The document provides a syllabus for the CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowship and Lecturer-ship in Life Sciences. It covers 7 major topics: 1) Molecules and their interactions relevant to biology, 2) Cellular organization, 3) Fundamental processes, 4) Cell communication and cell signaling, 5) Developmental biology, 6) System physiology - Plant, and 7) System physiology - Animal. Each topic includes several sub-sections that provide learning objectives on key concepts and processes in life sciences.
The document outlines the topics covered in 5 sections of a BT Biotechnology course. Section 1 discusses engineering mathematics topics including linear algebra, calculus, differential equations, and probability and statistics. Section 2 covers general biotechnology topics such as biochemistry, microbiology, cell biology, molecular biology, genetics, and analytical techniques. Section 3 focuses on recombinant DNA technology. Section 4 addresses plant and animal biotechnology. Section 5 examines bioprocess engineering and process biotechnology, including principles of bioreactor design and operation as well as downstream processing.
This document outlines the scheme of examination and course content for the Master's degree in Biochemistry at VBS Purvanchal University. It describes the papers and topics covered in each of the four semesters. Semester I includes papers on biomolecules and bioenergetics, elements of microbiology, cell biology, and genetics and molecular biology. The topics range from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to DNA structure, transcription, and translation. Recommended textbooks are also provided.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for Unit Test-5 in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics for the NEET-UG exam.
In Biology, the syllabus covers Genetics-II including the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It also covers molecular basis of inheritance, DNA structure and replication, gene expression and regulation, and cell structure and function.
The Chemistry syllabus includes topics like surface chemistry, concepts of chemistry including laws of chemical combination and the mole concept, and thermodynamics including the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics.
In Physics, the syllabus covers collisions and center of mass including
This document outlines the topics covered in the CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for the subject of Life Sciences. It is divided into 13 major areas:
1) Molecules and their Interaction
2) Cellular Organization
3) Fundamental Processes
4) Cell Communication and Cell Signaling
5) Developmental Biology
6) System Physiology - Plant
7) System Physiology - Animal
8) Inheritance Biology
9) Diversity of Life Forms
10) Ecological Principles
11) Evolution and Behavior
12) Applied Biology
13) Methods in Biology
Each area contains several detailed sub-topics that will be covered
CSIR UGC entrance test lifescience full syllabus it comprise 13 units it all over covers molecular biology,cell biology,genetics,techniques,biochemistry,biotechnology....
This document provides the syllabus for the examination for the post of Senior Teacher (Grade-II) in the Secondary Education Department of Rajasthan Public Service Commission.
It outlines the topics to be covered in Paper II - Science, which is divided into two parts. Part I covers topics in biology, chemistry, and physics at the secondary and senior secondary level. Part II covers more advanced topics in biology, chemistry, and physics at the graduate level.
The syllabus provides detailed lists of concepts and topics to be studied within each subject for the examination, with approximately 180 marks allotted to questions from Part I and 80 marks from Part II.
This document contains course outlines for several biology courses, including Developmental Biology, Cell & Molecular Biology, Animal Behaviour, Biochemistry, and Ecology. The Developmental Biology course covers topics like spermatogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, early vertebrate development, and organogenesis. The Cell & Molecular Biology course focuses on cellular structures like the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and organelles, as well as processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation. The Animal Behaviour course examines the mechanisms of behavior and social organization. The Biochemistry course covers amino acids, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. Finally, the Ecology course outlines concepts in
The document provides a syllabus for the CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for Junior Research Fellowship and Lecturer-ship in Life Sciences. It covers 7 major topics: 1) Molecules and their interactions relevant to biology, 2) Cellular organization, 3) Fundamental processes, 4) Cell communication and cell signaling, 5) Developmental biology, 6) System physiology - Plant, and 7) System physiology - Animal. Each topic includes several sub-sections that provide learning objectives on key concepts and processes in life sciences.
The document outlines the topics covered in 5 sections of a BT Biotechnology course. Section 1 discusses engineering mathematics topics including linear algebra, calculus, differential equations, and probability and statistics. Section 2 covers general biotechnology topics such as biochemistry, microbiology, cell biology, molecular biology, genetics, and analytical techniques. Section 3 focuses on recombinant DNA technology. Section 4 addresses plant and animal biotechnology. Section 5 examines bioprocess engineering and process biotechnology, including principles of bioreactor design and operation as well as downstream processing.
This document outlines the scheme of examination and course content for the Master's degree in Biochemistry at VBS Purvanchal University. It describes the papers and topics covered in each of the four semesters. Semester I includes papers on biomolecules and bioenergetics, elements of microbiology, cell biology, and genetics and molecular biology. The topics range from carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to DNA structure, transcription, and translation. Recommended textbooks are also provided.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for Unit Test-5 in Biology, Chemistry, and Physics for the NEET-UG exam.
In Biology, the syllabus covers Genetics-II including the structure and function of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It also covers molecular basis of inheritance, DNA structure and replication, gene expression and regulation, and cell structure and function.
The Chemistry syllabus includes topics like surface chemistry, concepts of chemistry including laws of chemical combination and the mole concept, and thermodynamics including the first, second, and third laws of thermodynamics.
In Physics, the syllabus covers collisions and center of mass including
This document outlines the topics covered in the CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test (NET) for the subject of Life Sciences. It is divided into 13 major areas:
1) Molecules and their Interaction
2) Cellular Organization
3) Fundamental Processes
4) Cell Communication and Cell Signaling
5) Developmental Biology
6) System Physiology - Plant
7) System Physiology - Animal
8) Inheritance Biology
9) Diversity of Life Forms
10) Ecological Principles
11) Evolution and Behavior
12) Applied Biology
13) Methods in Biology
Each area contains several detailed sub-topics that will be covered
CSIR UGC entrance test lifescience full syllabus it comprise 13 units it all over covers molecular biology,cell biology,genetics,techniques,biochemistry,biotechnology....
This document provides the syllabus for the examination for the post of Senior Teacher (Grade-II) in the Secondary Education Department of Rajasthan Public Service Commission.
It outlines the topics to be covered in Paper II - Science, which is divided into two parts. Part I covers topics in biology, chemistry, and physics at the secondary and senior secondary level. Part II covers more advanced topics in biology, chemistry, and physics at the graduate level.
The syllabus provides detailed lists of concepts and topics to be studied within each subject for the examination, with approximately 180 marks allotted to questions from Part I and 80 marks from Part II.
This document contains course outlines for several biology courses, including Developmental Biology, Cell & Molecular Biology, Animal Behaviour, Biochemistry, and Ecology. The Developmental Biology course covers topics like spermatogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, early vertebrate development, and organogenesis. The Cell & Molecular Biology course focuses on cellular structures like the plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and organelles, as well as processes like DNA replication, transcription, and translation. The Animal Behaviour course examines the mechanisms of behavior and social organization. The Biochemistry course covers amino acids, enzymes, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. Finally, the Ecology course outlines concepts in
The document provides an overview of the important topics covered in the CSIR NET life science subject syllabus. It lists the main topics under each of the 13 units that make up the syllabus, including topics related to molecules and their interactions, cellular organization, fundamental processes, cell communication and signaling, developmental biology, plant and animal systems physiology, inheritance biology, diversity of life forms, ecological principles, evolution and behavior, applied biology, and methods in biology. Students are advised to check these topics to prepare for the CSIR NET exam.
The document provides an overview of the important topics covered in the CSIR NET life science subject syllabus. It lists the main topics under each of the 13 units that make up the syllabus, including topics related to molecules and their interactions, cellular organization, fundamental processes, cell communication and signaling, developmental biology, plant and animal systems physiology, inheritance biology, diversity of life forms, ecological principles, evolution and behavior, applied biology, and methods in biology. Students are advised to check these topics to prepare for the CSIR NET exam.
This document provides an overview of the important topics covered in the CSIR NET life science subject exam. It lists the main topics tested in each exam unit, including molecular interactions, cellular organization, fundamental processes like transcription and replication, cell communication, developmental biology, plant and animal systems, inheritance biology, diversity of life, ecology, evolution, applied biology, and research methods. Students are advised to focus their studying on the topics outlined.
This document provides an overview of course content for a USMLE preparation course covering biochemistry and molecular biology, cellular biology, genetics and human development, immunology, and microbiology and infectious diseases. The course content is organized into components that delve into topics such as gene expression, metabolic pathways, cell structure and function, embryology, immunology basics and applications, bacterial diseases, virology, and mycology/parasitology. Emphasis is placed on learning objectives relevant to the USMLE, and multimedia resources such as videos, presentations, and notes are provided to support learning within each topic area.
The document outlines the syllabus for the first semester of the M.Sc Applied Genetics program. It covers 6 papers that address topics such as fundamentals of cell biology, genetics, cytogenetics, and biological chemistry. Some of the major topics included are membrane systems, cellular interactions, the cytoskeleton, cell signaling, Mendelian genetics, linkage and crossing over, chromosome structure and mutations, and the structure and properties of biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The syllabus provides detailed subtopics and allocation of class hours for an in-depth overview of the essential concepts in these subject areas of applied genetics.
This document is the table of contents for a textbook on biochemistry. It lists 32 chapters organized into two volumes that cover topics such as the structures of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids; metabolic pathways and enzymatic reactions; metabolism of nitrogen, lipids, and aromatic compounds; biochemical genetics; and cell signaling. The table of contents provides an overview of the breadth of topics that will be discussed in the textbook to give readers a foundation for understanding the chemical basis of life.
The document provides an overview of the topics covered in the code BT (Bio-Technology) for the TSPGECET-2018 exam, including:
1. Core subjects like microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, process biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, plant and animal biotechnology, and immunology.
2. Key areas in recombinant DNA technology such as restriction enzymes, vectors, gene cloning, expression and sequencing, and gene transfer technologies.
3. An introduction to bioinformatics and the main databases, analysis tools, and applications in genomics and proteomics like microarrays and molecular modeling.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in the APPGECET-2018 exam for Bio Technology, including engineering mathematics, biotechnology subjects, and relevant techniques. Engineering mathematics covers topics in linear algebra, calculus, differential equations, probability and statistics, and numerical methods. Biotechnology subjects include microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, process biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, plant and animal biotechnology, immunology, recombinant DNA technology, and bioinformatics. Specific concepts are outlined within each of these subject areas.
Omar Quintero-Monzon has over 20 years of experience in biochemistry, protein purification and characterization, antibody drug development, and assay development. He has worked at multiple biotech companies leading projects and developing novel techniques. His experience includes developing assays for glycoprotein analysis, antibody and protein purification methods, and biomarker assays with improved sensitivity.
This document outlines the syllabus for the MSc Zoology program at Yogi Vemana University for the 2014-2015 academic year. It includes 4 courses covering topics such as structural anatomy of invertebrates and vertebrates, genetics and evolution, cell biology and microbiology, and tools and techniques in biology. Each course is divided into 4 units and includes lists of readings and practical experiments related to the course content. The syllabus provides students with a comprehensive overview of the essential concepts, theories, and laboratory skills covered in the MSc Zoology program.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology component of the USMLE, including:
1) Gene expression, covering DNA structure and replication, transcription, translation, and gene regulation.
2) Structure and function of proteins.
3) Energy metabolism, including generation of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids through pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
4) Metabolic pathways of small molecules and associated diseases.
This document contains a list of terms related to amino acids, the genetic code, metabolic pathways, diseases, and other biochemical topics. It discusses concepts like the triplet codon structure of DNA and RNA, wobble bases, amino acid properties and mutations, metabolic cycles, and the roles of nucleotides like inosine and purines. The list touches on topics ranging from the evolution of life to modern genetic technologies and therapies.
The Heptad 7 Nucleotide Genomic Code by Novagon DNA
Purine Nucleotide Metabolism, DNA, RNA, mRNA post transcriptional editing A to I editing, alternative splicing, wobble amino acids, atomic molecular compounds, prebiotic earth, epigenetics, genomics, life sciences, visioneering, Adar, nucleic acid, mutations, genetic diseases,
This document outlines the syllabus for the second year of the Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology program at North Maharashtra University in Jalgaon, India. It includes 4 theory courses and 1 practical course for the first and second semesters. The theory courses cover topics like cell biology, molecular biology, basic techniques in biotechnology, immunology, and bioprocess technology. The practical course involves experiments related to these topics. The document provides learning objectives, topics, and references for each course.
This document provides an overview of content covered in the USMLE Web Maps for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMS) General Principles. It includes summaries of key topics like gene expression, transcription, translation, protein structure and function, energy metabolism, metabolic pathways and associated diseases, cellular biology, genetics, human development, and embryogenesis. The Web Maps provide learning objects and multimedia resources on each topic to support medical student preparation for Steps 1, 2, or 3 of the USMLE.
Biochemistry, Volume 2, Second Edition The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells...ssusere91340
This document contains diagrams and images from a biochemistry textbook. It includes:
1) A trimeric array of photosynthetic reaction centers showing protein structure.
2) A thin section of mitochondria showing cristae.
3) A diagram of the genome of Haemophilus influenzae, the first determined by random sequencing.
4) A segment of an extended "lampbrush" chromosome from a newt oocyte.
5) The ATP-binding site of the muscle protein myosin.
6) Cellulose fibrils in the secondary plant cell wall.
7) A transcription factor bound to its DNA target.
8) A micrograph of ganglia in a leech
This document provides an overview of Module 1 - Core Principles for an AQA(B) AS biology course. It includes the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document outlines the contents and topics to be covered in Module 1, including biological molecules, cells, physiology and disease. It provides a high-level summary of the main macromolecules that make up living things - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The first pages provide more detailed information on the structures and properties of carbohydrates, lipids and the chemical bonds involved in forming these macromolecules.
This document provides a syllabus for a postgraduate certification exam in biotechnology at Visvesvaraya Technological University in Karnataka, India. The syllabus covers key topics in microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, process biotechnology, chemical and bioprocess engineering, immunology, recombinant DNA technology, bioinformatics, agricultural biotechnology, food biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, engineering mathematics, and computer programming. Students will be tested on fundamental concepts within these subject areas relevant to studying and working in biotechnology.
lehninger(sixth edition) Ch 01: The foundations of biochemistrykrupal parmar
This document provides an overview of key topics in biochemistry including:
1) The structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2) Organic chemical bonds and functional groups that make up biomolecules.
3) The evolution of cells through endosymbiosis and the evolution of proteins through gene duplication events.
4) Central concepts like the genetic code, DNA replication, transcription, translation and the flow of genetic information.
The document provides an overview of the important topics covered in the CSIR NET life science subject syllabus. It lists the main topics under each of the 13 units that make up the syllabus, including topics related to molecules and their interactions, cellular organization, fundamental processes, cell communication and signaling, developmental biology, plant and animal systems physiology, inheritance biology, diversity of life forms, ecological principles, evolution and behavior, applied biology, and methods in biology. Students are advised to check these topics to prepare for the CSIR NET exam.
The document provides an overview of the important topics covered in the CSIR NET life science subject syllabus. It lists the main topics under each of the 13 units that make up the syllabus, including topics related to molecules and their interactions, cellular organization, fundamental processes, cell communication and signaling, developmental biology, plant and animal systems physiology, inheritance biology, diversity of life forms, ecological principles, evolution and behavior, applied biology, and methods in biology. Students are advised to check these topics to prepare for the CSIR NET exam.
This document provides an overview of the important topics covered in the CSIR NET life science subject exam. It lists the main topics tested in each exam unit, including molecular interactions, cellular organization, fundamental processes like transcription and replication, cell communication, developmental biology, plant and animal systems, inheritance biology, diversity of life, ecology, evolution, applied biology, and research methods. Students are advised to focus their studying on the topics outlined.
This document provides an overview of course content for a USMLE preparation course covering biochemistry and molecular biology, cellular biology, genetics and human development, immunology, and microbiology and infectious diseases. The course content is organized into components that delve into topics such as gene expression, metabolic pathways, cell structure and function, embryology, immunology basics and applications, bacterial diseases, virology, and mycology/parasitology. Emphasis is placed on learning objectives relevant to the USMLE, and multimedia resources such as videos, presentations, and notes are provided to support learning within each topic area.
The document outlines the syllabus for the first semester of the M.Sc Applied Genetics program. It covers 6 papers that address topics such as fundamentals of cell biology, genetics, cytogenetics, and biological chemistry. Some of the major topics included are membrane systems, cellular interactions, the cytoskeleton, cell signaling, Mendelian genetics, linkage and crossing over, chromosome structure and mutations, and the structure and properties of biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The syllabus provides detailed subtopics and allocation of class hours for an in-depth overview of the essential concepts in these subject areas of applied genetics.
This document is the table of contents for a textbook on biochemistry. It lists 32 chapters organized into two volumes that cover topics such as the structures of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids; metabolic pathways and enzymatic reactions; metabolism of nitrogen, lipids, and aromatic compounds; biochemical genetics; and cell signaling. The table of contents provides an overview of the breadth of topics that will be discussed in the textbook to give readers a foundation for understanding the chemical basis of life.
The document provides an overview of the topics covered in the code BT (Bio-Technology) for the TSPGECET-2018 exam, including:
1. Core subjects like microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, process biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, plant and animal biotechnology, and immunology.
2. Key areas in recombinant DNA technology such as restriction enzymes, vectors, gene cloning, expression and sequencing, and gene transfer technologies.
3. An introduction to bioinformatics and the main databases, analysis tools, and applications in genomics and proteomics like microarrays and molecular modeling.
The document provides an overview of topics covered in the APPGECET-2018 exam for Bio Technology, including engineering mathematics, biotechnology subjects, and relevant techniques. Engineering mathematics covers topics in linear algebra, calculus, differential equations, probability and statistics, and numerical methods. Biotechnology subjects include microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, process biotechnology, bioprocess engineering, plant and animal biotechnology, immunology, recombinant DNA technology, and bioinformatics. Specific concepts are outlined within each of these subject areas.
Omar Quintero-Monzon has over 20 years of experience in biochemistry, protein purification and characterization, antibody drug development, and assay development. He has worked at multiple biotech companies leading projects and developing novel techniques. His experience includes developing assays for glycoprotein analysis, antibody and protein purification methods, and biomarker assays with improved sensitivity.
This document outlines the syllabus for the MSc Zoology program at Yogi Vemana University for the 2014-2015 academic year. It includes 4 courses covering topics such as structural anatomy of invertebrates and vertebrates, genetics and evolution, cell biology and microbiology, and tools and techniques in biology. Each course is divided into 4 units and includes lists of readings and practical experiments related to the course content. The syllabus provides students with a comprehensive overview of the essential concepts, theories, and laboratory skills covered in the MSc Zoology program.
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology component of the USMLE, including:
1) Gene expression, covering DNA structure and replication, transcription, translation, and gene regulation.
2) Structure and function of proteins.
3) Energy metabolism, including generation of energy from carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids through pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
4) Metabolic pathways of small molecules and associated diseases.
This document contains a list of terms related to amino acids, the genetic code, metabolic pathways, diseases, and other biochemical topics. It discusses concepts like the triplet codon structure of DNA and RNA, wobble bases, amino acid properties and mutations, metabolic cycles, and the roles of nucleotides like inosine and purines. The list touches on topics ranging from the evolution of life to modern genetic technologies and therapies.
The Heptad 7 Nucleotide Genomic Code by Novagon DNA
Purine Nucleotide Metabolism, DNA, RNA, mRNA post transcriptional editing A to I editing, alternative splicing, wobble amino acids, atomic molecular compounds, prebiotic earth, epigenetics, genomics, life sciences, visioneering, Adar, nucleic acid, mutations, genetic diseases,
This document outlines the syllabus for the second year of the Bachelor of Science in Biotechnology program at North Maharashtra University in Jalgaon, India. It includes 4 theory courses and 1 practical course for the first and second semesters. The theory courses cover topics like cell biology, molecular biology, basic techniques in biotechnology, immunology, and bioprocess technology. The practical course involves experiments related to these topics. The document provides learning objectives, topics, and references for each course.
This document provides an overview of content covered in the USMLE Web Maps for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (BMS) General Principles. It includes summaries of key topics like gene expression, transcription, translation, protein structure and function, energy metabolism, metabolic pathways and associated diseases, cellular biology, genetics, human development, and embryogenesis. The Web Maps provide learning objects and multimedia resources on each topic to support medical student preparation for Steps 1, 2, or 3 of the USMLE.
Biochemistry, Volume 2, Second Edition The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells...ssusere91340
This document contains diagrams and images from a biochemistry textbook. It includes:
1) A trimeric array of photosynthetic reaction centers showing protein structure.
2) A thin section of mitochondria showing cristae.
3) A diagram of the genome of Haemophilus influenzae, the first determined by random sequencing.
4) A segment of an extended "lampbrush" chromosome from a newt oocyte.
5) The ATP-binding site of the muscle protein myosin.
6) Cellulose fibrils in the secondary plant cell wall.
7) A transcription factor bound to its DNA target.
8) A micrograph of ganglia in a leech
This document provides an overview of Module 1 - Core Principles for an AQA(B) AS biology course. It includes the following key points in 3 sentences:
The document outlines the contents and topics to be covered in Module 1, including biological molecules, cells, physiology and disease. It provides a high-level summary of the main macromolecules that make up living things - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. The first pages provide more detailed information on the structures and properties of carbohydrates, lipids and the chemical bonds involved in forming these macromolecules.
This document provides a syllabus for a postgraduate certification exam in biotechnology at Visvesvaraya Technological University in Karnataka, India. The syllabus covers key topics in microbiology, biochemistry, molecular biology and genetics, process biotechnology, chemical and bioprocess engineering, immunology, recombinant DNA technology, bioinformatics, agricultural biotechnology, food biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, engineering mathematics, and computer programming. Students will be tested on fundamental concepts within these subject areas relevant to studying and working in biotechnology.
lehninger(sixth edition) Ch 01: The foundations of biochemistrykrupal parmar
This document provides an overview of key topics in biochemistry including:
1) The structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
2) Organic chemical bonds and functional groups that make up biomolecules.
3) The evolution of cells through endosymbiosis and the evolution of proteins through gene duplication events.
4) Central concepts like the genetic code, DNA replication, transcription, translation and the flow of genetic information.
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GATE-Syllabus-for-Life-Sciences.pptx
1. By Payaam Vohra
GPAT AIR 43
NIPER AIR 11
GATE Qualified
IIT BHU AIR 07
MANIPAL AIR 08
BITS HD Qualified
CUET –PG current score ranking AIR 01
ICT MTECH EXAM SCORE RANK AIR 01
TIPS AND TRICKS TO
CRACK GATE
CRACK GATE IN 1ST ATTEMPT
5. HIGH WEIGHTAGE
GATE Life Sciences Preparation Tips:
Weightage of Important Topics
Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Reaction Kinetics
Chemical Equilibria
Structure-Reactivity Correlations
Chemistry of Biomolecules
Electrochemistry
s, p and d Block Elements
Thermodynamics
Atomic Structure and Periodicity
6. 159 of 171
XL - P Chemistry (Compulsory for all XL candidates)
Section 1: Atomic Structure and Periodicity
Planck’s quantum theory, wave particle duality, uncertainty principle, comparison between
Bohr’s model and quantum mechanical model of hydrogen atom, electronic configuration of
atoms and ions. Hund’s rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle.
Periodic table and periodic properties: ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity
and atomic size.
Section 2: Structure and Bonding
Ionic and covalent bonding, MO and VB approaches for diatomic molecules, VSEPR theory
and shape of molecules, hybridization, resonance, dipole moment, structure parameters such
as bond length, bond angle and bond energy, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals
interactions. Ionic solids, ionic radii and lattice energy (Born‐Haber cycle). HSAB principle.
Section 3: s, p and d Block Elements
Oxides, halides and hydrides of alkali, alkaline earth metals, B, Al, Si, N, P, and S. General
characteristics of 3d elements. Coordination complexes: valence bond and crystal field
theory, color,
geometry, magnetic properties and isomerism.
Section 4: Chemical Equilibria
Osmotic pressure, elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point, ionic equilibria
in solution, solubility product, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, pH, buffer and their
applications.
Equilibrium constants (Kc, Kp and Kx) for homogeneous reactions.
Section 5: Electrochemistry
Conductance, Kohlrausch law, cell potentials, EMF, Nernst equation, thermodynamic
aspects and their applications.
Section 6: Reaction Kinetics
Rate constant, order of reaction, molecularity, activation energy, zero, first and second order
kinetics, catalysis and elementary enzyme reactions. Reversible and irreversible inhibition
of enzymes.
Section 7: Thermodynamics
Qualitative treatment of state and path functions, First law, reversible and irreversible
processes, internal energy, enthalpy, Kirchoff equation, heat of reaction, Hess’s law, heat
of formation. Second law, entropy and free energy. Gibbs‐Helmholtz equation, free energy
change and spontaneity, Free energy changes from equilibrium constant.
9. XL - R Botany
Section 1: Plant Systematics
Botanical nomenclature, history of plant taxonomy, diversity and classification of plants, APG system
of plant classification; phylogenetics and cladistics, molecular taxonomy and DNA barcoding;
Centers for plant taxonomy and herbaria in India.
Section 2: Plant Anatomy
Anatomy of root, stem and leaves, floral organs, embryo and young seedlings, Primary and
secondary meristems, stellar organization, vascular system and their ontogeny, xylem and phloem
structure, secondary growth in plants and wood anatomy, plant cell structure and differences from
animal cells.
Section 3: Plant development; cell and tissue morphogenesis
Life cycle of an angiosperm, development of male and female gametophyte; cell fate determination
and tissue patterning; spacing mechanisms in trichomes and stomata. Embryogenesis, organization
and function of shoot and root apical meristems. Transition to flowering: photoperiodism and
vernalization, ABC model of floral organ patterning, pollen germination, double fertilization, seed
development; Xylem and phloem cell differentiation, photomorphogenesis; phytochrome,
cryptochrome, phototropin. Role of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids on plant
development.
Section 4: Plant physiology and biochemistry
Plant water relations, mechanisms of uptake and transport of water, ions, solutes from soil to plants,
apoplastic and symplastic transport mechanisms. Mechanism of stomatal movements, nitrogen
metabolism, photosynthesis; C3, C4 and CAM cycles, photorespiration, respiration: glycolysis, TCA
cycle and electron transport chain. Plant responses and mechanisms of abiotic stresses including
drought, salinity, freezing and heat stress, metal toxicity; role of abscisic acid in abiotic stresses.
Structure and function of biomolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid), enzyme
kinetics. Structure and biosynthesis of major plant secondary metabolites (alkaloids, terpenes,
phenylpropanoids, flavonoids). Biosynthesis, mechanism of action and physiological effects of auxin,
cytokinin, gibberellic acids, brassinosteroid, ethylene, strigolactone, abscisic acid, salicylic and
jasmonic acid. Senescence and programmed cell death.
Section 5: Genetics and genomics
Cell cycle and cell division. Principles of Mendelian inheritance, linkage, recombination, genetic
mapping; extra chromosomal inheritance; Introduction to epigenetics; gene silencing- transgene
silencing, post transcriptional gene silencing, miRNA and siRNA; evolution and organization of
eukaryotic genome structure, gene expression, gene mutation and repair, chromosomal aberrations
(numerical: euploidy and aneuploidy and structural: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation),
transposons. Model organisms for functional genetics and genomics; Introduction to transcriptomics,
proteomics and metabolomics.
10. Section 6: Plant Breeding, Genetic Modification, Genome Editing
Principles, methods – selection, hybridization, heterosis; male sterility, genetic maps and
molecular markers, embryo rescue, haploid and doubled haploids, plant tissue culture:
micropropagation, embryo culture and in vitro regeneration, somatic embryogenesis, artificial
seed, cryopreservation, somaclonal variation, somatic cell hybridization, marker-assisted
selection, gene transfer methods viz. direct and vector-mediated, generation of transgenic
plants; Introduction to genome editing: CRISPR/Cas9, Cre-Lox system to generate chimeras;
plastid transformation; chemical mutagenesis.
Section 7: Economic and applied Botany
A general account of economically and medicinally important plants- cereals, pulses, plants
yielding fibers, timber, sugar, beverages, oils, rubber, pigments, dyes, gums, drugs and
narcotics. Economic
importance of algae, fungi, lichen and bacteria. Major Indian cash crops. Effect of
industrialization on agricultural botany such as plastic on fiber economy. Genetically modified
crops and its regulation eg. Bt cotton, Bt brinjal golden rice etc.
Section 8: Plant Pathology
Nature and classification of plant diseases, diseases of important crops caused by fungi,
bacteria, nematodes and viruses, and their control measures (chemical and biological)
mechanism(s) of pathogenesis, resistance: basal, systemic, induced systemic resistance,
gene for gene concept. Molecular detection of pathogens; plant-microbe interactions:
symbionts and mycorrhiza, pathogens and pests. Signaling pathways in plant defence
response; salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in plant-pathogen and plant-herbivore
interaction, necrosis; host-parasitic plant interaction (such as Cuscuta).
Section 9: Ecology and Environment
Ecosystems – types, dynamics, degradation, biogeochemical cycles, ecological succession;
food
webs and energy flow through ecosystem; vegetation types of the world, Indian vegetation
types and biogeographical zones, climate and flora endemism; pollution and global climate
change, speciation and extinction, biodiversity and conservation strategies, ecological
hotspots, afforestation, habitat restoration; plant interactions with other organisms; epiphytes,
parasites and endophytes.
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11. XL - S Microbiology
Section 1: Historical Perspective
Discovery of microbial world; Landmark discoveries relevant to the field of microbiology; Controversy over
spontaneous generation; Role of microorganisms in transformation of organic matter and in the causation of
diseases.
Section 2: Methods in Microbiology
Pure culture techniques; Principles of microbial nutrition; Enrichment culture techniques for isolation of
microorganisms; antigen and antibody detection methods for microbial diagnosis; Light-, phase contrast-,
fluorescence- and electron-microscopy; PCR, real-time PCR for quantitation of microbes; Next generation
sequencing technologies in microbiology.
Section 3: Microbial Taxonomy and Diversity
Bacteria, Archea and their broad classification; Eukaryotic microbes: Yeasts, molds and protozoa; Viruses
and their classification; Molecular approaches to microbial taxonomy and phylogeny.
Section 4: Prokaryotic Cells: Structure and Function
Prokaryotic Cells: cell walls, cell membranes and their biosynthesis, mechanisms of solute transport across
membranes, Flagella and Pili, Capsules, Cell inclusions like endospores and gas vesicles; Bacterial
locomotion, including positive and negative chemotaxis.
Section 5: Microbial Growth
Definition of growth; Growth curve; Mathematical expression of exponential growth phase; Measurement of
growth and growth yields; Synchronous growth; Continuous culture; Effect of environmental factors on
growth; Bacterial biofilm and biofouling.
Section 6: Control of Micro-organisms
Disinfection and sterilization: principles, methods and assessment of efficacy.
Section 7: Microbial Metabolism
Energetics: redox reactions and electron carriers; Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation; An
overview of metabolism; Glycolysis; Pentose-phosphate pathway; Entner-Doudoroff pathway; Glyoxalate
pathway; The citric acid cycle; Fermentation; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Chemolithotrophy;
Photosynthesis; Calvin cycle; Biosynthetic pathway for fatty acids synthesis; Common regulatory mechanisms
in synthesis of amino acids; Regulation of major metabolic pathways.
13. XL - T Zoology
Section 1: Animal Diversity
Distribution, systematics and classification of animals, phylogenetic relationships (based on
classical and molecular phylogenetic tools).
Section 2: Evolution
Origin and history of life on earth, theories of evolution, natural selection, adaptation,
speciation.
Section 3: Geneticsas
Basic Principles of inheritance, molecular basis of heredity, sex determination and sex-
linked
characteristics, cytoplasmic inheritance, linkage, recombination and mapping of genes in
eukaryotes, population genetics, genetic disorders, roles of model organisms in
understanding genetic principles.
Section 4: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates; replication, transcription and translation,
Krebs cycle, glycolysis, enzyme catalysis, hormones and their actions, roles of vitamins
and minerals.
Section 5: Cell Biology
Basic principles of cellular microscopy, structure of cell, cytoskeletal organization, cellular
organelles and their structure and function, cell cycle, cell division, chromosomes and
chromatin structure.
Section 6: Gene expression in Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic genome organization and regulation of gene expression, transposable elements.
14. Section 7: Animal Anatomy and Physiology
Comparative physiology, the respiratory system, Muscular system,
circulatory system, digestive
system, the nervous system, the excretory system, the endocrine
system, the reproductive system, the skeletal system.
Section 8: Parasitology and Immunology
Nature of parasite, host-parasite relation, protozoan and helminthic
parasites, the immune response, cellular and humoral immune
response.
Section 9: Development Biology
Gametogenesis, Embryonic development, cellular differentiation,
organogenesis, metamorphosis, Model organisms used in
developmental biology, genetic and molecular basis of development,
stem cells.
Section 10: Ecology
The ecosystem, Animal distribution, ecological niche and its
contribution to ecological diversity, the food chain, population
dynamics, species diversity, zoogeography, biogeochemical cycles,
conservation biology, ecotoxicology.
Section 11: Animal Behaviour
Type of behaviours, courtship, mating and territoriality, instinct,
learning and memory, social behaviour across the animal taxa,
communication, pheromones, evolution of behavior in animals.
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