This document proposes a 3 layered filtering approach to help developers and managers efficiently implement changes to agile software projects based on new requirements. The first layer classifies requirement changes. The second layer identifies which architecture layers will be affected. The third layer selects the appropriate agile methodology based on the first two layers. Each layer iterates as new requirements emerge, with layers tightly related to each other. This provides a way to abstract and prioritize different issues related to new requirements, allowing changes to be made with less time and money spent.
Software Engineering Important Short Question for ExamsMuhammadTalha436
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. The software development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases like requirements, design, implementation, testing, etc.
2. The waterfall model and its phases from modeling to maintenance.
3. The purpose of feasibility studies, data flow diagrams, and entity relationship diagrams.
4. Different types of testing done during the testing phase like unit, integration, system, black box and white box testing.
This document provides an outline and details of the key topics covered in Unit 1 of a Software Engineering course, including defining framework activities, identifying task sets, and process patterns. The five framework activities are communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. Process patterns describe process-related problems, the environment they occur in, and proven solutions. The document also discusses approaches to software process assessment and improvement like SCAMPI, CBA IPI, SPICE, and ISO 9001:2000.
The document discusses software architecture and design patterns. It covers topics like envisioning architecture, quality attributes, architectural patterns, reference models and architectures. It describes the architecture business cycle and how architecture is influenced by technical, business and social factors. It also discusses creating and designing architecture, documenting architectures, and reconstructing software architectures. The key aspects covered include architectural structures and views, tactics for achieving qualities like availability, modifiability and more.
System modeling involves creating abstract models of a system from different perspectives, such as context, interactions, structure, and behavior. These models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Context models show a system's external environment and relationships. Interaction models, such as use case and sequence diagrams, depict how users and systems interact. Structural models, like class diagrams, represent a system's internal organization. Behavioral models, including activity and state diagrams, illustrate a system's dynamic response to events or data. Model-driven engineering aims to generate implementation from system models.
This document provides an overview of software engineering and a generic process model. It discusses that software should be engineered to meet 21st century challenges. A software engineering process involves communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment activities applied iteratively. It also involves umbrella activities like tracking, reviews, and configuration management. Finally, it presents a schematic of a generic process model showing the relationship between framework activities, actions, and tasks.
This document provides an overview of a bank management system called BANDICO. It includes a table of contents, lists of tables and figures, and 5 chapters. Chapter 1 defines the problem and objectives of the system. It describes issues currently faced by banks and customers. Chapter 2 covers the system analysis and design, including block diagrams, use cases, entity-relationship diagrams, and data flow diagrams. Chapter 3 provides a summary and discusses the future scope of the system. The document presents information on requirements gathering and system modeling for developing a software system to help manage bank operations and customer services more efficiently.
This document outlines the key components and purpose of a software design document. It explains that the document lays out a plan for software requirements and specifications to guide programmers. The main sections are an introduction, system overview, system architecture, data design, component design, human interface design, requirements, and optionally appendices. The design document provides essential information for programmers to write code according to the envisioned system design. It helps ensure clear communication between designers and programmers.
Software Engineering Important Short Question for ExamsMuhammadTalha436
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1. The software development life cycle (SDLC) and its phases like requirements, design, implementation, testing, etc.
2. The waterfall model and its phases from modeling to maintenance.
3. The purpose of feasibility studies, data flow diagrams, and entity relationship diagrams.
4. Different types of testing done during the testing phase like unit, integration, system, black box and white box testing.
This document provides an outline and details of the key topics covered in Unit 1 of a Software Engineering course, including defining framework activities, identifying task sets, and process patterns. The five framework activities are communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. Process patterns describe process-related problems, the environment they occur in, and proven solutions. The document also discusses approaches to software process assessment and improvement like SCAMPI, CBA IPI, SPICE, and ISO 9001:2000.
The document discusses software architecture and design patterns. It covers topics like envisioning architecture, quality attributes, architectural patterns, reference models and architectures. It describes the architecture business cycle and how architecture is influenced by technical, business and social factors. It also discusses creating and designing architecture, documenting architectures, and reconstructing software architectures. The key aspects covered include architectural structures and views, tactics for achieving qualities like availability, modifiability and more.
System modeling involves creating abstract models of a system from different perspectives, such as context, interactions, structure, and behavior. These models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Context models show a system's external environment and relationships. Interaction models, such as use case and sequence diagrams, depict how users and systems interact. Structural models, like class diagrams, represent a system's internal organization. Behavioral models, including activity and state diagrams, illustrate a system's dynamic response to events or data. Model-driven engineering aims to generate implementation from system models.
This document provides an overview of software engineering and a generic process model. It discusses that software should be engineered to meet 21st century challenges. A software engineering process involves communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment activities applied iteratively. It also involves umbrella activities like tracking, reviews, and configuration management. Finally, it presents a schematic of a generic process model showing the relationship between framework activities, actions, and tasks.
This document provides an overview of a bank management system called BANDICO. It includes a table of contents, lists of tables and figures, and 5 chapters. Chapter 1 defines the problem and objectives of the system. It describes issues currently faced by banks and customers. Chapter 2 covers the system analysis and design, including block diagrams, use cases, entity-relationship diagrams, and data flow diagrams. Chapter 3 provides a summary and discusses the future scope of the system. The document presents information on requirements gathering and system modeling for developing a software system to help manage bank operations and customer services more efficiently.
This document outlines the key components and purpose of a software design document. It explains that the document lays out a plan for software requirements and specifications to guide programmers. The main sections are an introduction, system overview, system architecture, data design, component design, human interface design, requirements, and optionally appendices. The design document provides essential information for programmers to write code according to the envisioned system design. It helps ensure clear communication between designers and programmers.
This document provides an overview of software architectures and architectural structures. It discusses different types of architectural structures, including module structures, component-and-connector structures, and allocation structures. Module structures focus on modules and their relationships, component-and-connector structures examine runtime components and connectors, and allocation structures show how software elements map to environments. The document then examines specific architectural structures like modules, layers, classes, processes, repositories, and deployment. It emphasizes that an architect should focus on a few key structures like logical, process, development, and physical views to validate that the architecture meets requirements.
The document discusses various prescriptive software process models including the waterfall model, incremental process model, evolutionary process model, and prototyping. The waterfall model proposes a sequential approach from requirements to deployment. The incremental model produces deliverable software increments. Evolutionary models iteratively produce more complete versions. Prototyping builds prototypes to help define requirements through evaluation. Issues with each approach are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 7 on software design and implementation, including object-oriented design using UML, design patterns, implementation issues, and open source development. It discusses the design and implementation process, build vs buy approaches, object-oriented design processes involving system models, and key activities like defining system context, identifying objects and interfaces. Specific examples are provided for designing a wilderness weather station system.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including:
- The main activities in software design are data design, architectural design, procedural design, and sometimes interface design. Preliminary design transforms requirements into architecture while detail design refines the architecture.
- Data design develops data structures to represent information from analysis. Architectural design defines program structure and interfaces. Procedural design represents structural components procedurally using notations like flowcharts.
- Other concepts discussed include modularity, abstraction, software architecture, control hierarchy, data structures, and information hiding. Modular design, abstraction and information hiding help manage complexity. Software architecture and control hierarchy define program organization.
This document discusses requirements analysis, specifications, and quality assurance for embedded and real-time systems. It covers defining functional and non-functional requirements, creating unambiguous specifications, and designing system architecture using tools like CRC cards and state machine models. Quality is ensured through following standards like ISO 9000 and assessing process maturity using the Capability Maturity Model.
This document provides an overview of key design concepts in software engineering, including abstraction, architecture, patterns, and others. It discusses how software design has evolved over decades to incorporate these concepts. Abstraction involves representing solutions at different levels of detail. Architecture defines the overall structure of a software system. Patterns describe proven solutions to common problems. The document also discusses quality guidelines for software design and how the design process fits within the broader context of software engineering.
Unit iv -Documenting and Implementation of Software ArchitectureDhivyaa C.R
The document discusses documenting and implementing software architecture. It covers using views and notations to document architecture, including module, component-and-connector, and allocation views. It also discusses quality views that focus on specific attributes like security and communication. Architecture documentation serves educational, communication, and construction purposes.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the nature of software, characteristics of software, software application domains, and legacy software. It defines software engineering as a systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approach for software development, operation, and maintenance. Some key points include:
- Software has instructions, data structures, and documentation but is developed not manufactured.
- Software doesn't physically wear out over time like hardware.
- Most software is still custom built rather than using reusable components.
- Major application domains include system software, engineering software, web applications, and artificial intelligence software.
- Legacy software evolves over time to meet new requirements and technologies but can be costly and risky to maintain.
The document discusses software architecture and its importance in software design. It describes how architecture allows engineers to analyze a design's effectiveness, consider alternatives, and reduce risks. It also outlines several common architectural styles like data-centered, data flow, call and return, object-oriented, and layered architectures. Specific architectural patterns for concurrency, persistence, and distribution are also mentioned. The document concludes by describing architectural context diagrams, archetypes, components, and how they are used in architectural design.
The document discusses architectural design in software engineering. It covers topics like architectural design decisions, views, patterns, and application architectures. Architectural design involves identifying major system components and their communications in order to represent the link between specification and design processes. Common architectural patterns discussed include model-view-controller, layered architectures, repositories, client-server, pipes and filters. The document also provides examples of architectures for different types of applications like transaction processing systems and information systems.
This document provides an introduction to software architecture. It discusses what software architecture is, popular architecture styles, quality attributes of a system, and architecture design guidelines. The key points are:
- Software architecture is the high-level design of a system that guides its construction and development. It defines the relationship between major structural elements.
- Popular architecture styles include layered, pipes and filters, and event-based. Each style has advantages and disadvantages for certain quality attributes.
- Quality attributes include implementation attributes like maintainability, runtime attributes like performance and availability, and business attributes like time to market. There are often tradeoffs between attributes.
- Architecture design guidelines include thinking about requirements before design, using abstraction, considering non-
The document discusses different software development process models including the spiral model, concurrent model, and component-based development model. The spiral model is an evolutionary model that combines iterative development and risk analysis. It involves progressively more complete versions of the software through iterations. The concurrent model allows activities like modeling, analysis, and design to progress concurrently in different states. The component-based development model is evolutionary and reuse prepackaged software components, researching available products, designing architecture, and integrating and testing components.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, modularity, information hiding, functional independence, and refactoring. It also covers design patterns, architectural patterns, data abstraction, procedural abstraction, architecture, and principles of good modular design.
Software design is the process of transforming user requirements into a suitable form for programmers to use for coding and implementation. It is the first step in the software development life cycle and moves the focus from understanding user needs to determining technical solutions. The output of software design can be directly used for programming. Software design yields three levels of results - architectural design, high-level design, and detailed design - which break the system down into more specific components and their interactions. Modularization, concurrency, coupling, and cohesion are important concepts in software design. Verification of the software design output is important before implementation to detect any issues early.
The document discusses requirements engineering and summarizes key topics covered in Chapter 4, including:
- Functional and non-functional requirements and how they differ
- The structure and purpose of a software requirements specification document
- Methods for specifying requirements such as using natural language, structured specifications, and tables
- Challenges in writing requirements clearly and avoiding ambiguity or mixing of requirement types
This document discusses software processes and models. It covers the following key points:
1. Software processes involve activities like specification, design, implementation, validation and evolution to develop software systems. Common process models include waterfall, incremental development and reuse-oriented development.
2. Processes need to cope with inevitable changes. This can involve prototyping to avoid rework or using incremental development and delivery to more easily accommodate changes.
3. The Rational Unified Process is a modern process model with phases for inception, elaboration, construction and transition. It advocates iterative development and managing requirements and quality.
The document discusses the design and implementation process in software engineering. It covers topics like using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for object-oriented design, design patterns, and implementation issues. It then discusses the design process, including identifying system contexts and interactions, architectural design, identifying object classes, and creating design models like subsystem, sequence, and state diagrams. The example of designing a weather station system is used to illustrate these design concepts and activities.
The document outlines the shots, angles, audio, and actions for 6 scenes of a film. In the first scene, a character named Ella is introduced presenting her new car design. In the second scene, Ella is shown in her private office where she receives praise for her work. The third scene shows Ella's glamorous lifestyle at home. The fourth scene introduces another character, Elmo, working at his home. The fifth scene shows Elmo doing sign language with children. The sixth scene is where Ella and Elmo meet and fall in love at first sight.
This document summarizes how the author created a movie poster in Adobe Photoshop. They experimented with colors and tools like the zoom tool to fix errors and the crop tool to remove backgrounds from images. Cropping backgrounds allowed the images to be placed over any background, creating a more professional look. Testing different colors led the author to choose red for the title, as it fit the genre and looked good against the black background. In conclusion, exploring Photoshop's tools and colors helped convey the genre and story in the poster.
This document provides an overview of software architectures and architectural structures. It discusses different types of architectural structures, including module structures, component-and-connector structures, and allocation structures. Module structures focus on modules and their relationships, component-and-connector structures examine runtime components and connectors, and allocation structures show how software elements map to environments. The document then examines specific architectural structures like modules, layers, classes, processes, repositories, and deployment. It emphasizes that an architect should focus on a few key structures like logical, process, development, and physical views to validate that the architecture meets requirements.
The document discusses various prescriptive software process models including the waterfall model, incremental process model, evolutionary process model, and prototyping. The waterfall model proposes a sequential approach from requirements to deployment. The incremental model produces deliverable software increments. Evolutionary models iteratively produce more complete versions. Prototyping builds prototypes to help define requirements through evaluation. Issues with each approach are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in Chapter 7 on software design and implementation, including object-oriented design using UML, design patterns, implementation issues, and open source development. It discusses the design and implementation process, build vs buy approaches, object-oriented design processes involving system models, and key activities like defining system context, identifying objects and interfaces. Specific examples are provided for designing a wilderness weather station system.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including:
- The main activities in software design are data design, architectural design, procedural design, and sometimes interface design. Preliminary design transforms requirements into architecture while detail design refines the architecture.
- Data design develops data structures to represent information from analysis. Architectural design defines program structure and interfaces. Procedural design represents structural components procedurally using notations like flowcharts.
- Other concepts discussed include modularity, abstraction, software architecture, control hierarchy, data structures, and information hiding. Modular design, abstraction and information hiding help manage complexity. Software architecture and control hierarchy define program organization.
This document discusses requirements analysis, specifications, and quality assurance for embedded and real-time systems. It covers defining functional and non-functional requirements, creating unambiguous specifications, and designing system architecture using tools like CRC cards and state machine models. Quality is ensured through following standards like ISO 9000 and assessing process maturity using the Capability Maturity Model.
This document provides an overview of key design concepts in software engineering, including abstraction, architecture, patterns, and others. It discusses how software design has evolved over decades to incorporate these concepts. Abstraction involves representing solutions at different levels of detail. Architecture defines the overall structure of a software system. Patterns describe proven solutions to common problems. The document also discusses quality guidelines for software design and how the design process fits within the broader context of software engineering.
Unit iv -Documenting and Implementation of Software ArchitectureDhivyaa C.R
The document discusses documenting and implementing software architecture. It covers using views and notations to document architecture, including module, component-and-connector, and allocation views. It also discusses quality views that focus on specific attributes like security and communication. Architecture documentation serves educational, communication, and construction purposes.
This document provides an overview of software engineering concepts including the nature of software, characteristics of software, software application domains, and legacy software. It defines software engineering as a systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approach for software development, operation, and maintenance. Some key points include:
- Software has instructions, data structures, and documentation but is developed not manufactured.
- Software doesn't physically wear out over time like hardware.
- Most software is still custom built rather than using reusable components.
- Major application domains include system software, engineering software, web applications, and artificial intelligence software.
- Legacy software evolves over time to meet new requirements and technologies but can be costly and risky to maintain.
The document discusses software architecture and its importance in software design. It describes how architecture allows engineers to analyze a design's effectiveness, consider alternatives, and reduce risks. It also outlines several common architectural styles like data-centered, data flow, call and return, object-oriented, and layered architectures. Specific architectural patterns for concurrency, persistence, and distribution are also mentioned. The document concludes by describing architectural context diagrams, archetypes, components, and how they are used in architectural design.
The document discusses architectural design in software engineering. It covers topics like architectural design decisions, views, patterns, and application architectures. Architectural design involves identifying major system components and their communications in order to represent the link between specification and design processes. Common architectural patterns discussed include model-view-controller, layered architectures, repositories, client-server, pipes and filters. The document also provides examples of architectures for different types of applications like transaction processing systems and information systems.
This document provides an introduction to software architecture. It discusses what software architecture is, popular architecture styles, quality attributes of a system, and architecture design guidelines. The key points are:
- Software architecture is the high-level design of a system that guides its construction and development. It defines the relationship between major structural elements.
- Popular architecture styles include layered, pipes and filters, and event-based. Each style has advantages and disadvantages for certain quality attributes.
- Quality attributes include implementation attributes like maintainability, runtime attributes like performance and availability, and business attributes like time to market. There are often tradeoffs between attributes.
- Architecture design guidelines include thinking about requirements before design, using abstraction, considering non-
The document discusses different software development process models including the spiral model, concurrent model, and component-based development model. The spiral model is an evolutionary model that combines iterative development and risk analysis. It involves progressively more complete versions of the software through iterations. The concurrent model allows activities like modeling, analysis, and design to progress concurrently in different states. The component-based development model is evolutionary and reuse prepackaged software components, researching available products, designing architecture, and integrating and testing components.
Architecture design in software engineeringPreeti Mishra
The document discusses software architectural design. It defines architecture as the structure of a system's components, their relationships, and properties. An architectural design model is transferable across different systems. The architecture enables analysis of design requirements and consideration of alternatives early in development. It represents the system in an intellectually graspable way. Common architectural styles structure systems and their components in different ways, such as data-centered, data flow, and call-and-return styles.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, modularity, information hiding, functional independence, and refactoring. It also covers design patterns, architectural patterns, data abstraction, procedural abstraction, architecture, and principles of good modular design.
Software design is the process of transforming user requirements into a suitable form for programmers to use for coding and implementation. It is the first step in the software development life cycle and moves the focus from understanding user needs to determining technical solutions. The output of software design can be directly used for programming. Software design yields three levels of results - architectural design, high-level design, and detailed design - which break the system down into more specific components and their interactions. Modularization, concurrency, coupling, and cohesion are important concepts in software design. Verification of the software design output is important before implementation to detect any issues early.
The document discusses requirements engineering and summarizes key topics covered in Chapter 4, including:
- Functional and non-functional requirements and how they differ
- The structure and purpose of a software requirements specification document
- Methods for specifying requirements such as using natural language, structured specifications, and tables
- Challenges in writing requirements clearly and avoiding ambiguity or mixing of requirement types
This document discusses software processes and models. It covers the following key points:
1. Software processes involve activities like specification, design, implementation, validation and evolution to develop software systems. Common process models include waterfall, incremental development and reuse-oriented development.
2. Processes need to cope with inevitable changes. This can involve prototyping to avoid rework or using incremental development and delivery to more easily accommodate changes.
3. The Rational Unified Process is a modern process model with phases for inception, elaboration, construction and transition. It advocates iterative development and managing requirements and quality.
The document discusses the design and implementation process in software engineering. It covers topics like using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) for object-oriented design, design patterns, and implementation issues. It then discusses the design process, including identifying system contexts and interactions, architectural design, identifying object classes, and creating design models like subsystem, sequence, and state diagrams. The example of designing a weather station system is used to illustrate these design concepts and activities.
The document outlines the shots, angles, audio, and actions for 6 scenes of a film. In the first scene, a character named Ella is introduced presenting her new car design. In the second scene, Ella is shown in her private office where she receives praise for her work. The third scene shows Ella's glamorous lifestyle at home. The fourth scene introduces another character, Elmo, working at his home. The fifth scene shows Elmo doing sign language with children. The sixth scene is where Ella and Elmo meet and fall in love at first sight.
This document summarizes how the author created a movie poster in Adobe Photoshop. They experimented with colors and tools like the zoom tool to fix errors and the crop tool to remove backgrounds from images. Cropping backgrounds allowed the images to be placed over any background, creating a more professional look. Testing different colors led the author to choose red for the title, as it fit the genre and looked good against the black background. In conclusion, exploring Photoshop's tools and colors helped convey the genre and story in the poster.
The document summarizes market research conducted to identify a target audience for a film project. A survey was administered to 100 people of varying ages and genders. Results showed that young adults preferred comedy and romance genres the most, while teenagers preferred thriller, action, horror and crime genres. Older groups preferred science fiction, comedy and musicals. Females preferred comedy, thriller, romance and musicals over males, who preferred action, science fiction and horror. Based on the findings that teenagers enjoy crime, thriller and gangster genres, and that all age groups watch those genres, the document concludes the film should be rated 15+ and be in the crime thriller genre.
Windows 8 and the cloud a match made in heavenNoam Sheffer
Windows 8 introduced changes to address shortcomings of previous versions for tablets, including improved touch and sensor support, a unified interface, and an app store. It features a new "Metro" touch-oriented interface and supports both "Metro"-style apps and traditional desktop apps. Apps use the new Windows Runtime APIs and can be written in common languages like .NET and JavaScript. The app model suspends inactive apps to improve performance and battery life instead of terminating them. Tiles on the Start screen can be dynamically updated using push notifications. Windows Azure provides cloud services for app developers to scale their apps.
Integrated marketing communications using LinkedIn can help coordinate marketing efforts and grow a business. LinkedIn is positioned as the central hub, where demonstrating expertise over time through various activities like blog posts, social media updates, and email marketing can help win new clients. Setting up a complete profile, engaging with connections on LinkedIn through regular posting, and using features like advanced searching enable businesses to increase visibility and drive referrals or new sales opportunities.
The document is a term paper on efficient performance models in component-based software engineering. It discusses component-based software engineering as a development model that allows developers to rapidly assemble systems from pre-existing commercial off-the-shelf components. It describes what components are, component models, advantages and disadvantages of the approach, and concludes that component-based engineering provides an easy way to develop software but relies on well-defined component standards.
The document discusses the software crisis that occurred from 1960-1980 when many software projects unsuccessfully attempted to build large systems. This was due to increasing demands, low expectations, and a lack of problem understanding. Software engineering principles were developed to address this crisis by applying systematic and disciplined approaches. The key characteristics of software like maintainability and security are discussed. The software development process includes specification, design/implementation, validation, and evolution. Different software development models like waterfall, prototyping, and spiral are also summarized.
Elementary Probability theory Chapter 2.pptxethiouniverse
The document discusses various software process models including waterfall, iterative, incremental, evolutionary (prototyping and spiral), and component-based development models. It describes the key activities and characteristics of each model and discusses when each may be applicable. The waterfall model presents a linear sequential flow while evolutionary models like prototyping and spiral are iterative and incremental to accommodate changing requirements.
The document discusses various topics related to software engineering including:
1) How early days of software development have affected modern practices.
2) Definitions of software engineering from different sources.
3) The stages of software design including problem analysis, solution identification, and abstraction description.
4) Object-oriented design principles like information hiding, independent objects, and service-based communication.
Miss Aster Noor introduces the concepts of software processes and process models. The chapter covers software process models like waterfall, incremental development, and integration/configuration. It discusses the core process activities of requirements engineering, development, testing, and evolution. The chapter aims to explain why processes must adapt to changes and how process improvement affects quality.
The document discusses software requirements and documentation. It states that properly documenting requirements is crucial to avoid mistakes during development. Requirements analysis involves gathering and analyzing requirements, then specifying them in a document. This ensures developers understand the problem and can develop a satisfactory solution. The document also discusses data flow modeling, object-oriented modeling, prototyping techniques, and classifying requirements as functional or non-functional.
The document discusses key concepts in software design including abstraction, architecture, patterns, modularity, coupling and cohesion, and information hiding. It defines software design as transforming user requirements into an implementable form using programming languages. The software design process exists between requirements and programming and yields architectural, high-level, and detailed designs. It also outlines characteristics of good design like correctness, efficiency, and understandability.
This document provides course notes on software architecture. It begins with an overview of the course and its modules. Module 1 covers UML architecture diagrams, including Kruchten's 4+1 View Model (logical, process, development, physical views and scenarios). It describes component diagrams, package diagrams, deployment diagrams, and activity diagrams. Module 2 will cover architectural styles like layered systems and pipes and filters. Module 3 discusses quality attributes, architecture analysis, trade-off analysis, and product lines.
This document provides course notes on software architecture. It begins with an overview of the course and its modules. Module 1 covers UML architecture diagrams, including Kruchten's 4+1 View Model (logical, process, development, physical views and scenarios). It describes component diagrams, package diagrams, deployment diagrams, and activity diagrams. Module 2 will cover architectural styles like layered systems and pipes and filters. Module 3 discusses quality attributes, architecture analysis, trade-off analysis, and product lines.
This document provides course notes on software architecture. It begins with an overview of the course and its modules. Module 1 covers UML architecture diagrams, including Kruchten's 4+1 View Model (logical, process, development, physical views and scenarios). It describes component diagrams, package diagrams, deployment diagrams, and activity diagrams. Module 2 will cover architectural styles like layered systems and pipes and filters. Module 3 discusses quality attributes, architecture analysis, trade-off analysis, and product lines.
This document discusses an approach to assembling software products using a product line approach. It presents a separation continuum that separates concerns both vertically (from abstract to implementation layers) and horizontally (between human-facing and machine-facing aspects). An application assembly approach is then discussed where a product line architecture is tied to this separation continuum, allowing high productivity by reusing pre-built software assets to realize new product lines. The approach aims to facilitate experimentation in building large-scale application assembly capabilities.
Software Archtecture.
Software design is a process to transform user requirements into some suitable form, which helps the programmer in software coding and implementation.
Software design is the important step in SDLC (Software Design Life Cycle), which moves the concentration from problem domain to solution domain. It tries to specify how to fulfill the requirements mentioned in SRS.
Software design plays an important role in developing software: during software design, software engineers produce various models that form a kind of blueprint of the solution to be implemented
This document provides an overview of software architecture design. It discusses the Attribute-Driven Design (ADD) method, which is a process for designing software architecture to meet quality and functional requirements. The ADD method involves recursively decomposing system elements and choosing architectural tactics to fulfill quality attribute needs. The document also provides examples of applying the ADD method to design architectures for a mobile robotics system and a keyword in context system.
Lecture-_-5-_SDA_software design and architecture.docesrabilgic2
This lecture discusses software architecture. It begins by explaining that software architecture refers to the structure of a system, including its software elements, their properties, and relationships. An example diagram is shown but it is noted that the diagram alone does not represent the full architecture. Common architectural structures like patterns, reference models, and reference architectures are introduced. The lecture emphasizes that architecture is important because it enables communication between stakeholders, represents early critical design decisions, and can provide reusable abstractions of systems.
This document discusses software product lines and component-based software architecture. It defines a software product line as a set of software systems that share common features to satisfy market needs. Product lines allow for significant reuse of common assets across products. The document also discusses challenges like architectural mismatch that can occur when integrating components, and techniques for avoiding, detecting, and repairing mismatches. It frames architecture development as an ongoing business process and discusses how commercial components impact architectural design decisions.
This document discusses several software development models and practices. It describes the waterfall model which involves sequential stages of requirement analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It also covers prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), and component assembly models which are more iterative in nature. The prototyping model involves creating prototypes to help define requirements, RAD emphasizes reuse and short development cycles, and component assembly focuses on reusing existing software components.
Biomedical engineering work is subjected to stringent regulatory constraints that mandate a robust engineering process that conforms to all pertinent regulatory guidelines and imperatives.
Software development is an important component of any engineering project and as such, it should be equally addressed and properly integrated with the overall engineering process. To that effect, the following software development process is proposed. This process attempts to be well grounded in the nature of innovative Biomedical engineering work. There are inherent significant technology risks related to the development of innovative biomedical devices. These risks must be correctly identified, and mitigated throughout the entire engineering process. The main benefit of the software development process presented here is its explicit management of software risk factors as recommended by modern successful software development practices.
Software Architecture and Design IntroductionUsman Khan
The document discusses software architecture and design. It defines software architecture as describing a system's major components, their relationships, and how they interact. Software design provides a plan for how system elements fit and work together. An important role of architecture is to identify requirements that affect structure and reduce risks. Quality attributes, both static and dynamic, are important non-functional properties like maintainability, performance, and security. Architects must consider these attributes and deliver solutions that technical teams can implement.
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle models:
- The Waterfall Model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance without iteration.
- Prototyping allows for experimenting with designs through iterative prototype development and user testing.
- Iterative models like the Spiral Model involve repeating phases of design, implementation, and testing in cycles with user feedback.
1. Agile Software Development based on
3 layered filtering
Arash Heidarian
Multimedia Media University of Malaysia
arash2001h@yahoo.com
Abstract – Recently the major concern for software developers
and software enterprises is a rapid changing in criteria and
developing systems based on a dynamic platform .In order to
cope with this problem, many agile methodologies and
techniques are developed and proposed. This paper provides a
new idea referred to as the “3 layered filtering” .This idea helps
developers and enterprisers to make changes in short time and at
a low cost using existing Agile methodologies. Thus the first layer
classifies the requirements, the second layer identifies the
architecture layer that is going to be affected by new
requirements and third layer selects the appropriate Agile
methodology taking the information obtained from the last 2
layers in consideration. Each layered is in iteration in regard to
the new emerging requirement and tightly related to its next
Layer. In fact this is a modified and layer-based agile
methodology which facilitates taking proper action when a new
requirement is imposed; focusing on time and cost issue.
Therefore ,using “3 layered filtering”, developers and managers
may have this ability to abstract and distinguish different issues,
related to new requirements whereby less time and money will be
spent and proper human resource will be assigned to each
modification process.
Key words: 3 layered filtering, Agile methodology, Software
Architecture Layers, Iterative updates, Requirement
Classification
I. Introduction:
One of the main concerns in developing and producing
Software are diverse requirements from different prospective
of different users. Explicitly, there are 2 groups of
requirements, affect on design and architecture of
Software .First group of requirements are those which are
gathered before starting the design and development phases.
Second group of requirements are those which are gathered
after Design, Development and delivery phases. Basically, the
proper design and development based on elicited
requirements ,is the key to produce a Software which can
come into market and attract customers .But what keeps
customers satisfied and guarantees the survive of the software
among other softwares in market ,is to imply the second group
of requirements continuously
Into the product in order to keep it up to date, that is what this
paper addresses to. Before accomplishing this task, there are
Several questions around which brings some complexity in
implying changes such as who has proposed this change ?
Why the change is required and what is trigger? Which layer
of software is targeted? Which methodology can be helpful to
imply the change? Imply the change or leave it? Who is/are
required in order to imply this change? (Human Resource
Management). This paper tries to propose a simple way to
cope with this complexity due to mentioned questions and
ambiguous points.
II. Filtering Concept
In software Architecture, Abstraction always is a key to have
classified, controllable, modifiable and maintainable system.
Here the proposed method which is called “Filtering Method”,
helps us to classify the “Requirements for changes” and
abstract the Architecture Layers which are going to be
affected under the different classes of requirements. Finally,
the proper agile methodology is chosen in order to imply the
change. In order to accomplish this task, 3 filters are proposed
here which are tightly interrelated to each other. Figure 1
illustrates all filters and their phases in detail.
Figure 1 . Agile Software Development based on “3 layered filtering”
These 3 filters are explained in detail in continue.
A. First Filter – Change Reason Filter :
In this layer, all change scenarios are evaluated and triggers
are identified. It helps developers to classify changes into five
categories namely Bug, Error and Failure, DB and Library
2. Related, Interface Related, Functional and structural. So the
evaluation team go through all change scenarios and classifies
changes according to these categories. This classification is a
key to go to the next layer and is a clue to pass through the
second filter.
B. Second Filter – Layers of Change in Software
Architecture:
An architectural description of the layers of Change in
software can be proposed using as examples concepts of
computer and software architecture, Software Patterns and
object oriented programming. However the interpretation of
the Layers of Change for software, given here is an open
concept: it is prone to be changed, adapted or modified to
cope with other software development approaches, paradigms
or techniques which are oriented toward building architecture,
it is tried to produce an equivalent version for software
architecture [1].
There are 4 layers of architecture defined here. The classified
change scenarios help us to know which layers of architecture
will be under the effect of what type of changes. Obviously
“Bugs” and “Error and Failure” category of changes possibly
could be addressed to any Software Architecture Layer that is
why we are not going to mention them in each layer. The
layers as follows :
1. Software Site:
The software site layer objective is to provide a stable base on
which we construct software program. It can be represented
simply by the hardware elements of software architecture. It
Covers Hardware elements and Software Environment on
which software will be developed. A computer is constructed
from basic building blocks such as memory system, Processor
and I/O devices. These are first elements that influence the
design and implementation of software program. The major
differences between computers lie in the way the modules are
connected [1]. Regarding to definition of “Software Site”,
there are some change scenarios which are going to effect on
this layer of architecture. Changes which are in “Failure and
Error “and “Functional and structural” categories, are those
which influence on this layer. It is important to know that
changes to this layer are very costly and are implied so rarely.
There for should be very precise evaluation on implying the
changes to this layer. If the change request is related to
“Failure and Error “ , it is worthy to evaluate it and try to
imply it ,but if the change is in “Functional and structural”
category , on that time the cost and time should be taken into
consideration in order to see that does it have time and cost
justification ? For example if in one of the change scenarios it
is mentioned to change the platform of the system or to use
another design pattern to increase the performance, then all
trade-off points should be evaluated. It may affect the whole
system and requires high effort.
2. Software Structure :
The software structure layer is the description of a software
program as a set of defined subsystems, specifying their
responsibilities, and including rules and guidelines for
organizing the relationships between them. Software structure
is concerned with the issues about partitionening a complex
software system [1]. The partition of the system helps to
reduce the complexity and understand the parts and
subsystems easily and clearly [1]. As it was mentioned before,
the issue of abstraction and partitionening helps developers
significantly to understand, maintain and modify the system.
Software Structure can be defined as architectural patterns .
“An Architectural Pattern expresses a fundamental structural
organization or schema for software systems. It provides a set
of predefined subsystems, specifies their responsibilities, and
includes rules and guidelines for organizing the relationships
between them”. (Buschmann et al.1996).
Software Structure Changes vary little or not at all during the
lifetime of a software program. An important factor in
determining the success or failure of software program relies
deeply on choosing an appropriate Software Structure that
properly matches with the requirements and resources [1].
There for, mostly those requirements which collected before
design and development are handy to be applied and implied
in this architectural layer. If we want to address the change
reason category to this layer,”functional and structural
“category is the only one.
3. Software Skin:
Software skin or GUI is an appearance of software and
exhibits its functionalities. In the other words, it is represented
by all elements that allow users to interact with a system. This
layer is a root for most important quality attributes of a system
such as underestandability , Usability and being User
Friendly of the system. From structural point of view, it can
be seen that this layer is tightly related to first layer of
architecture. There are some Design Patterns (Gamma) behind
the GUI which enhances the performance of the system such
as Decorator, Abstract Factory and Bridge Patterns. So
changes located in “Interface Related” and “Functional and
structure” categories could be addressed to this layer.
4. Software Service:
This layer is to provide support for common activities during
the use of a software program. From a programming point of
view Software Services can be found in the form of all
prebuilt standards components that provide common
functionality like mathematical, Input/ Output and disk access.
Often Software Services found in libraries should be
customized by the designer or programmer for a particular
software design [1]. Since Software services addresses to
Libraries and I/O of DB and system, Design Pattern (which
Capture and Organize Reusable pieces to Clearly Define
Dependencies) and Idioms(which shows how to use Software
Service & rules and expectations) also help to use and
development of Software Services. Hence, the “DB and
Library” category of change can be addressed to this layer of
Architecture. Because of the existing issues of Design Pattern
and Idioms in Software Service Layer, “Functional and
structural” category also can be addressed to this layer.
C. Third Filter – Agile Methods:
Agile methodology is disciplined Project Management that
yields the iterative, frequent inspection and adoption, relaying
on teamwork. Agile methodology is exactly what is required
to imply frequent, new changes and requirements. Concept of
3. Agile intensively relies on IID (Incremental and Iterative
Development).
The simple ability to revisit the “phases” of development
dramatically improves project efficiency. The idea of
revisiting phases over and over is called “incremental and
iterative Development” (IID). The development lifecycle is
cut up into increments or “iterations” and each iteration
touches on each of the traditional “phases” of development.
With IID, Requirements are in ongoing processes that are
periodically revisited. IID allows for multiple “passes”, or
iterations, over a project lifecycle to properly address
complexities and risk factors. This concept of iterative
development hails from the “lean development” era of the
1980s where Japanese auto makers made tremendous
efficiency and innovation increases simply by removing the
phased, sequential approach and implementing an iterative
approach, where prototypes were developed for short-term
milestones (see Figure 2). Each phase was actually a layer that
continued throughout the entire development lifecycle; the
requirements, design, and implementation cycle was revisited
for each short-term milestone. [2].
Source : Adapted from H. Takeuchi and I. Nonaka, “The new Product
Development Game”, Harvard Business Rev., Jan. 1986, pp. 137-146
Figure 2. IID
What Agile and IID try to focus on, are Iterative Mechanism,
Design-Code-Test Loop, decrease the Cost of Change and
Increase Quality.
There are two most famous and in use methods of Agile,
called XP and Scrum.
A. XP
Extreme Programming evolved from Large Development
Cycle of Traditional Development Model and is composed of
five phases. Figure 3 shows process of XP life cycle:
source: Pekka Abrahamsson, Outi salo, Jussi Ronkainen & Juhani Warsta – Agile
Software Development methods - Figure 3 . XP Process
These Five phases are explained briefly as follows.
In Exploration Phase Customers Write Story Card. Story cards
contains the information about the change category and
Architectural layers which could be affected due to changes.
Project Team looks for proper tools and technology and test
the Technology and finally they try to find Architecture
Possibilities for the system are explored by building a
prototype of the system. The exploration phase takes between
a few weeks to a few months, depending on the change
scenario and largely of technology.
In planning phase, change scenarios are prioritized according
to their impotencies and complexities. Then the estimation of
effort and scheduling is done for each scenario.
The Iteration to release phase includes several iterations of the
system before the first release. The schedule set in the
planning stage is broken down to a number of iterations that
will each take one to four weeks to implement. The first
iteration creates a system with the architecture of the whole
system [2]. This is achieved by selecting the stories that
contain the requirements which are gathered before design and
development phase. These stories enforce the building the
whole system .Stories in next iteration contains more elicited
requirements and changes which are gathered after the
releasing the first edition (or trial edition). This iteration of
gathering stories, prioritizing stories and send them into the
rest of the processes is continuously and should be done in
whole lifecycle of software.
The Production Phase:
This phase requires extra testing, checking of the performance
and evaluation of trade-off points and sensitive points of
quality attributes .At this phase, new changes might be
founded or proposed by evaluation team or other stakeholders
who are involved in Software production. In this phase, the
decision is made to include the new changes in current release
or not. During this phase, the iterations may take one to three
weeks. The postponed ideas and suggestions are documented
for later implementation, during e.g. the maintenance phase.
The death phase is a phase when there is no any other
requirement or story from customers. We will reach this phase
when the system satisfies all customers’ needs with respect of
performance and reliability. Once the new stories are received
from customers, the whole process will be repeated. That is
what guarantees the life of software.
As it was mentioned earlier there are two famous agile
methods .Figure 4 shows second agile method process
lifecycle which is called Scrum.
4. Source : Pekka Abrahamsson, Outi salo, Jussi Ronkainen & Juhani Warsta – Agile
Software Development methods
Figure 4, Scrum Process
B. The scrum
The Scrum has been developed for managing the system
development process, It is an empirical approach applying the
ideas of industrial process control theory to system
development resulting in an approach that reintroduces the
idea of flexibility, adaptability and productivity (Schwaber
and Beedle 2002 ). The scrum focuses on team member
activity to work in way that makes the system flexible in
constantly changing environment. That is why it involves
several environmental and technical variables (e.g.
requirements, time frame, resources and technology) that are
likely to change during the process. This makes the
development process unpredictable and complex, requiring
flexibility of the systems development process for it to be able
to respond to the changes [2].
As a result of the development process, a system is produced
which is useful when delivered.(Schwaber 1995).
The Scrum is consisted of three phases and in concept it is so
similar to XP method. These three phases are explained
briefly as follows.
In Pregame phase there are two steps. The first step is
planning which is consisted of the following activities: Project
team Definition, produce Backlog list (which contains
requirements and changes and continuously is updated and
reviewed by the Scrum Team), Prioritizing requirements in
Backlog list and needed resources are estimated, identify
Tools and other Resources, Risk Assessment, Training need
and Verification Management. The Second step is
architectural phase. In this phase the high level design of the
system including the architecture is planned based on the
current items in Backlog List.
The Second phase which is called the development phase
(also called the game phase) is the agile part of the Scrum
approach. This phase is related as a “Black Box”where the
unpredictable is expected. The different environmental and
technical variables (such as time frame, quality, requirements,
resources, implementation technologies and tools and even
development methods) identified in scrum, which may change
during the process, are observed and controlled through
various Scrum Practices during the Sprints of the development
phase. Scrum aims at controlling the requirements and matters
constantly in order to be able to flexibly adapt to the changes
[2]. The core of the whole Scrum method is its Sprint. Sprint
is iterative cycle which covers all traditional phase of the
development (requirements, analysis, design, evolution and
delivery phases) in cyclic and iterative way. So each time the
Black log list is updated and it is required to imply new
requirements or changes, the selected scenario of new
requirements is sent into the sprint from the previous phase.
As it can be seen in Figure 4 , the Sprint ,black log list and all
phases are interrelated in cyclic way ,so any change or update
in Black log list ,would evolve the whole process.
The final phase is called Post-game phase which contains the
closure of the release. This phase is met when an agreement
has been made that the environmental variables such as the
requirements are completed.
It was just a brief and short explanation about XP and Scrum
methods. As it is evident, implying changes into software is a
process which requires a time and money.
III. Filters Coherence and the main purpose of Filtering
Model:
So it is very important to know what should be done before
starting any agile methods. That is, two prior filters to Agile
method filter, namely “Change Reason Filter” and “Layers of
Architecture Filter”, helps developers and project managers. It
helps project managers to manage the human resource more
precisely. For instance, if most of the problems are related to
Interface and affects “Software Skin layer”, so there is no
need to call a Database expert and hardware expert. Some
times when a problem appears or when a new change or
requirement appears, managers involve a group of experts of
all fields. So using this Filtering method, it is easy to manage
human resource .On the other hand, when manager is aware of
the details of a requirement, he can make more precise
predictions in scheduling and budgeting.
From technical point of view, it helps developers and
designers to decide to choose a proper Agile method. There
are several concerns related to choosing XP or Scrum. In
general Scrum is a project management process and XP is a
programming practice. From time point of view, Scrum teams
typically work in iterations (called sprints) that are from two
weeks to one month long. XP teams typically work in
iterations that are one or two weeks long. Furthermore Scrum
teams do not allow changes into their sprints. Once the sprint
planning meeting is completed and a commitment made to
deliver a set of product backlog items, that set of items
remains unchanged through the end of the sprint. XP teams
are much more amenable to change within their iterations. As
long as the team hasn’t started work on a particular feature, a
new feature of equivalent size can be swapped into the XP
team’s iteration in exchange for the unstarted feature [3].
IV. Conclusion
This paper provides a new and simple idea in order to cope
with complexity and ambiguity of implying new changes and
requirements during the lifecycle of a software, using Agile
5. Methodology. These three layers in this new idea help
manager and developer to classify the requirements and
change requests into four categories and then easily recognize
that which Architectural layers of Software are affected under
different requirement and change scenarios of different
categories. These two steps mostly help managers to have
more precise prediction about timing, scheduling and human
resource management. The third filter helps both manager and
developer to choose a proper method of Agile to imply
changes based on the obtained information from first two
filters.
References
[1] Jorge Luis Ortega Arjo a a d Graham Roberts :The layers
of chnge in Software Architecture
[2] Pekka Abrahamsson, Outi salo, Jussi Ronkainen & Juhani
Warsta – Agile Software Development, 2002
[3] Mike Cohn – Succeeding with Agile, 2007