Describe how a NAT (Network Address Translator) works. Be sure to in.pdf

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Describe how a NAT (Network Address Translator) works. Be sure to include an example showing the translation. Solution Hi there well here is how the NAT works. Network Address Translation (NAT) is mainly designed for conserving IP addresses. It enables private IP networks that use unregistered IP addresses to connect to the Internet. NAT operates on a router, which involves connection of two networks together, and translates the private addresses in the internal network into legal addresses, before the data packets are being forwarded to another network. NAT allows a single device, such as a router, to act as an agent between the Internet (or public network) and a local network (or private network), which means that only a single unique IP address is required to represent an entire group of computers to anything outside their network. NAT also maintains concurrent sessions. Working of a NAT: Earlier the computers and servers which are interacting with each other within a network need a unique identification like they should have a unique address to recognize each other.For this combinations of 32bit numbers like IPv4 came into existence.But due to the faster growth and demand of internet this was not suffiecient enough so to resolve this problem NAT came into light. It enabled two types of network IP addresses like private and public. A range of private addresses were introduced, which anyone could use, as long as these were kept private within the network and not routed on the internet. The range of private addresses known as RFC 1918 are; Class A 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 NAT allows you to use these private IP address on the internal network. However when internal hosts do need to communicate to the public network (Internet) then this is where a public address comes into the equation. Example of NAT: For this we have to follow some policies: Determine which IP addresses will be used for translation. Set up the necessary proxy ARPs. Set up the necessary static host routes. Create the necessary network objects. Make the necessary modifications to anti-spoofing. Create the necessary rulebase rules to permit the desired traffic. Create the NAT rules. Install the security policy, and verify that everything works as planned..

Determine which IP addresses will be used for translation.
Set up the necessary proxy ARPs.
Set up the necessary static host routes.
Create the necessary network objects.
Make the necessary modifications to anti-spoofing.
Create the necessary rulebase rules to permit the desired traffic.
Create the NAT rules.
Install the security policy, and verify that everything works as planned.

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In aqueous solution, Cd2+will precipitate out of solution in the form of CdS in the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The Ksp of CdS = 1.0 x 10-28 and Ksp of H2S = 1.0 x 10-26 for the reaction: H2S (aq) = 2 H+(aq) + S2-(aq) a. Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction of cadmium ion with hydrogen sulfide to form cadmium sulfide solid. b. Write the equilibrium expression for the equation in part a. c. Calculate Koverall for the reaction in part a. d. Calculate the [Cd2+] in a solution saturated with H2S (0.10 M) at a pH = 2.00 ([H+] = 0.010 M). Solution a) The balanced ionic equation for the formation of cadmium sulfide from cadmium ion and hydrogen sulfide is given as Cd2+ (aq) + H2S (aq) <=======> CdS (s) + 2 H+ (aq) ……..(1) b) The equilibrium constant for the reaction is given as Koverall = [H+]2/[Cd2+][H2S] (ans) Note that the concentration of a solid is not written in the expression for the equilibrium constant. c) Write down the two ionization reactions as below. CdS (s) <=======> Cd2+ (aq) + S2- (aq) ……..(2) Ksp = [Cd2+][S2-] H2S (aq) <=======> 2 H+ (aq) + S2- (aq) …….(3) Ka = [H+]2[S2-]/[H2S] Subtract (2) from (3) and obtain Cd2+ (aq) + H2S (aq) <======> CdS (s) + 2 H+ (aq) Koverall = [H+]2/[Cd2+][H2S] = ([H+]2/[H2S])*(1/[Cd2+]) = ([H+]2[S2-]/[H2S])*1/([Cd2+][S2-] = Ka*1/Ksp = (1.0*10-26)*1/(1.0*10-28) = 100 (ans). d) We have [H2S] = 0.10 M and pH = 2.00. We define pH as pH = -log [H+] ====> 2.00 = -log [H+] ====> [H+] = antilog (-2.00) = 0.01 M Since Ka (H2S) is extremely small, we may assume the equilibrium concentration of H2S to be equal to 0.10 M; hence, we have Koverall = [H+]2/[Cd2+][H2S] ====> 100 = (0.01)2/[Cd2+].(0.10) ====> [Cd2+] = (0.01)2/(100*0.10) = 1.0*10-5 The concentration of Cd2+ at equilibrium is 1.0*10-5 M (ans)..

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