1. Controlling infectious livestock diseases requires developing strategies that involve coordination between professionals, farmers, and agencies.
2. Key factors in disease control include surveillance, diagnostics, vaccination, vector control, awareness, and legislation.
3. Strategies include monitoring disease occurrence, identifying and treating infected animals, controlling disease transmission, and preventing future outbreaks through coordinated efforts.
Control of communicable diseases dr jamilDr Abu Zar
Communicable diseases pose a major threat in emergency situations when populations are displaced. An outbreak will occur if the balance between the infectious agent, susceptible host population, and environment is disrupted. The document outlines key principles for controlling communicable disease outbreaks, including preventing exposure, reducing susceptibility, and managing illness. Acute respiratory infections, measles, diarrheal diseases, and malaria are the main causes of illness and death during emergencies.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in epidemiology. It defines epidemiology and its components of study, distribution, determinants and health-related states or events. It describes epidemiological terminology including infection, contamination, infestation and different types of disease occurrence. It also outlines the epidemiological triad of agent, host and environment factors, modes of disease transmission, measurement tools and levels of disease prevention.
Threats and preventions of bioterrorismNida Sajjad
This document discusses threats, impacts, and preparedness for bioterrorism. It outlines various threats including threats to the economy from spreading animal and plant diseases, threats to wildlife and biodiversity, and psycho-social impacts on the population during a bioterrorism attack. It also discusses key elements of bioterrorism threats including the actor, agent, target, and mode of attack. The document then covers impacts on the population size and environment. Finally, it discusses various aspects of bioterrorism preparedness including prevention, detection, response, and the roles of clinicians, laboratories, and surveillance systems.
The document discusses communicable diseases, outlining key definitions, the transmission and epidemiological triad, and the chain of infection. It describes the fundamental principles of communicable disease control, including rapid assessment, prevention, surveillance, outbreak control and disease management. The roles of medical officers and others in detecting, investigating and controlling outbreaks are also summarized.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The epidemiological triad consists of an agent, host, and environment. Communicable diseases are transmitted from one host to another through various modes of transmission. Key aspects of epidemiology include reservoirs, portals of exit, modes of transmission, incubation periods, and susceptible hosts. Prevention strategies include primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to promote health and prevent disease at different stages.
Control of communicable diseases dr jamilDr Abu Zar
Communicable diseases pose a major threat in emergency situations when populations are displaced. An outbreak will occur if the balance between the infectious agent, susceptible host population, and environment is disrupted. The document outlines key principles for controlling communicable disease outbreaks, including preventing exposure, reducing susceptibility, and managing illness. Acute respiratory infections, measles, diarrheal diseases, and malaria are the main causes of illness and death during emergencies.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in epidemiology. It defines epidemiology and its components of study, distribution, determinants and health-related states or events. It describes epidemiological terminology including infection, contamination, infestation and different types of disease occurrence. It also outlines the epidemiological triad of agent, host and environment factors, modes of disease transmission, measurement tools and levels of disease prevention.
Threats and preventions of bioterrorismNida Sajjad
This document discusses threats, impacts, and preparedness for bioterrorism. It outlines various threats including threats to the economy from spreading animal and plant diseases, threats to wildlife and biodiversity, and psycho-social impacts on the population during a bioterrorism attack. It also discusses key elements of bioterrorism threats including the actor, agent, target, and mode of attack. The document then covers impacts on the population size and environment. Finally, it discusses various aspects of bioterrorism preparedness including prevention, detection, response, and the roles of clinicians, laboratories, and surveillance systems.
The document discusses communicable diseases, outlining key definitions, the transmission and epidemiological triad, and the chain of infection. It describes the fundamental principles of communicable disease control, including rapid assessment, prevention, surveillance, outbreak control and disease management. The roles of medical officers and others in detecting, investigating and controlling outbreaks are also summarized.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in populations and the application of this study to control health problems. The epidemiological triad consists of an agent, host, and environment. Communicable diseases are transmitted from one host to another through various modes of transmission. Key aspects of epidemiology include reservoirs, portals of exit, modes of transmission, incubation periods, and susceptible hosts. Prevention strategies include primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to promote health and prevent disease at different stages.
This document provides an overview of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those whose incidence in humans has increased in recent decades and re-emerging diseases as those that were previously controlled but are increasing again. Factors contributing to disease emergence include evolution of pathogens, changes in human susceptibility and behavior, and environmental changes. The epidemiological triad of host-agent-environment interactions that drive disease transmission is discussed. Several major emerging diseases are outlined such as SARS, Ebola, Nipah virus, and drug-resistant bacteria and their characteristics and origins. Prevention relies on surveillance, research, infrastructure, and public health responses.
This document discusses the epidemiology, control measures, and essential lab tests for four arthropod-borne diseases at the primary level: malaria, dengue, Zika, and filaria. It covers the agent, host, and environmental factors; indications for common lab tests and vector control measures; and the role of national health programs and global disease control strategies for these diseases. Details are provided on the transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of each disease.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and its role in disease prevention and control. It defines key epidemiological terms and explains that epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and application to control health problems in populations. Major historical epidemics are summarized, and principles of epidemiology like distribution, determinants, specified populations, and application are described. Methods of disease prevention and control like source removal, transmission prevention, and general outbreak investigation principles are also outlined. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic around vaccination, sanitation, healthcare workforce, hospital capacity, hygiene, and awareness are highlighted.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease patterns in human populations and the factors that influence health. It discusses key epidemiological terms like reservoirs, modes of transmission, incidence, prevalence, and the epidemiological triad model of disease causation. The objectives and uses of epidemiology are described, including identifying disease determinants, planning health programs, and evaluating effectiveness. Important epidemiological concepts like endemic, pandemic, epidemic, carriers, and outbreaks are also defined.
The document discusses integrated strategies for dengue prevention and control. It outlines the global impact of dengue virus, with 50 million cases each year in over 100 endemic countries. A multi-sectoral approach is needed involving social communication, epidemiological surveillance, entomology, patient care, and laboratories. Key strategies include reducing mosquito breeding sites, using insect repellents, treating patients, and conducting public education campaigns.
Chapter 4Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention.docxrobertad6
Chapter 4
Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases: Prevention and Control of Diseases and Health Conditions
Chapter Objectives (1 of 2)
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the differences between communicable (infectious) and noncommunicable (noninfectious) diseases and between acute and chronic diseases and provide examples of each.
Describe and explain communicable and multicausation disease models.
Explain how communicable diseases are transmitted in a community using the “chain of infection” model and use a specific communicable disease to illustrate your explanation.
Explain why noncommunicable diseases are a community and public health concern and provide some examples of important noncommunicable diseases.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of disease and provide examples of each.
Chapter Objectives (2 of 2)
List and explain the various criteria that communities might use to prioritize their health problems in preparation for the allocation of prevention and control resources.
List and discuss important measures for preventing and controlling the spread of communicable diseases in a community.
List and discuss approaches to noncommunicable disease control in the community.
Define and explain the purpose and importance of health screenings.
Outline a chronic, noncommunicable disease control program that includes primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention components.
Introduction
Diseases and other health conditions are classified in several meaningful ways
Classification can lead to prevention and control strategies
Classification of Diseases and Health Problems
In community health, diseases are usually classified as:
Acute or chronic (<3 or >3 months)
Communicable or noncommunicable
Communicable versus Noncommunicable Diseases
Communicable (infectious) diseases – those diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another
Noncommunicable (noninfectious) diseases – those illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to another
Identifying cause is difficult because many factors can contribute
Acute versus Chronic Diseases and Illnesses
Diseases classified by duration of symptoms
Acute – diseases in which peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months
Can be communicable or noncommunicable
Chronic – diseases or conditions in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months
Can be communicable or noncommunicable
Communicable Diseases
Infectivity: ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
Agent: cause of disease or health problem
Host: susceptible person or organism invaded by an infectious agent
Environment: factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission
Pathogenicity: capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
Biological Agents of Disease
Communicable Disease Model
Chain of Infectio.
The document discusses communicable diseases, their causes, definitions, outbreaks, transmission, prevention and control. It defines key terms like epidemic, endemic, pandemic, host, carrier, reservoir, vector, immunity and modes of transmission. It outlines steps for managing disease outbreaks including preparation, detection, response and evaluation. It also discusses emerging/reemerging diseases and global disease eradication efforts. Nurses play an important role in communicable disease control through health education, surveillance and working with at-risk communities.
The document defines One Health as a collaborative approach to attaining optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. It outlines the components of the One Health approach, including the geographical, ecological, human activities, and food/agricultural components. Complex health problems that require a One Health approach are identified as emerging/re-emerging pandemics, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, environmental hazards, food safety, and disasters. Key stakeholders in addressing these problems include patients, physicians, employers, insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms, and the government. Collaboration between these groups is important for promoting public health outcomes.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
This document discusses disease classification and prevention and control strategies. It describes communicable diseases as being caused by biological agents and transmitted between individuals, while noncommunicable diseases have complex, multifactorial causes. The chain of infection model outlines the steps by which a communicable disease is transmitted. Prevention strategies target various levels - primary prevention prevents disease, secondary prevention detects and treats early, and tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation. Both individuals and communities play important roles in prevention efforts.
Selected Definition in Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Uses.pptxDr. Anuj Singh
1. Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control relevant health problems.
2. Key components of epidemiology include measuring disease frequency and distribution, and identifying determinants and risk factors of diseases. Infectious disease epidemiology studies topics such as infection, contamination, infestation, and the definitions of an infectious disease.
3. Epidemiology is useful for community diagnosis, disease surveillance, planning and evaluation of health programs, and identifying risk factors and the natural history of diseases.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, as well as the application of this study to control health problems. It involves measuring disease occurrence and attributes that influence health in populations. Key aspects of epidemiology include methods for quantifying observations of health in groups, studying disease occurrence in natural environments rather than laboratories, and determining exposures that influence health outcomes.
Emerging & re emerging infectious diseasesmebinninan
This document discusses trends in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It notes that while diseases were suppressed in the 20th century by sanitation and medical advances, many new and resurgent diseases have emerged since the late 20th century. It identifies factors that contribute to disease emergence, such as animal to human transmission, environmental and climate changes, human behavior, poverty, and antimicrobial resistance. Examples of emerging diseases discussed include hepatitis C, avian influenza, and swine flu, while re-emerging diseases include diphtheria, cholera, plague, and dengue fever. It emphasizes the need for improved global surveillance and response networks to address the ongoing threat of infectious diseases.
The document summarizes recent advances in viral disease diagnostic and molecular epidemiological technologies. It discusses how real-time PCR platforms have increased speed, sensitivity and quantification abilities compared to traditional PCR. These new molecular diagnostic technologies offer improved detection, identification and discrimination of pathogenic agents. The development of novel technologies requires thorough validation and sustainable quality-assured application for optimal disease control.
This presentation was created to help improve awareness of students in healthcare setting and/or healthcare workers regarding infection prevention and control.
**Disclaimer: Some materials (pictures) may have copyright.
The Global Leptospirosis Environmental Action Network: Strengthening the publ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document discusses leptospirosis, a bacterial disease impacting public health. It provides statistics on estimated global cases and deaths per year. It describes leptospirosis as having a complex natural history and clinical presentation. Climate change may increase its impact. Two typhoons in the Philippines in 2009 resulted in hundreds of leptospirosis cases. It introduces the Global Leptospirosis Environmental Action Network (GLEAN), a multi-disciplinary international group taking a One Health approach to strengthen leptospirosis prevention and control strategies through increased knowledge sharing and improved early warning systems. GLEAN's goals are reducing disease incidence, determining main drivers, developing predictive tools, and improving confirmation testing, outbreak detection, prepared
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology and its objectives, which include studying disease patterns and determinants in populations to aid health planning. It then covers epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, reservoirs, modes of transmission and susceptible hosts. Different theories of disease causation are presented, including the germ theory that pathogens cause disease, and the epidemiological triad model showing the interaction between an external agent, host factors and the environment. The document provides an overview of fundamental epidemiological concepts.
This document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and epidemiology. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being according to the WHO. Public health is defined as organized efforts and informed choices of society to prevent disease, prolong life, and promote health. The document also discusses epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations, with the goal of developing prevention and control measures. Key epidemiological concepts discussed include the host-agent-environment triad and Koch's postulates for establishing causation.
This document provides an overview of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It defines emerging diseases as those whose incidence in humans has increased in recent decades and re-emerging diseases as those that were previously controlled but are increasing again. Factors contributing to disease emergence include evolution of pathogens, changes in human susceptibility and behavior, and environmental changes. The epidemiological triad of host-agent-environment interactions that drive disease transmission is discussed. Several major emerging diseases are outlined such as SARS, Ebola, Nipah virus, and drug-resistant bacteria and their characteristics and origins. Prevention relies on surveillance, research, infrastructure, and public health responses.
This document discusses the epidemiology, control measures, and essential lab tests for four arthropod-borne diseases at the primary level: malaria, dengue, Zika, and filaria. It covers the agent, host, and environmental factors; indications for common lab tests and vector control measures; and the role of national health programs and global disease control strategies for these diseases. Details are provided on the transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of each disease.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and its role in disease prevention and control. It defines key epidemiological terms and explains that epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and application to control health problems in populations. Major historical epidemics are summarized, and principles of epidemiology like distribution, determinants, specified populations, and application are described. Methods of disease prevention and control like source removal, transmission prevention, and general outbreak investigation principles are also outlined. Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic around vaccination, sanitation, healthcare workforce, hospital capacity, hygiene, and awareness are highlighted.
This document provides an introduction to epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of disease patterns in human populations and the factors that influence health. It discusses key epidemiological terms like reservoirs, modes of transmission, incidence, prevalence, and the epidemiological triad model of disease causation. The objectives and uses of epidemiology are described, including identifying disease determinants, planning health programs, and evaluating effectiveness. Important epidemiological concepts like endemic, pandemic, epidemic, carriers, and outbreaks are also defined.
The document discusses integrated strategies for dengue prevention and control. It outlines the global impact of dengue virus, with 50 million cases each year in over 100 endemic countries. A multi-sectoral approach is needed involving social communication, epidemiological surveillance, entomology, patient care, and laboratories. Key strategies include reducing mosquito breeding sites, using insect repellents, treating patients, and conducting public education campaigns.
Chapter 4Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention.docxrobertad6
Chapter 4
Communicable and Noncommunicable Diseases: Prevention and Control of Diseases and Health Conditions
Chapter Objectives (1 of 2)
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Explain the differences between communicable (infectious) and noncommunicable (noninfectious) diseases and between acute and chronic diseases and provide examples of each.
Describe and explain communicable and multicausation disease models.
Explain how communicable diseases are transmitted in a community using the “chain of infection” model and use a specific communicable disease to illustrate your explanation.
Explain why noncommunicable diseases are a community and public health concern and provide some examples of important noncommunicable diseases.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of disease and provide examples of each.
Chapter Objectives (2 of 2)
List and explain the various criteria that communities might use to prioritize their health problems in preparation for the allocation of prevention and control resources.
List and discuss important measures for preventing and controlling the spread of communicable diseases in a community.
List and discuss approaches to noncommunicable disease control in the community.
Define and explain the purpose and importance of health screenings.
Outline a chronic, noncommunicable disease control program that includes primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention components.
Introduction
Diseases and other health conditions are classified in several meaningful ways
Classification can lead to prevention and control strategies
Classification of Diseases and Health Problems
In community health, diseases are usually classified as:
Acute or chronic (<3 or >3 months)
Communicable or noncommunicable
Communicable versus Noncommunicable Diseases
Communicable (infectious) diseases – those diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another
Noncommunicable (noninfectious) diseases – those illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to another
Identifying cause is difficult because many factors can contribute
Acute versus Chronic Diseases and Illnesses
Diseases classified by duration of symptoms
Acute – diseases in which peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months
Can be communicable or noncommunicable
Chronic – diseases or conditions in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months
Can be communicable or noncommunicable
Communicable Diseases
Infectivity: ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
Agent: cause of disease or health problem
Host: susceptible person or organism invaded by an infectious agent
Environment: factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission
Pathogenicity: capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in a susceptible host
Biological Agents of Disease
Communicable Disease Model
Chain of Infectio.
The document discusses communicable diseases, their causes, definitions, outbreaks, transmission, prevention and control. It defines key terms like epidemic, endemic, pandemic, host, carrier, reservoir, vector, immunity and modes of transmission. It outlines steps for managing disease outbreaks including preparation, detection, response and evaluation. It also discusses emerging/reemerging diseases and global disease eradication efforts. Nurses play an important role in communicable disease control through health education, surveillance and working with at-risk communities.
The document defines One Health as a collaborative approach to attaining optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. It outlines the components of the One Health approach, including the geographical, ecological, human activities, and food/agricultural components. Complex health problems that require a One Health approach are identified as emerging/re-emerging pandemics, zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, environmental hazards, food safety, and disasters. Key stakeholders in addressing these problems include patients, physicians, employers, insurance companies, pharmaceutical firms, and the government. Collaboration between these groups is important for promoting public health outcomes.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
This document discusses disease classification and prevention and control strategies. It describes communicable diseases as being caused by biological agents and transmitted between individuals, while noncommunicable diseases have complex, multifactorial causes. The chain of infection model outlines the steps by which a communicable disease is transmitted. Prevention strategies target various levels - primary prevention prevents disease, secondary prevention detects and treats early, and tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation. Both individuals and communities play important roles in prevention efforts.
Selected Definition in Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Uses.pptxDr. Anuj Singh
1. Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control relevant health problems.
2. Key components of epidemiology include measuring disease frequency and distribution, and identifying determinants and risk factors of diseases. Infectious disease epidemiology studies topics such as infection, contamination, infestation, and the definitions of an infectious disease.
3. Epidemiology is useful for community diagnosis, disease surveillance, planning and evaluation of health programs, and identifying risk factors and the natural history of diseases.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, as well as the application of this study to control health problems. It involves measuring disease occurrence and attributes that influence health in populations. Key aspects of epidemiology include methods for quantifying observations of health in groups, studying disease occurrence in natural environments rather than laboratories, and determining exposures that influence health outcomes.
Emerging & re emerging infectious diseasesmebinninan
This document discusses trends in emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It notes that while diseases were suppressed in the 20th century by sanitation and medical advances, many new and resurgent diseases have emerged since the late 20th century. It identifies factors that contribute to disease emergence, such as animal to human transmission, environmental and climate changes, human behavior, poverty, and antimicrobial resistance. Examples of emerging diseases discussed include hepatitis C, avian influenza, and swine flu, while re-emerging diseases include diphtheria, cholera, plague, and dengue fever. It emphasizes the need for improved global surveillance and response networks to address the ongoing threat of infectious diseases.
The document summarizes recent advances in viral disease diagnostic and molecular epidemiological technologies. It discusses how real-time PCR platforms have increased speed, sensitivity and quantification abilities compared to traditional PCR. These new molecular diagnostic technologies offer improved detection, identification and discrimination of pathogenic agents. The development of novel technologies requires thorough validation and sustainable quality-assured application for optimal disease control.
This presentation was created to help improve awareness of students in healthcare setting and/or healthcare workers regarding infection prevention and control.
**Disclaimer: Some materials (pictures) may have copyright.
The Global Leptospirosis Environmental Action Network: Strengthening the publ...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document discusses leptospirosis, a bacterial disease impacting public health. It provides statistics on estimated global cases and deaths per year. It describes leptospirosis as having a complex natural history and clinical presentation. Climate change may increase its impact. Two typhoons in the Philippines in 2009 resulted in hundreds of leptospirosis cases. It introduces the Global Leptospirosis Environmental Action Network (GLEAN), a multi-disciplinary international group taking a One Health approach to strengthen leptospirosis prevention and control strategies through increased knowledge sharing and improved early warning systems. GLEAN's goals are reducing disease incidence, determining main drivers, developing predictive tools, and improving confirmation testing, outbreak detection, prepared
The document discusses key concepts in epidemiology. It begins by defining epidemiology and its objectives, which include studying disease patterns and determinants in populations to aid health planning. It then covers epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, reservoirs, modes of transmission and susceptible hosts. Different theories of disease causation are presented, including the germ theory that pathogens cause disease, and the epidemiological triad model showing the interaction between an external agent, host factors and the environment. The document provides an overview of fundamental epidemiological concepts.
This document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and epidemiology. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being according to the WHO. Public health is defined as organized efforts and informed choices of society to prevent disease, prolong life, and promote health. The document also discusses epidemiology as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations, with the goal of developing prevention and control measures. Key epidemiological concepts discussed include the host-agent-environment triad and Koch's postulates for establishing causation.
TEST BANK For Bontrager's Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related An...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Bontrager's Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 9th Edition & 10th Edition Lampignano Verified Chapter's 1 - 20 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Bontrager's Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 9th Edition & 10th Edition Lampignano Verified Chapter's 1 - 20 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Bontrager's Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 9th Edition & 10th Edition Lampignano Verified Chapter's 1 - 20 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Bontrager's Textbook of Radiographic Positioning and Related Anatomy 9th Edition & 10th Edition Lampignano Verified Chapter's 1 - 20 Complete.pdf
About CentiUP - Product Information Slide.pdfCentiUP
A heightened child formula, with the trio of Nano Calcium, HMO, and DHA mixed in the golden ratio, combined with NANO technology to help nourish the body deeply and comprehensively, helps children increase height, boost brain power, and improve the immune system and overall well-being.
Cancer treatment has advanced significantly over the years, offering patients various options tailored to their specific type of cancer and stage of disease. Understanding the different types of cancer treatments can help patients make informed decisions about their care. In this ppt, we have listed most common forms of cancer treatment available today.
PROGRAMMING OF HANAU WIDE VUE & GOTHIC ARCH TRACING.pptxSatvikaPrasad
Programming a Hanau articulator and performing Gothic arch tracing are essential steps in prosthodontics to ensure precise jaw movement replication and occlusal accuracy. The Hanau articulator, a semi-adjustable dental instrument, simulates mandibular movements by allowing customization based on the patient's unique jaw dynamics. This involves setting the condylar inclination, Bennett angle, and incisal guidance. Gothic arch tracing, on the other hand, is a technique used to record the centric relation of the mandible. It involves using a stylus and recording plate to trace mandibular movements, creating a characteristic arrow-point tracing that aids in accurately locating the centric relation. Both procedures are crucial for fabricating well-fitted dental prostheses, ensuring patient comfort, and maintaining optimal oral function.
Marital Enrichment Techniques - Marital and Family Therapy and Counselling - ...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Bashundhara Toiletries Logo Guideline 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
1. M U H A M M A D A K R A M M U N I R
( a k r a m m u n e e r @ h o t m a i l . c o m )
R A S H I D A H M A D
D A N Y A L H A S A N
R A F I Q U E H A S H M I
R C V E T S , L A H O R E
Strategies for Controlling
Infectious Livestock Diseases
2. Strategy
A plan of actions to achieve a long term
objective/aim
Designed to achieve the goals of a department or an
organization
3. Infectious Diseases
Diseases caused by microorganisms like bacteria,
viruses, fungi, etc.
Infection: Invasion and growth of microorganisms
in body of host (man, animals, poultry, fish etc.)
Disease: Dis-ease occurs when the body cells are
damaged as a result of infection and ultimately lead
to signs and symptoms of illness
4. Infectious Diseases
An illness due to a pathogen or its toxic products.
Usually transmitted from an infected animal/person,
to any susceptible host or population. Examples NDV,
AI, HS, Rabies, Covid-19 etc.
5. Emerging Infectious Disease:
Newly discovered infectious agents.
Re-emerging Infectious Disease:
Which was previously controlled but once again
has risen to be a significant health problem
6. Livestock
The animals kept for profit purpose
Mostly the farm animals are known as livestock
They are distinguish from other animal types as they
are domesticated and mostly raised for food and
money sources
Livestock products are meat, milk, eggs and skins
hides etc.
8. Disease Contributing Factors
Climate and weather
Change Ecosystem
Microbial adaptation and changes
Economic Development and Land use
Technology and Industry
Breakdown of Public Health Measures
Poverty and social inequality
Human susceptibility of Infections
International travel and commerce
9. Zoonotic Diseases
Diseases transmitted between man and animals and
vice versa such as:
Rabies
CCHF
Blastomycosis
Psittacosis
Trichinella spiralis
Salmonellosis
12. AGENT:
1-Evolution of pathogenic infectious agents
(Microbial adaptation and change)
2-Development of resistance to drugs: wrong
prescribing practice
3-Resistance of vectors to pesticides
Factor Contributing to Emergence
13. Factor Contributing to Emergence
HOST:
1-Demographic change
2-Increased international travel
3-Immunosuppression
15. Important Epidemiological Factors
Epidemiology: Study of disease occurrence in animal
and human population
Virology: Study of viruses causing infectious diseases
Bacteriology: Study of bacteria causing infectious
diseases
Mycology: Study of fungi causing infectious diseases
Immunology: Study of immune reactions in hosts and
conferring of resistance against infectious diseases
Public Health: Study of various factors contributing to
infectious disease in host; host virus interactions, disease
diagnosis, etc.
16. Control Strategies
Develop political will and funding
Improve global early response capacity
a. WHO,
b. National Disease Control Unit and Training
Program
Improve Global Surveillance
a. Improve diagnostic capacity
b. Improve communication system and shearing of
surveillance data
c. Rapid Data analysis
d. Develop innovative surveillance and analysis strategies
17. Disease Control Contributors
Will to control or prevent infectious diseases at local,
regional, country or global level
Cooperation and coordination amongst
professionals, livestock owners, and workers
A multi-disciplinary coordination
Cooperation of Scientists, Veterinarians, public at
large, politicians, farmers, planners, financing
agencies, etc.
Cooperation of agencies like FAO, WHO, OIE, JICA,
USAID, AUSAID,
18. Practical Approaches on Disease Control
Registration of animal populations
Diagnosis: Clinical, laboratory, confirmatory
Epidemiological investigations, type and magnitude of
population involvement
Economical, zoonotic importance of disease
Effective disease control measures:
1. Treatment of sick populations using antibiotics,
antivirals, antisera etc.
2. Use of vaccines, live, killed, or both, genetically
engineered, sub-unit, etc.
19. Practical Approaches on Disease Control
Isolation and quarantine of sick populations
Developing disease free zones, ban on sick animal
movements
In case of contagious and deadly disease; humane slaughter
and disposal of infected and exposed animals.
Training of animal owners on animal hygiene, premises
cleaning, and disinfection
Development of new effective drugs against pathogens
Vector control, movement control of animals and humans
working with animals
Bio-control measures
Emerging use of bio-technology in diagnosis, vaccine
development
20. Key factors in control
Disease awareness amongst livestock owners,
professionals, extension owners, lab workers, ,
personnel responsible for infectious waste material,
etc.
Surveillance and infection behavior in a population
Coordination/cooperation amongst various
government functionaries
21. Key Factors in Control
Potential for infectious disease diagnosis;
labs equipped with the state of the art facilities;
especially the infectious material dealing,
processing and preservation of material in lab,
qualifications and training of lab staff,
result interpretation, prevention of
contamination of lab premises,
availability of bio-secure and biosafe
environment, etc.
22. Key Factors in Control
1. Reporting system: To whom to report and how
2. How to sample infectious material
3. How to convince farmer for his cooperation;
as per legislation;
treatment requirements, payment of compensation to
farmers in case of high morbidity and mortality,
disposal of contagious disease infected carcasses,
monitoring for positives cases, premises, samples etc.
Training activities
23. Vector Control
a program to control and eliminate these
vectors will be implemented to stop the
method of transmission (such as
arthropods, rodents, or other vectors).
Before a vector control program is
initiated, several factors will be considered,
including the biological characteristics and
population density of the vector species
involved;
24. Vector Control
methods and materials available for
control and eradication; and the
potential impact on the environment.
The use of certain pesticides
may require an environmental
impact statement.
25. Role of Veterinarians in Prevention
Increase knowledge and skill ; Educate the public
Encourage partnerships with consumers and other
disciplines to identify needs, set priorities, develop
strategies and evaluate progress
Support health care legislation
Involve in research
Encourage using multidisciplinary efforts.
Influence local and National economic and political
options
Continue to advance nursing concern
26. Role of Public Health Authorities
National program for prevention and control of
vector borne diseases
Legislations for elimination
Communities awareness of the disease
Minimizing transmission of infection: By
• Risk communication to the family members
• Minimizing vector population
• Minimizing vector – individual contact
Reporting to the nearest public health authority
27. Public health Measures to Prevent
Infectious Diseases
Safe water
Sewage treatment and disposal
Food safety program
Animal control program
Vaccination program
Public health organization
28. Preventive Strategy in Pakistan
VECTOR SURVEILLANCE
Vector borne epidemic prone diseases: JE, Dengue,
Plague, Kala-azar, Rickettsia
Early warning signals - increase density of vectors -
increase in breeding sites for vectors
Insecticide susceptibility status
To assess impact of routine measures under national
program
29. Lab Surveillance
Serological Surveillance
To collect baseline prevalence data
To identify high risk areas
To identify high risk age group As early warning
signal for impending outbreak
Microbial surveillance
Changing genotype
Mutations
Development of Antimicrobial Resistance Eg.
Salmonella, Cholera, Plague, Anthrax
30. Diagnostic Procedures
PCR (The sensitive detection of pathogenic
microorganisms by amplification of gene fragments)
ELISA (to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins
and glycoproteins in biological samples.)
NASBA (which amplifies RNA for the detection of
microbial pathogens)
Fingerprinting ( method of isolating and
identifying variable elements within the base-pair
sequence of DNA)
31. Diagnostic Procedures
LCR ( Ligase Chain Reaction)
(For the detection of single base mutations, as in
genetic diseases)
Western Bloat (to detect specific protein
molecules from among a mixture of proteins.)
Northern Bloat (to detect specific RNA molecules
among a mixture of RNA.)
32. Laboratories Network in Surveillance
International (Collaborating Centers) like CDC
Atlanta
National Reference Laboratories e.g. NVL
Islamabad, NARC Islamabad, VRI Lahore, BRI
Pattoki
State laboratories
Intermediate (District/Provincial/Medical College)
Peripheral Laboratories
33. NPCPAI
Scale up AI surveillance, diagnostics at district,
provincial and federal level
Strengthen disease control, outbreak containment,
and eradication of HPAI
Increase awareness among farmers, consumers,
veterinarians, and other stake holders on AI
epidemiology
Undertaking AI vaccine research; ecology,
pathogenesis, diagnostics, and vaccine development
34. NPCPAI
Strengthen AI vaccine production, its evaluation and
quality assurance
Develop a legal and regulatory frame work for
veterinary services providers and to empower the
government function to enforce national animal
disease control measures
Outcome
AI H5N1 AI outbreaks under control
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