services. It discusses how HIV first emerged in the 1980s and has since spread globally. Disease surveillance involves the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data to monitor disease spread and inform prevention and control efforts. The document then reviews studies on HIV prevalence in various countries and age groups. It also discusses theories relevant to disease surveillance and HIV control, including how education and awareness building can impact prevention efforts.
This document summarizes a study on gender disparities in tuberculosis (TB) transmission and control. It finds that while TB prevalence is similar in men and women until adolescence, the rates then increase more for men. Women experience greater delays in TB diagnosis due to limited access to healthcare and stigma. Barriers for women include fear of stigma, lack of education, and healthcare systems that are not adequately sensitive to gender differences. Addressing gender sensitivities in TB programs can help reduce delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Global HIV cohort studies among IDU and future vaccine trialsThira Woratanarat
The author reviewed data on the global HIV epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs) and identified potential cohorts of IDUs that could participate in future HIV vaccine trials. High HIV prevalence rates were observed among IDUs in many countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and parts of Africa and North America. Several cohort studies also showed high HIV incidence rates among IDUs in China, Thailand, Canada, and Spain. These findings emphasize the seriousness of the IDU epidemic globally and the potential for IDU cohorts to participate in HIV vaccine trials due to demonstrated high participation and retention rates in past studies.
John Snow is considered the father of epidemiology for his work investigating a cholera outbreak in London in 1854. Through mapping the locations of cholera cases and the water sources people used, Snow was able to determine that the source of the outbreak was the Broad Street water pump. Removing the pump handle stopped the outbreak. Snow's use of statistical mapping methods to identify the source of transmission pioneered epidemiological investigation techniques that are still used today.
Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media - Project...UN Global Pulse
This project examined how analysis of social media data could be used to understand public perceptions on immunisation. In collaboration with the Ministry of Development Planning (Bappenas), the Ministry of Health, UNICEF and World Health Organisation (WHO) in Indonesia, Pulse Lab Jakarta filtered tweets for relevant conversations about vaccines and immunisation. Findings included identification of perception trends including concerns around religious issues, disease outbreaks, side effects and the launch of a new vaccine. The results built on Global Pulse’s previous explorations in this field, confirming that real-time information derived from social media conversations could complement existing knowledge of public opinion and lead to faster and more effective response to misinformation, since rumours often spread through social networks.
Cite as: UN Global Pulse, 'Understanding Public Perceptions of Immunisation Using Social Media', Global Pulse Project Series no.9, 2014.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), which remains a major global health issue. It provides statistics on TB prevalence, mortality rates, and discusses populations most at risk. It then summarizes the aims and topics of the 7th South African TB Conference, including discussions on pathogenesis, vaccines/drugs/diagnostics, health systems implementation, and social aspects of TB control. The document concludes that achieving the goal of ending TB will require a comprehensive multisectoral approach that is patient-centered and community-focused.
This document summarizes a thesis paper examining the socioeconomic impact of malaria control and eradication in Venezuela. It provides background on the malaria situation in Venezuela prior to a DDT campaign launched in 1945. Venezuela had the highest malaria mortality rate in Latin America before extensive control efforts. The campaign introduced DDT over four years between 1945-1948, varying by region. Exposure to the campaign during childhood is used to classify cohorts and analyze the impact on educational and economic outcomes like years of schooling, literacy rates, and income. Results found exposure in childhood led to better outcomes, indicating malaria negatively impacts development.
This study investigated the challenges faced by adolescents in South Africa with perinatally acquired HIV/AIDS. Through interviews with 12 HIV-positive adolescents, the study found they face stigma and discrimination. They also lack education about their condition and struggle with medication compliance and non-disclosure of their status. At times, their disease affected their academic progress. The adolescents need support systems to help them share experiences. The study recommends increased education on HIV/AIDS for caregivers, teachers, and communities to reduce stigma and empower adolescents. It also calls for further research on the challenges faced by caregivers.
The Risk Lies in Not Knowing HIV AIDS Awareness and Acceptance towards PLWHAijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that assessed HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) among senior high school students in Toledo City, Cebu, Philippines. The study found that respondents had a high level of HIV/AIDS awareness and acceptance of PLWHA. It also found statistically significant correlations between gender and levels of awareness/acceptance, as well as a strong correlation between overall awareness and acceptance levels. The study concluded higher awareness is linked to greater acceptance of PLWHA.
After Madeira Island experienced its first dengue outbreak in 2012, the authors conducted a study to compare community perceptions about dengue prevention before and after the outbreak. They found that more female residents understood key concepts about dengue prevention after the outbreak, but there was no significant difference in the number who achieved a minimum understanding. Additionally, most residents (95.5%) still believed at least one myth about dengue prevention, and some new myths emerged after the outbreak. The experience of the outbreak surprisingly led to both improved understanding of concepts and the spread of new misconceptions.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers in Jos North Rega...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Information needs and resource utilization by people living with hiv/aidsResearchWap
1.2 Objectives of the study
The main purpose of this study is to depict a comprehensive picture of information need and resource utilization by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu. The specific purposes of the study are as follows:
a. To determine the areas in which people living with HIV/AIDS needs information ESUT teaching Hospital.
b. To find out the information resource used by people living with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
c. To determine the extent to which information resources encourage and support the people living with HIV/AIDS to take positive actions to deal with HIV/AIDS in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
d. To determine the benefits derived from the use of information resources by the PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
e. To find out the barriers to access and utilization of information resources by PLWHA in ESUT Teaching Hospital Park lane, Enugu.
Analysis And Modeling Of Tuberculosis Transmission DynamicsSara Alvarez
This document presents a mathematical model for analyzing the transmission dynamics of tuberculosis (TB). The model divides the population into four compartments: susceptible individuals, infectious individuals, latently infected individuals, and recovered individuals. Ordinary differential equations are used to model the flow of individuals between compartments. The model's disease-free equilibrium and stability are analyzed. Sensitivity analysis determines that recruitment rate and contact rate are the most sensitive parameters affecting the basic reproduction number. The findings show that as contact with infectious individuals increases, TB spread increases, and the latent infection rate must remain below a critical value for TB to persist in the population.
Here are some key points about descriptive epidemiology:
- Descriptive epidemiology involves observing disease occurrence patterns without altering exposures or outcomes. It aims to identify who is affected, where, and when rather than determine causation.
- The epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment provides a framework for understanding disease etiology. The agent is the pathogen or risk factor. The host refers to individual susceptibility. Environment encompasses external influences on transmission and development.
- Studying disease patterns by person involves examining characteristics like age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. These demographic factors can influence exposure and vulnerability. Age is often the strongest predictor of health.
- Place refers to geographic location, which can impact
This document summarizes a study on the economic prospects and human rights violations associated with shrimp farming in coastal regions of Bangladesh. It finds that while shrimp farming contributes significantly to Bangladesh's economy through exports and jobs, it has also led to environmental degradation and various human rights issues. Specifically, the study found reports of land conflicts, violence against women, restrictions on access to common areas, blocked canals interfering with water management, loss of agricultural land, and poor labor conditions like low wages, long hours, and unsafe working environments. Overall, the document examines both the economic benefits of the shrimp industry but also its negative social and human rights impacts.
This document discusses effective communication and common mistakes made in spoken and written English. It emphasizes that mistakes are opportunities to learn and should not be seen as embarrassing. While accuracy is important, the main goal of communication is to convey meaning clearly. The document outlines strategies for effective speaking, such as maintaining eye contact and developing listening skills. It also discusses challenges faced by some English learners in pronouncing certain sounds correctly. Overall, the document promotes focusing on intelligible communication over perfection and avoiding unnecessary bias or offense.
1) This document discusses the debate among Iranian religious intellectuals regarding modernization and their approaches to balancing tradition and modernity.
2) It outlines two major groups - Western-minded thinkers who emphasize separating tradition from modernity, and religious thinkers who seek to combine the two.
3) The document also summarizes the key arguments made by supporters of modernization, such as the neutrality of science, religion's emphasis on human progress, and that interaction between civilizations and modernization can aid development. It then summarizes the arguments made by opponents, such as the partiality of science and doubts that modernization alone can achieve social development.
This document summarizes a study on the extension service needs of catfish farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. The study found that most catfish farmers were male, between 30-50 years old, and had primary education. Radio, friends/relatives, and extension agents were the most important information sources. The top extension service needs were marketing, stocking times, and credit access. The major challenges were poor weather, lack of credit, and high feed costs. The study recommends improved extension services, economic groups, credit access, and dissemination of best practices to enhance catfish production.
1. The study aimed to identify the effect of domestic violence on speech and pronunciation disorders in children in basic education in Ajloun governorate, Jordan.
2. The study found that parents used neglect and emotional violence against their children. Parents also punished children for using inappropriate words.
3. The study revealed significant differences in domestic violence between males and females, favoring males. Differences were also found based on birth order, favoring first born for emotional violence.
This document summarizes a study on labor relations practices in Assam's tea industry, with a focus on Jorhat District. It finds that workers have varying degrees of dissatisfaction across public, private, and government-owned tea estates. Workers were surveyed on topics like recruitment, selection, training, transfers, promotions, wages, and more. The study aims to identify strong areas and problems to improve labor relations. Key findings include high dissatisfaction among workers of Dhekiajuli Tea Estate regarding recruitment procedures and selection policies. Overall, the study examines labor relations in the tea industry and how satisfaction levels differ between estate types in Assam.
This document discusses the humanistic approach to teaching English as a foreign language. [1] It outlines four main methodologies associated with the humanistic approach: the silent way, community language learning, suggestopaedia, and total physical response. [2] These methods aim to engage students holistically and reduce anxiety around language learning. Classroom practices for these methods include relaxation exercises, role-playing scenarios, games, and peer work. [3] A study in India found that students had the greatest improvements in English skills during the first semester using these humanistic methods, showing their effectiveness. The humanistic approach aims to cultivate student motivation and a childlike openness to learning.
This document analyzes pulses production in sample villages of the Assan Valley region of Uttarakhand, India. It finds that the area and production of pulses, especially winter pulses like lentils and chickpeas, has drastically declined from 1990-2007. Through surveys of 275 farmers, the study identifies key constraints on pulses production including biotic factors like insect pests and diseases, abiotic factors like climate and rainfall, lack of access to inputs, weak extension services, and lack of market access. The rotation of pulses like chickpeas and pigeon peas with crops like rice and wheat was found to reduce chemical fertilizer use and increase outputs of those staple crops.
The document summarizes a study on gender differences in marital adjustment, mental health, and frustration reactions during middle age. The study was conducted in Delhi, India with 150 males and 150 females between ages 40-55 who were bank employees, doctors, or lecturers. It was found that females had higher levels of recreational adjustment than males, while males had a more group-oriented attitude than females. The study aimed to understand how marital adjustment, mental health, and reactions to frustration differed between males and females during middle age.
This document summarizes the views of two Iranian intellectuals, Ayatollah Morteza Motahari and Dr. Abdol-Karim Soroush, on the compatibility of Islam and democracy. Motahari represented religious reformists who sought to adapt modern concepts to religious texts. Soroush was a modernist who believed religion must renew itself to engage with modern life, not the other way around. Both supported an Islamic democratic state where the people choose leaders, but Soroush argued for greater limitations on clerical power and more emphasis on popular sovereignty and human political concepts over strict religious governance. The document examines their differing approaches to integrating democracy and Islam.
This document summarizes how external economic factors influence policymaking and management in Sub-Saharan Africa. It discusses several challenges, including weak competitive capacity in global trade which makes African exports less competitive. It also examines how commodity price fluctuations, decreasing capital inflows, high external debt burdens, and economic shocks in other countries negatively impact African countries' ability to effectively plan and implement development policies. The document concludes that African countries need to address internal weaknesses to strengthen their ability to deal with challenges posed by the external economic environment.
The document summarizes a study that investigated how blended scaffolding strategies through Facebook could aid learning and improve the writing process and performance of ESL students.
The study used a mixed methods approach, collecting both quantitative data through pre- and post-writing tests as well as qualitative data from student essays and interviews. Students received either traditional instruction alone (control group) or traditional instruction plus supplemental scaffolding through Facebook (experimental group).
Initial interview findings suggested students preferred the blended approach and felt it could help with learning, clarifying questions after school, generating ideas, editing work, and ultimately improving their writing and grades. The study aimed to determine if supplemental Facebook scaffolding positively impacted writing outcomes.
This document summarizes a study on rural health care in Thoubal District, Manipur, India. It finds that while India's constitution recognizes health as a primary duty, rural populations still lack adequate access to health care due to factors like poverty, lack of infrastructure, and social/psychological barriers. The study aims to evaluate health care facilities and services in Thoubal District, examine factors influencing access to primary health care, and assess the quality of services provided by health care workers to rural communities. It analyzes key health indicators for Manipur from the National Family Health Survey and finds that while material well-being is low, Manipur has relatively good public health outcomes, such as low infant mortality.
This document summarizes key points for socio-economic development in Aceh, Indonesia following conflict. It recommends:
1) Developing through participatory planning that engages local communities and innovation.
2) Ensuring political stability and peace by addressing injustices and providing jobs for ex-fighters.
3) Prioritizing micro-economic policies like entrepreneurship programs and credit facilities to revive small businesses.
This document summarizes a research study on the impact of microfinance banks on the standard of living of hairdressers in Oshodi-Isolo local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The study aims to examine how microfinance banks have impacted hairdressers' businesses and their ability to acquire assets and save. It involved surveying 120 hairdressers registered with the local government. The results found a significant relationship between microfinance efforts and the hairdressers' standard of living, indicating that microfinance has helped reduce poverty somewhat among this group. The study recommends that government ensure microfinance loans are easily obtainable with reasonable repayment schedules.
1) The document discusses the challenges faced by contemporary Indian society, including poverty, gender discrimination, corruption, illiteracy, global warming, and war. It then examines the role of NGOs in addressing these issues, such as alleviating poverty, empowering women, fighting corruption, providing education, and creating awareness about global warming.
2) The paper also identifies internal challenges NGOs face, like lack of commitment from staff, insufficient training facilities, and misappropriation of funds. External challenges include difficulties with fundraising, low community participation, and lack of trust in NGOs.
3) In conclusion, the role of NGOs is seen as tremendous in providing services to vulnerable groups. However,
1. The document analyzes science performance and dropout rates in France based on PISA test results from 2006-2009 compared to other developed countries.
2. While France achieved average results in math, its science scores remained below average and did not improve from 2006-2009. Dropout rates in France are about 11%.
3. The study finds that elementary and secondary curricula in France allocate fewer weekly hours to science compared to other core subjects, which may contribute to lower performance and higher dropout rates in science. Remedies discussed include improving teaching quality and fostering students' self-perception in science.
This document analyzes the current status of space law and conventions regarding sovereignty in outer space. It discusses key treaties like the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and the Moon Treaty of 1979. While these treaties established some framework, many challenges remain unaddressed. Issues around defining boundaries between airspace and outer space, liability for damage, and jurisdiction over objects in space continue to be debated. The document concludes more work is still needed to harmonize regulations and reduce ambiguity regarding sovereignty and activities in outer space.
Gender discrimination in Pakistan threatens its security and progress. Women make up over half the population but face inhumane treatment through domestic violence, forced marriages, honor killings, and lack of access to education and jobs. Discrimination is deeply rooted in society and denies women their identity, treating them as property of fathers or husbands. To improve security and prosperity, Pakistan must eliminate discrimination and empower women through education, employment, and participation in decision making.
1) The document analyzes the level of educational development and underlying disparities in Burdwan District, West Bengal.
2) It finds significant spatial variations in educational infrastructure, dropout rates, and never-enrolled student populations across the district's 31 blocks.
3) The western, more urbanized blocks have better infrastructure but higher dropout rates, while eastern agricultural blocks have poorer infrastructure but lower dropout rates. Factors like poverty, early marriage, and economic opportunities contribute to educational disparities.
Phosphorus, is intensely sensitive to ‘other worlds’ and lacks the personal boundaries at every level. A Phosphorus personality is susceptible to all external impressions; light, sound, odour, touch, electrical changes, etc. Just like a match, he is easily excitable, anxious, fears being alone at twilight, ghosts, about future. Desires sympathy and has the tendency to kiss everyone who comes near him. An insane person with the exaggerated idea of one’s own importance.
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that a child is born with.
Some congenital heart defects in children are simple and don't need treatment. Others are more complex. The child may need several surgeries done over a period of several years.
Emotion-Focused Couples Therapy - Marital and Family Therapy and Counselling ...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Part III - Cumulative Grief: Learning how to honor the many losses that occur...bkling
Cumulative grief, also known as compounded grief, is grief that occurs more than once in a brief period of time. As a person with cancer, a caregiver or professional in this world, we are often met with confronting grief on a frequent basis. Learn about cumulative grief and ways to cope with it. We will also explore methods to heal from this challenging experience.
Applications of NMR in Protein Structure Prediction.pptxAnagha R Anil
This presentation explores the pivotal role of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in predicting protein structures. It delves into the methodologies, advancements, and applications of NMR in determining the three-dimensional configurations of proteins, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
congenital GI disorders are very dangerous to child. it is also a leading cause for death of the child.
this congenital GI disorders includes cleft lip, cleft palate, hirchsprung's disease etc.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)
H0145964
1. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSRJHSS)
ISSN: 2279-0845 Volume 1, Issue 4 (Sep.-Oct. 2012), PP 59-64
www.iosrjournals.org
Tuberculosis in Malaysia: A Study on the Level of Societal
Awareness and Stigma
KhairiahSalwa Mokhtar1, NurHairaniAbd Rahman2, NoresahMohd Shariff3,
Wan Asna Wan Mohd Nor4
1,2
(Political Science Department, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia)
3
(Geography Department, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia)
4
(Political Science Department, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia)
Abstract:Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease which is transmitted through the air. This disease damages
the lungs and other organs in the human body. TB is highly contagious and spreadswhenTB patientscough,
sneeze, spit and talk. Due to the ease of infection, anyone can contract the disease. Unfortunately, not many
people are awareabout TB. This lack of knowledge and awareness is a problem anywhere around the globe.
Therefore, the study attempts to examine the level of public awareness regarding this disease and propose a
more effective approach to address the issue of insufficient communication of information. Specifically, this
study has two main objectives: (i) to review the level of awareness on TB among university students in
Malaysia; (ii) to investigate society’s stigma towards TB patients; and (iii) to identify the best strategy to
improve TB awareness in the society. This study employs a quantitative approach to data collection and
analysis. Questionnaire of 400 units were randomly distributed amongst students at Universiti Sains Malaysia
and the results were analyzed using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings showed that
although the respondents have heard of the TB disease, a majority of them were not sure about the factors
causing this disease. The study also noted that a majority of respondents have negative stigma towardsTB
patients. Based on the analyses of findings, the study proposes several solutionsin the effort to improve the
awareness among students about TB. The findings indicated that students prefer television, social networking
websites and newspapers as the information source for obtaining information on TB. This study also provided
some suggestions for future researches to add to the existing literature about the dissemination of information
especially oninfectiousdiseasesandTB in particular.
Key Words:Tuberculosis, Awareness, Stigma, KAP.
I. Introduction
Tuberculosis disease has been identified as one of the six infectious diseases that pose a threat to the
world's population [1].The disease can easily spread through coughing, spitting, speaking or sneezing [2].
Therefore, people generally are at high risk of infection. It is proven by the statistical reports released by the
World Health Organization (WHO) which indicates that, in the year 2010 alone, an estimated number of 8.8
million people worldwide are infected with TB while an estimated 1.4 million of the infected patients died from
it[3]. TB disease has been identified to besecond to HIV / AIDS in causing mortality around the world [4]. The
same trend is also seen in Malaysia in which, in the year 2010, a total of 18,517 people have been infected,
which is an increase of 6% from the previous year (17,341 cases in year 2009). The highest cases registered in
the same year was in Sabah, totaling 3278 cases, followed by Selangor (2829 cases), Johor (2058 cases),
Sarawak (1991 cases) and Kuala Lumpur / Putrajaya (1455 cases)[5].
II. Background
The factors contributing to the increase in the total cases reported can be attributed to simple diffusion
mechanism between human to human. However, the Ministry of Health, Malaysia has taken several initiatives
to curb this menace, such as providing immunization and vaccination programs in schools, clinics and hospitals
(government and private). In addition to vaccination and immunization programs, the government also
introduced the National TB Control Programme (NTBC) since the year 1961. This program covers prevention
strategies, screening and early detection, treatment and management of TB disease in Malaysia. Despite having
a comprehensive TB control program, Malaysia is still struggling to achieve the targets set in the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs)[6]. MDG has targeted a reduction of half of the total prevalence of reported cases
and death[7]. However the statistics on Malaysia indicate the opposite.
Although vaccines, antibiotics and scientific research have been made available around the world to help
reduce the spread of TB, the efforts and measures has thus far been less effective than anticipated[8].Despite
various scientific studies carried out, there is still lack of research on the social science perspective especially on
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2. Tuberculosis In Malaysia: A Study On The Level Of Societal Awareness And Stigma
the spread of the disease. Social factors play an important role in managing the TB disease[9]. One of the most
important social factors is the stigma within the society towards TB patients[10], [11], [12]. In addition, the low
level of awareness among the public regarding TB has also become a factor leading to the increase ofTB
patients[13], [14], [15]. It is therefore very important to know the level of public awareness of TB disease. The
level of awareness may vary according to the demographic factors such as employment, education, economy,
area of residence and age. Based on these factors, this study discusses the level of awareness among students
about TB in Malaysia using the approach of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP). From the results, the
study also attempts toidentify and present the best strategy to improve the awareness among students and the
public about TB.
III. Objective Of The Paper
Due to the ease of infection, anyone can contract the disease. Unfortunately, not many people are aware
about TB. This lack of knowledge and awareness is a problem anywhere around the globe. Therefore, the study
attempts to examine the level of public awareness regarding this disease and propose a more effective approach
to address the issue of insufficient communication of information. Specifically, this study has two main
objectives: (i) to review the level of awareness on TB among university students in Malaysia; (ii) to investigate
society’s stigma towards TB patients; and (iii) to identify the best strategy to improve TB awareness in the
society.
IV. Research Methodology
This studyis a quantitative studyusingquestionnaires asthe main source ofresearch data.Questionnaires
have beendeveloped based onthe resultsof past studies. The questionnaireform was divided intofourparts; part
A(profile of respondents), partB (Awareness of TBdisease), partC(Stigma towards TB patients) and part
D(strategy to improve TB awareness).Thisapproachis suitable to answer the research questions of this study. In
fact, previous researches used the same method tomeasure the level ofpublic awareness onTBdisease[16], [17].
Questionnaireswere distributedto studentsof Universiti Sains Malaysia(Penang) in March2012.The
samplewasrandomly selectedwhichconsists offirst tofourth-year studentsfrom various faculties. The data
obtainedwere then analyzedusing theStatisticalPackagesfor SocialScience(SPSS).
V. Data Analysis
The findings begin with a description of the respondent profile. Based on the total of
400questionnaires returned, 45.3% were malerespondents, while 54.8% were female. The ratio
ofmaletofemalerespondentswas1:1.21.Majority of the respondents was Malayswhich was71.5% of them,
followed by Chinese(22.3%) andIndian(5.3%). Besides,65.5% of the respondents were firstyear students, 30%
second year, and 4% and 0.5% were third and fourth yearstudents respectively. The studyalso found that99%of
all the respondents were single while only 1.0%married. Table 1 illustrates the above description.
Table2 reports the general knowledge of respondents aboutTB.Overall,90.5%ofrespondentshave heard
ofTB.The percentage is lower forrespondentswho know what TB is with 80.3% indicated that they know what
TB iswhile19.8%responded otherwise. Another finding was that the percentage of male respondents (i.e.23.2%)
who were not aware of what TB is compared to female (16.9%). Based onTable2,the study concludes that while
thepercentageof respondents who hadheard ofTB was high, but not all ofthemunderstand whatTBdisease
actually was.
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3. Tuberculosis In Malaysia: A Study On The Level Of Societal Awareness And Stigma
Table 3: Knowledge about the spreading mechanisms of TB
Percentage (%)
Variable Not
Disagree Agree
sure
How does TB
spread?
Cough 2.8 19.5 77.8
Contaminated
4.8 35.3 60.0
drinks/food
Genetic 21.3 45.5 33.3
Sexual
intercourse with
26.0 52.0 22.0
TB
patients
Table3shows thatabout 77.8% of respondents gavethe correct answerabout themechanism ofthe spread ofTB(i.e.
cough) while19.5%were not sureandonly2.8%disagreed. In addition,the findingsalso showedthat
respondentswere not sure about the main cause of TB as evident by their confusion when some other causes
were included as optional answers. 60% of the respondents agreedthatTBdiseasecan spread
throughcontaminated food or drink, 33.3% agreedthat it can spread throughgeneticand22% indicated that TBcan
be spread throughsexual contact withTB patients when all three answers were not true.
In thecrosstabulationanalysisconductedfor thevariableof diffusionmechanismof TB with the
question"dorespondentsknow what isTB?", the study indicated that although therespondentsadmitted that
theyknow what TB is, only268respondentsgavecorrect answers, while 47respondents
wereunsureand6othersbelieved that cough is not the mechanism through which TB spreads.Additionally, a total
of 207respondents whoclaimed that they know what TB is have incorrect knowledge regarding TB as evident
through their opinion that TB can spread throughcontaminatedfoodanddrinks. Similarly,119respondents were in
the opinion that genetic factorscan causeTB. Therefore, the study concludes that majority of the respondents
who claimed that they have knowledge on TB have inaccurate understanding regarding the disease especially on
the spreading mechanism.
Table4 shows therespondents'viewsonTBpatients. Based onthetable, 40.5% of the respondents stated
that theyfeel uncomfortable when they sat near TB patients. In addition,34% of the respondents stated thatthey
feltafraid ofTBpatientsand finally29% stated that they always avoid any physical contacts with TBpatients. All
three ofthesevariablesshoweda highpercentageofthestigma towards TBpatients compared topositive perspective
towards them.
Table 4: Respondents’ attitudes towards TB patients
Percentage (%)
Variable
No Not sure Yes
I am not comfortable to be around TB
patients 11.8 47.8 40.5
I am afraid of TB patients
18.5 47.5 34.0
I try not to touch TB patients 21.3 49.8 29.0
Althoughthe majority of respondents were not sureabouttheir views on theTBpatients, the dataclearly
shows that thepercentageof respondents whohighlighted thepositiveoutlookis lower thanrespondentswho
admitted that they had a stigma towards TBpatients.
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4. Tuberculosis In Malaysia: A Study On The Level Of Societal Awareness And Stigma
Table6shows thestigmatowardsTB patients in detail. The data showsthatthe meanof the respondentsare
high fortwovariables, namely "I amnotcomfortableto bearoundTBpatients" and"I amafraidofTBpatients". Both
ofthesevariablesindicated thatmaleandfemalerespondentshave astigmatowardsTBpatients. However, for
thethirdvariable, namely "I trynottotouchTBpatients", the meanformale(2.18)is higher than that of female(1.99)
indicating that male respondents are having stigma towards TBpatients compared to female respondents.
VI. Discussion
Thisstudyshows thatfemalerespondentshave relativelybetterknowledgeaboutTBthanfemalerespondents.
Thesefindingsdiffer fromstudies conductedinEthiopia[18], China[19], Sudan[20]andVietnam [21]. However, the
majority of respondentsremain confused on howTBdiseasecan be spread. Thus, this situation could affect
theeffortto controlTBin Malaysia throughthe NationalTBControl Programme. In addition,thissampleis taken
fromuniversity students, a groupthatis oftenidentified ashaving betterknowledgeaboutTBthanthe groupwith
lower education background[22],[23],[24].
Therefore, a good promotional dissemination onTBdiseaseis important toconveyaccurate information to
thecommunity.Indirectly,all walks of liferegardless ofeducational backgroundcanobtainat leastthe
basicfactsaboutTB such assymptoms ofTB, possible transmission of TBand TB prevention.
BetterknowledgeaboutTBcan also helpindividuals who are suspects ofTBtoseek immediate treatmentbecause
lack of information onTB will cause infected individual to experience severe effects [25], [26]. For
example,referring toGraph1, it was found that the majority of studentsprefertelevisionas asource of
information(as obtained by[27]), followed by socialwebsitesand newspapersas a medium fordissemination of
informationaboutTB.
In addition, this study shows the existence of negative outlook or stigma pertaining TB patients where
majority of the respondents, both male and female, admitted that they try to avoid meeting TB patients. This
stigma is alsoproveninother studies([28], [29], [30]. StigmatowardsTBpatientsandalsotopeoplesuspected of
being infectedcangivenegative implicationsto them[31]. This refers to thedelayin findinga
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5. Tuberculosis In Malaysia: A Study On The Level Of Societal Awareness And Stigma
cureortreatmentbyTBpatients[32]. Thisdelayiscausedby the feeling in which they areashamedorafraid of the fact
that theyare infectedor suspected[33], [34]. Thus theypreferto remain silent rather thantelling others [35].
Thus,thisactioncould eventually lead to increasing number of individualsinfected withTB[36]and thuswill
increase the total number of TBpatientsin the country.
VII. Conclusion
As a conclusion, this study shows that the level of awareness about TB is still low even though they
claim to know or aware about TB. Thus, an effective information transfer mechanism is needed to overcome this
problem. The suggestion to upgrade the system to promote awareness about TB should be conducted via the
most effective medium. This is because the medium vary according to the different levels of society. Therefore,
it is a must to do a need analysis before taking any measures. For example the selected media are television,
social network and newspapers. This suggestion might differ for respondents from rural areas. Besides
upgrading the information transfer system, other suitable methods include routine checkups. The ministry can
also introduce health education at the earliest level regarding TB. This is to ensure an early prevention by
providing a good understanding on the disease.
VIII. Acknowledgements
The writers would like to extend greatest appreciations to the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
(MOHE) for granting Long-term Research Grant Scheme (LRGS) Tropical Tuberculosis: Delineating Host-
Environment-Pathogen Interactions, specifically Project 3 Evaluation of National TB prevention and Control
Program towards Achieving Millennium Development Goal. This article is one of the stated tangible outputs.
The writers also acknowledge contributions in different forms of individuals who assisted directly or indirectly
towards the completion of the paper.
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