Department information system

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract …………………………………… I
List of Tables : ……………………………………. II
List of Figures: ……………………………………. III
CHAPTER-1Introduction (14pt bold) 1-12
1.1 What is Project and Why Write One?(12 pt bold) 2
1.2 Differences between the Undergraduate and Postgraduate
Project
6
CHAPTER-2 Review of Literature 13-20
2.1 Rationale for Structure 13
2.1.1 The Hypo Project Underpins the Project 15
2.1.2 Does an Engineering Project Need a HypoProject? 16
2.2 Project Structure at CVRU 17
2.3 Conclusions 17
References 20
ABSTRACT
Departmental Information System (DIS) mainly focuses on a simple interface for storing and
Analyzing information of Students considering various aspects including Academic,
Achievements, Sincerity and other parameters. The Data can be retrieved in Statistical form
which aids in Performance and Progress of the Department in the Institution. It can be used
by educational institutions to manage the records easily. The management of accurate and up-
to-date information regarding a students’ academic career is critically important in the
colleges. Departmental Information Management system deals with all kinds of student and
staff details, academic related reports, college information, placement details and other
resource related details too. Departmental information Management system have capabilities
for registering students in courses, results of student tests and other assessment scores,
1

building student Resume, tracking student attendance, Statistical analysis of marks obtained
by students, Automated Messaging System for Providing Necessary Information and
managing many other student-related data needs in an Institution. It will have information
about faculty, batch execution details, and various academic notifications by the administrator
LIST OF FIGURE
2

CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
In the earlier days when the university was founded, management departments and courses
were established. The issues projected are that pupil’s particulars are reported manually in
distinct records, which requires multiple resources and manpower to accomplish the task.
Managing and updating these records manually increase the probability of Errors. In order to
3

solve these problems, a new system has been created, that attempts to operate the whole
process considering the database integration approach.
All Management departments provide various records regarding students in aspects of
Attendance, Progress, Interests, Achievements and many more. It becomes easier for Faculty
and other Staff to keep the Department Records related to all the candidates and Alumni
Entities without manual paperwork. Retrieval of Information with respect to any single or
multiple Record name of the Student or particular Class helps in aiding the Management.
Report Generations and Statistical Analysis of the Results of particular student, class helps in
drawing easier conclusions over the status or progress of the candidate.
It is a System that allows users to approach the entire Information regarding the college,
students, faculties here we would gain the recent knowledge regarding the students and Staff.
It is a general application planned for aiding the students and Staff of an organization
regarding access of the various details of Students. It also allows the faculty to know any
Detail about Particular Student. The Details can be Personal, Academic, attendance Records.
The administrator would maintain the accounts of the pupil and staff. The System also
provides a new Functionality of Resume Generation at the end of Course Duration of the
Pupil. The Resume Generation will be done on the Basis of the Students Details in the
Management System. The System will also provide Enhanced Services of an Automated
SMS to the Students Regarding Attendance Criteria at the End of every month which will
help the Student to keep Track of his Attendance. The Systems Database Access Privilleges
will be Dependent on the Type of user (Administrator/Faculty/Student). Students can Access
all their details and can also download the Copies of their Original Documents Submitted
during Admission Process. Proposed System aids in many Aspects for the Benefit of the
Institution
CHAPTER – 2
PROGRAMING LANGUAGE
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PROGRAMING LANGUAGE
2.1 PHP
INTRODUCTION
PHP is a server-side scripting language designed primarily for web development but also
used as a general-purpose programming language. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in
1994, the PHP reference implementation is now produced by The PHP Development Team.
PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, but it now stands for the recursive
acronym PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.
PHP code may be embedded into HTML or HTML5 markup, or it can be used in
combination with various web template systems, web content management systems and web
frameworks. PHP code is usually processed by a PHP interpreter implemented as a module in
the web server or as a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) executable. The web
server software combines the results of the interpreted and executed PHP code, which may be
any type of data, including images, with the generated web page. PHP code may also be
executed with a command-line interface (CLI) and can be used to
implement standalone graphical applications.
The standard PHP interpreter, powered by the Zend Engine, is free software released under
the PHP License. PHP has been widely ported and can be deployed on most web servers on
almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.
The PHP language evolved without a written formal specification or standard until 2014,
leaving the canonical PHP interpreter as a de facto standard. Since 2014 work has gone on to
create a formal PHP specification.
Syntax
<?php
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//php code goes here
<?
History
Early History
PHP development began in 1995 when Rasmus Lerdorf wrote several Common Gateway
Interface (CGI) programs in C, which he used to maintain his personal homepage. He
extended them to work with web forms and to communicate with databases, and called this
implementation "Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter" or PHP/FI.
PHP/FI could help to build simple, dynamic web applications. To accelerate bug reporting
and to improve the code, Lerdorf initially announced the release of PHP/FI as "Personal
Home Page
Tools(PHPTools)version1.0"onthe Usenet discussiongroup comp.infosystems.www.authoring.
cgi on June 8, 1995. This release already had the basic functionality that PHP has as of 2013.
This included Perl-like variables, form handling, and the ability to embed HTML.
The syntax resembled that of Perl but was simpler, more limited and less consistent.
Lerdorf did not intend the early PHP to become a new programming language, but it grew
organically, with Lerdorf noting in retrospect: "I don’t know how to stop it, there was never
any intent to write a programming language I have absolutely no idea how to write a
programming language, I just kept adding the next logical step on the way." A development
team began to form and, after months of work and beta testing, officially released PHP/FI 2
in November 1997.
The fact that PHP lacked an original overall design but instead developed organically has led
to inconsistent naming of functions and inconsistent ordering of their parameters. In some
cases, the function names were chosen to match the lower-level libraries which PHP was
"wrapping", while in some very early versions of PHP the length of the function names was
used internally as a hash function, so names were chosen to improve the distribution of hash
values.
PHP 3 and 4
Zeev Suraski and Andi Gutmans rewrote the parser in 1997 and formed the base of PHP 3,
changing the language's name to the recursive acronym PHP: Hypertext
Preprocessor. Afterwards, public testing of PHP 3 began, and the official launch came in
June 1998. Suraski and Gutmans then started a new rewrite of PHP's core, producing
the Zend Engine in 1999.They also founded Zend Technologies in Ramat Gan, Israel.
On May 22, 2000, PHP 4, powered by the Zend Engine 1.0, was released. As of August 2008
this branch reached version 4.4.9. PHP 4 is no longer under development nor will any
security updates be released.
PHP 5
On July 13, 2004, PHP 5 was released, powered by the new Zend Engine II.PHP 5 included
new features such as improved support for object-oriented programming, the PHP Data
Objects (PDO) extension (which defines a lightweight and consistent interface for accessing
databases), and numerous performance enhancements. In 2008 PHP 5 became the only stable
version under development. Late static binding had been missing from PHP and was added in
version 5.3.
Many high-profile open-source projects ceased to support PHP 4 in new code as of February
5, 2008, because of the GoPHP5 initiative,provided by a consortium of PHP developers
promoting the transition from PHP 4 to PHP 5.
Over time, PHP interpreters became available on most existing 32-bit and 64-bit operating
systems, either by building them from the PHP source code, or by using pre-built binaries.For
the PHP versions 5.3 and 5.4, the only available Microsoft Windows binary distributions
6

were 32-bit x86 builds, requiring Windows 32-bit compatibility mode while using Internet
Information Services (IIS) on a 64-bit Windows platform. PHP version 5.5 made the 64-
bit x86-64 builds available for Microsoft Windows.
PHP 6 and Unicode
PHP has received criticism due to lacking native Unicode support at the core language level,
instead only supporting byte strings. In 2005, a project headed by Andrei Zmievski was
initiated to bring native Unicode support throughout PHP, by embedding the International
Components for Unicode (ICU) library, and representing text strings as UTF-
16 internally.Since this would cause major changes both to the internals of the language and
to user code, it was planned to release this as version 6.0 of the language, along with other
major features then in development.
However, a shortage of developers who understood the necessary changes, and performance
problems arising from conversion to and from UTF-16, which is rarely used in a web context,
led to delays in the project.As a result, a PHP 5.3 release was created in 2009, with many
non-Unicode features back-ported from PHP 6, notably namespaces. In March 2010, the
project in its current form was officially abandoned, and a PHP 5.4 release was prepared
containing most remaining non-Unicode features from PHP 6, such as traits and closure re-
binding. Initial hopes were that a new plan would be formed for Unicode integration, but as
of 2014 none have been adopted.
PHP 7
During 2014 and 2015, a new major PHP version was developed, which was numbered PHP
7. The numbering of this version involved some debate. While the PHP 6 Unicode
experiment had never been released, several articles and book titles referenced the PHP 6
name, which might have caused confusion if a new release were to reuse the name. After a
vote, the name PHP 7 was chosen.
The foundation of PHP 7 is a PHP branch that was originally dubbed PHP next
generation (phpng). It was authored by Dmitry Stogov, Xinchen Hui and Nikita Popov, and
aimed to optimize PHP performance by refactoring the Zend Engine to use more
compact data structures with improved cache locality while retaining near-complete language
compatibility. As of 14 July 2014, WordPress-based benchmarks, which served as the main
benchmark suite for the phpng project, showed an almost 100% increase in performance.
Changes from phpng are also expected to make it easier to improve performance in the
future, as more compact data structures and other changes are seen as better suited for a
successful migration to a just-in-time (JIT) compiler. Because of the significant changes, the
reworked Zend Engine is called Zend Engine 3, succeeding Zend Engine 2 used in PHP 5.
Because of major internal changes in phpng, it must receive a new major version number of
PHP, rather than a minor PHP 5 release, according to PHP's release process.Major versions of
PHP are allowed to break backward-compatibility of code and therefore PHP 7 presented an
opportunity for other improvements beyond phpng that require backward-compatibility
breaks, including wider use of exceptions, reworking variable syntax to be more consistent
and complete, and the deprecation or removal of various legacy features.
PHP 7 also introduced new language features, including return type declarations for
functions, which complement the existing parameter type declarations, and support for the
scalar types (integer, float, string, and boolean) in parameter and return type declarations.
Version of php
version Release date Supported until
1.0 8 June 1995
7

2.0 1 November 1997
3.0 6 June 1998 20 October 2000
4.0 22 May 2000 23 June 2001
4.1 10 December 2001 12 March 2002
4.2 22 April 2002 6 September 2002
4.3 27 December 2002 31 March 2005
4.4 11 July 2005 7 August 2008
5.0 13 July 2004 5 September 2005
5.1 24 November 2005 24 August 2006
5.2 2 November 2006 6 January 2011
5.3 30 June 2009 14 August 2014
5.4 1 March 2012 3 September 2015
5.5 20 June 2013 21 July 2016
5.6 28 August 2014 31 December 2018
6.x Not released N/A
7.0 3 December 2015 3 December 2018
7.1 1 December 2016 1 December 2019
USE
PHP is a general-purpose scripting language that is especially suited to server-side web
development, in which case PHP generally runs on a web server. Any PHP code in a
requested file is executed by the PHP runtime, usually to create dynamic web page content or
dynamic images used on websites or elsewhere. It can also be used for command-
line scripting and client-side graphical user interface (GUI) applications. PHP can be
deployed on most web servers, many operating systems and platforms, and can be used with
many relational database management systems (RDBMS). Most web hosting providers
support PHP for use by their clients. It is available free of charge, and the PHP Group
provides the complete source code for users to build, customize and extend for their own use.
PHP acts primarily as a filter, taking input from a file or stream containing text and/or PHP
instructions and outputting another stream of data. Most commonly the output will be HTML,
although it could be JSON, XML or binary data such as image or audio formats. Since PHP
4, the PHP parser compiles input to produce bytecode for processing by the Zend Engine,
giving improved performance over its interpreter predecessor.
Originally designed to create dynamic web pages, PHP now focuses mainly on server-side
scripting, and it is similar to other server-side scripting languages that provide dynamic
content from a web server to a client, such as Microsoft's ASP.NET, Sun
8

Microsystems' JavaServer Pages,and mod_perl. PHP has also attracted the development of
many software frameworks that provide building blocks and a design structure to
promote rapid application
development (RAD).Someoftheseinclude PRADO, CakePHP, Symfony, CodeIgniter, Laravel
, Yii Framework, Phalcon and Zend Framework, offering features similar to other web
frameworks.
The LAMP architecture has become popular in the web industry as a way of deploying web
applications. PHPiscommonlyusedhe P inthisbundle alongside Linux, Apache and MySQL,
although the P may also refer to Python, Perl, or some mix of the three. Similar
packages, WAMP and MAMP, are also available for Windows and macOS, with the first
letter standing for the respective operating system. Although both PHP and Apache are
provided as part of the macOS base install, users of these packages seek a simpler installation
mechanism that can be more easily kept up to date.
As of April 2007, over 20 million Internet domains had web services hosted on servers with
PHP installed and mod_php was recorded as the most popular Apache HTTP Server module.
As of October 2010, PHP was used as the server-side programming language on 75% of all
websites whose server-side programming language was known (as of February 2014, the
percentage had reached 82%, and PHP was the most-used open source software within
enterprises.Webcontentmanagementsystems writteninPHPinclude MediaWiki, Joomla, eZ
Publish, eZ Platform, SilverStripe, WordPress, Drupal, and Moodle. Websites written in PHP,
in backend and/oruserfacingportion,include Facebook, Digg, Tumblr,Dailymotion, and Slack.
For specific and more advanced usage scenarios, PHP offers a well defined and documented
way for writing custom extensions in C or C++. Besides extending the language itself in form
of additional libraries, extensions are providing a way for improving execution speed where it
is critical and there is room for improvements by using a true compiled language. PHP also
offers well defined ways for embedding itself into other software projects. That way PHP can
be easily used as an internal scripting language for another project, also providing tight
interfacing with the project's specific internal data structures.
PHP received mixed reviews due to lacking support for multithreading at the core language
level,[178]
though using threads is made possible by the "pthreads" PECL extension.
As of January 2013, PHP was used in more than 240 million websites (39% of those
sampled) and was installed on 2.1 million web servers.
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2.2 HTML
INTRODUCTION
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for creating web
pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and JavaScript it forms a
triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web. Web browsers receive HTML
documents from a webserver or from local storage and render them into multimedia web
pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues
for the appearance of the document.
HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and
other objects, such as interactive forms, may be embedded into the rendered page. It provides
a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as
headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated
by tags, written using angle brackets. Tags such as <img /> and <input /> introduce content
into the page directly. Others such as <p>...</p> surround and provide information about
document text and may include other tags as sub-elements. Browsers do not display the
HTML tags, but use them to interpret the content of the page.
HTML can embed programs written in a scripting language such as JavaScript which affect
the behavior and content of web pages. Inclusion of CSS defines the look and layout of
content. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), maintainer of both the HTML and the
CSS standards, has encouraged the use of CSS over explicit presentational HTML since
1997.
History
In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, a contractor at CERN, proposed and
prototyped ENQUIRE, a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989,
Berners-Lee wrote a memo proposing an Internet-based hypertext system.Berners-Lee
specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-
Lee and CERN data systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for
funding, but the project was not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes from 1990
he listed "some of the many areas in which hypertext is used" and put an encyclopedia first.
The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first
mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991. It describes 18 elements
comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these
were strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an in-house Standard Generalized Markup
Language (SGML)-based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist
in HTML 4.
HTML is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images,
and other material into visual or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of
HTML markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or
enhanced by the web page designer's additional use of CSS. Many of the text elements are
found in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML, which in turn
covers the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF
command developed in the early 1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System)
10

operating system: these formatting commands were derived from the commands used by
typesetters to manually format documents. However, the SGML concept of generalized
markup is based on elements (nested annotated ranges with attributes) rather than merely
print effects, with also the separation of structure and markup; HTML has been progressively
moved in this direction with CSS.
Berners-Lee considered HTML to be an application of SGML. It was formally defined as
such by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) with the mid-1993 publication of the first
proposal for an HTML specification, the "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet
Draft by Berners-Lee and Dan Connolly, which included an SGML Document Type
Definition to define the grammar. The draft expired after six months, but was notable for its
acknowledgment of the NCSA Mosaic browser's custom tag for embedding in-line images,
reflecting the IETF's philosophy of basing standards on successful prototypes.
Similarly, Dave Raggett's competing Internet-Draft, "HTML+ (Hypertext Markup Format)",
from late 1993, suggested standardizing already-implemented features like tables and fill-out
forms.
After the HTML and HTML+ drafts expired in early 1994, the IETF created an HTML
Working Group, which in 1995 completed "HTML 2.0", the first HTML specification
intended to be treated as a standard against which future implementations should be based.
Further development under the auspices of the IETF was stalled by competing interests. Since
1996, the HTML specifications have been maintained, with input from commercial software
vendors, by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). However, in 2000, HTML also became
an international standard (ISO/IEC 15445:2000). HTML 4.01 was published in late 1999,
with further errata published through 2001. In 2004, development began on HTML5 in
the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), which became a
joint deliverable with the W3C in 2008, and completed and standardized on 28 October 2014.
Syntax
<Html>
<Head>
<Title>html</Title>
</Head>
<Body>
<h1>this is a heading</h1>
<p>this is a paragraph</p>
</Body>
</Html>
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2.3 SQL
INTRODUCTON
SQL Structured Query Language is a domain-specific language used in programming and
designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or
for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS).
Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of a data
definition language, data manipulation language, and data control language. The scope of
SQL includes data insert, query, update and delete, schema creation and modification, and
data access control. Although SQL is often described as, and to a great extent is, a declarative
language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements.
SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as
described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data
Banks." Despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became
the most widely used database language.
SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986, and of
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has
been revised to include a larger set of features. Despite the existence of such standards, most
SQL code is not completely portable among different database systems without adjustments.
History
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce in the
early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language),
was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasi-relational
database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research
Laboratory had developed during the 1970s. The acronym SEQUEL was later changed to
SQL because "SEQUEL" was a trademark of the UK-based Hawker Siddeley aircraft
company.
In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now Oracle Corporation) saw the potential of the
concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-
based RDBMS with aspirations of selling it to the U.S. Navy, Central Intelligence Agency,
and other U.S. government agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software, Inc. introduced the
first commercially available implementation of SQL, Oracle V2 (Version2)
for VAX computers.
After testing SQL at customer test sites to determine the usefulness and practicality of the
system, IBM began developing commercial products based on their System R prototype
including System/38, SQL/DS, and DB2, which were commercially available in 1979, 1981,
and 1983, respectively.
Version
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Year Name Alias
1986 SQL:86 SQL-87
1989 SQL:89 FIPS 127-1
1992 SQL:92 SQL2,FIPS 127-2
1999 SQL:1999 SQL3
2003 SQL:2003
2006 SQL:2006
2008 SQL:2008
2011 SQL:2011
2016 SQL:2016
Syntax Like this
SELECT * FROM Customers;
2.4 CSS
INTRODUCTION
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of
a document written in a markup language. Although most often used to set the visual style of
web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to
any XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in
speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone
technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for
web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications.CSS is designed primarily
to enable the separation of document content from document presentation, including aspects
such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility,
provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable
multiple HTML pages to share formatting by specifying the relevant CSS in a separate.css
file, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content. Separation of formatting
and content makes it possible to present the same markup page in different styles for different
rendering methods, such as on-screen, in print, by voice (via speech-based browser or screen
13

reader), and on Braille-based tactile devices. It can also display the web page differently
depending on the screen size or viewing device. Readers can also specify a different style
sheet, such as a CSS file stored on their own computer, to override the one the author
specified. Changes to the graphic design of a document (or hundreds of documents) can be
applied quickly and easily, by editing a few lines in the CSS file they use, rather than by
changing markup in the documents. The CSS specification describes a priority scheme to
determine which style rules apply if more than one rule matches against a particular element.
In this so-called cascade, priorities (or weights) are calculated and assigned to rules, so that
the results are predictable. The CSS specifications are maintained by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C). Internet media type (MIME type) text/css is registered for use with CSS
by RFC 2318 (March 1998). The W3C operates a free CSS validation service for CSS
documents.
History
CSS was first proposed by Håkon Wium Lie on October 10, 1994. At the time, Lie was
working with Tim Berners-Lee at CERN. Several other style sheet languages for the web
were proposed around the same time, and discussions on public mailing lists and
inside World Wide Web Consortium resulted in the first W3C CSS Recommendation
(CSS1) being released in 1996. In particular, Bert Bos' proposal was influential; he became
co-author of CSS1 and is regarded as co-creator of CSS.
Style sheets have existed in one form or another since the beginnings of Standard Generalized
Markup Language (SGML) in the 1980s, and CSS was developed to provide style sheets for
the web. One requirement for a web style sheet language was for style sheets to come from
different sources on the web. Therefore, existing style sheet languages
like DSSSL and FOSI were not suitable. CSS, on the other hand, let a document's style be
influenced by multiple style sheets by way of "cascading" styles.
As HTML grew, it came to encompass a wider variety of stylistic capabilities to meet the
demands of web developers. This evolution gave the designer more control over site
appearance, at the cost of more complex HTML. Variations in web browser implementations,
such as ViolaWWW and WorldWideWeb,made consistent site appearance difficult, and users
had less control over how web content was displayed. The browser/editor developed by Tim
Berners-Lee had style sheets that were hard-coded into the program. The style sheets could
therefore not be linked to documents on the web. Robert Cailliau, also of CERN, wanted to
separate the structure from the presentation so that different style sheets could describe
different presentation for printing, screen-based presentations, and editors.
Improving web presentation capabilities was a topic of interest to many in the web
community and nine different style sheet languages were proposed on the www-style mailing
list. Of these nine proposals, two were especially influential on what became CSS: Cascading
HTML Style Sheets and Stream-based Style Sheet Proposal (SSP). Two browsers served as
testbeds for the initial proposals; Lie worked with Yves Lafon to implement CSS in Dave
Raggett's Arena browser. Bert Bos implemented his own SSP proposal in
the Argo browser. Thereafter, Lie and Bos worked together to develop the CSS standard (the
'H' was removed from the name because these style sheets could also be applied to other
markup languages besides HTML).
Lie's proposal was presented at the "Mosaic and the Web" conference (later called WWW2)
in Chicago, Illinois in 1994, and again with Bert Bos in 1995. Around this time the W3C was
already being established, and took an interest in the development of CSS. It organized a
workshop toward that end chaired by Steven Pemberton. This resulted in W3C adding work
on CSS to the deliverables of the HTML editorial review board (ERB). Lie and Bos were the
primary technical staff on this aspect of the project, with additional members,
14

including Thomas Reardon of Microsoft, participating as well. In August 1996 Netscape
Communication Corporation presented an alternative style sheet language called JavaScript
Style Sheets (JSSS). The spec was never finished and is deprecated. By the end of 1996, CSS
was ready to become official, and the CSS level 1 Recommendation was published in
December.
Development of HTML, CSS, and the DOM had all been taking place in one group, the
HTML Editorial Review Board (ERB). Early in 1997, the ERB was split into three working
groups: HTML Working group, chaired by Dan Connolly of W3C; DOM Working group,
chaired by Lauren Wood of SoftQuad; and CSS Working group, chaired by Chris Lilley of
W3C.
The CSS Working Group began tackling issues that had not been addressed with CSS level 1,
resulting in the creation of CSS level 2 on November 4, 1997. It was published as a W3C
Recommendation on May 12, 1998. CSS level 3, which was started in 1998, is still under
development as of 2014.
In 2005 the CSS Working Groups decided to enforce the requirements for standards more
strictly. This meant that already published standards like CSS 2.1, CSS 3 Selectors and CSS 3
Text were pulled back from Candidate Recommendation to Working Draft level.
Advantages
Separation of content from presentation
CSS facilitates publication of content in multiple presentation formats based on nominal
parameters. Nominal parameters include explicit user preferences, different web browsers,
the type of device being used to view the content (a desktop computer or mobile Internet
device), the geographic location of the user and many other variables.
Site-wide consistency
When CSS is used effectively, in terms of inheritance and "cascading", a global style sheet
can be used to affect and style elements site-wide. If the situation arises that the styling of the
elements should be changed or adjusted, these changes can be made by editing rules in the
global style sheet. Before CSS, this sort of maintenance was more difficult, expensive and
time-consuming.
Bandwidth
A stylesheet, internal or external, specifies the style once for a range of HTML elements
selected by class, type or relationship to others. This is much more efficient than repeating
style information inline for each occurrence of the element. An external stylesheet is usually
stored in the browser cache, and can therefore be used on multiple pages without being
reloaded, further reducing data transfer over a network.
Page reformatting
With a simple change of one line, a different style sheet can be used for the same page. This
has advantages for accessibility, as well as providing the ability to tailor a page or site to
different target devices. Furthermore, devices not able to understand the styling still display
the content.
Accessibility
Without CSS, web designers must typically lay out their pages with techniques such as
HTML tables that hinder accessibility for vision-impaired users.
Syntax
p {
color: red;
15

text-align: center;
}
2.5 JAVASCRPT
INTRODUCTION
JavaScript, often abbreviated as "JS", is a high-level, dynamic,untyped, and interpreted run-
time language. It has been standardized in the ECMAScript language
specification. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies
of World Wide Web content production; the majority of websites employ it, and all
modern Web browsers support it without the need for plug-ins. JavaScript is prototype-
based with first-class functions, making it a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-
oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. It has an API for working with
text, arrays, dates and regular expressions, but does not include any I/O, such as networking,
storage, or graphics facilities, relying for these upon the host environment in which it is
embedded.
Although there are strong outward similarities between JavaScript and Java, including
language name, syntax, and respective standard libraries, the two are distinct languages and
differ greatly in their design. JavaScript was influenced by programming languages such
as Self and Scheme.
JavaScript is also used in environments that are not Web-based, such as PDF documents, site-
specific browsers, and desktop widgets. Newer and faster JavaScript virtual machines (VMs)
and platforms built upon them have also increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-
side Web applications. On the client side, developers have traditionally implemented
JavaScript as an interpreted language, but more recent browsers perform just-in-time
compilation. Programmers also use JavaScript in video-game development, in crafting
desktop and mobile applications, and in server-side network programming with run-time
environments such as Node.js.
History
In December 1995, soon after releasing JavaScript for browsers, Netscape introduced an
implementation of the language for server-side scripting with Netscape Enterprise
Server.Since the mid-2000s, additional server-side JavaScript implementations have been
introduced, such as Node.js in 2009.
Feature
Universal support
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All modern Web browsers support JavaScript with built-in interpreters.
Imperative and structured
JavaScript supports much of the structured programming syntax from C (e.g., if statements,
while loops, switch statements, do while loops, etc.). One partial exception is scoping:
JavaScript originally had only function scoping with var. ECMAScript 2015 added a let
keyword for block scoping, meaning JavaScript now has both function and block scoping.
Like C, JavaScript makes a distinction between expressions and statements. One syntactic
difference from C is automatic semicolon insertion, which allows the semicolons that would
normally terminate statements to be omitted.
Dynamic
Typing
As with most scripting languages, JavaScript is dynamically typed; a type is associated with
each value, rather than just with each expression. For example, a variable that is at one time
bound to a number may later be re-bound to a string. JavaScript supports various ways to test
the type of an object, including duck typing.
Run-time evaluation
JavaScript includes an eval function that can execute statements provided as strings at run-
time.
Variadic functions
An indefinite number of parameters can be passed to a function. The function can access
them through formal parameters and also through the local arguments object. Variadic
functions can also be created by using the bind method.
Array and object literals
Like many scripting languages, arrays and objects (associative arrays in other languages) can
each be created with a succinct shortcut syntax. In fact, these literals form the basis of the
JSON data format.
Regular expressions
JavaScript also supports regular expressions in a manner similar to Perl, which provide a
concise and powerful syntax for text manipulation that is more sophisticated than the built-in
string functions.
Syntax
var x,y,z;
x=5;
y=6;
z=x+y;
17

CHAPTER – 3
REQUIREMENT TOOLS
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
3.1ADOBE DREAMWEAVER CS6
Adobe Dreamweaver is a proprietary web development tool developed by Adobe Systems.
Dreamweaver was created by Macromedia in 1997, and was maintained by them until
Macromedia was acquired by Adobe Systems in 2005. Adobe Dreamweaver is available
for macOS and for Windows.
Following Adobe's acquisition of the Macromedia product suite, releases of Dreamweaver
subsequent to version 8.0 have been more compliant with W3C standards. Recent versions
have improved support for Web technologies such as CSS, JavaScript, and various server-
side scripting languages and frameworks including ASP (ASP JavaScript, ASP VBScript,
ASP.NET C#, ASP.NET VB), ColdFusion, Scriptlet, and PHP.
Features
Adobe Dreamweaver CC is a web design and development application that combines a visual
design surface known as Live View and a code editor with standard features such as syntax
18

highlighting, code completion, and code collapsing as well as more sophisticated features
such as real-time syntax checking and code introspection for generating code hints to assist
the user in writing code. Combined with an array of site management tools, Dreamweaver
lets its users design, code and manage websites as well as mobile content. Dreamweaver is
positioned as a versatile web design and development tool that enables visualization of web
content while coding.
Dreamweaver, like other HTML editors, edits files locally then uploads them to the remote
web server using FTP, SFTP, or WebDAV. Dreamweaver CS4 now supports the Subversion
(SVN) version control system.
Since version 5, Dreamweaver supports syntax highlighting for the following languages :
• ActionScript
• Active Server Pages (ASP).
• C#
• Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
• ColdFusion
• EDML
• Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML)
• Extensible Markup Language (XML)
• Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (XSLT)
• HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
• Java
• JavaScript
• PHP
• Visual Basic (VB)
• Visual Basic Script Edition (VBScript)
• Wireless Markup Language (WML)
•
19

3.2XAMPP
XAMPP is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package
developed by Apache Friends, consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP
Server, MariaDB database, and interpreters for scripts written in
the PHP and Perl programming languages. XAMPP stands for Cross-Platform (X), Apache
(A), MariaDB (M), PHP (P) and Perl (P). It is a simple, lightweight Apache distribution that
makes it extremely easy for developers to create a local web server for testing and
deployment purposes. Everything needed to set up a web server – server application
(Apache), database (MariaDB), and scripting language (PHP) – is included in an extractable
file. XAMPP is also cross-platform, which means it works equally well on Linux, Mac and
Windows. Since most actual web server deployments use the same components as XAMPP, it
makes transitioning from a local test server to a live server extremely easy as well.
Features
XAMPP is regularly updated to the latest releases of Apache, MariaDB, PHP and Perl. It also
comes with a number of other modules
including OpenSSL, phpMyAdmin, MediaWiki, Joomla, WordPress and more.Self-
contained, multiple instances of XAMPP can exist on a single computer, and any given
instance can be copied from one computer to another. XAMPP is offered in both a full and a
standard version (Smaller version).
Usage
Officially, XAMPP's designers intended it for use only as a development tool, to allow
website designers and programmers to test their work on their own computers without any
access to the Internet. To make this as easy as possible, many important security features are
disabled by default.[11]
XAMPP has the ability to serve web pages on the World Wide Web. A
special tool is provided to password-protect the most important parts of the package.
XAMPP also provides support for creating and manipulating databases
in MariaDB and SQLite among others.
Once XAMPP is installed, it is possible to treat a localhost like a remote host by connecting
using an FTP client. Using a program like FileZilla has many advantages when installing
a content management system (CMS) like Joomla or WordPress. It is also possible to connect
to localhost via FTP with an HTML editor.
20

3.3GOOGLE CHROME
Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google. It was first released in
2008, for Microsoft Windows, and was later ported to Linux, macOS, iOS and Android.
Google Chrome is also the main component of Chrome OS, where it serves as a platform for
running web apps.
Google releases the majority of Chrome's source code as the Chromium open-
source project. A notable component that is not open-source is the built-in Adobe Flash
Player (that Chrome has disabled by default since September 2016). Chrome used
the WebKit layout engine until version 27. As of version 28, all Chrome ports except the iOS
port use Blink, a fork of the WebKit engine.
As of February 2017, StatCounter estimates that Google Chrome has a 62% worldwide usage
share of web browsers as a desktop browser. It also has 52% market share across all
platforms combined, because it is also the most popular browser for smartphones. Its success
has led to Google expanding the "Chrome" brand name on various other products such
as Chromecast, Chromebook, Chromebit, Chromebox and Chromebase.
21

CHAPTER – 3
IMPLEMENTION AND RESULTS
22

IMPLEMENTION AND RESULT
HOME PAGE
ADMIN PANEL
23

CONCLUSION
The web application reduces the tedious manual work of maintaining records of Students and
Staff by computerized Automation Management System. This gathered information can be
maintained and accessed by any point of time. Student wise, Class wise and Department wise
analysis is done to test the performance. Notices are reflected on student’s page to view the
updated notices by the staff. It is an integrated system which focuses on statistical analysis,
Report Generations for the management of Department.
24

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