The document discusses the Entity Relationship (ER) model, which is an approach to conceptual database design that focuses on database structures and constraints. The ER model represents relationships between types of data using entity types (like people and things), their attributes, and the relationships between entities. These relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. ER diagrams provide a visual notation for conceptual database design using these core components of entities, attributes, and relationships.