This is a report about the Shift Keying modulation types: FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), PSK (Phase Shift Keying), and QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that conveys data by changing the phase of a carrier wave. There are several types of PSK including binary PSK (BPSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK). BPSK uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to transmit 1 bit per symbol, while QPSK uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to transmit 2 bits per symbol for higher data rates. PSK has advantages like more efficient data transmission compared to frequency-shift keying. However, it is non-coherent and more prone to incorrect demodulations. PSK finds applications in optical communications, local oscillators, and delay-and-add demodulation.
Frequency-Shift Keying, also known as FSK is a type of digital frequency modulation. It is also often called as binary frequency shift keying or BFSK
Similar to analog FM, it is a constant-amplitude angle modulation.
This presentation will discuss the concepts behind FSK
The document summarizes various digital modulation and demodulation schemes used in wireless communication systems. It describes the structure of a basic wireless communication link and then provides details about modulation formats such as BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK. It explains the key aspects of each scheme such as symbol mapping, transmitter and receiver operations, and their advantages over other schemes in terms of spectral efficiency and robustness to noise and fading channels.
The document discusses various digital modulation formats including BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK. BPSK carries only 1 bit per symbol and has low bandwidth efficiency. QPSK carries 2 bits per symbol but has issues with zero crossing during transitions of 2 bits. OQPSK addresses this with a delay between in-phase and quadrature components to avoid 180 degree phase shifts. π/4 QPSK provides further improvements with phase shifts of up to 135 degrees, allowing for non-coherent detection and better performance in noisy environments. DQPSK first performs differential encoding before QPSK modulation to minimize transitions.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that conveys data by changing the phase of a carrier signal. There are three major classes of digital modulation: amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying. Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) is a type of PSK that can either double the data rate compared to binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) while maintaining bandwidth, or maintain the BPSK data rate while halving the required bandwidth. QPSK works by splitting the binary data stream into in-phase and quadrature-phase components at the transmitter, and using matched filters or correlates to detect symbols at the receiver.
The document discusses phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation techniques. It begins with an introduction to PSK and how it uses phases to encode digital data. It then discusses binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) which uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to encode one bit per symbol. BPSK is robust but has a low data rate. Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) is then introduced, which uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to encode two bits per symbol, doubling the data rate of BPSK. Implementations of BPSK and QPSK modulators and demodulators are provided along with diagrams of their constellation plots.
PCM is an important method of analog-to-digital conversion where an analog signal is converted into an electrical waveform of two or more levels. The essential operations in a PCM transmitter are sampling, quantizing, and coding the analog signal. In the receiver, the operations are regeneration, decoding, and demodulation of the quantized samples. Regenerative repeaters are used to reconstruct the transmitted sequence of coded pulses and perform equalization, timing, and decision making functions. While PCM systems allow for regeneration and multiplexing, they are more complex than analog methods and increase channel bandwidth requirements.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that conveys data by changing the phase of a carrier wave. There are several types of PSK including binary PSK (BPSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK). BPSK uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to transmit 1 bit per symbol, while QPSK uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to transmit 2 bits per symbol for higher data rates. PSK has advantages like more efficient data transmission compared to frequency-shift keying. However, it is non-coherent and more prone to incorrect demodulations. PSK finds applications in optical communications, local oscillators, and delay-and-add demodulation.
Frequency-Shift Keying, also known as FSK is a type of digital frequency modulation. It is also often called as binary frequency shift keying or BFSK
Similar to analog FM, it is a constant-amplitude angle modulation.
This presentation will discuss the concepts behind FSK
The document summarizes various digital modulation and demodulation schemes used in wireless communication systems. It describes the structure of a basic wireless communication link and then provides details about modulation formats such as BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK. It explains the key aspects of each scheme such as symbol mapping, transmitter and receiver operations, and their advantages over other schemes in terms of spectral efficiency and robustness to noise and fading channels.
The document discusses various digital modulation formats including BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, and π/4 QPSK. BPSK carries only 1 bit per symbol and has low bandwidth efficiency. QPSK carries 2 bits per symbol but has issues with zero crossing during transitions of 2 bits. OQPSK addresses this with a delay between in-phase and quadrature components to avoid 180 degree phase shifts. π/4 QPSK provides further improvements with phase shifts of up to 135 degrees, allowing for non-coherent detection and better performance in noisy environments. DQPSK first performs differential encoding before QPSK modulation to minimize transitions.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that conveys data by changing the phase of a carrier signal. There are three major classes of digital modulation: amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying. Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) is a type of PSK that can either double the data rate compared to binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) while maintaining bandwidth, or maintain the BPSK data rate while halving the required bandwidth. QPSK works by splitting the binary data stream into in-phase and quadrature-phase components at the transmitter, and using matched filters or correlates to detect symbols at the receiver.
The document discusses phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation techniques. It begins with an introduction to PSK and how it uses phases to encode digital data. It then discusses binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) which uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to encode one bit per symbol. BPSK is robust but has a low data rate. Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) is then introduced, which uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to encode two bits per symbol, doubling the data rate of BPSK. Implementations of BPSK and QPSK modulators and demodulators are provided along with diagrams of their constellation plots.
PCM is an important method of analog-to-digital conversion where an analog signal is converted into an electrical waveform of two or more levels. The essential operations in a PCM transmitter are sampling, quantizing, and coding the analog signal. In the receiver, the operations are regeneration, decoding, and demodulation of the quantized samples. Regenerative repeaters are used to reconstruct the transmitted sequence of coded pulses and perform equalization, timing, and decision making functions. While PCM systems allow for regeneration and multiplexing, they are more complex than analog methods and increase channel bandwidth requirements.
The document describes experiments performed on three digital modulation techniques: amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). MATLAB and Simulink were used to generate ASK, FSK, and M-PSK modulated signals. For ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 and 0. For FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied. For PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is varied to represent the data bits. Troubleshooting was required to produce the correct modulated signals. Higher carrier frequencies can cause distortion for ASK and FSK. M-PSK modulation using 8-ary PSK was also implemented in Sim
Pulse modulation techniques can encode an analog signal for transmission. This document discusses several techniques including:
- Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) which varies pulse amplitudes based on sample values of the message signal.
- Pulse code modulation (PCM) which assigns a binary code to each analog sample. PCM is commonly used in digital communications systems.
- Delta modulation which transmits one bit per sample indicating if the current sample is more positive or negative than the previous. It requires higher sampling rates than PCM for equal quality.
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) encodes message information in the amplitude of signal pulses. A PAM-4 modulator takes two bits at a time and maps them to one of four amplitude levels, such as -3V, -1V, 1V, and 3V. Demodulation detects the amplitude level of each symbol period. PAM is widely used for baseband digital data transmission, though other modulation methods are now more common.
The document discusses various digital modulation schemes, their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It covers schemes such as DSB-SC, SSB-SC, VSB-SC, FM, PM, PSK, ASK, PAM, QAM, and their uses in applications like analog and digital television broadcasting, radio broadcasting, satellite transmission, cable communication, and optical and telephone communications. Key aspects covered are power and bandwidth efficiency, complexity of generation and detection, immunity to noise, and ability to transmit multiple bits per symbol.
Modulation varies parameters of a carrier signal to transmit a message signal. Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts analog signals to digital by sampling, quantizing, and encoding amplitude levels. PCM transmits a series of numbers representing signal amplitudes. The transmitter samples, quantizes, and encodes the signal, while the receiver decodes and reconstructs the original analog signal. PCM is used for digital communication networks and applications like telephony and compact discs.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and its types: phase modulation and frequency modulation. It describes the key characteristics of FM including its constant amplitude, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and infinite bandwidth. FM is classified as narrowband FM (NBFM) or wideband FM (WBFM) based on the modulation index. The document also covers pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits, methods for generating NBFM and WBFM signals including the direct and indirect (Armstrong's) methods.
This slide describe the techniques of digital modulation and Bandwidth Efficiency:
The first null bandwidth of M-ary PSK signals decrease as M increases while Rb is held constant.
Therefore, as the value of M increases, the bandwidth efficiency also increases.
This document provides an overview of digital-to-analog modulation techniques used in data communications including: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It defines these techniques, discusses their advantages and limitations, and provides examples of calculating bit rates and bandwidth requirements. Key points covered include how digital data is modulated onto an analog carrier signal, the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, and how more advanced modulations like QAM combine aspects of ASK and PSK.
The most fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying: PSK (phase-shift keying): a finite number of phases are used. FSK (frequency-shift keying): a finite number of frequencies are used. ... QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation): a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used.
M-ary encoding allows for digital signals with multiple possible conditions or voltage levels through the use of multiple binary variables. The number of conditions possible is represented by M, while the number of bits needed to produce those conditions is given by the logarithmic relationship N = log2M. M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM are two common types of M-ary encoding. M-ary PSK varies the phase of a carrier signal, while M-ary QAM varies both the amplitude and phase, allowing for greater power efficiency but identical bandwidth efficiency as M-ary PSK. Both modulation schemes use a constellation diagram to represent the multiple symbol states.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that encodes data by manipulating the phase of a carrier wave. There are three main types of PSK: BPSK uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to represent 1 and 0; QPSK uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to represent 2 bits per symbol; DPSK shifts the phase relative to the previous symbol by 0 or 180 degrees without a reference carrier. PSK is commonly used in optical communications systems due to its efficiency and noise resistance.
A general overview of signal encoding
You will learn why to use digital encoding, how signal is transmitted and received and how analog signals are converted to digital
Some digital encoding methods
A presentation prepared by my friend's friend. I have done no editing at all, I'm just uploading the presentation as it is.
This document discusses pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). PAM is a digital modulation technique where the amplitude of pulses is varied to represent data symbols. In PAM, each pulse amplitude corresponds to a data symbol value. The document discusses binary and M-ary PAM schemes. It also covers topics like intersymbol interference, eye diagrams, Nyquist pulse shaping criteria, and raised cosine pulse shaping to minimize intersymbol interference at the receiver. PAM is used to convert discrete amplitude symbols into analog pulses for transmission over a channel, and the receiver demodulates the signal to recover the data symbols.
Transmission system used for optical fibers Jay Baria
In this presentation I have explained various types of transmission system used for optical transmission and also described about the budget method that has to be followed while selecting an source for optical fibers and also about the factors that should be consider while selecting an source.
The document compares M-ary PSK, FSK, and QAPSK modulation schemes. It finds that M-PSK has the lowest noise immunity while M-FSK has the highest. Bandwidth efficiency increases with M for M-PSK and M-QAPSK but decreases for M-FSK. Implementation complexity increases with M for M-PSK and M-FSK, but remains constant for M-QAPSK. Therefore, M-QAPSK has the best implementation properties in terms of complexity and cost for high values of M. In summary, the document analyzes and compares key characteristics of three modulation schemes.
Phase modulation (PM) is a form of modulation where information is represented by variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. The phase angle of the complex envelope is changed in direct proportion to the message signal. PM can be considered a special case of FM where the carrier frequency modulation is given by the time derivative of the phase modulation. The bandwidth of PM for a single sinusoidal signal is approximately equal to the modulation index multiplied by the carrier frequency.
Pulse code modulation (PCM) involves sampling an analog signal at regular intervals, quantizing the sample values, and encoding the samples as digital code. The analog voice signal is sampled 8000 times per second, with each sample represented by an 8-bit binary number. This results in a digital data rate of 64,000 bits per second to represent the original voice signal. Quantization assigns the sample values to discrete levels, introducing quantization error between the original and encoded signals.
In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying(MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s and 1960s.
Similar to OQPSK(Offset quadrature phase-shift keying),
This document compares the performance of different Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) techniques at various bit rates through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. It simulates the impact of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) on the bit error rate (BER) of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 256 QAM. The BER is measured at different signal to noise ratios to compare the error performance of each technique. Plots show the BER increases as the noise power increases for a given modulation scheme. The tool can also evaluate the effect of changing the input signal power on BER. In conclusion, it demonstrates using the simulation to evaluate and compare QAM techniques under various noise conditions.
This document discusses quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). It provides background on digital modulation techniques before explaining the theories and mechanisms of QAM and OFDM. QAM uses two carriers shifted by 90 degrees that are modulated based on both amplitude and phase. OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation scheme where each carrier's amplitude is modulated and the subcarriers are separated by their orthogonal frequencies. The document outlines advantages such as high data rates and robustness to multipath fading, as well as disadvantages like sensitivity to frequency offsets. It concludes that OFDM performs better than single carriers for multipath channels when guard intervals are implemented properly.
The document describes experiments performed on three digital modulation techniques: amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK). MATLAB and Simulink were used to generate ASK, FSK, and M-PSK modulated signals. For ASK, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to represent binary 1 and 0. For FSK, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied. For PSK, the phase of the carrier signal is varied to represent the data bits. Troubleshooting was required to produce the correct modulated signals. Higher carrier frequencies can cause distortion for ASK and FSK. M-PSK modulation using 8-ary PSK was also implemented in Sim
Pulse modulation techniques can encode an analog signal for transmission. This document discusses several techniques including:
- Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) which varies pulse amplitudes based on sample values of the message signal.
- Pulse code modulation (PCM) which assigns a binary code to each analog sample. PCM is commonly used in digital communications systems.
- Delta modulation which transmits one bit per sample indicating if the current sample is more positive or negative than the previous. It requires higher sampling rates than PCM for equal quality.
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM) encodes message information in the amplitude of signal pulses. A PAM-4 modulator takes two bits at a time and maps them to one of four amplitude levels, such as -3V, -1V, 1V, and 3V. Demodulation detects the amplitude level of each symbol period. PAM is widely used for baseband digital data transmission, though other modulation methods are now more common.
The document discusses various digital modulation schemes, their advantages, disadvantages, and applications. It covers schemes such as DSB-SC, SSB-SC, VSB-SC, FM, PM, PSK, ASK, PAM, QAM, and their uses in applications like analog and digital television broadcasting, radio broadcasting, satellite transmission, cable communication, and optical and telephone communications. Key aspects covered are power and bandwidth efficiency, complexity of generation and detection, immunity to noise, and ability to transmit multiple bits per symbol.
Modulation varies parameters of a carrier signal to transmit a message signal. Pulse code modulation (PCM) converts analog signals to digital by sampling, quantizing, and encoding amplitude levels. PCM transmits a series of numbers representing signal amplitudes. The transmitter samples, quantizes, and encodes the signal, while the receiver decodes and reconstructs the original analog signal. PCM is used for digital communication networks and applications like telephony and compact discs.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and its types: phase modulation and frequency modulation. It describes the key characteristics of FM including its constant amplitude, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and infinite bandwidth. FM is classified as narrowband FM (NBFM) or wideband FM (WBFM) based on the modulation index. The document also covers pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits, methods for generating NBFM and WBFM signals including the direct and indirect (Armstrong's) methods.
This slide describe the techniques of digital modulation and Bandwidth Efficiency:
The first null bandwidth of M-ary PSK signals decrease as M increases while Rb is held constant.
Therefore, as the value of M increases, the bandwidth efficiency also increases.
This document provides an overview of digital-to-analog modulation techniques used in data communications including: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It defines these techniques, discusses their advantages and limitations, and provides examples of calculating bit rates and bandwidth requirements. Key points covered include how digital data is modulated onto an analog carrier signal, the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, and how more advanced modulations like QAM combine aspects of ASK and PSK.
The most fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying: PSK (phase-shift keying): a finite number of phases are used. FSK (frequency-shift keying): a finite number of frequencies are used. ... QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation): a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used.
M-ary encoding allows for digital signals with multiple possible conditions or voltage levels through the use of multiple binary variables. The number of conditions possible is represented by M, while the number of bits needed to produce those conditions is given by the logarithmic relationship N = log2M. M-ary PSK and M-ary QAM are two common types of M-ary encoding. M-ary PSK varies the phase of a carrier signal, while M-ary QAM varies both the amplitude and phase, allowing for greater power efficiency but identical bandwidth efficiency as M-ary PSK. Both modulation schemes use a constellation diagram to represent the multiple symbol states.
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that encodes data by manipulating the phase of a carrier wave. There are three main types of PSK: BPSK uses two phases separated by 180 degrees to represent 1 and 0; QPSK uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to represent 2 bits per symbol; DPSK shifts the phase relative to the previous symbol by 0 or 180 degrees without a reference carrier. PSK is commonly used in optical communications systems due to its efficiency and noise resistance.
A general overview of signal encoding
You will learn why to use digital encoding, how signal is transmitted and received and how analog signals are converted to digital
Some digital encoding methods
A presentation prepared by my friend's friend. I have done no editing at all, I'm just uploading the presentation as it is.
This document discusses pulse amplitude modulation (PAM). PAM is a digital modulation technique where the amplitude of pulses is varied to represent data symbols. In PAM, each pulse amplitude corresponds to a data symbol value. The document discusses binary and M-ary PAM schemes. It also covers topics like intersymbol interference, eye diagrams, Nyquist pulse shaping criteria, and raised cosine pulse shaping to minimize intersymbol interference at the receiver. PAM is used to convert discrete amplitude symbols into analog pulses for transmission over a channel, and the receiver demodulates the signal to recover the data symbols.
Transmission system used for optical fibers Jay Baria
In this presentation I have explained various types of transmission system used for optical transmission and also described about the budget method that has to be followed while selecting an source for optical fibers and also about the factors that should be consider while selecting an source.
The document compares M-ary PSK, FSK, and QAPSK modulation schemes. It finds that M-PSK has the lowest noise immunity while M-FSK has the highest. Bandwidth efficiency increases with M for M-PSK and M-QAPSK but decreases for M-FSK. Implementation complexity increases with M for M-PSK and M-FSK, but remains constant for M-QAPSK. Therefore, M-QAPSK has the best implementation properties in terms of complexity and cost for high values of M. In summary, the document analyzes and compares key characteristics of three modulation schemes.
Phase modulation (PM) is a form of modulation where information is represented by variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. The phase angle of the complex envelope is changed in direct proportion to the message signal. PM can be considered a special case of FM where the carrier frequency modulation is given by the time derivative of the phase modulation. The bandwidth of PM for a single sinusoidal signal is approximately equal to the modulation index multiplied by the carrier frequency.
Pulse code modulation (PCM) involves sampling an analog signal at regular intervals, quantizing the sample values, and encoding the samples as digital code. The analog voice signal is sampled 8000 times per second, with each sample represented by an 8-bit binary number. This results in a digital data rate of 64,000 bits per second to represent the original voice signal. Quantization assigns the sample values to discrete levels, introducing quantization error between the original and encoded signals.
In digital modulation, minimum-shift keying(MSK) is a type of continuous-phase frequency-shift keying that was developed in the late 1950s and 1960s.
Similar to OQPSK(Offset quadrature phase-shift keying),
This document compares the performance of different Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) techniques at various bit rates through simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. It simulates the impact of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) on the bit error rate (BER) of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 256 QAM. The BER is measured at different signal to noise ratios to compare the error performance of each technique. Plots show the BER increases as the noise power increases for a given modulation scheme. The tool can also evaluate the effect of changing the input signal power on BER. In conclusion, it demonstrates using the simulation to evaluate and compare QAM techniques under various noise conditions.
This document discusses quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). It provides background on digital modulation techniques before explaining the theories and mechanisms of QAM and OFDM. QAM uses two carriers shifted by 90 degrees that are modulated based on both amplitude and phase. OFDM is a multi-carrier modulation scheme where each carrier's amplitude is modulated and the subcarriers are separated by their orthogonal frequencies. The document outlines advantages such as high data rates and robustness to multipath fading, as well as disadvantages like sensitivity to frequency offsets. It concludes that OFDM performs better than single carriers for multipath channels when guard intervals are implemented properly.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including FSK, M-ary FSK, BPSK, and their modulation and demodulation. It begins with an introduction to FSK and the relationship between baud rate and bandwidth. It then provides an example of calculating bandwidth for an FSK signal. Next, it describes BPSK modulation and demodulation and shows the BPSK constellation. It concludes with an overview of M-ary FSK, including how an M-ary transmitter and receiver work and characteristics like power spectral density and bandwidth.
The document provides a summary of AIESEC's quarterly assessment meeting covering various areas including exchange development, marketing, business development, external relations, communications, expansions, talent development, information management, finance, and human resources.
Key areas of concern across departments included low RMR performance, lack of sustainable processes, failure to meet targets, inadequate partner engagement, and lack of standardized operations and accountability. Financial obligations were also noted as a liability. Overall, the meeting assessed performance in the first quarter and identified weaknesses to address in order to improve outcomes going forward.
1) The document describes an experiment on Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
2) QAM is introduced as a digital modulation technique that modulates two analog/digital messages by changing the amplitude of two carrier waves that are out of phase.
3) Matlab code is provided to simulate QAM modulation and demodulation of signals with different frequencies to demonstrate how QAM works.
This document discusses various methods of modulating digital and analog data for transmission:
1. It describes digital-to-analog modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
2. It explains the relationships between bit rate, baud rate, and bandwidth for different modulation schemes. ASK, FSK, and PSK have baud rate equal to bit rate, while higher-order PSK and QAM can have higher bit rates through multiple bits per symbol.
3. Modems and standards like V.32, V.34, and V.90 are discussed in the context of mod
Resource Allocation using ASK, FSK and PSK Modulation Techniques with varying Mchiragwarty
Satellite communication systems operate in the
presence of path loss and atmospherically induced fading,
which results in waveform distortion, altering phase and bit
time period. After penetrating through several atmospheric
layers, the signal experiences Doppler shift which results in
frequency change and phase reversal, thus to sync the
receiver to the incoming signal we make use of the Phase
Locked Loop (PLL) with a filter at its core functioning.
To recover and reconstruct the original signal, the use of
filter banks in the loop filter block of the PLL will be added
and discussed. The idea of using M-channel uniform filter
banks is to minimize the error by optimizing the
performance in decomposition and reconstruction of signals.
Using different types of fundamental coherent digital
modulation schemes like, M-ary Amplitude/Frequency
/Phase shift keying (MASK, MFSK, MPSK), the best
optimized solution can be determined for all M-channels for
high data rates and bandwidth constraints.
The presentation studies the design of a digital PLL system by
using a variable filter block for several digital modulation
schemes used in ground to space communication links. Two
basic designs will be developed, first model with a fixed set
of filters, those seen in traditional legacy systems and the
second model, which consist of a filtering block made up of
Quadrature Mirror Filter banks (QMF). The method is based
on the strength of the incoming signal and modulation
scheme, which in turn decides the number of filter banks, to
be used to recover the signal.
In this presentation, the focus on pseudo-adaptive nature of the
filter banks is to reconstruct the original signal, considering
the effects of Doppler shift for fast moving airborne
platforms. Subsequently, the comparison between the
performance of the fixed filter based architecture and the
additional design with the variable pseudo-adaptive filter
banks design includes the QMF and Discrete Cosine
Transform Filter banks (DCT). This will follow with the
software oriented simulation of the performance of the
proposed design method, in different scenarios experienced
in satellite links.
1. This document discusses M-ary modulation techniques, which allow more than two amplitude, phase, or frequency levels to transmit more bits per symbol. This increases transmission rate or reduces bandwidth compared to binary modulation.
2. M-ary modulation techniques discussed include M-ASK, M-PSK, M-FSK, and M-QAM. M-ASK maps k bits to one of M amplitude levels. M-PSK maps k bits to one of M phase shifts of the carrier. M-QAM combines M-ASK with quadrature carriers to modulate both amplitude and phase.
3. Higher order modulation like M-QAM can significantly increase transmission rate but requires more transmission power and complex
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a modulation technique that encodes data by changing both the amplitude and phase of carrier waves. It allows more data to be transmitted over a given bandwidth compared to techniques that only vary the amplitude or phase. QAM modulators use two carrier waves shifted in phase by 90 degrees that are modulated by separate data streams before being combined. Higher order QAM schemes use constellations with more points that allow more bits to be encoded per symbol. While this improves bandwidth efficiency, it also makes the system more susceptible to noise. QAM is widely used in technologies like DSL, wireless networks, cable TV, and microwave backhaul systems.
QAM is a digital modulation technique that encodes data by varying both the amplitude and phase of carrier waves. It can carry higher data rates than schemes using just amplitude or phase. QAM is used widely in applications like digital cable TV, wireless networks, and video broadcasting. Higher order QAM uses more points in its constellation diagram, allowing more bits per symbol but making the signals more susceptible to noise.
The chapter discusses various types of pulse modulation techniques including pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), pulse width modulation (PWM), pulse position modulation (PPM), and pulse code modulation (PCM). PAM varies the amplitude of pulses based on the analog signal, PWM varies the width of pulses, PPM varies the position of pulses, and PCM converts the analog signal to a digital code using sampling and quantization. Digital communication through pulse modulation offers advantages like easier reception, less signal corruption over distance, ability to clean up noise and amplify signals, security through coding, and ability to store signals.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation technique that encodes data by manipulating the phase of a carrier wave. In PSK, the phase of the carrier is shifted by 0 or 180 degrees for binary digits 0 and 1. The two most common PSK types are BPSK, which uses two phases separated by 180 degrees, and QPSK, which uses four phases separated by 90 degrees to encode two bits per symbol. PSK has advantages like power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency compared to other modulation techniques. It is used in wireless networks and RFID standards. MATLAB can be used to simulate and demodulate PSK signals.
1. Digital modulation techniques are used to modulate digital information so that it can be transmitted via different mediums. Common digital modulation methods include binary amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), and phase shift keying (PSK).
2. FSK conveys information by changing the instantaneous frequency of a carrier wave. It is less susceptible to errors than ASK but has a larger spectrum bandwidth. PSK varies the phase of the transmitted signal. BPSK uses two phases while QPSK uses four phases.
3. The performance of digital modulation techniques can be compared using the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). Lower Eb/N0 values
Comparative Study and Performance Analysis of different Modulation Techniques...Souvik Das
A comparative study and performance analysis of different modulation
techniques which shows graphically and comparative results Channel Noise
with Bit Error Rate of ASK, FSK, PSK and QPSK.
will provide you a basic introduction about digital modulation techniques, provide a basic introduction of ASK(Amplitude shift keying) PSK(phase shift keying) FSK(frequency shift keying) and will also provide a introduction about types of PSK
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). It provides details on how each technique works by modifying properties of an analog carrier signal like amplitude, frequency, or phase to represent digital data. It also discusses the relationship between baud rate, bit rate, and minimum bandwidth required for different modulation schemes.
Modulation is the process of varying one or more characteristics of a high-frequency carrier signal based on an information signal that contains the message to be transmitted. Some key points:
1. Modulation is necessary to transmit digital data over analog mediums like phone lines or wireless signals. It converts the digital data into an analog format suitable for transmission.
2. Common analog modulation techniques vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier signal, while digital modulation techniques include amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and phase-shift keying.
3. More advanced techniques like quadrature amplitude modulation vary both the amplitude and phase of the carrier simultaneously to transmit more data using a given bandwidth
Digital modulation (19ES28) Ghulam Mueed MueedAbbas
This document discusses digital modulation techniques. It describes how digital modulation encodes digital signals into analog carrier signals by varying the amplitude, frequency, or phase. It explains the main digital modulation types: ASK, FSK, and PSK. ASK varies amplitude, FSK varies frequency, and PSK varies phase. BPSK and QPSK are described as phase shift keying techniques. QPSK encodes 2 bits per symbol by shifting the phase by 45 degree increments. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate digital modulation encoding.
This document discusses various analog and digital modulation techniques. It begins by explaining the differences between bit rate and baud rate. It then covers modulation schemes like ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM. It provides examples of how these techniques work and their bandwidth requirements. The document also discusses topics like phone modems, analog-to-analog modulation techniques like AM and FM, and how these radio bands are allocated.
This document discusses different digital modulation techniques:
1) Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave, keeping frequency and phase constant. It has simple modulation/demodulation but is highly sensitive to noise.
2) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) represents binary digits by transmitting two different frequencies, with the peak amplitude and phase held constant.
3) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) varies the phase of a transmitted signal to convey information, with the simplest method being BPSK using two opposite phases. PSK has good noise immunity and no bandwidth limitation.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including ASK, PSK, FSK, and QAM. It provides details on how each technique works by modifying different properties of a carrier signal such as amplitude, frequency, or phase to represent digital data. It also discusses the relationship between baud rate, bit rate, and bandwidth for different modulation schemes and provides examples of calculating bandwidth requirements.
This document summarizes various techniques for encoding digital and analog signals. It discusses encoding digital data into digital signals using techniques like NRZ-L, Manchester encoding, and differential Manchester encoding. It also covers converting analog data to digital signals using pulse code modulation and delta modulation. Additionally, it describes modulating digital and analog data onto analog carriers using techniques like amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying, and phase shift keying.
This document discusses various techniques for encoding digital signals for transmission, including:
1) Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) encoding schemes which use different voltage levels to represent 1s and 0s without returning to a baseline between bits.
2) Manchester and differential Manchester encoding which add transitions in the middle or start of each bit to provide clocking functionality.
3) Phase-shift keying (PSK) and quadrature PSK (QPSK) which represent data by shifting the phase of the carrier signal.
4) Amplitude-shift keying (ASK), frequency-shift keying (FSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) which are used to transmit
Design and analysis of different digital communication systems and determinat...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes the design and analysis of different digital communication systems to determine the optimal system. It discusses the design processes for binary amplitude shift keying (BASK), binary phase shift keying (BPSK), and binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) systems. Simulation results are presented for the BASK system, showing the input, modulated, and output signals. The document aims to identify the best digital communication system considering parameters like error performance, signal-to-noise ratio, and bandwidth.
Design and analysis of different digital communication systems and determinat...eSAT Journals
Abstract For a specialized device or set-up in case of any practical communication related problem definition, a sound communication system consisting of the necessary integral parts is very crucial. As such, the design and an analysis of the various communication system is very critical as it directly effects the performance of the device and also reveals the inherent capacity of the system to produce the desired results. In this respect our topic for this paper is the design and analysis of different digital communication systems with a view to determine the most effective system considering all the parameters so that it can be used for important communication based problems and situations. In the next section we will mainly focus on the design processes of various systems, the theory involved, the simulation results, some special techniques of error correction and also the error performance of the systems. Keywords- modulation, digital, communication systems, shift keying, error performance, SNR
Design and analysis of different digital communication systems and determinat...eSAT Publishing House
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This document is a class note on the topic of digital modulation for the course Data Communication with course code CSE-313. It discusses three main types of digital modulation: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), and Phase Shift Keying (PSK). It provides details on how each modulation technique works, such as in ASK signals are transmitted when the input is 1 and in FSK 1 represents a high frequency and 0 represents a low frequency. It also describes the two types of PSK: Binary PSK and Quadrature PSK, noting Binary PSK uses phase reversals of 0 and 180 degrees while Quadrature PSK uses four phase reversals of 0, 90,
This document discusses different digital-to-analog conversion mechanisms including Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It provides an introduction to digital-to-analog conversion as changing an analog signal's characteristics based on digital data. It then describes each mechanism, providing details on how amplitude, frequency, and/or phase are modulated to represent digital signals. Formulas for calculating the bandwidth of each mechanism are also included.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including:
- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) which represents data as changes in signal amplitude.
- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) which represents data as changes in carrier frequency.
- Phase Shift Keying (PSK) which represents data as changes in the phase of the carrier signal.
- Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) and Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) which are continuous phase modulation schemes used in wireless communications for their spectral efficiency.
- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) which combines ASK and PSK to send multiple bits per symbol.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques. It defines modulation as changing the properties of a high frequency carrier signal based on a low frequency message signal. It then explains several digital modulation methods including Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) used for digital audio, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) used to control LEDs and motors, and Phase-shift Keying (PSK) used for wireless communication. The document provides examples of common uses for each modulation technique.
This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK), and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). It explains the basic concepts of how each technique works including how digital data is converted to analog signals and how the amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal is varied to represent binary digits. It also discusses related topics like bandwidth requirements, bit rates vs baud rates, and applications like digital radio broadcasting that use these modulation techniques.
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DSB-SC demodulation is done by multiplying the DSB-SC signal with an oscillator having the same frequency and phase as the modulation oscillator. This allows recovery of the original message signal. To design the demodulation circuit in Matlab, the modulation circuit must first be designed and connected to the input of the demodulation circuit. Key components are chosen from the Simulink library to implement the DSB-SC modulation and demodulation circuits.
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2. PSK
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a method of digital communication in
which the phase of a transmitted signal is varied to convey information.
There are several methods that can be used to accomplish PSK. The
simplest PSK technique is called binary phase-shift keying (BPSK). It
uses two opposite signal phases (0 and 180 degrees). The digital signal
is broken up time wise into individual bits (binary digits). The state of
each bit is determined according to the state of the preceding bit. If the
phase of the wave does not change, then the signal state stays the
same (0 or 1). If the phase of the wave changes by 180 degrees -- that
is, if the phase reverses -- then the signal state changes (from 0 to 1 or
from 1 to 0). Because there are two possible wave phases, BPSK is
sometimes called bi-phase modulation. Figure 1 shows an example of
the PSK representation.
Figure 1: PSK Representation.
3. FSK
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital
signals. The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each
represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave
at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a
different frequency. A modem converts the binary data from a computer
to FSK for transmission over telephone lines, cables, optical fiber, or
wireless media. The modem also converts incoming FSK signals to
digital low and high states, which the computer can "understand." Figure
2 shows the FSK representation.
Figure 2: FSK Representation.
The FSK mode was introduced for use with mechanical tele-
printers in the mid-1900s. The standard speed of those machines was
45 baud {Baud was the prevalent measure for data transmission speed
until replaced by a more accurate term, bps (bits per second)},
equivalent to about 45 bits per second. When personal computers
became common and networks came into being, this signaling speed
was tedious. Transmission of large text documents and programs took
hours; image transfer was unknown. During the 1970s, engineers began
to develop modems that ran at faster speeds, and the quest for ever-
greater bandwidth has continued ever since. Today, a standard
4. telephone modem operates at thousands of bits per second. Cable and
wireless modems work at more than 1,000,000 bps (one megabit per
second or 1 Mbps), and optical fiber modems function at many Mbps.
But the basic principle of FSK has not changed in more than half a
century.
QAM
QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) is a method of
combining two amplitude-modulated (AM) signals into a single channel,
thereby doubling the effective bandwidth. QAM is used with pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM) in digital systems, especially in wireless
applications.
In a QAM signal, there are two carriers, each having the same
frequency but differing in phase by 90 degrees (one quarter of a cycle,
from which the term quadrature arises). One signal is called the (I)
signal, and the other is called the (Q) signal. Mathematically, one of the
signals can be represented by a sine wave, and the other by a cosine
wave. The two modulated carriers are combined at the source for
transmission. At the destination, the carriers are separated, the data is
extracted from each, and then the data is combined into the original
modulating information.