This document discusses data transfer schemes and serial communication modes of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes serial interface data transfer where bytes are transferred in parallel over short distances. It also explains asynchronous and synchronous communication, with asynchronous using start, stop, and parity bits. The document outlines the four serial communication modes of the 8051: Mode 0 uses RxD and TxD pins for bidirectional communication; Mode 1 separates RxD and TxD pins; Mode 2 adds a programmable 9th bit; Mode 3 is similar to Mode 2 but has a variable baud rate. It also discusses the power control register PCON and its role in baud rate selection.
8085 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE AND ITS OPERATIONSRamaPrabha24
This document discusses the architecture and operations of microprocessors. It focuses on the Intel 8085 microprocessor. The 8085 architecture consists of a register array, ALU and logic group, instruction decoder and encoder, interrupt control group, and serial I/O control group. The register array contains general purpose registers, temporary registers, special purpose registers like the accumulator, flags register, and instruction register, and 16-bit registers like the program counter and stack pointer. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations. The instruction decoder decodes instructions and the timing and control circuitry manages the sequencing of operations. Microprocessor operations include memory reads/writes, I/O reads/writes using address, data and control buses, internal data operations
This presentation discusses the Serial Communication features in 8051, the support for UART. It also discusses serial vs parallel communication, simplex, duplex and full-duplex modes, MAX232, RS232 standards
This presentation is all about interfacing of a character LCD with 8051 micro-controller. It discusses various LCD commands, LCD pin description and a simple LCD working code in assembly for interfacing.
The document discusses Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). DRAM uses a capacitor and transistor to store each bit of data, which allows it to be implemented using less space than SRAM. However, DRAM is volatile and requires periodic refreshing to prevent data loss as the capacitor charge leaks over time. Common DRAM configurations include one transistor cells, three transistor cells, and four transistor cells. The document outlines the read and write operations for DRAM and how refreshing maintains the stored data.
The document discusses the addressing modes and instruction set of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the 5 addressing modes of the 8051 as immediate, register, direct, register indirect, and indexed. It then explains some example instructions from the arithmetic, logical, data transfer, branching/looping instruction groups of the 8051 instruction set.
An LCD display is specifically designed to interface with microcontrollers and not standard ICs. It can display letters, symbols, and user-defined characters. Interfacing an LCD with an 8051 microcontroller involves understanding the LCD's pins and commands, and using C or assembly code to control write and read operations to the LCD. More details on interfacing LCDs with 8051 microcontrollers can be found on the listed websites.
This document discusses memory interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor. It begins by describing the different types of computer memory, including primary/volatile memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary/non-volatile memory (magnetic tapes, disks, optical disks). It then discusses how the 8085 microprocessor interfaces with memory chips through an interface circuit. The interface circuit matches the memory chip signals to the microprocessor address and control signals. Memory interfacing involves selecting the appropriate memory chip, identifying the correct register using address lines, and enabling read/write buffers using control signals.
8085 MICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE AND ITS OPERATIONSRamaPrabha24
This document discusses the architecture and operations of microprocessors. It focuses on the Intel 8085 microprocessor. The 8085 architecture consists of a register array, ALU and logic group, instruction decoder and encoder, interrupt control group, and serial I/O control group. The register array contains general purpose registers, temporary registers, special purpose registers like the accumulator, flags register, and instruction register, and 16-bit registers like the program counter and stack pointer. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations. The instruction decoder decodes instructions and the timing and control circuitry manages the sequencing of operations. Microprocessor operations include memory reads/writes, I/O reads/writes using address, data and control buses, internal data operations
This presentation discusses the Serial Communication features in 8051, the support for UART. It also discusses serial vs parallel communication, simplex, duplex and full-duplex modes, MAX232, RS232 standards
This presentation is all about interfacing of a character LCD with 8051 micro-controller. It discusses various LCD commands, LCD pin description and a simple LCD working code in assembly for interfacing.
The document discusses Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). DRAM uses a capacitor and transistor to store each bit of data, which allows it to be implemented using less space than SRAM. However, DRAM is volatile and requires periodic refreshing to prevent data loss as the capacitor charge leaks over time. Common DRAM configurations include one transistor cells, three transistor cells, and four transistor cells. The document outlines the read and write operations for DRAM and how refreshing maintains the stored data.
The document discusses the addressing modes and instruction set of the 8051 microcontroller. It describes the 5 addressing modes of the 8051 as immediate, register, direct, register indirect, and indexed. It then explains some example instructions from the arithmetic, logical, data transfer, branching/looping instruction groups of the 8051 instruction set.
An LCD display is specifically designed to interface with microcontrollers and not standard ICs. It can display letters, symbols, and user-defined characters. Interfacing an LCD with an 8051 microcontroller involves understanding the LCD's pins and commands, and using C or assembly code to control write and read operations to the LCD. More details on interfacing LCDs with 8051 microcontrollers can be found on the listed websites.
This document discusses memory interfacing with the 8085 microprocessor. It begins by describing the different types of computer memory, including primary/volatile memory (RAM and ROM) and secondary/non-volatile memory (magnetic tapes, disks, optical disks). It then discusses how the 8085 microprocessor interfaces with memory chips through an interface circuit. The interface circuit matches the memory chip signals to the microprocessor address and control signals. Memory interfacing involves selecting the appropriate memory chip, identifying the correct register using address lines, and enabling read/write buffers using control signals.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
The document describes the 8051 microcontroller, its features which include 4 I/O ports, 2 timers, serial communication interface, and interrupts. It discusses the internal architecture such as memory organization, registers, and oscillator circuit. The document also provides details on the ports, timers, serial communication, and power modes of the 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, its features, and applications. It provides details on the 8051's architecture including its CPU, memory blocks, I/O ports, timers/counters, and serial communication capabilities. It describes the 8051's registers including TMOD and TCON for timer control. The document also covers the 8051's memory mapping and provides many examples of how 8051 microcontrollers are used in applications like cell phones, appliances, industrial systems, and more.
Keypad is a common interface with any microcontroller. This presentation gives details of keypad can be interfaced with 8051. The key pressed may be dispalyed on LCD/7 segment/LED displays.
The 8051 microcontroller has 128 bytes of internal RAM and 4Kbytes of internal ROM memory. It uses the same addresses for code and data but accesses the correct memory based on whether an operation is for code or data. The 128 bytes of internal RAM are organized into 4 banks of 32 bytes each. External memory can be added if more memory is needed for program code or variable data storage. The document also provides information on interfacing external program and data memory with the 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses interfacing an analog to digital converter (ADC) chip, specifically the 0804 and 0808 chips, with a microcontroller. It explains that the ADC converts an analog voltage to an 8-bit digital value representing voltages from 0 to 255. It provides the initialization and timing steps to start a conversion by writing to the chip and read the digital output by reading from the chip once conversion is complete.
The PIC 16F877A microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data buses. It has 8kB of flash memory, 368 bytes of RAM, and 256 bytes of EEPROM. It features five I/O ports, three timers, USART serial communication, and 15 interrupt sources. Instructions are in RISC format and execute in 4 machine cycles, with most instructions completing in one cycle.
This document discusses the architecture of the PIC16C6X microcontroller. It begins by describing PIC microcontrollers in general and the core features of the PIC16C6X. It then examines the different versions of the PIC16C6X family and provides a pin diagram. The main blocks of the PIC16C6X architecture are outlined, including the power-on reset, watchdog timer, I/O ports, ADC, interrupt control, USART, memory blocks, and registers. Program memory size varies between versions. The document concludes with references.
The Altera FLEX 8000 FPGA architecture uses logic elements (LEs) that each contain a 4-input lookup table and flip-flop. Eight LEs are grouped into a logic array block (LAB). The FLEX 8000 interconnect is faster than the MAX 9000 due to its finer granularity. It has 168 horizontal interconnect channels per row and 16 vertical channels per column, creating a 10:1 aspect ratio. Configuration of the FLEX 8000 SRAM takes around 100ms to load the programming information.
The 8085 microprocessor has 64KB of addressable memory space that can be divided between RAM, EPROM, and I/O devices. Memory is typically divided with the first 8KB assigned to EPROM, the next 48KB to RAM, and the remaining address space allocated to I/O devices and left unused. I/O devices can be memory mapped, sharing the 64KB address space, or I/O mapped, using separate addresses from 00H to FFH and control signals to differentiate input and output.
The document discusses layout design rules that specify minimum feature sizes and separations between layers for a chip manufacturing process. Design rules are described using either micron or lambda units. Lambda rules specify widths of diffusion and polysilicon layers as well as minimum separations between layers. There are also design rules for metal layers and forming transistors. The document describes three approaches for contact cuts between polysilicon and diffusion layers: using polysilicon to metal to diffusion, buried contacts, and butting contacts using metal.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture, pin configuration, memory organization, timers, interrupts, and interfacing capabilities. It describes the 8051's features like on-chip RAM, ROM, timers and low power consumption which make it suitable for control applications. The document outlines the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, and covers various interfacing examples like switches, LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, ADCs and relay interfacing. It concludes with common applications of the 8051 such as in automobiles, industrial processing, robotics and consumer electronics.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8051 microprocessor. It is divided into 5 groups: arithmetic, logic, data transfer, boolean, and branching instructions. The arithmetic instructions include ADD, ADDC, DA for decimal adjust, and INC/DEC. Logic instructions include ANL, ORL, and SWAP. Data transfer instructions move data between registers and memory. Boolean instructions manipulate individual bits. Branching instructions include conditional jumps, calls, and returns.
The document provides an overview of the STM32 MCU family from STMicroelectronics. It discusses the key features such as an ARM Cortex-M3 core, Flash memory up to 512KB, SRAM up to 64KB, low power modes, timers, and communication peripherals. It also outlines the applications for industrial equipment, appliances, low power devices, and consumer electronics. Finally, it gives a high-level description of the system architecture and various peripherals including DMA, ADC, DAC, communication interfaces, and watchdogs.
8051 timer counter
Introduction
TMOD Register
TCON Register
Modes of Operation
Counters
The microcontroller 8051 has two 16 bit Timer/ Counter registers namely Timer 0 (T0) and Timer 1 (T1) .
When used as a “Timer” the microcontroller is programmed to count the internal clock pulse.
When used as a “Counter” the microcontroller is programmed to count external pulses.
Maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency.
The Intel 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor that can access up to 1 MB of memory. It has two main components: the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) handles bus operations like instruction fetching and memory access, while the Execution Unit (EU) decodes and executes instructions. The BIU contains registers for the code, data, extra, and stack segments as well as an instruction queue. The EU has registers for accumulation, base, count, data, pointers, and flags, and contains an ALU and decoder. It executes instructions from the queued bytes using a pipeline architecture.
The 8085 microprocessor uses several addressing modes to specify the operands in instructions. These include implied, immediate, direct, register, and register indirect addressing modes. Implied addressing mode does not specify operands as they are implicit in the instruction. Immediate addressing mode embeds the operand in the instruction itself. Direct addressing directly specifies the memory location of the operand. Register addressing uses register operands. Register indirect addressing specifies the operand address using a register pair like the HL register.
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM, two 16-bit timers, 32 I/O lines, and serial port. It uses an accumulator, B register, program status word and stack pointer along with arithmetic logic unit and instruction decoder to perform operations. The memory includes internal ROM, RAM, and external memory accessed via a 16-bit data pointer and program counter.
The 8051 microcontroller features an integrated universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) serial port that allows for serial communication. The serial port can operate in four modes that determine the number of data bits, presence of a parity bit, and baud rate calculation method. Data is transmitted by writing to the SBUF register and received by reading from SBUF after the RI flag is set. Initializing the serial port involves setting the desired mode and baud rate configuration using registers like SCON and timers.
Microcontrollers and microprocessors in electrical communication engineering....ANKUSH445845
Serial communication uses single data lines, making it cheaper than parallel communication but slower. Serial communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. Asynchronous serial communication in the 8051 uses UART and transmits data in frames that include start bits, data bits, and stop bits to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. The 8051 has registers like SBUF, SCON and flags like TI and RI that help control serial data transmission and reception by indicating when data is ready to be sent or received.
The document provides an introduction to microcontrollers, specifically focusing on the Intel 8051 microcontroller. It defines microcontrollers and distinguishes them from microprocessors by noting that microcontrollers contain peripherals like RAM, ROM, I/O ports and timers on a single chip, while microprocessors require external circuitry. It then describes the architecture and features of the Intel 8051 microcontroller, including its 4KB program memory, 128 bytes of data memory, 32 general purpose registers, two timers, interrupts and I/O ports. Development tools for microcontrollers like editors, assemblers, compilers and debuggers/simulators are also discussed.
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
The document describes the 8051 microcontroller, its features which include 4 I/O ports, 2 timers, serial communication interface, and interrupts. It discusses the internal architecture such as memory organization, registers, and oscillator circuit. The document also provides details on the ports, timers, serial communication, and power modes of the 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, its features, and applications. It provides details on the 8051's architecture including its CPU, memory blocks, I/O ports, timers/counters, and serial communication capabilities. It describes the 8051's registers including TMOD and TCON for timer control. The document also covers the 8051's memory mapping and provides many examples of how 8051 microcontrollers are used in applications like cell phones, appliances, industrial systems, and more.
Keypad is a common interface with any microcontroller. This presentation gives details of keypad can be interfaced with 8051. The key pressed may be dispalyed on LCD/7 segment/LED displays.
The 8051 microcontroller has 128 bytes of internal RAM and 4Kbytes of internal ROM memory. It uses the same addresses for code and data but accesses the correct memory based on whether an operation is for code or data. The 128 bytes of internal RAM are organized into 4 banks of 32 bytes each. External memory can be added if more memory is needed for program code or variable data storage. The document also provides information on interfacing external program and data memory with the 8051 microcontroller.
The document discusses interfacing an analog to digital converter (ADC) chip, specifically the 0804 and 0808 chips, with a microcontroller. It explains that the ADC converts an analog voltage to an 8-bit digital value representing voltages from 0 to 255. It provides the initialization and timing steps to start a conversion by writing to the chip and read the digital output by reading from the chip once conversion is complete.
The PIC 16F877A microcontroller uses a Harvard architecture with separate program and data buses. It has 8kB of flash memory, 368 bytes of RAM, and 256 bytes of EEPROM. It features five I/O ports, three timers, USART serial communication, and 15 interrupt sources. Instructions are in RISC format and execute in 4 machine cycles, with most instructions completing in one cycle.
This document discusses the architecture of the PIC16C6X microcontroller. It begins by describing PIC microcontrollers in general and the core features of the PIC16C6X. It then examines the different versions of the PIC16C6X family and provides a pin diagram. The main blocks of the PIC16C6X architecture are outlined, including the power-on reset, watchdog timer, I/O ports, ADC, interrupt control, USART, memory blocks, and registers. Program memory size varies between versions. The document concludes with references.
The Altera FLEX 8000 FPGA architecture uses logic elements (LEs) that each contain a 4-input lookup table and flip-flop. Eight LEs are grouped into a logic array block (LAB). The FLEX 8000 interconnect is faster than the MAX 9000 due to its finer granularity. It has 168 horizontal interconnect channels per row and 16 vertical channels per column, creating a 10:1 aspect ratio. Configuration of the FLEX 8000 SRAM takes around 100ms to load the programming information.
The 8085 microprocessor has 64KB of addressable memory space that can be divided between RAM, EPROM, and I/O devices. Memory is typically divided with the first 8KB assigned to EPROM, the next 48KB to RAM, and the remaining address space allocated to I/O devices and left unused. I/O devices can be memory mapped, sharing the 64KB address space, or I/O mapped, using separate addresses from 00H to FFH and control signals to differentiate input and output.
The document discusses layout design rules that specify minimum feature sizes and separations between layers for a chip manufacturing process. Design rules are described using either micron or lambda units. Lambda rules specify widths of diffusion and polysilicon layers as well as minimum separations between layers. There are also design rules for metal layers and forming transistors. The document describes three approaches for contact cuts between polysilicon and diffusion layers: using polysilicon to metal to diffusion, buried contacts, and butting contacts using metal.
The document discusses the 8051 microcontroller, including its architecture, pin configuration, memory organization, timers, interrupts, and interfacing capabilities. It describes the 8051's features like on-chip RAM, ROM, timers and low power consumption which make it suitable for control applications. The document outlines the differences between microprocessors and microcontrollers, and covers various interfacing examples like switches, LEDs, 7-segment displays, LCDs, ADCs and relay interfacing. It concludes with common applications of the 8051 such as in automobiles, industrial processing, robotics and consumer electronics.
The document describes the instruction set of the 8051 microprocessor. It is divided into 5 groups: arithmetic, logic, data transfer, boolean, and branching instructions. The arithmetic instructions include ADD, ADDC, DA for decimal adjust, and INC/DEC. Logic instructions include ANL, ORL, and SWAP. Data transfer instructions move data between registers and memory. Boolean instructions manipulate individual bits. Branching instructions include conditional jumps, calls, and returns.
The document provides an overview of the STM32 MCU family from STMicroelectronics. It discusses the key features such as an ARM Cortex-M3 core, Flash memory up to 512KB, SRAM up to 64KB, low power modes, timers, and communication peripherals. It also outlines the applications for industrial equipment, appliances, low power devices, and consumer electronics. Finally, it gives a high-level description of the system architecture and various peripherals including DMA, ADC, DAC, communication interfaces, and watchdogs.
8051 timer counter
Introduction
TMOD Register
TCON Register
Modes of Operation
Counters
The microcontroller 8051 has two 16 bit Timer/ Counter registers namely Timer 0 (T0) and Timer 1 (T1) .
When used as a “Timer” the microcontroller is programmed to count the internal clock pulse.
When used as a “Counter” the microcontroller is programmed to count external pulses.
Maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency.
The Intel 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor that can access up to 1 MB of memory. It has two main components: the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) handles bus operations like instruction fetching and memory access, while the Execution Unit (EU) decodes and executes instructions. The BIU contains registers for the code, data, extra, and stack segments as well as an instruction queue. The EU has registers for accumulation, base, count, data, pointers, and flags, and contains an ALU and decoder. It executes instructions from the queued bytes using a pipeline architecture.
The 8085 microprocessor uses several addressing modes to specify the operands in instructions. These include implied, immediate, direct, register, and register indirect addressing modes. Implied addressing mode does not specify operands as they are implicit in the instruction. Immediate addressing mode embeds the operand in the instruction itself. Direct addressing directly specifies the memory location of the operand. Register addressing uses register operands. Register indirect addressing specifies the operand address using a register pair like the HL register.
The 8051 microcontroller has an 8-bit CPU, 4K ROM, 128 bytes RAM, two 16-bit timers, 32 I/O lines, and serial port. It uses an accumulator, B register, program status word and stack pointer along with arithmetic logic unit and instruction decoder to perform operations. The memory includes internal ROM, RAM, and external memory accessed via a 16-bit data pointer and program counter.
The 8051 microcontroller features an integrated universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) serial port that allows for serial communication. The serial port can operate in four modes that determine the number of data bits, presence of a parity bit, and baud rate calculation method. Data is transmitted by writing to the SBUF register and received by reading from SBUF after the RI flag is set. Initializing the serial port involves setting the desired mode and baud rate configuration using registers like SCON and timers.
Microcontrollers and microprocessors in electrical communication engineering....ANKUSH445845
Serial communication uses single data lines, making it cheaper than parallel communication but slower. Serial communication can be synchronous or asynchronous. Asynchronous serial communication in the 8051 uses UART and transmits data in frames that include start bits, data bits, and stop bits to synchronize the transmitter and receiver. The 8051 has registers like SBUF, SCON and flags like TI and RI that help control serial data transmission and reception by indicating when data is ready to be sent or received.
This document discusses serial communication basics and the 8051 microcontroller's serial port functionality. It describes asynchronous and synchronous serial transmission modes, with asynchronous being character-oriented and using start and stop bits, while synchronous transfers data in blocks. It also outlines the 8051's SBUF, SCON, and PCON registers which control serial communication and data rates. The SCON register controls the serial port mode which can be set to modes 0-3, each with different bit length, clocking, and baud rate determination. The PCON register allows doubling the baud rate by setting the SMOD bit and puts the chip into low power modes.
The document discusses serial communication in 8051 microcontrollers. It has three modes - Mode 0 transmits and receives through a single pin at a fixed baud rate, Mode 1 uses two pins to transmit 10 bits, and Mode 2 and 3 transmit 11 bits including an optional 9th bit with variable baud rates. The serial port uses registers like SBUF for data and SCON for control and status. It allows communication between microcontrollers or peripheral devices with advantages of lower cost and supporting long distances while having slower speeds.
Universal synchronous asynchronous receiver transmitter(usart) and AtoD CoverterTejas Shetye
The document discusses the Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) and Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) components in PIC microcontrollers. It describes how USART can be configured for synchronous or asynchronous communication and the functions of its TXSTA and RCSTA registers. It also explains the steps for ADC conversion, including configuring the ADC module, selecting the input channel, starting conversion, and reading the result registers.
The document discusses asynchronous and synchronous data transfer using the 8251A USART chip. It describes the basics of serial communication including synchronous vs asynchronous transmission. It provides details on the sections and functioning of the 8251A chip, including its transmitter, receiver, and modem control sections. The pin diagram and functions of the pins are also explained.
The document discusses asynchronous and synchronous serial communication using the 8251A USART chip. It describes the basics of serial communication including synchronous vs asynchronous transmission. It provides details on the components and functioning of the 8251A USART chip, including its transmitter, receiver, control logic and modem control sections. The chip allows for full-duplex serial communication and can operate in both synchronous and asynchronous modes. It converts parallel data from the microprocessor to serial data for transmission and vice versa on reception.
The document discusses the 8251A USART chip, which can be used for both asynchronous and synchronous serial communication. It describes the basic components and functions of the 8251A chip, including its transmitter and receiver sections that convert parallel to serial data and vice versa. The document also explains the differences between asynchronous and synchronous serial communication and covers various control signals and registers used by the 8251A for data transfer and interfacing with external devices like modems.
The document discusses the USART-8251 chip, which converts parallel data to serial and vice versa. It has sections for a data bus buffer, read/write control logic, modem control, transmitter and receiver. The read/write control logic handles the control and status registers using signals like CS, C/D, WR and RD. The transmitter converts 8-bit parallel data to a serial stream, while the receiver does the opposite. The modem control signals interface with external modems. Overall, the USART-8251 chip facilitates serial communication by converting between serial and parallel formats.
- Serial communication involves transmitting data one bit at a time over a single wire, using shift registers at the transmitter and receiver. This allows data to be sent over long distances or inherently single-wire mediums like phone lines.
- For asynchronous serial communication, start and stop bits are used to synchronize the transmitter and receiver clocks, since they have small mismatches. This results in a 10-bit frame structure.
- The 8051 microcontroller has built-in support for serial communication through its SBUF register and SCON configuration register. It can implement both synchronous and asynchronous serial protocols for transmitting and receiving serial data.
This document discusses serial communication and the 8051 microcontroller serial port. It covers topics such as parallel vs serial communication, asynchronous vs synchronous communication, duplex vs simplex, start/stop bits, baud rates, and programming the 8051 UART for transmission and reception. Examples are provided for programming the 8051 for serial communication at various baud rates like 9600, 4800, and 1200 baud. The document also discusses interfacing the 8051 serial port to RS-232 via a line driver chip and programming registers like SCON and SBUF.
This document discusses serial communication between an 8051 microcontroller and a PC. It describes the registers involved in serial communication like SCON and TMOD. It explains how to set the baud rate using Timer1. A level converter chip like MAX232 is needed to convert voltage levels between serial ports and microcontrollers. The document provides code examples to transmit and receive data through the serial port. It discusses connecting the microcontroller to a PC using a serial cable and level shifter for debugging serial communication.
The document discusses serial communication, including the basics of parallel vs serial communication. It describes synchronous and asynchronous serial communication methods. It provides details on serial communication using an 8051 microcontroller, including programming the 8051 for transmitting and receiving serial data, setting the baud rate, and using registers like SBUF, SCON, TMOD and TH1. Code examples are given to transmit and receive the letter 'A' serially at 4800 baud using both assembly and C programming languages.
The document discusses interfacing a microcontroller with various peripherals including timers, serial communication, interrupts, LCDs, and keyboards. It provides details on:
- Programming timers in 8051 microcontrollers for time delays and waveform generation.
- Serial communication protocols including asynchronous communication and RS-232 standards.
- Configuring and handling interrupts from different sources and writing interrupt service routines.
- Interfacing 8051 with LCDs for display and matrix keyboards for input using specific I/O ports for scanning rows and columns.
This document discusses serial communication concepts and programming on 8051 microcontrollers. It explains the basics of serial vs parallel communication and asynchronous transmission using start and stop bits. It describes the SCON and SMOD registers used for serial communication and the various modes of operation including fixed and variable baud rates. The document provides code examples for transmitting and receiving data over serial in 8051 assembly language and demonstrates using Keil simulator.
The document discusses the SPI protocol used in the LPC2148 microcontroller. It describes the SPI communication modes of master and slave. It explains the various SPI registers used for configuration - SPCCR for clock settings, SPCR for control settings like CPHA and CPOL, SPDR for data transfer, and SPSR for status. It provides steps for initialization and data transfer in both master and slave modes. The document also discusses factors like clock frequency, data length, and interrupt handling related to SPI communication using LPC2148.
This document provides an overview of serial communication and UART operation. It discusses asynchronous and synchronous serial communication, UART block diagrams, clock requirements, programming UARTs, operation modes, baud rate calculations using timers 1 and 2, and initializing UART0 using timers 1 and 2 to generate baud rates. Equations are provided to calculate the reload values for timers 1 and 2 to generate a desired baud rate given the system clock frequency. Code examples initialize UART0 for 115200 baud communication using timer 1 or timer 2 clock sources.
This document discusses serial communication and UARTs. It begins with an introduction to serial vs parallel communication and asynchronous vs synchronous serial communication. It then discusses UART block diagrams and operation. Specific topics covered include UART clock requirements, programming the UARTs, operation modes, baud rate calculations using timers 1 and 2, and initializing the UART using timers 1 and 2. It also discusses the UART interrupt flags for receiving and sending data.
This document discusses serial vs parallel communication and provides details on asynchronous and synchronous serial communication. It also describes the basic components and terms used in serial communication including start bits, stop bits, and baud rate. Finally, it outlines the four operating modes of the 8051 serial port including simple shift register mode, standard UART mode, multiprocessor mode, and a variable baud rate mode.
Port 1 of the 8051 microcontroller is a bidirectional I/O port with internal pull ups. It has 3 FETs that allow it to be used as either an input or output port. When used as an input, the logic level is loaded into a latch, turning off FET 1 and floating the pin. When used as an output, the latch value turns on or off FET 1 to either ground or drive the pin high. Port 2 is similar and can also be used for external memory addressing. Port 3 pins have alternate functions that are individually programmable under latch or SFR control.
The document describes the Programmable DMA Controller 8237. It has 4 independent DMA channels that can transfer data between I/O and memory subsystems without CPU involvement. Each channel has registers to specify the starting memory address and transfer count. The controller's control logic manages the DMA cycles and status. It can prioritize multiple requests in either fixed or rotating priority modes.
The document discusses the timer/counter modes of the 8051 microcontroller. It explains that timers generate time delays while counters count external events. The 8051 has a 16-bit timer/counter that can be configured as a timer or counter using a mode bit. There are four modes - Mode 0 uses TL0/TH0 as a 13-bit counter, Mode 1 uses the full 16 bits, Mode 2 uses TL0/TH1 as an 8-bit auto-reload counter, and Mode 3 splits Timer 0 into two 8-bit counters. The modes are selected using bits in the TMOD register and affect how the timer/counter registers are used for counting.
The document discusses different addressing modes used by the 8085 microprocessor to access data stored in memory, including immediate, register, direct, indirect, and implied addressing modes. It provides examples of instructions that use each addressing mode and briefly describes how each mode specifies the location of operands. The addressing modes determine how the processor references data through the instruction itself or by using register values as memory addresses.
This document discusses machine cycles and timing diagrams in microprocessors. It focuses on the 8085 microprocessor. It describes that a machine cycle is the time required to access memory or input/output devices, while an instruction cycle is the time to execute an instruction. For the 8085, there are 5 basic machine cycles - opcode fetch, memory read, memory write, I/O read, and I/O write. Each takes a certain number of T-states. For example, the opcode fetch cycle takes 4 T-states to fetch the opcode from memory. The document provides details on the timing and signals involved in each type of machine cycle.
The document describes the architecture of the USART 8251 chip, including its transmitter and receiver sections that convert parallel and serial data, as well as its modem control section. It details the functions of the data bus buffer, transmitter section, receiver section, and modem control signals. The transmitter and receiver sections allow for synchronous and asynchronous communication and contain logic for baud rate generation, parity checking, and error detection.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
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DATA TRANSFER SCHEMES OF 8085
1. 8051 Microcontroller Data Transfer
Schemes
PREPAREDBY
B.SARAVANAMANIKANDAN
ASSISTANTPROFESSOR
Kongunaducollegeof engineeringandtechnology
2. SERIAL INTERFACE
• Data transfer between memory and register, register and port and
port to outside unit in these data transfers, a byte is transferred
between two units.
• Thus 8 bits are transferred in parallel.
• This type of data transfer is mostly used for short distance, data
transfer.
• When data becomes more than few meters the parallel data transfer
suffers from phenomenon called bit skewing.
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3. ASYCHRONOUS and SYNCHRONOUS
• In synchronous communication the transmission from one device
and receipt at other devices is synchronized by a common clock,
thus as one bit/byte is sent out from A to B.
• Another variation of synchronous communication is when two units
are quite apart, they are driven by individual clocks but these clocks
are synchronized.
• In Asynchronous Communication the transmission and reception
are not synchronized.
• A device can send its own and other device may receive it. In this
case byte is enveloped in a data frame will have
Start bit
stop bit
parity bit
• The baud rate data transmission speed in terms per second also
must be predefined.
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4. • Serial data transfer in bit from received to parallel data in byte form
for storage and processing.
• Parallel data in memory to serial data ready to be transmitted
• Such devices working in asynchronous mode are called USART.
• The 8051 has on chip for serial communication.
• RXD
• TXD
Serial Communication Modes
• MODE 0
• MODE 1
• MODE 2
• MODE 3
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6. MODE 0:
• Data is transmitted as well as received through the RxD pin.
• The shift clock is supplied through the TxD pin.
• 8 bits of data are transmitted and received.
• The LSB is transmitted first and similarly while receiving.
• The baud rate is 1/12 of a oscillator frequency.
• Transmit Interrupt flag (TI) is set when data bytes are transmitted and
Receive Interrupt(RI) flag is set after receiving bits.
• The TI and RI flags are noting but SCON register. This mode
corresponds to SM0=0 and SM1=0.
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7. MODE 1:
• Data is sent through the TxD pin and received through the RxD pin. A
10 bit frame containing 8 bit data (SM0=0), a start bit (=0) and a stop
bit (=1) are used.
• Thus there is a clear demarcation between end of one data frame
and start of another data frame, once the stop bit is received.
• The Stop bit is loaded into a bit cell RB8 in the SCON register.
• As mode 0 here also an interrupt is generated once all the bit frames
are received or transmitted.
• Baud rate varies here the baud rate varied by changing preset count
in the Timer1.
• The start bit and stop bit are automatically added by the hardware by
transmitting data.
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8. MODE 2:
• 11 bits are transmitted or received. This 11 bit frame is specified as:
1 bit for start
8 bits for data
1 bit can be programmed
1 bit for stop bit
• The 9 data bit programmable. This bit TB8 bit in SCON register, this is effectively
used while transmitting data.
• With little software overhead, this bits can be used to send the parity of the byte
that is to be transmitted.
• Transmitting:
If we want to use 9 th bit as a parity we must load the TB8 with the parity of
the byte that is to be transmitted. ACC has the byte to be transmitted.
• Receiving:
on reception of frame the 9 th bit goes to RB8 of the SCON register. The stop
bit is ignored the baud rate in this mode is programmable either 1/32 or 1/64 of the
oscillator frequency
By making SMOD = 0 baud rate can be set to 1/64 of oscillator frequency, SMOD =
1 baud rate can be set to 1/32 of oscillator frequency. SMOD is 7 th bit PCON after
SFR.
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9. MODE 3:
• This mode is same as the mode 2 expect for baud rate.
• Here the baud rate is variable as in case of mode 1.
• The baud rate depends on overflow rate of timer 1.
• By changing preset count in Timer 1 baud rate can be varied.
Baud rate calculation = Timer 1 overflow rate
n
Where n is an integer and its value is either 32 or 16
If SMOD = 1 then n =16 else n = 32
Overflow rate = rate at which the counting in done /256-TH1
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11. PCON
• Power control register through which certain power control functions
in CMOS version of the 8051 implemented.
• In the HMOS version all the bits of PCON except 7 bit are dummy.
• Bit 7 is SMOD and is used in both CMOS and HMOS versions to
double baud rate in mode 1,2 and 3.
• PCON is not bit addressable.
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