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This document provides an overview of computer networks. It discusses network diagrams, classifications of networks by range including LAN, WAN, PAN and MAN. Common network topologies such as bus, star, ring and mesh are described. The OSI and TCP/IP models are explained. Common network devices, switching technologies, and transmission media are defined. Signal types including analog and digital are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of internet connections, both wired and wireless. It describes dial-up connections using phone lines and modems, as well as higher-speed broadband options like DSL and cable modems. It explains how software accesses the internet through APIs and network drivers. The document also covers wireless WAN, satellite, and wireless LAN connections. It provides details on wireless security and encryption.
This document discusses cache memory principles and provides details about cache operation, structure, organization, and design considerations. The key points covered are:
- Cache is a small, fast memory located between the CPU and main memory that stores frequently used data.
- During a cache read operation, the CPU first checks the cache for the requested data. If present, it is retrieved from the fast cache. If not, the data is read from main memory into cache.
- Cache design considerations include size, mapping function, replacement algorithm, write policy, line size, and number of cache levels.
- Modern CPUs use hierarchical cache designs with multiple levels (L1, L2, etc.) to improve performance.
Networking is the exchange of information between individuals, groups, or institutions using networks. Networks allow sharing of resources like files and printers. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) that connect computers in close proximity, metropolitan area networks (MANs) that interconnect users within a region, and wide area networks (WANs) that span large geographic areas like countries and connect smaller networks together. Devices like computers, phones, and gaming consoles that use networks or have internet access are called network devices.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking, including definitions of networking concepts and an overview of network topologies. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources like files, printers, and disk drives. There are different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh, each with their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, ease of installation and reconfiguration, and fault tolerance. The document also discusses network hardware, software, client/server models, and the roles of local, wide, and metropolitan area networks.
This document provides an introduction to networking. It defines a network as a group of connected computers and devices that allows users to share resources. Networks enable collaboration and data sharing between multiple users. The document outlines different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It distinguishes between peer-to-peer and client-server network models. Intranets are also discussed as private networks internal to an organization that use the same protocols as the public Internet but have restricted access.
This document summarizes key concepts about computer networks:
1. It defines local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs), noting that LANs connect computers that are physically close while WANs connect computers distributed beyond metropolitan areas.
2. It explains that networks allow computers to share files, resources, and programs. Servers contain shared resources and clients access those resources. Networks can be configured in a dedicated server model or peer-to-peer.
3. Essential networking hardware includes network interface cards, cables, hubs/switches, and software for connections and resource sharing. Wireless networks also connect devices without cables.
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It discusses network diagrams, classifications of networks by range including LAN, WAN, PAN and MAN. Common network topologies such as bus, star, ring and mesh are described. The OSI and TCP/IP models are explained. Common network devices, switching technologies, and transmission media are defined. Signal types including analog and digital are also summarized.
This document discusses various types of internet connections, both wired and wireless. It describes dial-up connections using phone lines and modems, as well as higher-speed broadband options like DSL and cable modems. It explains how software accesses the internet through APIs and network drivers. The document also covers wireless WAN, satellite, and wireless LAN connections. It provides details on wireless security and encryption.
This document discusses cache memory principles and provides details about cache operation, structure, organization, and design considerations. The key points covered are:
- Cache is a small, fast memory located between the CPU and main memory that stores frequently used data.
- During a cache read operation, the CPU first checks the cache for the requested data. If present, it is retrieved from the fast cache. If not, the data is read from main memory into cache.
- Cache design considerations include size, mapping function, replacement algorithm, write policy, line size, and number of cache levels.
- Modern CPUs use hierarchical cache designs with multiple levels (L1, L2, etc.) to improve performance.
Networking is the exchange of information between individuals, groups, or institutions using networks. Networks allow sharing of resources like files and printers. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) that connect computers in close proximity, metropolitan area networks (MANs) that interconnect users within a region, and wide area networks (WANs) that span large geographic areas like countries and connect smaller networks together. Devices like computers, phones, and gaming consoles that use networks or have internet access are called network devices.
This document provides an introduction to computer networking, including definitions of networking concepts and an overview of network topologies. It defines a network as connecting two or more computers to share resources like files, printers, and disk drives. There are different types of network topologies including bus, star, ring, and mesh, each with their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of cost, ease of installation and reconfiguration, and fault tolerance. The document also discusses network hardware, software, client/server models, and the roles of local, wide, and metropolitan area networks.
This document provides an introduction to networking. It defines a network as a group of connected computers and devices that allows users to share resources. Networks enable collaboration and data sharing between multiple users. The document outlines different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It distinguishes between peer-to-peer and client-server network models. Intranets are also discussed as private networks internal to an organization that use the same protocols as the public Internet but have restricted access.
This document summarizes key concepts about computer networks:
1. It defines local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs), noting that LANs connect computers that are physically close while WANs connect computers distributed beyond metropolitan areas.
2. It explains that networks allow computers to share files, resources, and programs. Servers contain shared resources and clients access those resources. Networks can be configured in a dedicated server model or peer-to-peer.
3. Essential networking hardware includes network interface cards, cables, hubs/switches, and software for connections and resource sharing. Wireless networks also connect devices without cables.
This presentation discusses computer networks and communications. It defines a computer network as a system that connects computers and peripheral devices. Communications refers to transferring information from a sender to a receiver. Computer networks use digital signals to transmit data.
The presentation outlines three main types of computer networks: local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs connect devices within a small physical area like a home or office, while MANs operate within a city. WANs have the largest scope and can span states, countries, or continents.
Network architectures are also introduced, including client-server models where servers provide resources and clients request them, and peer-to
The document discusses various types of network servers and their functions. It describes client-server and peer-to-peer network models. It also explains the roles of different servers like file servers, print servers, mail servers, database servers, and more. Network services like DNS, DHCP, and WINS are also summarized.
The document discusses computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains the need for networking. It describes the components of a network including nodes, servers, network interface units. It covers the evolution of networks from ARPANET to the internet. It discusses different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN and their characteristics. It also covers topics like communication media, switching techniques, wireless networking and networking terms.
The document discusses the architecture and workings of the Internet. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
- The Internet is a network of networks that connects millions of devices globally using standardized communication protocols like TCP/IP. There is no single entity that controls it.
- Individual networks are connected through routers that pass traffic between them. Routers know the addresses of local networks and pass packets to the appropriate outgoing link.
- IP addresses identify devices and allow location addressing. The IP layer handles packaging, addressing, and routing of data packets across the networks.
- Other important concepts discussed include protocols like TCP and UDP, the OSI model layers, DNS lookups, firewalls, and differences between internet, intr
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
This document contains questions and answers about Windows Server 2008. It discusses new features in Windows Server 2008 like the desktop environment and tools from Vista. It describes the different editions of Windows Server 2008 and how child domains create transitive trusts with the root domain. It also addresses functions of domain controllers, TCP/IP configuration tools, Active Directory objects, and deploying DNS servers.
This presentation provides an overview of motherboard components and functions. It describes the main components including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, BIOS, expansion slots, and input/output ports. It explains that the motherboard connects the central processing unit and other internal components to enable communication within the computer. Form factors like ATX and microATX determine the motherboard size and compatibility. Selecting a motherboard involves considering the CPU, case, expansion needs and warranty.
This document discusses various addressing modes and instruction formats used in computer architecture. It describes immediate, direct, indirect, register, register indirect, displacement, and stack addressing modes. It also discusses instruction formats used by processors like PDP-8, PDP-10, PDP-11, VAX, Pentium, and PowerPC that allocate bits differently based on factors like memory size, addressing modes, operands, and register sets.
This document discusses networking and telecommunication concepts. It defines communication, telecommunication, and data communication. It describes the components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. It then explains different transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also discusses bandwidth, communication mediums including guided and unguided mediums, and computer networks. Finally, it covers network topologies, devices, and types of networks.
Computer memory comes in a memory hierarchy from fastest and smallest to slower and larger. At the top are CPU registers for temporary storage, followed by cache memory for faster access. Main memory (RAM) is volatile storage inside the computer. Secondary storage devices like hard disks and optical disks provide non-volatile storage of large amounts of data. Memory and storage technologies use electrical charges, magnetic fields, or pits and lands on optical media to store binary data representing 0s and 1s.
Computer networks and it's applicationsvarun arora
This document discusses computer networks and their business applications. It defines a computer network as a system that interconnects computers and peripheral devices. It then describes three main types of networks: local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs are the smallest and cover a limited physical area like a home or single building. MANs connect multiple LANs within a city. WANs are the largest and can span countries or continents, with the Internet being the largest example. The document also covers network topologies like bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh, explaining their structures and characteristics.
FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEBMuniba Bukhari
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Internet and World Wide Web. It begins with the creation of ARPANET in 1969 by the U.S. Department of Defense to allow scientists at different locations to share information. ARPANET eventually grew into today's Internet after connections to other networks like NSFNET. The World Wide Web was developed in the 1990s, allowing for multimedia content and hyperlinks between documents through browsers and servers. Today, billions of users access the Internet for services like email, social media, e-commerce, and streaming media.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
This document discusses computer networks. It describes that the primary goals of a network are to share resources like printers, share information between computers to avoid duplicating files, and allow communication between remote locations. It defines a local area network as connecting systems within a single building using wired or wireless connections. It also explains different network topologies like star, ring and bus networks and how devices connect in each type.
VoIP allows users to make phone calls using an Internet connection instead of a traditional phone line. It works by converting voice signals to digital data that is transmitted in packets over the Internet. A VoIP network uses protocols like SIP and RTP to setup calls and transmit voice data. Components include VoIP protocols, gateways to interface with the PSTN, and codecs to compress voice signals. Businesses are attracted to VoIP as it can help reduce costs while improving utilization of bandwidth and network management. However, security risks like hacking and eavesdropping exist since VoIP uses the public Internet.
This document discusses different types of computer hardware. It describes internal hardware components like the CPU, motherboard, RAM, and ROM. It also discusses input hardware like keyboards and mice, output hardware like monitors and printers, connecting hardware such as modems and LAN cards, and storage hardware including hard disks, floppy disks, and CD-ROMs. Each type of hardware is defined and examples are provided.
One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network. Common types of area networks are:
LAN - Local Area Network
WAN - Wide Area Network
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network
CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network
PAN - Personal Area Network
LAN and WAN are the two primary and best-known categories of area networks, while the others have emerged with technology advances
This document summarizes several standards organizations and the types of standards they develop. It discusses de facto and de jure standards, and describes the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and its sectors that develop standards for radio communications, telecommunications, and development. It also outlines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its technical committees and working groups. Finally, it discusses how the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops Request for Comments (RFCs) into Internet standards through testing and approval processes.
This chapter discusses transmission basics and networking media. It describes analog and digital signaling, modulation, transmission direction, multiplexing, throughput and bandwidth, baseband and broadband transmission, flaws like noise and attenuation, and characteristics of common media like coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, fiber-optic cable, and wireless transmission. It also covers topics like cable installation, management, and choosing the right transmission medium based on factors like environment, distance, security, and growth needs.
The document discusses network communication and protocols. It begins by defining the basic elements of communication - a sender, receiver, and channel. It then covers topics like message segmentation, network components, end devices, media types, and network infrastructures. Finally, it discusses network protocols and models like TCP/IP. The key points are that communication requires a sender, receiver and channel; messages are segmented for efficiency; and protocols define rules for network communication in a standardized way.
The document discusses networking and telecommunications. It provides an overview of network basics including why organizations use networks, advantages of networks over standalone computers, and common network types including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network architectures, topologies, protocols, media, and security considerations.
This presentation discusses computer networks and communications. It defines a computer network as a system that connects computers and peripheral devices. Communications refers to transferring information from a sender to a receiver. Computer networks use digital signals to transmit data.
The presentation outlines three main types of computer networks: local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs connect devices within a small physical area like a home or office, while MANs operate within a city. WANs have the largest scope and can span states, countries, or continents.
Network architectures are also introduced, including client-server models where servers provide resources and clients request them, and peer-to
The document discusses various types of network servers and their functions. It describes client-server and peer-to-peer network models. It also explains the roles of different servers like file servers, print servers, mail servers, database servers, and more. Network services like DNS, DHCP, and WINS are also summarized.
The document discusses computer networks and networking concepts. It defines what a network is and explains the need for networking. It describes the components of a network including nodes, servers, network interface units. It covers the evolution of networks from ARPANET to the internet. It discusses different types of networks including LAN, MAN, WAN and their characteristics. It also covers topics like communication media, switching techniques, wireless networking and networking terms.
The document discusses the architecture and workings of the Internet. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
- The Internet is a network of networks that connects millions of devices globally using standardized communication protocols like TCP/IP. There is no single entity that controls it.
- Individual networks are connected through routers that pass traffic between them. Routers know the addresses of local networks and pass packets to the appropriate outgoing link.
- IP addresses identify devices and allow location addressing. The IP layer handles packaging, addressing, and routing of data packets across the networks.
- Other important concepts discussed include protocols like TCP and UDP, the OSI model layers, DNS lookups, firewalls, and differences between internet, intr
1) A computer network connects computers together to share resources like printers, files, and internet connections. Networks can be local-area networks within a building or wide-area networks spanning cities.
2) Common network topologies include star, bus, ring, tree and mesh. Star networks connect devices to a central hub while bus networks use a common backbone cable. Ring networks transmit messages in one direction around a closed loop.
3) Computer networks allow for resource sharing, improved communication and availability of information, though they also present security risks and require maintenance of hardware and software.
This document contains questions and answers about Windows Server 2008. It discusses new features in Windows Server 2008 like the desktop environment and tools from Vista. It describes the different editions of Windows Server 2008 and how child domains create transitive trusts with the root domain. It also addresses functions of domain controllers, TCP/IP configuration tools, Active Directory objects, and deploying DNS servers.
This presentation provides an overview of motherboard components and functions. It describes the main components including the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, BIOS, expansion slots, and input/output ports. It explains that the motherboard connects the central processing unit and other internal components to enable communication within the computer. Form factors like ATX and microATX determine the motherboard size and compatibility. Selecting a motherboard involves considering the CPU, case, expansion needs and warranty.
This document discusses various addressing modes and instruction formats used in computer architecture. It describes immediate, direct, indirect, register, register indirect, displacement, and stack addressing modes. It also discusses instruction formats used by processors like PDP-8, PDP-10, PDP-11, VAX, Pentium, and PowerPC that allocate bits differently based on factors like memory size, addressing modes, operands, and register sets.
This document discusses networking and telecommunication concepts. It defines communication, telecommunication, and data communication. It describes the components of data communication including the message, sender, receiver, medium, and protocols. It then explains different transmission modes such as simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex. It also discusses bandwidth, communication mediums including guided and unguided mediums, and computer networks. Finally, it covers network topologies, devices, and types of networks.
Computer memory comes in a memory hierarchy from fastest and smallest to slower and larger. At the top are CPU registers for temporary storage, followed by cache memory for faster access. Main memory (RAM) is volatile storage inside the computer. Secondary storage devices like hard disks and optical disks provide non-volatile storage of large amounts of data. Memory and storage technologies use electrical charges, magnetic fields, or pits and lands on optical media to store binary data representing 0s and 1s.
Computer networks and it's applicationsvarun arora
This document discusses computer networks and their business applications. It defines a computer network as a system that interconnects computers and peripheral devices. It then describes three main types of networks: local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs are the smallest and cover a limited physical area like a home or single building. MANs connect multiple LANs within a city. WANs are the largest and can span countries or continents, with the Internet being the largest example. The document also covers network topologies like bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh, explaining their structures and characteristics.
FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEBMuniba Bukhari
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Internet and World Wide Web. It begins with the creation of ARPANET in 1969 by the U.S. Department of Defense to allow scientists at different locations to share information. ARPANET eventually grew into today's Internet after connections to other networks like NSFNET. The World Wide Web was developed in the 1990s, allowing for multimedia content and hyperlinks between documents through browsers and servers. Today, billions of users access the Internet for services like email, social media, e-commerce, and streaming media.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
This document discusses computer networks. It describes that the primary goals of a network are to share resources like printers, share information between computers to avoid duplicating files, and allow communication between remote locations. It defines a local area network as connecting systems within a single building using wired or wireless connections. It also explains different network topologies like star, ring and bus networks and how devices connect in each type.
VoIP allows users to make phone calls using an Internet connection instead of a traditional phone line. It works by converting voice signals to digital data that is transmitted in packets over the Internet. A VoIP network uses protocols like SIP and RTP to setup calls and transmit voice data. Components include VoIP protocols, gateways to interface with the PSTN, and codecs to compress voice signals. Businesses are attracted to VoIP as it can help reduce costs while improving utilization of bandwidth and network management. However, security risks like hacking and eavesdropping exist since VoIP uses the public Internet.
This document discusses different types of computer hardware. It describes internal hardware components like the CPU, motherboard, RAM, and ROM. It also discusses input hardware like keyboards and mice, output hardware like monitors and printers, connecting hardware such as modems and LAN cards, and storage hardware including hard disks, floppy disks, and CD-ROMs. Each type of hardware is defined and examples are provided.
One way to categorize the different types of computer network designs is by their scope or scale. For historical reasons, the networking industry refers to nearly every type of design as some kind of area network. Common types of area networks are:
LAN - Local Area Network
WAN - Wide Area Network
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
SAN - Storage Area Network, System Area Network, Server Area Network, or sometimes Small Area Network
CAN - Campus Area Network, Controller Area Network, or sometimes Cluster Area Network
PAN - Personal Area Network
LAN and WAN are the two primary and best-known categories of area networks, while the others have emerged with technology advances
This document summarizes several standards organizations and the types of standards they develop. It discusses de facto and de jure standards, and describes the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and its sectors that develop standards for radio communications, telecommunications, and development. It also outlines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its technical committees and working groups. Finally, it discusses how the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops Request for Comments (RFCs) into Internet standards through testing and approval processes.
This chapter discusses transmission basics and networking media. It describes analog and digital signaling, modulation, transmission direction, multiplexing, throughput and bandwidth, baseband and broadband transmission, flaws like noise and attenuation, and characteristics of common media like coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, fiber-optic cable, and wireless transmission. It also covers topics like cable installation, management, and choosing the right transmission medium based on factors like environment, distance, security, and growth needs.
The document discusses network communication and protocols. It begins by defining the basic elements of communication - a sender, receiver, and channel. It then covers topics like message segmentation, network components, end devices, media types, and network infrastructures. Finally, it discusses network protocols and models like TCP/IP. The key points are that communication requires a sender, receiver and channel; messages are segmented for efficiency; and protocols define rules for network communication in a standardized way.
The document discusses networking and telecommunications. It provides an overview of network basics including why organizations use networks, advantages of networks over standalone computers, and common network types including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers network architectures, topologies, protocols, media, and security considerations.
A computer network connects independent computers that communicate over a shared network medium. The basic components of a network include at least two computers (servers or clients), networking interface cards, a connection medium like cables, and network operating system software. There are different types of networks including LANs, WANs, intranets, and the Internet. The OSI model defines seven layers of network functionality from the physical layer up to the application layer. TCP/IP is an open networking model used on the Internet with layers including physical, internet, and transport layers.
The document discusses key concepts of networking including the three basic elements required: network hardware, software, and protocols. It describes common network types like LAN, WAN, and MAN and compares peer-to-peer and server-based networks. The OSI reference model and TCP/IP model are explained along with common network devices, cabling, and IP addressing schemes.
Everything you need to know about network troubleshooting can be learned in elementary school. Networking involves hardware and software that allows computers to communicate. No two networks are exactly alike. Basic network components include end stations, applications, and the network itself. The OSI model provides a standard way to understand how data moves through a network via different layers. TCP/IP is the most common network protocol and uses IP for addressing and routing and TCP for reliable data delivery. Gathering basic network statistics is an important part of troubleshooting.
Networking involves connecting electronic devices like computers to share resources and communicate. It allows devices to share internet access, hardware like printers, files and folders, and play multiplayer games. Networks use various topologies like star, bus or mesh to connect devices via physical cables or wireless links, and network protocols allow the connected devices to communicate according to shared rules.
The document discusses communication over networks and introduces several key concepts:
1. It describes the basic elements of communication including a source, destination, and channel. It notes devices communicate in the same way with senders, receivers, and a pathway.
2. It discusses how segmenting data into smaller packets allows for multiplexing of different transmissions and increases reliability over the network by allowing alternate paths if one fails.
3. It introduces the different components that make up a network including end devices, intermediary devices, and different types of media that provide the channel for communication.
The document provides an overview of computer networking, including definitions of key terms like computer network and network topology. It discusses why networks are needed, how they work, common network models like OSI and TCP/IP. It also covers topics like IP addressing, different network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), common network devices, applications, and security concerns.
A computer network connects two or more computers to allow sharing of resources, files, and communication. It requires cables or wireless connections between devices, a router to manage traffic, and may include additional components like switches, firewalls, and wireless access points. Computer networks can be configured as peer-to-peer or client-server and use various topologies to connect devices. Common network types include LAN, MAN, WAN and PAN, and protocols like TCP and IP allow communication over the network. Networks are used for applications such as file sharing, printing, email, gaming, business, education, and entertainment.
The document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses what a network is, why networks are needed, and how they are classified based on scale, connection method, and relationship. The key types of networks covered are personal area networks, local area networks, campus area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, and virtual private networks. Basic network hardware components are also introduced.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in network communication, including:
- The three basic elements of communication are a message source, destination, and channel. Data is segmented for transmission and multiplexed across the network.
- Network devices include end devices like hosts/PCs and intermediary devices like switches and routers that direct data flow. Media like wires and wireless carry signals between devices.
- Models like OSI and TCP/IP organize the functions involved in network communication into logical layers to standardize protocols.
This chapter overview document summarizes the contents and objectives of Chapter 8 from the IT Essentials textbook on networking principles, standards, and purposes. The chapter covers topics like network topologies, protocols, hardware components, configuration, troubleshooting, and more. It includes student worksheets, activities, and labs to help instructors teach the material.
Networks connect computers and devices to share resources. Peer-to-peer networks allow direct communication between devices while client/server networks rely on centralized servers with more power. Common network elements include clients, servers, protocols, and transmission media. Networks provide services like file/print sharing, email, internet access, and remote management. Becoming a network professional requires technical skills, soft skills, certification, and involvement in professional associations.
This document provides an overview of networks and telecommunications for an information systems course. It discusses the key components of telecommunications networks, including terminals, processors, channels, computers and software. It describes different network topologies like star, ring and bus configurations. The document also covers telecommunications protocols like OSI and TCP/IP, trends in telecommunications, and popular business uses of the internet like email, e-commerce and overcoming barriers.
The document provides an overview of computer networking fundamentals including:
- The seven layers of the OSI reference model and their functions from physical transmission to application interfaces.
- Reasons for using a layered networking model including modularity, interoperability, and error checking.
- Key networking concepts such as MAC addresses, connection-oriented vs. connectionless transmission, and data encapsulation.
Module 1 notes for IoT BETCK105H (VTU) Introduction to IoTashwini870728
The document discusses the basics of networking including network types, components, topologies, and layered models. It describes point-to-point and point-to-multipoint connections, basic network components like servers, clients, and transmission media. It also summarizes common network topologies, the reach of different network types, and layered models including OSI and TCP/IP.
The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including:
- What is computer networking and the benefits of networking such as resource sharing.
- Types of networks including LAN, WLAN, MAN, and WAN.
- Data packets and how data is broken into packets for transmission.
- Network protocols and the OSI reference model which defines 7 layers of network communication.
The document provides an overview of computer networking basics including definitions, elements, and concepts. It discusses:
- The basic elements of computer networking including nodes, links, protocols, IP addresses, DNS, and firewalls.
- Network topologies like star, bus, ring, mesh and their advantages/disadvantages.
- Reference models including OSI model with its 7 layers and TCP/IP model with its 4 layers.
- Types of computer networks including LAN, MAN, WAN, VLAN, VPN, and PAN.
- Issues around networking standards and critiques of OSI and TCP/IP models.
This document provides an overview of networking and internetworking concepts. It defines what a network is and some common network protocols like TCP/IP. It discusses how network speed is measured by bit rate and latency. It then covers local area networks, wide area networks, and the internet. The document explains the purpose of networks for file sharing, communication, and remote program execution. It also discusses network messaging and different network service models like the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model. Finally, it provides a simplified example of how the TCP/IP protocol functions to route a packet from a source to destination across multiple routers.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the creation of images and videos, enabling the generation of highly realistic and imaginative visual content. Utilizing advanced techniques like Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and neural style transfer, AI can transform simple sketches into detailed artwork or blend various styles into unique visual masterpieces. GANs, in particular, function by pitting two neural networks against each other, resulting in the production of remarkably lifelike images. AI's ability to analyze and learn from vast datasets allows it to create visuals that not only mimic human creativity but also push the boundaries of artistic expression, making it a powerful tool in digital media and entertainment industries.
Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
Tapping into the creative side of your brain to come up with truly innovative approaches. These strategies are based on original research from Stanford University lecturer Matt Vassar, where he discusses how you can use them to come up with truly innovative solutions, regardless of whether you're using to come up with a creative and memorable angle for a business pitch--or if you're coming up with business or technical innovations.
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5. Scope
Creation of Local Area Network with
MS desktop operating systems.
Creation of Local Area Network with
MS Server & MS desktop operating
systems.
Sharing Files, Peripherals & Internet.
Over View of IIS, Terminal services,
Remote Network.
Resource & Network Management.
7. Principles of Networking
Networks are systems
that are formed by
links.
People use different
types of networks every
day.
8. Computer Networks
A computer network is
a collection of hosts
connected by
networking devices
such as
• Computers,
• Printers,
• Scanners,
• File and print servers.
9. Benefits of Computer Networking
Some benefits from
networking includes:
• Fewer peripherals needed
• Increased communication
capabilities
• Avoid file duplication and
corruption
• Lower cost licensing
• Centralized administration
10. Types of Computer Networking
A computer network is
identified by:
• The type of media used to
connect the devices
• The type of networking
devices used
• How the resources are
managed
• How the network is organized
• How the data is stored
• The area it serves
11. Types of Computer Network
LAN: A group of interconnected
computers under one administrative
control group.
WAN: A networks that connects LANs
in Geographically separated locations.
WLAN: Group of wireless devices that
connect to access points within a
specified area.
MAN: metropolitan area network falls
in middle of LAN and WAN, It covers
large span of physical area than LAN
but smaller than WAN, such as a city.
SAN: Storage area network connects
servers to data storage devices .
CAN: Campus Area Network
12. Types of Computer Network Link
Network devices link together using
mainly following connections:
Copper cabling
Fiber-optic cabling
Wireless connection
13. Physical Types of Networks
(Peer-to-Peer)
Peer-to-peer networks:
Peer-to-peer is a communications model in which
each party has the same capabilities and either
party can initiate a communication session.
14. Physical Types of Networks
(Client -Server)
In a client/server model, the client requests
information or services from the server. The
server provides the requested information or
service to the client.
15. Multiple Servers for Services
Directory Services Server
Database Server
Mail Server
File and Print Server
32. Bandwidth
Bandwidth is the amount of data that can
be transmitted within a fixed time period.
Bandwidth is measured in bits per second
and is usually denoted by the following:
•bps - bits per second
•Kbps - kilobits per second
•Mbps - megabits per second
33. Latency
Latency is the amount of time it takes data to travel from
source to destination.
34. Data Transmission Modes
Data is transmitted in one of
three modes:
• Simplex (Unidirectional
transmission) is a single, one-
way transmission.
• Half-duplex allows data to
flow in one direction at a time.
• Full-duplex allows data to
flow in both directions at the
same time.
35. CSMA/CD
Characteristics Description
Access Method CSMA/CD
Transfer Speed
Standard Ethernet – 10 Mbps
Fast Ethernet – 100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)
Detects signalTransmits signal Collision detected
36. Hubs & Repeaters
Transmits data to
all connected computers
Transmits data to all connected
computers in a star topology
Repeater
Hub
46. OSI Layers –
Responsibilities:
anything not provided by any of the other layers
Issues:
application level protocols
appropriate selection of “type of service”
Application Layer
47. OSI Layers –
Responsibilities:
data encryption
data compression
data conversion
Many protocol suites do not include a Presentation Layer.
Presentation Layer
48. OSI Layers – Responsibilities
Responsibilities:
establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between
applications.
Many protocol suites do not include a session layer.
Session Layer
49. OSI Layers – Responsibilities
Responsibilities:
provides virtual end-to-end links between peer
processes.
end-to-end flow control
Issues:
headers
error detection
reliable communication
Transport Layer
50. OSI Layers – Responsibilities
Responsibilities:
path selection between end-systems (routing).
subnet flow control.
fragmentation & reassembly
translation between different network types.
Issues:
packet headers
virtual circuits
Network Layer
51. OSI Layers – Responsibilities
Responsibility:
provide an error-free communication link
Issues:
framing (dividing data into chunks)
header & trailer bits
Addressing
Responsibilities: MAC Sublayer
Medium Access Control - needed by mutiaccess networks.
MAC provides DLC with “virtual wires” on multiaccess networks.
10110110101 01100010011 10110000001
Data Link Layer
52. OSI Layers – Responsibilities
Responsibility:
transmission of raw bits over a communication
channel.
Issues:
mechanical and electrical interfaces
time per bit
distances
Physical Layer
60. Types of Data Transmission
Unicast
Broadcast
Multicast
61. Internetworking Protocols
Network Protocols are the
formal description of a set of
rules and conventions that
govern how devices on the
network layer (layer 3 of the
OSI model) exchange
information.
Protocols provide the link by
which systems connected to
a network may talk to each
other
For two end systems to talk
to each other, they must
effectively “speak the same
language”
62. Key Concerns Addressed by Protocols
Syntax: data format, voltage levels and
bit encoding
Controls: control information for
controlling network functions
Timing: synchronization and flow control
63. Segmentation/Reassembly
Data is segmented into
protocol data units (PDUs)
Error control is more efficient
with smaller blocks of data
64. Encapsulation
PDUs contain control
information as well
as the data handed
to it
Attaching of control
information to the
head of a PDU is
known as
encapsulation
66. IP Address
S.No Class Range Allocation
1 A 1 – 126 N.H.H.H
2 B 128 – 191 N.N.H.H
3 C 192 – 223 N.N.N.H
4 D 224 – 239 Not applicable
5 E 240 – 255 Not applicable
N=Network
H=Host
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