IP addresses are unique identifiers for devices connected to a network. They allow information to be specifically routed to the intended destination similar to mailing addresses. There are two main IP address standards, IPv4 and IPv6, with IPv6 addressing anticipated space limitations of IPv4 by expanding the number of available addresses. IP addresses can be static, configured manually, or dynamic, assigned automatically by a DHCP server.
MAC addresses are 48- or 64-bit identifiers linked to the hardware of network adapters. They are expressed as hexadecimal strings like 01-23-45-67-89-AB. There are two types: universally administered addresses, which are assigned at manufacture with the first three octets identifying the manufacturer, and locally administered addresses, which can be manually changed but must be unique on the local subnet. MAC addresses can be useful for security and troubleshooting network issues.
The document discusses subnet masks and how they are used to separate the network and host portions of an IP address. A subnet mask contains a binary pattern of ones and zeros that is applied using Boolean algebra to determine if an IP address is on the local network or needs to be routed externally. Default subnet masks exist for each address class, and their function is to filter out bits and identify the network address portion of a destination IP.
An IP address is divided into a network and host part, with a class A address using the first 8 bits for the network and the last 24 bits for the host. A subnet mask, also consisting of 32 bits, uses 1s to represent the network part and 0s to represent the host part, allowing a computer to determine the network and host parts of an IP address. For example, an IP address of 10.0.0.1 with a default class A subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 would mean any IP address starting with 10 would be in the same network, ranging from 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255.
The document discusses IPv4 routing and routing protocols. It begins with an introduction to routing and how data flows between devices on the internet in the form of packets. It then covers routing components like path determination, routing tables, and routing protocols for both intra-domain (RIP, OSPF) and inter-domain (BGP) routing. It concludes with a discussion on the future of routing with IPv6 and a high-level summary of routing and routing protocols.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
IP addressing and subnetting allows networks to be logically organized and divided. The key objectives covered include explaining IP address classes, configuring addresses, subnetting networks, and advanced concepts like CIDR, summarization, and VLSM. Transitioning to IPv6 is also discussed as a way to address the depletion of IPv4 addresses and improve security.
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
Addressing deals with uniquely identifying the location of an entity for communication purposes. It involves a name/identifier, address, and route. Addresses allow messages to be delivered to the intended destination. IP addresses in IPv4 are 32-bit numbers that identify devices on the network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and uses 128-bit addresses to overcome the address space limitations of IPv4. A transition approach is needed to integrate IPv6 since the internet cannot be abruptly changed over.
MAC addresses are 48- or 64-bit identifiers linked to the hardware of network adapters. They are expressed as hexadecimal strings like 01-23-45-67-89-AB. There are two types: universally administered addresses, which are assigned at manufacture with the first three octets identifying the manufacturer, and locally administered addresses, which can be manually changed but must be unique on the local subnet. MAC addresses can be useful for security and troubleshooting network issues.
The document discusses subnet masks and how they are used to separate the network and host portions of an IP address. A subnet mask contains a binary pattern of ones and zeros that is applied using Boolean algebra to determine if an IP address is on the local network or needs to be routed externally. Default subnet masks exist for each address class, and their function is to filter out bits and identify the network address portion of a destination IP.
An IP address is divided into a network and host part, with a class A address using the first 8 bits for the network and the last 24 bits for the host. A subnet mask, also consisting of 32 bits, uses 1s to represent the network part and 0s to represent the host part, allowing a computer to determine the network and host parts of an IP address. For example, an IP address of 10.0.0.1 with a default class A subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 would mean any IP address starting with 10 would be in the same network, ranging from 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255.
The document discusses IPv4 routing and routing protocols. It begins with an introduction to routing and how data flows between devices on the internet in the form of packets. It then covers routing components like path determination, routing tables, and routing protocols for both intra-domain (RIP, OSPF) and inter-domain (BGP) routing. It concludes with a discussion on the future of routing with IPv6 and a high-level summary of routing and routing protocols.
This presentation gives a brief description about IP Address (Internet protocol address), Classes of IPv4. And also included, what is IPv4 and what is IPv6.
IP addressing and subnetting allows networks to be logically organized and divided. The key objectives covered include explaining IP address classes, configuring addresses, subnetting networks, and advanced concepts like CIDR, summarization, and VLSM. Transitioning to IPv6 is also discussed as a way to address the depletion of IPv4 addresses and improve security.
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
Addressing deals with uniquely identifying the location of an entity for communication purposes. It involves a name/identifier, address, and route. Addresses allow messages to be delivered to the intended destination. IP addresses in IPv4 are 32-bit numbers that identify devices on the network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and uses 128-bit addresses to overcome the address space limitations of IPv4. A transition approach is needed to integrate IPv6 since the internet cannot be abruptly changed over.
The document discusses a Network Interface Card (NIC). It begins with an introduction to NICs, noting they connect systems to networks and allow communication. It then covers the history of NICs, types of NICs based on various features, the basic functions and working of NICs, and how NICs fit into the 7-layer OSI model. Specifically, it states that NICs operate at the physical layer (layer 1) and data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. The document provides details on each of these layers and how NICs enable communication and data transfer between networked devices.
This document provides an overview of the network layer and some of its key protocols. It begins with an introduction to the network layer and its main responsibilities, including routing packets between subnets that may have different addressing schemes or protocols. It then discusses some of the network layer's main functionalities and features. The remainder of the document defines and describes several important network layer protocols, including EIGRP, ICMP, IGMP, IPv4, and others. It provides high-level explanations of how these protocols function and their roles within the network layer.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses used to identify nodes in an IPv6 network. They are conventionally written in hexadecimal colon notation, divided into eight sections of four hexadecimal digits each. IPv6 addresses have a hierarchical structure, with the type prefix in the first bits indicating the address category such as unicast, multicast, anycast, reserved, or local. Unicast addresses are used to identify a single interface, multicast for groups of interfaces, and anycast to select the nearest available node in a group.
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP) and routes most internet traffic. It uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for over 4 billion devices to connect. Addresses are written in binary or dotted-decimal notation, with each part identifying the network or host. IPv4 addresses are divided into classes A-C that determine the portions for network vs host identification, with classes D-E being reserved. Issues with IPv4 include a limited address space and increasing routing tables as the internet grows.
The document discusses planning and designing a small network, including:
- Identifying common devices used such as routers, switches, wireless access points, and IP phones.
- Design considerations for a small network like IP addressing, redundancy, traffic prioritization.
- Common network applications and protocols used, including VoIP, DHCP, DNS.
- Ensuring the network can support real-time applications like voice and video.
- Planning for future growth of the network through documentation, traffic analysis, and protocol analysis.
This document discusses subnetting and IP addressing. It introduces subnet masks and how they are used to divide networks into subnets. Specific examples are provided on subnetting Class A, B, and C networks using subnet masks like /28, 255.255.255.192, and 255.255.240.0. The document also discusses calculating the number of subnets and valid hosts for different subnet masks. Multiple practice questions are provided at the end to help understand subnetting.
I walk through What is BGP, Why BGP and BGP Attributes, Path Selection, Use Case of BGP, iBGP, eBGP, CCNP Routing, Multi Homing
What is BGP?
Why BGP?
BGP Peer Relationships
Configuration of BGP
BGP attributes and Path Selection
BGP use cases
1. The document provides a review of questions and answers for a mid-term exam covering networking concepts.
2. It includes 35 questions related to topics like binary, hexadecimal, Ethernet, TCP/IP, network devices, network topologies, and the OSI model.
3. The questions are multiple choice format with between 4-7 possible answers for each question to choose from.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used to automatically assign IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways and other network configuration options to clients on a network. DHCP reduces network configuration workload. It uses a four step packet exchange process during the initial IP address lease and will attempt renewal at 50% and 87.5% of the lease time. DHCP servers must be authorized in Active Directory to lease addresses. Scopes are configured to define address ranges for clients, reservations assign specific addresses by MAC address, and relays allow a single DHCP server to service multiple subnets.
This document provides an overview of IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It discusses hardware addressing using MAC addresses, logical addressing using network IDs and host IDs, and the Internet Protocol (IP). IP uses 32-bit addresses and provides logical addressing and routing. Subnet masks distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address. CIDR notation compactly represents subnet masks. Address classes and subnetting create networks and hosts. Private IP addresses are used internally while public addresses can route on the internet.
The document discusses subnetting and provides an example of how to subnet the IP network address 192.168.1.128 into 6 subnets. It explains that subnetting allows a single network number to be shared among multiple physical networks. Each host is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, where the subnet is calculated by performing a bitwise AND of the IP address and subnet mask. The example shows how to determine the subnet mask is 255.255.255.224 when creating 6 subnets, and that each subnet can support up to 30 hosts.
The document provides steps to configure a workstation to join a local area network. It involves setting the workstation's IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. These settings can be configured automatically or manually. The document also describes how to use the ping command to test network connectivity and troubleshoot any connection issues.
This chapter will cover how to configure, manage, and troubleshoot VLANs and
VLAN trunks. It will also examine security considerations and strategies relating
to VLANs and trunks, and best practices for VLAN design.
IPv4 uses datagram switching at the network layer and is connectionless. It includes fields for identification, flags, fragmentation offset, and time to live. IPv6 was developed to address IPv4's inefficient address space, lack of security, and inability to support real-time audio/video. IPv6 features a larger 128-bit address space, better header format, extensions, flow labeling, and more security. A smooth transition involves dual stack, tunneling, or header translation methods.
The document discusses network interface cards (NICs). It describes NICs as integrated circuit boards that allow computers to communicate over a local area network. NICs convert parallel data from a computer to serial data for transmission and vice versa. They have a unique MAC address and optionally an IP address. The document outlines the basic components and functions of NICs, including different types, drivers, and how they allow network connectivity and communication between computers.
NAT maps private IP addresses to public IP addresses, allowing multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address to access the Internet. It is commonly used when there is a shortage of IPv4 addresses. There are different types of NAT, including dynamic NAT which maps private addresses to public addresses on a need basis, and NAPT which allows thousands of devices to share one IP address by also mapping port numbers. NAT solves issues like merging networks with duplicate private addresses and changing ISPs without renumbering an entire network.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address to connect to the internet. It works by translating the private IP addresses and port numbers in data packets into public IP addresses and port numbers before being sent out to the internet, and vice versa for incoming packets. Dynamic NAT assigns public IP addresses and port numbers from a pool to private addresses and ports on demand. Overloading allows multiple connections from the same private IP by using different port numbers. Proxies provide additional benefits like caching but require explicit client support. NAT can improve security, administration and fault tolerance but causes issues for some network games without workarounds.
The document provides information about CCNA training and certification. It discusses the topics covered in the CCNA exam, recommended training courses, study materials, exam format and structure. The CCNA certification tests knowledge of network fundamentals, switching, routing, WAN technologies, security and management. Exams last 90 minutes and contain around 50-60 multiple choice and simulation questions. Common jobs requiring the CCNA include network administrator, database administrator and help desk technician.
There are 5 classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D and E - defined by TCP/IP, with classes A, B and C used for host addresses and classes D and E used for multicast and experimental purposes respectively. The value of the first octet determines the class and range of valid IP addresses. Special IP address ranges include 0.0.0.0/8 for communicating with the local network, 127.0.0.0/8 for loopback addresses, and 169.254.0.0/16 for link-local addresses.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networking such as:
1. It differentiates between an internet, which connects millions of computers globally through a network of networks, and a network, which connects computers locally.
2. It describes internetworking as connecting computer networks through gateways, resulting in an internetwork or internet. The Internet Protocol establishes internetworking on the internet.
3. It provides details on HDLC frames, which use flags to mark the beginning and end, and contain address, control and information fields for transmitting data between network points.
IPv4 and IPv6 are internet protocols. IPv4 is the current version but IPv6 is needed to replace it due to IPv4 running out of available addresses. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, vastly increasing the number of available addresses. IPv6 also includes improvements in areas like security, quality of service, and mobility support. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is ongoing but not yet complete, as both protocols need to coexist during the changeover period.
The document discusses a Network Interface Card (NIC). It begins with an introduction to NICs, noting they connect systems to networks and allow communication. It then covers the history of NICs, types of NICs based on various features, the basic functions and working of NICs, and how NICs fit into the 7-layer OSI model. Specifically, it states that NICs operate at the physical layer (layer 1) and data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. The document provides details on each of these layers and how NICs enable communication and data transfer between networked devices.
This document provides an overview of the network layer and some of its key protocols. It begins with an introduction to the network layer and its main responsibilities, including routing packets between subnets that may have different addressing schemes or protocols. It then discusses some of the network layer's main functionalities and features. The remainder of the document defines and describes several important network layer protocols, including EIGRP, ICMP, IGMP, IPv4, and others. It provides high-level explanations of how these protocols function and their roles within the network layer.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit addresses used to identify nodes in an IPv6 network. They are conventionally written in hexadecimal colon notation, divided into eight sections of four hexadecimal digits each. IPv6 addresses have a hierarchical structure, with the type prefix in the first bits indicating the address category such as unicast, multicast, anycast, reserved, or local. Unicast addresses are used to identify a single interface, multicast for groups of interfaces, and anycast to select the nearest available node in a group.
IPv4 is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP) and routes most internet traffic. It uses 32-bit addresses, allowing for over 4 billion devices to connect. Addresses are written in binary or dotted-decimal notation, with each part identifying the network or host. IPv4 addresses are divided into classes A-C that determine the portions for network vs host identification, with classes D-E being reserved. Issues with IPv4 include a limited address space and increasing routing tables as the internet grows.
The document discusses planning and designing a small network, including:
- Identifying common devices used such as routers, switches, wireless access points, and IP phones.
- Design considerations for a small network like IP addressing, redundancy, traffic prioritization.
- Common network applications and protocols used, including VoIP, DHCP, DNS.
- Ensuring the network can support real-time applications like voice and video.
- Planning for future growth of the network through documentation, traffic analysis, and protocol analysis.
This document discusses subnetting and IP addressing. It introduces subnet masks and how they are used to divide networks into subnets. Specific examples are provided on subnetting Class A, B, and C networks using subnet masks like /28, 255.255.255.192, and 255.255.240.0. The document also discusses calculating the number of subnets and valid hosts for different subnet masks. Multiple practice questions are provided at the end to help understand subnetting.
I walk through What is BGP, Why BGP and BGP Attributes, Path Selection, Use Case of BGP, iBGP, eBGP, CCNP Routing, Multi Homing
What is BGP?
Why BGP?
BGP Peer Relationships
Configuration of BGP
BGP attributes and Path Selection
BGP use cases
1. The document provides a review of questions and answers for a mid-term exam covering networking concepts.
2. It includes 35 questions related to topics like binary, hexadecimal, Ethernet, TCP/IP, network devices, network topologies, and the OSI model.
3. The questions are multiple choice format with between 4-7 possible answers for each question to choose from.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is used to automatically assign IP addresses, subnet masks, default gateways and other network configuration options to clients on a network. DHCP reduces network configuration workload. It uses a four step packet exchange process during the initial IP address lease and will attempt renewal at 50% and 87.5% of the lease time. DHCP servers must be authorized in Active Directory to lease addresses. Scopes are configured to define address ranges for clients, reservations assign specific addresses by MAC address, and relays allow a single DHCP server to service multiple subnets.
This document provides an overview of IPv4 addressing and subnetting. It discusses hardware addressing using MAC addresses, logical addressing using network IDs and host IDs, and the Internet Protocol (IP). IP uses 32-bit addresses and provides logical addressing and routing. Subnet masks distinguish the network and host portions of an IP address. CIDR notation compactly represents subnet masks. Address classes and subnetting create networks and hosts. Private IP addresses are used internally while public addresses can route on the internet.
The document discusses subnetting and provides an example of how to subnet the IP network address 192.168.1.128 into 6 subnets. It explains that subnetting allows a single network number to be shared among multiple physical networks. Each host is configured with an IP address and subnet mask, where the subnet is calculated by performing a bitwise AND of the IP address and subnet mask. The example shows how to determine the subnet mask is 255.255.255.224 when creating 6 subnets, and that each subnet can support up to 30 hosts.
The document provides steps to configure a workstation to join a local area network. It involves setting the workstation's IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. These settings can be configured automatically or manually. The document also describes how to use the ping command to test network connectivity and troubleshoot any connection issues.
This chapter will cover how to configure, manage, and troubleshoot VLANs and
VLAN trunks. It will also examine security considerations and strategies relating
to VLANs and trunks, and best practices for VLAN design.
IPv4 uses datagram switching at the network layer and is connectionless. It includes fields for identification, flags, fragmentation offset, and time to live. IPv6 was developed to address IPv4's inefficient address space, lack of security, and inability to support real-time audio/video. IPv6 features a larger 128-bit address space, better header format, extensions, flow labeling, and more security. A smooth transition involves dual stack, tunneling, or header translation methods.
The document discusses network interface cards (NICs). It describes NICs as integrated circuit boards that allow computers to communicate over a local area network. NICs convert parallel data from a computer to serial data for transmission and vice versa. They have a unique MAC address and optionally an IP address. The document outlines the basic components and functions of NICs, including different types, drivers, and how they allow network connectivity and communication between computers.
NAT maps private IP addresses to public IP addresses, allowing multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address to access the Internet. It is commonly used when there is a shortage of IPv4 addresses. There are different types of NAT, including dynamic NAT which maps private addresses to public addresses on a need basis, and NAPT which allows thousands of devices to share one IP address by also mapping port numbers. NAT solves issues like merging networks with duplicate private addresses and changing ISPs without renumbering an entire network.
Network Address Translation (NAT) allows multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address to connect to the internet. It works by translating the private IP addresses and port numbers in data packets into public IP addresses and port numbers before being sent out to the internet, and vice versa for incoming packets. Dynamic NAT assigns public IP addresses and port numbers from a pool to private addresses and ports on demand. Overloading allows multiple connections from the same private IP by using different port numbers. Proxies provide additional benefits like caching but require explicit client support. NAT can improve security, administration and fault tolerance but causes issues for some network games without workarounds.
The document provides information about CCNA training and certification. It discusses the topics covered in the CCNA exam, recommended training courses, study materials, exam format and structure. The CCNA certification tests knowledge of network fundamentals, switching, routing, WAN technologies, security and management. Exams last 90 minutes and contain around 50-60 multiple choice and simulation questions. Common jobs requiring the CCNA include network administrator, database administrator and help desk technician.
There are 5 classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D and E - defined by TCP/IP, with classes A, B and C used for host addresses and classes D and E used for multicast and experimental purposes respectively. The value of the first octet determines the class and range of valid IP addresses. Special IP address ranges include 0.0.0.0/8 for communicating with the local network, 127.0.0.0/8 for loopback addresses, and 169.254.0.0/16 for link-local addresses.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networking such as:
1. It differentiates between an internet, which connects millions of computers globally through a network of networks, and a network, which connects computers locally.
2. It describes internetworking as connecting computer networks through gateways, resulting in an internetwork or internet. The Internet Protocol establishes internetworking on the internet.
3. It provides details on HDLC frames, which use flags to mark the beginning and end, and contain address, control and information fields for transmitting data between network points.
IPv4 and IPv6 are internet protocols. IPv4 is the current version but IPv6 is needed to replace it due to IPv4 running out of available addresses. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to IPv4's 32-bit addresses, vastly increasing the number of available addresses. IPv6 also includes improvements in areas like security, quality of service, and mobility support. The transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is ongoing but not yet complete, as both protocols need to coexist during the changeover period.
the TCP/IP protocol suite involves several methods that enables communication of which IP addressing is one of those pertinent subjects that must be considered if communication must be successful.
Computer networks are a fundamental aspect of modern technology, enabling computers to communicate and share information with one another. This presentation will provide an overview of computer networks, covering topics such as network architecture, network topologies, network protocols, and network security. Participants will learn about different types of networks, such as LANs (Local Area Networks), WANs (Wide Area Networks), and the Internet. We will also discuss the different components of a network, including routers, switches, and servers, as well as the protocols used to transmit data across networks. Additionally, the presentation will cover topics related to network security, including firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention, and encryption. By the end of the presentation, participants will have a solid understanding of computer networks and the role they play in modern computing.
The document discusses the key differences between packet switching and circuit switching networks. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are sent independently over multiple routes, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of a call. Some advantages of packet switching are more efficient use of bandwidth and easier scalability, while circuit switching guarantees quality of service and full bandwidth for calls.
IP is the protocol that handles addressing and routing of data across the internet. Each device connected to the internet has a unique IP address that is used to identify it and route data to it. There are different classes of IP addresses that determine the number of devices that can be connected to a network. IP addresses are represented numerically in dot-decimal notation and newer versions of IP have expanded the available address space to meet growing internet demands.
This document provides an overview of networking and communications basics, including network addresses, protocols, and infrastructure. It discusses IP addresses and their functions, the OSI model layers, URL structures, networking ports, and hosting/domain registration services. IP addresses allow devices on a network to communicate by providing unique identifiers. The seven-layer OSI model standardizes network communications. URLs, domains, and ports facilitate finding and accessing resources over the internet. Hosting facilities and registrars manage physical infrastructure and domain name resolution.
IP is the protocol that governs how data is sent between devices on the internet. Each device has a unique IP address that is used to route data packets to the correct destination. IP addresses are numerical identifiers composed of four groups of numbers separated by periods. IP provides an unreliable connectionless delivery service and handles fragmentation of data into packets that may arrive out of order.
As robust as the IP protocol is, it does not perform the actual .docxcargillfilberto
As robust as the IP protocol is, it does not perform the actual transmission of the data. In this step, you will investigate the network protocol called
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
, responsible for creation, reliability of delivery, and proper assembling of data packets.
In addition to IP, TCP is also widely used on the internet, especially for any network communication where it is essential to confirm receipt of the transmission. Many of the network protocols used to implement cloud computing use both TCP and IP. You will review TCP’s workings and discuss them in your final technical report.
In general, there is no guarantee that a data packet will reach its destination. Packets can get lost or corrupted during transmission, and there are network applications where you need assurance that the packets have reached their destination. To achieve reliability, TCP establishes connections between communicating hosts, using port numbers to refer to applications on these hosts. Then, packets are created, sequenced, transmitted, acknowledged, and retransmitted if missing or containing errors. Finally, at the destination, they are reassembled into the original messages.
To synchronize the flow of packets between sender and receiver, and avoid packet congestion in case of varying speeds, TCP uses
sliding windows
for packets remaining in processing at a given time, at both the sender and receiver ends.
In the next step, you will look into subnetting BallotOnline’s IP addresses.
One of the drawbacks of IPv4 is the maximum number of network devices it can support. IPv4 addressing uses a 32-bit network address. This allows for 232,, or a little over 4 billion devices. However, today there are significantly more devices on the internet. Even though the more robust IPv6 version has been introduced and efforts are under way to assure wide adoption, IPv4 is still widely used.
One method used to more efficiently use the IPv4 network addresses is a technique to optimize the addresses by splitting them into network addresses and host addresses within designated networks. You will need to take advantage of IP address splitting so that you can efficiently use and allocate the IPv4 network addresses that have been assigned to BallotOnline.
For a given large network, rather than addressing all the hosts using the host part of the address,
subnetting
allows for splitting the network into several smaller ones by borrowing the host part bits and adding them to the network bits. It supports efficient management of local networks composed of multiple LANs. In this step, you will investigate subnetting conventions and discuss them in your final report in order to lay ground for the use of subnets by BallotOnline.
As the network engineer for BallotOnline, you know that subnetting a network into several smaller and variable-sized networks will be best for the organization's needs. BallotOnline has been assigned a network address block by the
In.
The document defines several networking terms:
A network connects two or more devices that can communicate through physical or wireless connections. Data communication transfers data between places or parties using computing and networking technologies. A node is any system connected to a network, such as computers, servers, and printers.
LAN refers to a local area network within a small geographic area like a building. PAN is a personal area network that connects devices within tens of meters. MAN is a metropolitan area network that connects areas like cities using multiple buildings. WAN extends over large geographic areas using telecommunication circuits.
NIC is a hardware component that provides a dedicated network connection. MAC address uniquely identifies each device on a network. IP address is a
The document provides information about various networking concepts and protocols. It contains 26 questions and answers about topics such as IGMP, ping, tracert, RSVP, DHCP, domains vs workgroups, NAT, PPP, IP spoofing, IP datagrams, application gateways, circuit gateways, default gateways, LANs, intranets vs the Internet, protocols, FTP, the OSI model layers, network types, topologies, IP, TCP, UDP, IP addressing classes, multicasting, DNS, telnet, and SMTP. It also defines MAC addresses.
This document discusses the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 and 6. It describes the key tasks of IP including addressing computers and fragmenting packets. IP version 4 uses 32-bit addresses while IP version 6 uses 128-bit addresses and has improvements like larger address space and better security. The document also covers IP address classes, private addressing, subnetting, Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), and address blocks.
This document provides an overview of internetworking and routing concepts. It defines internetworking as connecting two or more computer networks using devices like routers and a common addressing scheme. The three main types of internetworks are extranets, intranets, and the public Internet. IP is the common protocol used for internetworking and routing. IP packets contain source and destination addresses and are forwarded through routers using routing protocols. Performance factors like delay, throughput and packet loss are also discussed.
Subnetting of IPv4 ip address that help you to solve every type of ip address with any one of the class you want to subnet,and have a basic introduction of IPv6 ,and why, Ipv5 is not used.
1. The Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for addressing hosts and routing packets across networks to allow communication between devices.
2. There are two main versions of IP - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more devices as the number connected to the internet grows exponentially.
3. TCP and UDP are protocols that operate at a higher layer than IP and provide different functions - TCP enables reliable transmission of data through sequencing and acknowledgment while UDP provides a basic transmission model without these features.
DDoS (distributed denial of service) attacks aim to make online services unavailable by flooding them with malicious traffic from many compromised systems, but detection and prevention tools like firewalls, ACLs, and traffic scrubbing centers can help mitigate attacks by filtering unauthorized traffic and inspecting packets for signs of anomalies. Network administrators must carefully monitor traffic patterns, update access control lists, and work with internet service providers who can implement traffic redirection during attacks to successfully defend against DDoS threats.
The document discusses TCP/IP configuration and addressing. It describes:
1) The layers of the TCP/IP model including the application, transport, internet, and link layers.
2) IP addressing including public vs private addresses, IPv4 and IPv6 address formats, classes of IPv4 addresses including class A, B, C, and private addresses.
3) Networking concepts related to addressing like subnetting, supernetting, VLSM, and IPv6 addressing formats including colon hexadecimal and compressed formats.
A computer network connects devices that can communicate using common standards. Devices exchange resources and services by communicating. Networks expand by connecting devices like switches or hubs, which serve as central points for computers to connect to. The OSI model describes network functions in 7 layers, while the TCP/IP model has 4 layers. Encapsulation is the process of adding headers and trailers to data as it passes through layers. Frames, packets, and segments refer to encapsulated data at different layers. Ethernet defines physical and data link standards, using MAC addresses to deliver frames. IP addresses identify devices, while private addresses are non-routable. Switches inspect traffic and make forwarding decisions for each port, unlike hubs which broadcast to all
IP addresses are unique identifiers for devices connected to a network. There are four main types of IP addresses: public, private, static, and dynamic. Public IP addresses identify a device outside a network and are assigned by an ISP, while private IP addresses identify devices within a local network. Static IP addresses remain the same, whereas dynamic IP addresses can change over time. When data is sent between devices on different networks, routers use IP addresses to direct internet traffic to the proper destination.
This document provides an overview of the infrastructure of the information super highway. It discusses how the internet is a collection of networks connected through various means such as domain name servers, network access points, backbones, and protocols. It describes how internet service providers (ISPs) connect computers to the internet and how large communications companies provide wholesale connections between ISPs. The document also discusses concepts like routers, which determine where to send information, and network access points, which allow different networks to interconnect.
1. Jesús Adrián Suarez López
2014-Febrero-18
What is an IP?
Every machine on a network has a unique identifier. Just as you would address a letter
to send in the mail, computers use the unique identifier to send data to specific computers on a
network. Most networks today, including all computers on the Internet, use the TCP/IP protocol
as the standard for how to communicate on the network. In the TCP/IP protocol, the unique
identifier for a computer is called its IP address.
There are two standards for IP addresses: IP Version 4 (IPv4) and IP Version 6 (IPv6). All
computers with IP addresses have an IPv4 address, and many are starting to use the new IPv6
address system as well. Here's what these two address types mean:
IPv4 uses 32 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An IPv4 address is
expressed by four numbers separated by dots. Each number is the decimal (base-10)
representation for an eight-digit binary (base-2) number, also called an octet. For example:
216.27.61.137
IPv6 uses 128 binary bits to create a single unique address on the network. An IPv6 address is
expressed by eight groups of hexadecimal (base-16) numbers separated by colons, as in
2001:cdba:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652. Groups of numbers that contain all zeros are
often omitted to save space, leaving a colon separator to mark the gap (as in 2001:cdba::
3257:9652).
At the dawn of IPv4 addressing, the Internet was not the large commercial sensation it is today,
and most networks were private and closed off from other networks around the world. When
the Internet exploded, having only 32 bits to identify a unique Internet address caused people
to panic that we'd run out of IP addresses. Under IPv4, there are 232 possible combinations,
which offer just fewer than 4.3 billion unique addresses. IPv6 raised that to a panic-relieving
2128 possible addresses. Later, we'll take a closer look at how to understand your computer's
IPv4 or IPv6 addresses.
How does your computer get its IP address? An IP address can be either dynamic or static. A
static address is one that you configure yourself by editing your computer's network settings.
This type of address is rare, and it can create network issues if you use it without a good
understanding of TCP/IP. Dynamic addresses are the most common. They're assigned by the
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), a service running on the network. DHCP typically
runs on network hardware such as routers or dedicated DHCP servers.
Dynamic IP addresses are issued using a leasing system, meaning that the IP address is only
active for a limited time. If the lease expires, the computer will automatically request a new
lease. Sometimes, this means the computer will get a new IP address, too, especially if the
2. computer was unplugged from the network between leases. This process is usually transparent
to the user unless the computer warns about an IP address conflict on the network (two
computers with the same IP address). An address conflict is rare, and today's technology
typically fixes the problem automatically.
Conclusion: IP addresses are like house addresses, but for computers and networks to
allow such mentioned networks to function at optimal speeds. If IP addresses were not in place
it would be as if you and your neighbor had the exact same address and when the mail man
came along to deliver a letter or someone came to visit, it would be confusing to be able to
decipher which house is yours. The same thing can be applied for networks as they allow for a
system of identification to be able to know which network is which and take the information
requested or sent to the network it is meant to go to. I learned about the IPv4 and IPv6 IP
addresses that are very similar, but IPv6 addresses are like a step up from the IPv4 addresses as
they allow for more variety of network identifiers. As time moves forward and technology
becomes more and more the standard, we may see that they come up with a new version of IP
like they did with the IPv6; maybe IPv8?
What is a Subnet?
Definition: A subnet is a logical grouping of connected network devices. Nodes on a
subnet tend to be located in close physical proximity to each other on a LAN.
Network designers employ subnets as a way to partition networks into logical segments for
greater ease of administration. When subnets are properly implemented, both the
performance and security of networks can be improved.
In Internet Protocol (IP) networking, devices on a subnet share contiguous ranges of IP address
numbers. A mask (known as the subnet mask or network mask) defines the boundaries of an IP
subnet. The correspondence between subnet masks and IP address ranges follows defined
mathematical formulas. IT professionals use subnet calculators to map between masks and
addresses.
A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible subdivision of an IP network. The practice of
dividing a network into two or more networks is called subnetting.
All computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with a common, identical, most-significant
bit-group in their IP address. This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields, a
network or routing prefix and the rest field or host identifier. The rest field is an identifier for a
specific host or network interface.
3. The routing prefix is expressed in CIDR notation. It is written as the first address of a network,
followed by a slash character (/), and ending with the bit-length of the prefix. For example,
192.168.1.0/24 is the prefix of the Internet Protocol Version 4 network starting at the given
address, having 24 bits allocated for the network prefix, and the remaining 8 bits reserved for
host addressing. The IPv6 address specification 2001:db8::/32 is a large address block with
296
addresses, having a 32-bit routing prefix. In IPv4 the routing prefix is also specified in the
form of the subnet mask, which is expressed in quad-dotted decimal representation like an
address. For example, 255.255.255.0 is the network mask for the 192.168.1.0/24 prefix. Traffic
between subnetworks is exchanged or routed with special gateways called routers which
constitute the logical or physical boundaries between the subnets.
The benefits of subnetting vary with each deployment scenario. In the address allocation
architecture of the Internet using Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) and in large
organizations, it is necessary to allocate address space efficiently. It may also enhance routing
efficiency, or have advantages in network management when subnetworks are administratively
controlled by different entities in a larger organization. Subnets may be arranged logically in a
hierarchical architecture, partitioning an organization's network address space into a tree-like
routing structure.
Conclusion: Subnets, like IP addresses, allow for networks to be divided and
identifiable, they allow for information to flow through the correct network and reach the
correct user. Subnets are subdivisions of IP addresses allow IP addresses to span more and
more networks without the need to use different IP addresses. I learned by reading this that IP
addresses can be divided into smaller segments to optimize the network identification and to
make it so the network is 100% unique so that there is never any kind of confusion.
What is a Gateway?
In computer networking, a gateway is a node on a TCP/IP network that serves as an
access point to another network. A default gateway is the node on the computer network that
the network software uses when an IP address does not match any other routes in the routing
table. It is usually the IP address of the router to which your PC network is connected.
In home computing configurations, an ISP often provides a physical device which both connects
local hardware to the Internet and serves as a gateway. Such devices include DSL
routers and cable routers.
In organizational systems a gateway is a node that routes the traffic from a workstation to
another network segment. The default gateway commonly connects the internal networks and
the outside network. In such a situation, the gateway node could also act as a proxy server and
a firewall. The gateway is also associated with both a router, which uses headers
and forwarding tables to determine where packets are sent, and a switch, which provides the
4. actual path for the packet in and out of the gateway. In other words, a default gateway
provides an entry point and an exit point in a network.
A gateway is a node that allows you to gain entrance into a network and vice versa. On the
Internet the node which is the stopping point can be a gateway or a host node. A computer that
controls the traffic your network or your ISP (Internet Service Provider) receives is a node. In
most homes a gateway is the device provided by the Internet Service Provider that connects
users to the internet.
When a computer server serves as a Gateway node, the gateway node also operates as a
firewall and a proxy server. A firewall is a system created to prevent unauthorized admission
into a private network. A proxy server is located right between a client application such as a
web browser and the real server. The proxy server sees if the client applications requests can
be carried out by the real server.
Usually a gateway is associated with a router. So a gateway is one of the many ways we can
communicate over the World Wide Web. The gateway allows us to enter different networks on
the internet so we can transmit data back and forth. There's also software available where you
can be able to run several networks on a computer. As you have come to see by now having a
gateway on your computer has its many benefits.
Conclusion: As the name states, a gateway is an actual “gateway” between networks,
an input/output door between the information coming in and going out. This allows for a more
effective transfer of data between connected networks. I learned that you can connect
networks via a gateway to allow faster transfer rates and a more effective transfer rate so that
the information needed to be transferred between the networks can be done so in a facilitated
fashion.
What are the Basic Functions of a Router?
A router is a device or sometimes computer software that lets you know the next
network data should be sent to next. A router can be connected to two or more networks at a
time; it decides the next destination of the data based on its comprehension of the condition of
the networks. A gateway is associated with a router because a router which uses headers and
forwarding tables to figure out where packets or data is sent provides the path through which
information is sent in and out a gateway.
The main function of a router is to enable the movement of data by a device from one network
to another. A router is actually a specialized computer connected to one or more networks.
The function of a router is to manage the paths along which information is forwarded within a
network. They are necessary to facilitate communication between computers and the Internet.
5. Internet data is transferred through the TCP/IP networking protocols that are designed to
communicate data. When it is transmitted, the data is split into fragments called packets. A
router is designed to direct these packets to the correct destination along the best possible
route, hence the name, router.
Routers range in size from the small ones we have in our homes and that are available from
computer shops and from Internet Service Providers, to absolutely huge models that manage
huge flows of data between computer networks and throughout the Internet. The smaller,
home-based models make it possible to share one Internet connection between a few
computers on the network, and this enables more than one person to use it, whereas the larger
ones are far more intricate and have many multi-function routing devices.
Routers come in two basic types: Dynamic and static. The dynamic comes already programmed
to manage data traffic across the network, which is managed by a routing protocol, whereas a
static router needs to be manually configured by a network administrator who programs all of
the necessary routes that are needed for data packets.
Essential services and utilities can be integrated into a network so that it is more secure and
responds more efficiently. For example, a router can be made to incorporate a security feature
such as a firewall for added protection against viruses and other viruses that have the ability to
destroy computers and enable hackers to gather our personal information. It is also possible to
increase network function by integrating services such as IP voice, or video capability.
Conclusion: A router takes data given to it and routes it to the correct place that it
needs to go. This device allows networks to be connected in an extremely effective fashion as it
allows information to be transferred to the correct place through the router. This device highly
optimized the transfer of data between networks and the computers receiving the data or vice
versa. I learned that routers greatly speed up transfer speeds just like gateways and subnets
and all of them together make for the extremely fast internet and network speeds we have now
in actuality.