The document discusses the concept of health and disease from different perspectives. It outlines the changing concepts of health from a biomedical model focused on disease absence to a holistic model recognizing social, economic, environmental and other influences. It also discusses definitions of health from organizations like WHO and concepts like determinants, dimensions and indicators of health.
The document discusses various concepts of health and disease. It describes the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts of health. It also discusses the biopsychosocial dimensions of health. For disease, it covers the agent, host, environment triad and concepts of causation, natural history, and levels of prevention. It provides definitions of health from WHO and other sources and describes indicators used to measure community health status.
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease Aditya Sharma
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease
PPT
Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Socio-economic conditions
Health services
Education
Income
Housing
This document discusses the various determinants of health, which are factors that influence individual and population health outcomes. It identifies biological, environmental, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors as key determinants of health. These determinants interact in complex ways and can promote or harm health. The document also examines different indicators used to measure and assess health status at individual and population levels, such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, and socioeconomic indicators. However, it notes that no single indicator can comprehensively measure health.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education levels, occupation, and more can impact individual and population health. The document also examines factors like aging populations, gender issues, and advances in technology that influence global health trends.
Public health involves organized community efforts and government interventions to promote health and prevent disease. It aims to protect the health of entire populations. Public health focuses on populations, disease prevention, health promotion, and environmental/behavioral factors rather than individual treatment. Some key aspects of public health include monitoring health status; ensuring access to quality health services; implementing programs for health promotion, disease prevention, and injury prevention; and developing health policy. Public health organizations at both the governmental and non-governmental level work to address a wide range of public health problems.
The document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and prevention. It defines health using the WHO definition of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It describes positive health and the good health triad. Determinants of health are defined as predisposing factors that influence community health, including host factors like age and genetics, and environmental factors. Risk factors are attributes associated with disease development. The document outlines dimensions of health and wellness, and defines disease using the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It describes the natural history of disease and levels of prevention from primordial to treatment. Gordon's 1987 classification system for preventive interventions is also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of the concept of public health, its history and challenges. It discusses:
- The definition of public health as promoting health through organized community efforts like sanitation, disease control, health education and access to care.
- How the "great sanitary awakening" in the 19th century identified filth as a cause of disease, leading to a focus on cleanliness and prevention over reacting to outbreaks.
- The work of Edwin Chadwick who documented poor living conditions and their impact on health, and proposed sanitary reforms be addressed through engineering and public boards of health.
- The core functions of public health as assessment, policy development and assurance to collect data,
Public health deals with preventing disease, promoting health and prolonging life through organized community efforts. It focuses on groups of people rather than individuals. Key dimensions include health promotion, disease prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation. Over time, public health has shifted focus from controlling infectious diseases to addressing chronic conditions and social determinants of health. Major milestones include sanitary reforms in the 19th century, establishing health services in the 20th century, and working towards "Health for All" globally by 2000.
The document discusses various concepts of health and disease. It describes the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts of health. It also discusses the biopsychosocial dimensions of health. For disease, it covers the agent, host, environment triad and concepts of causation, natural history, and levels of prevention. It provides definitions of health from WHO and other sources and describes indicators used to measure community health status.
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease Aditya Sharma
Socio Cultural Factors Related to Health and Disease
PPT
Heredity
Environment
Lifestyle
Socio-economic conditions
Health services
Education
Income
Housing
This document discusses the various determinants of health, which are factors that influence individual and population health outcomes. It identifies biological, environmental, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors as key determinants of health. These determinants interact in complex ways and can promote or harm health. The document also examines different indicators used to measure and assess health status at individual and population levels, such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, and socioeconomic indicators. However, it notes that no single indicator can comprehensively measure health.
This document discusses the various determinants of health, including biological, behavioral, socio-cultural, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. It outlines how genetic makeup, lifestyle choices, education levels, occupation, and more can impact individual and population health. The document also examines factors like aging populations, gender issues, and advances in technology that influence global health trends.
Public health involves organized community efforts and government interventions to promote health and prevent disease. It aims to protect the health of entire populations. Public health focuses on populations, disease prevention, health promotion, and environmental/behavioral factors rather than individual treatment. Some key aspects of public health include monitoring health status; ensuring access to quality health services; implementing programs for health promotion, disease prevention, and injury prevention; and developing health policy. Public health organizations at both the governmental and non-governmental level work to address a wide range of public health problems.
The document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and prevention. It defines health using the WHO definition of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It describes positive health and the good health triad. Determinants of health are defined as predisposing factors that influence community health, including host factors like age and genetics, and environmental factors. Risk factors are attributes associated with disease development. The document outlines dimensions of health and wellness, and defines disease using the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment. It describes the natural history of disease and levels of prevention from primordial to treatment. Gordon's 1987 classification system for preventive interventions is also mentioned.
The document provides an overview of the concept of public health, its history and challenges. It discusses:
- The definition of public health as promoting health through organized community efforts like sanitation, disease control, health education and access to care.
- How the "great sanitary awakening" in the 19th century identified filth as a cause of disease, leading to a focus on cleanliness and prevention over reacting to outbreaks.
- The work of Edwin Chadwick who documented poor living conditions and their impact on health, and proposed sanitary reforms be addressed through engineering and public boards of health.
- The core functions of public health as assessment, policy development and assurance to collect data,
Public health deals with preventing disease, promoting health and prolonging life through organized community efforts. It focuses on groups of people rather than individuals. Key dimensions include health promotion, disease prevention, early diagnosis and treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation. Over time, public health has shifted focus from controlling infectious diseases to addressing chronic conditions and social determinants of health. Major milestones include sanitary reforms in the 19th century, establishing health services in the 20th century, and working towards "Health for All" globally by 2000.
Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It aims to describe disease distribution, identify risk factors, and provide data to prevent and control disease. Key concepts include measuring disease frequency through rates, examining disease distribution by time, place and person, and identifying disease determinants and causes. Epidemiology is used to study disease trends over time, diagnose community health issues, plan and evaluate health services, assess individual disease risks, further the natural history of disease, and search for disease causes and risk factors.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in public health including definitions, major issues, and the history of public health. It discusses how public health differs from clinical medicine by focusing on populations rather than individual patients. Public health aims to prevent disease and injury through community-level interventions and policy changes. The document also summarizes a famous case study where the physician John Snow used epidemiological methods to identify contaminated water as the source of a cholera outbreak in London in the 1850s.
This document provides an introduction to health promotion, including its historical background, concepts, frameworks, principles, approaches and aims. It discusses definitions of health promotion from various organizations. Key frameworks for conceptualizing health promotion are presented, including models by Beattie, Tones and Tilford, Caplan and Holland, and Naidoo and Wills. The document outlines five main approaches to health promotion: medical/preventative, behavioral change, educational, empowerment, and social change. Important policy documents that have shaped the field, such as the Ottawa Charter, are also mentioned.
Evolution of public health- Dr Subraham PanySubraham Pany
This document provides a summary of the history and evolution of public health and medicine across various civilizations and eras. It discusses early concepts of health and disease from ancient cultures like India, China, Egypt, Greece, and Mesopotamia. It then covers developments in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance period, including the emergence of germ theory and advances during the Industrial Revolution that led to the fields of public health and preventive medicine. The document also introduces several important historical figures who contributed to the understanding and practice of medicine.
The document discusses concepts of disease including definitions of disease, illness, and sickness, as well as concepts of causation including the epidemiological triad and web of causation. It also covers the natural history of disease, concepts of disease control including disease elimination and eradication, and concepts of disease prevention including the levels of primary, secondary, tertiary, and primordial prevention.
This document discusses different concepts of health and definitions of health. It outlines the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts of health. The World Health Organization's definition of health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" from 1946 is provided. The document also discusses dimensions of health including physical, mental, social, spiritual, emotional, vocational, and political health. It defines indicators used to measure and assess health status including mortality, morbidity, disability, and health care indicators.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases and health conditions in populations along with applying this study to disease prevention and health promotion. The document also describes the components of epidemiology, its history, scope, purpose, types (descriptive and analytic), basic assumptions, features, disease causation theories and models, the natural history of diseases, levels of disease prevention, and the infectious disease process.
This document discusses different concepts of health. It defines health according to the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It then examines four main concepts of health: 1) the biomedical concept which sees health as the absence of disease, 2) the ecological concept which views health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, 3) the psychosocial concept which recognizes social and psychological influences on health, and 4) the holistic concept which takes a multidimensional approach recognizing various social, economic, environmental and political influences on an individual's overall well-being.
This document discusses various types of health indicators that can be used to measure and monitor the health status of a population. It describes indicators such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, disability rates, nutritional status indicators, and utilization rates. Mortality indicators measure deaths, such as infant mortality rate and life expectancy. Morbidity indicators reflect disease burden through incidence and prevalence. Disability rates assess healthy life years lost. Nutritional status is indicated by metrics like stunting. Utilization rates reflect access to healthcare services. The document provides examples for many common health indicators.
The document discusses the various determinants of health, which are factors that influence health outcomes. It identifies biological, environmental, socio-economic, socio-cultural, health care system, individual behavioral, and age and gender-related determinants. Biological determinants include genetics and internal/external environments. Environmental determinants comprise physical, biological, and psychosocial environments as well as domestic living conditions. Socio-economic determinants such as income, education, employment, and housing impact health. A person's culture, customs, and community also shape their health. Access to health services, immunizations, and primary care further determine health status. Individual lifestyle choices concerning nutrition, physical activity, hygiene, and substance use also affect health
This document discusses indicators of health. It begins by defining indicators of health as variables that can directly measure the health status of a community. It then describes the characteristics indicators should have, such as being valid, reliable, and sensitive. The document outlines the different uses of indicators, including to measure health status, compare communities, and evaluate health services. It also discusses the various sources of health data and provides examples of how indicators are classified, such as mortality, morbidity, and nutritional indicators. In closing, the document emphasizes that indicators help measure health objectives and priorities.
Urbanisation and its effect on people's healthRizwan S A
Urbanization is increasing globally and in India, bringing both opportunities and health challenges. Unplanned urban growth can degrade the environment and strain resources. This leads to overcrowding, poor sanitation and hygiene, increased communicable and non-communicable diseases, and health inequities. The urban poor face particular health risks due to lack of access to services and living conditions in slums. India has launched initiatives like the National Urban Health Mission to address these issues through improved infrastructure, service delivery, and community participation in urban health systems. Coordinated efforts are needed across sectors and levels of government to build healthy, inclusive and resilient cities.
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright from the late 16th and early 17th centuries. He is widely considered the greatest writer in the English language. Shakespeare wrote comedies, histories, and tragedies, including Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. Some of his most famous works are listed in the document.
The document discusses primary health care (PHC). It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential health care made universally accessible through community participation and affordable costs.
The key principles of PHC include addressing main health problems through promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Its essential components are environmental sanitation, disease control, immunization, health education, maternal and child care, nutrition, medical care, and treatment of local diseases. PHC relies on health workers like nurses and community workers to form a team and respond to community needs.
SOCIOLOGY & HEALTH ,SOCIOLOGY, DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE ,FAMILY ,types of family, SOCIAL GROUPS,
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP, SOCIAL CLASS, WESTERN WAY OF DIVIDING SOCIETY ,OUR WAY OF DIVIDING SOCIETY,
GENDER ,CHILD REARING PRACTICE ,TYPES OF PARENTING,
This document summarizes several national health programs in India, including: the National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, National Leprosy Eradication Programme, National AIDS Control Programme, and others focused on malaria, filaria, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, dengue, blindness prevention, and reproductive and child health. It provides details on the objectives, strategies, and organization of implementation for many of these public health initiatives.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease distribution and size in human populations, identify causative factors, and provide data to plan, implement and evaluate health programs. Some key aspects of epidemiology include infectious disease epidemiology, cardiovascular epidemiology, cancer epidemiology, and environmental epidemiology. Epidemiology is used to search for disease causes, describe population health status, discover natural disease histories, and help control diseases.
The document discusses different concepts of health over time. It begins by defining health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It then outlines 4 evolving concepts: 1) the biomedical concept views health as absence of disease; 2) the ecological concept sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment; 3) the psychosocial concept recognizes social, psychological and cultural influences; and 4) the holistic concept synthesizes all factors and sees health as involving overall well-being influenced by many sectors of society.
This document outlines content related to concepts of health, disease, illness and wellness. It discusses definitions of these terms and models of health including the health-illness continuum model and agent-host-environment model. It also addresses factors that affect health beliefs and status, such as internal factors like age and external factors like socioeconomic status. The document outlines levels of prevention as primary, secondary and tertiary. It also discusses the impact of illness on patients and families, including changes to behaviors, emotions, roles and family dynamics. Finally, it addresses the role of nurses in promoting and maintaining patient health.
Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It aims to describe disease distribution, identify risk factors, and provide data to prevent and control disease. Key concepts include measuring disease frequency through rates, examining disease distribution by time, place and person, and identifying disease determinants and causes. Epidemiology is used to study disease trends over time, diagnose community health issues, plan and evaluate health services, assess individual disease risks, further the natural history of disease, and search for disease causes and risk factors.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in public health including definitions, major issues, and the history of public health. It discusses how public health differs from clinical medicine by focusing on populations rather than individual patients. Public health aims to prevent disease and injury through community-level interventions and policy changes. The document also summarizes a famous case study where the physician John Snow used epidemiological methods to identify contaminated water as the source of a cholera outbreak in London in the 1850s.
This document provides an introduction to health promotion, including its historical background, concepts, frameworks, principles, approaches and aims. It discusses definitions of health promotion from various organizations. Key frameworks for conceptualizing health promotion are presented, including models by Beattie, Tones and Tilford, Caplan and Holland, and Naidoo and Wills. The document outlines five main approaches to health promotion: medical/preventative, behavioral change, educational, empowerment, and social change. Important policy documents that have shaped the field, such as the Ottawa Charter, are also mentioned.
Evolution of public health- Dr Subraham PanySubraham Pany
This document provides a summary of the history and evolution of public health and medicine across various civilizations and eras. It discusses early concepts of health and disease from ancient cultures like India, China, Egypt, Greece, and Mesopotamia. It then covers developments in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance period, including the emergence of germ theory and advances during the Industrial Revolution that led to the fields of public health and preventive medicine. The document also introduces several important historical figures who contributed to the understanding and practice of medicine.
The document discusses concepts of disease including definitions of disease, illness, and sickness, as well as concepts of causation including the epidemiological triad and web of causation. It also covers the natural history of disease, concepts of disease control including disease elimination and eradication, and concepts of disease prevention including the levels of primary, secondary, tertiary, and primordial prevention.
This document discusses different concepts of health and definitions of health. It outlines the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts of health. The World Health Organization's definition of health as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity" from 1946 is provided. The document also discusses dimensions of health including physical, mental, social, spiritual, emotional, vocational, and political health. It defines indicators used to measure and assess health status including mortality, morbidity, disability, and health care indicators.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases and health conditions in populations along with applying this study to disease prevention and health promotion. The document also describes the components of epidemiology, its history, scope, purpose, types (descriptive and analytic), basic assumptions, features, disease causation theories and models, the natural history of diseases, levels of disease prevention, and the infectious disease process.
This document discusses different concepts of health. It defines health according to the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It then examines four main concepts of health: 1) the biomedical concept which sees health as the absence of disease, 2) the ecological concept which views health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment, 3) the psychosocial concept which recognizes social and psychological influences on health, and 4) the holistic concept which takes a multidimensional approach recognizing various social, economic, environmental and political influences on an individual's overall well-being.
This document discusses various types of health indicators that can be used to measure and monitor the health status of a population. It describes indicators such as mortality rates, morbidity rates, disability rates, nutritional status indicators, and utilization rates. Mortality indicators measure deaths, such as infant mortality rate and life expectancy. Morbidity indicators reflect disease burden through incidence and prevalence. Disability rates assess healthy life years lost. Nutritional status is indicated by metrics like stunting. Utilization rates reflect access to healthcare services. The document provides examples for many common health indicators.
The document discusses the various determinants of health, which are factors that influence health outcomes. It identifies biological, environmental, socio-economic, socio-cultural, health care system, individual behavioral, and age and gender-related determinants. Biological determinants include genetics and internal/external environments. Environmental determinants comprise physical, biological, and psychosocial environments as well as domestic living conditions. Socio-economic determinants such as income, education, employment, and housing impact health. A person's culture, customs, and community also shape their health. Access to health services, immunizations, and primary care further determine health status. Individual lifestyle choices concerning nutrition, physical activity, hygiene, and substance use also affect health
This document discusses indicators of health. It begins by defining indicators of health as variables that can directly measure the health status of a community. It then describes the characteristics indicators should have, such as being valid, reliable, and sensitive. The document outlines the different uses of indicators, including to measure health status, compare communities, and evaluate health services. It also discusses the various sources of health data and provides examples of how indicators are classified, such as mortality, morbidity, and nutritional indicators. In closing, the document emphasizes that indicators help measure health objectives and priorities.
Urbanisation and its effect on people's healthRizwan S A
Urbanization is increasing globally and in India, bringing both opportunities and health challenges. Unplanned urban growth can degrade the environment and strain resources. This leads to overcrowding, poor sanitation and hygiene, increased communicable and non-communicable diseases, and health inequities. The urban poor face particular health risks due to lack of access to services and living conditions in slums. India has launched initiatives like the National Urban Health Mission to address these issues through improved infrastructure, service delivery, and community participation in urban health systems. Coordinated efforts are needed across sectors and levels of government to build healthy, inclusive and resilient cities.
William Shakespeare was an English poet and playwright from the late 16th and early 17th centuries. He is widely considered the greatest writer in the English language. Shakespeare wrote comedies, histories, and tragedies, including Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, and Macbeth. Some of his most famous works are listed in the document.
The document discusses primary health care (PHC). It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. PHC is defined by the WHO as essential health care made universally accessible through community participation and affordable costs.
The key principles of PHC include addressing main health problems through promotion, prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Its essential components are environmental sanitation, disease control, immunization, health education, maternal and child care, nutrition, medical care, and treatment of local diseases. PHC relies on health workers like nurses and community workers to form a team and respond to community needs.
SOCIOLOGY & HEALTH ,SOCIOLOGY, DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND DISEASE ,FAMILY ,types of family, SOCIAL GROUPS,
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP, SOCIAL CLASS, WESTERN WAY OF DIVIDING SOCIETY ,OUR WAY OF DIVIDING SOCIETY,
GENDER ,CHILD REARING PRACTICE ,TYPES OF PARENTING,
This document summarizes several national health programs in India, including: the National Vector Borne Diseases Control Programme, Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, National Leprosy Eradication Programme, National AIDS Control Programme, and others focused on malaria, filaria, Japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, dengue, blindness prevention, and reproductive and child health. It provides details on the objectives, strategies, and organization of implementation for many of these public health initiatives.
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations. It aims to describe disease distribution and size in human populations, identify causative factors, and provide data to plan, implement and evaluate health programs. Some key aspects of epidemiology include infectious disease epidemiology, cardiovascular epidemiology, cancer epidemiology, and environmental epidemiology. Epidemiology is used to search for disease causes, describe population health status, discover natural disease histories, and help control diseases.
The document discusses different concepts of health over time. It begins by defining health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It then outlines 4 evolving concepts: 1) the biomedical concept views health as absence of disease; 2) the ecological concept sees health as a dynamic equilibrium between humans and their environment; 3) the psychosocial concept recognizes social, psychological and cultural influences; and 4) the holistic concept synthesizes all factors and sees health as involving overall well-being influenced by many sectors of society.
This document outlines content related to concepts of health, disease, illness and wellness. It discusses definitions of these terms and models of health including the health-illness continuum model and agent-host-environment model. It also addresses factors that affect health beliefs and status, such as internal factors like age and external factors like socioeconomic status. The document outlines levels of prevention as primary, secondary and tertiary. It also discusses the impact of illness on patients and families, including changes to behaviors, emotions, roles and family dynamics. Finally, it addresses the role of nurses in promoting and maintaining patient health.
- 87 year old female admitted on 6/4/14 for aortic stenosis, regurgitation, mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, coronary artery disease, and atrial fibrillation. She underwent MAZE procedure, transcatheter aortic valve replacement, mitral valve repair, tricuspid valve repair, and coronary artery bypass grafting x3.
- She required reintubation post-op and had a slow recovery, beginning to ambulate on POD #10. The physical therapy goals were for the patient to regain independence in bed mobility, transfers, and household ambulation.
- Over 16 physical therapy sessions, the patient improved from ambulating 2 steps to over 100 feet with a
1. The document discusses the importance of regular health screenings and checkups for students, including tests of height, weight, vision, hearing, and blood pressure. It also emphasizes the value of breast self-exams for early detection of abnormalities.
2. School health personnel like nurses and doctors perform screenings and check student health. They identify issues needing follow-up care.
3. The document stresses that adolescents should monitor their own health through self-exams. Early detection of issues like scoliosis or breast lumps can help prevent serious problems.
Health (Definition, Dimensions and Appraisal)Rosalia Rosario
The document defines health according to the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. It also provides definitions from Carl Anderson and Frederick Kilander that emphasize physical, emotional and mental fitness. The dimensions of health discussed are physical, mental/emotional, and social health. The roles of school health personnel like physicians, nurses, and dentists in student health appraisal, counseling, examinations and disease control are outlined. Screening tests for vision, hearing, height and weight are part of the school's health appraisal program.
1. JS, a 74-year-old man with COPD, heart failure, and pneumonia, presents with shortness of breath and fever. His medical history and physical exam reveal severe COPD and risk factors for exacerbation.
2. Chest X-ray confirms right lower lobe pneumonia. ABG results show respiratory acidosis. The patient is treated with antibiotics and oral steroids in the hospital with improvement.
3. Proper management of COPD includes educating patients about self-care, monitoring for exacerbations, promoting smoking cessation, and referring to pulmonary rehabilitation.
The document discusses the natural history of disease, which refers to the progress of a disease process in an individual over time without medical intervention. It begins with exposure to disease factors and can end in recovery, disability, or death. The natural history involves complex interactions between the host, agent/cause, and environment. Understanding the disease process progression is important for applying preventive measures. Different levels of prevention, from primordial to tertiary, can intervene at various stages of the natural history to slow or stop the disease process.
Natural History of Disease & Levels of preventionsourav goswami
I have tried to explain the National History of Disease taking the example of a disease condition. Similarly, the different prevention levels are also explained in a similar manner. The presentation also includes few newer concepts of screening like lead time and length time bias.
N.B: Please download to see all the animations.
This document discusses the natural history of disease. It defines disease as a condition that impairs the body's health or deranges its normal functions. It notes there is a spectrum of disease from subclinical to acute to chronic. It discusses the concepts of causation, noting both germ theory and epidemiological triad perspectives. It introduces the web of causation for diseases like coronary heart disease. It outlines levels of prevention from primordial to tertiary. Modes of intervention include health promotion, screening, treatment and rehabilitation.
This document discusses the dimensions of health, including physical, mental, social, spiritual, emotional, and vocational dimensions. It provides definitions of health from the WHO and Webster. It outlines different concepts of health such as the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts. It describes each of the dimensions of health in detail, including characteristics, evaluation, and how they relate and impact each other. For example, it discusses how physical illness can lead to mental illness and vice versa. The document also mentions other dimensions such as cultural, socio-economic, environmental, educational, and nutritional dimensions.
This document provides an overview of the natural history of disease. It discusses the key concepts including the pre-pathogenesis phase where disease exists in the environment prior to infecting humans, the pathogenesis phase where the disease agent enters the host and the disease progresses, and the epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment factors that influence disease. It also examines risk factors that increase likelihood of disease, different types of risk groups, how diseases can present along a spectrum of severity, and the iceberg concept of disease where undetected cases exceed reported cases.
Infectious illnesses are caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungi. They can be spread through coughing, sneezing, or sharing spaces. Non-infectious illnesses have other causes like accidents, toxins, obesity, or cancer. Health is defined as complete physical, mental, and social well-being, while illness impairs one's health. The document provides examples of infectious illnesses like the flu or measles and non-infectious illnesses caused by factors such as poisoning, accidents, or poor diet.
This document discusses several models of health and illness that are used in nursing. It describes the Health Illness Continuum Model, Health Belief Model, Health Promotion Model, Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Model, and Holistic Health Models. The models provide frameworks for nurses to understand patients' health behaviors and needs in order to deliver effective healthcare.
The natural history of a disease refers to its typical progression in an individual over time without medical intervention. It begins with exposure to disease factors and may end in recovery, disability, or death. Understanding the natural history is important for disease prevention and control. Several models have been developed to describe disease causation, including the epidemiological triad/tetrad of agent, host, environment, and time factors. The natural history is best established through cohort studies but can also be informed by other epidemiological study designs.
This document discusses concepts related to health, disease, and epidemiology. It introduces key definitions such as health, disease, and preventive medicine. It describes the philosophy of health, dimensions of health, and spectrum of health. It discusses determinants of health and principles of epidemiology. The document provides overviews of analytical epidemiological methods like case-control studies and cohort studies. It explains the epidemiological approach and methods used in descriptive and analytical epidemiology.
The document describes several major soil types found in India:
- Black soil, also known as Regur or Black Cotton soil, is dark grey to black with high clay content and moisture retention. It covers 5.4 lakh square kilometers and is suitable for cotton.
- Red soil forms from weathered crystalline rocks. It is more sandy, less clayey, and poor in nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen. It covers 3.5 lakh square kilometers.
- Laterite soil forms in hot, wet climates and is high in iron and aluminum oxides, giving it a brown to yellow color. It is used as a building material.
- Desert soil is sandy, porous, and low in nutrients
The document is a PowerPoint presentation by Priyanka Krishnan about health and diseases. It defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, while disease is defined as any disorder of the body or mind. The presentation discusses factors that affect health like social, environmental, personal, and hereditary factors. It also categorizes different types of diseases such as acute vs. chronic diseases and provides examples of infectious, non-infectious, deficiency, and degenerative diseases.
Concept of Health and Diseases- B.Pharm Semester 7vedanshu malviya
health is a state of bodily equilibrium while disease is a state of homeostatic failure. But the process of human growth as Boorse observed is itself leading to homeostatic disequilibrium . Value: disease is undesirable while health is desirable. Health is thus a social value in human society.
The document discusses various concepts of health and disease. It begins by outlining changing concepts of health from a biomedical to holistic perspective. It then defines health from several sources including the WHO definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. The document also discusses operational definitions of health and outlines determinants of health including biological, lifestyle, socioeconomic and environmental factors. It summarizes indicators of health including mortality, morbidity and quality of life indicators.
This document discusses concepts of health, disease, and determinants of health from various perspectives. It begins by outlining changing concepts of health including the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts. It then discusses definitions of health from sources such as Webster, Oxford English Dictionary, and WHO. It also discusses concepts of disease, illness, sickness, well-being, quality of life, and indicators of health status. Finally, it outlines various theories of disease causation and identifies multiple determinants of health including biological, environmental, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors.
2. Definition, Concept of Health_Illness.pptxRehabNaeem1
The document discusses various concepts of health and illness including the biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts. It also discusses definitions of health from sources like the WHO and Oxford Dictionary. Health is described as having physical, mental, social, and other dimensions. Determinants of health include biological, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. The document outlines various indicators that can be used to measure and monitor health status, healthcare services, and determinants of health in a population.
concepts of health & health economics.pptxversha26
This document discusses concepts and determinants of health. It begins by defining health according to the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. It then outlines different concepts of health, including biomedical, ecological, holistic and psychosocial. Key determinants of health discussed include human biology, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, environment, and access to health services. The document also examines concepts related to health like well-being, quality of life, and positive health. It concludes by discussing the spectrum of health and new philosophies of health promotion.
1. Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
2. Community health nursing aims to promote and protect the health of populations by combining public health, nursing, and community practices.
3. The concept of health has evolved over time from a biomedical model focused on the absence of disease, to ecological, psychosocial, and holistic models recognizing various social, economic, political, and environmental influences on individual and community health.
What is Health?
Acc. to WHO 1948, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is Disease?
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.
What is “Germ theory of Disease”?
The germ theory states that many diseases are caused by the growth and reproduction of specific microorganisms within a host body.
This document discusses definitions and concepts of health. It begins by summarizing the WHO definition of health as complete physical, mental and social well-being. It then discusses changing concepts of health, including the biomedical model focusing on disease absence, the ecological model viewing health as equilibrium between person and environment, and the holistic model synthesizing social, economic and other influences. The document outlines dimensions of health including physical, mental, social, spiritual and emotional. It concludes by discussing concepts of positive health, well-being, standard of living, quality of life, and indices like the Physical Quality of Life Index and Human Development Index.
This document discusses definitions of health and disease from the World Health Organization and other sources. It provides three definitions of health:
1) The 1948 WHO definition which defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
2) An operational definition describing health as the adequate functioning of the human organism with no obvious signs of disease.
3) A narrow definition useful for measurement purposes, describing health as normal organ function and homeostasis.
The document also discusses changing concepts of health, including biomedical, ecological, psychosocial and holistic views of what constitutes health.
1. Community health nursing involves promoting and preserving the health of populations through curative, preventive, and promotional health services. This includes identifying community health problems through community diagnosis.
2. A community health nurse works primarily outside of healthcare institutions to provide both primary care nursing and elements of public health practice. Their role includes participating in community health planning, coordinating nursing services with other health professionals, and conducting relevant research.
3. The goals of public health nursing as defined by the ANA are to promote and protect community health through applying knowledge from nursing, social sciences, and public health to develop overall community health plans and provide quality nursing services to the population.
UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSINGVemuJhansi
The document discusses various concepts of health including biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic concepts. It also discusses the World Health Organization's definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. Multiple dimensions of health are explored including physical, mental, social, and spiritual dimensions. Models of health and illness are presented including the clinical model, role performance model, adaptive model, and agent-host-environment model.
This document defines key concepts related to health including definitions of health from various sources such as the WHO and dictionaries. It discusses changing concepts of health from a biomedical model to holistic models. It also defines related concepts like well-being, quality of life, and positive health. Finally, it outlines determinants and dimensions of health as well as characteristics of healthcare systems.
Health is defined by the WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being, not just the absence of disease. It has evolved over time from an individual concern to a global social goal encompassing quality of life. Traditionally viewed as an absence of disease, the concept of health has expanded to include ecological, psychosocial and holistic perspectives influenced by various social, economic and environmental factors. Illness is defined as an abnormal process that changes an individual's level of functioning compared to their previous state of health.
contains the syllabus point of health disease and epidemiology. ayueveda and modern perscpectives. covers syllabus point of paper 1 topic 1 and complete epidemiology paper 2 swasthavritta and yoga subject in BAMS, useful for MD students also
The document discusses different definitions and concepts of health over time. It defines health according to WHO as a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being, not just the absence of disease. Health is viewed as a dynamic state of adaptation and adjustment. More recently, health is seen as influenced by various social, economic and environmental factors in a holistic sense. Illness is defined as an abnormal response to disease that impairs one's level of functioning.
Health is referred to as not just the lack of illness or infirmity, but also total physical, emotional, and societal well-being
There are various changing concept of health which are:
Biomedical Concept
Ecological Concept
Psychosocial Concept
Holistic Concept
Health concepts are crucial to understand because they affect a person's ability to take care of themselves and control their health, which may help relieve the pressure on healthcare services.
Come and discover to understand the Concepts of Health!!
concept of health and disease, public health.pptxVarshaTambe6
This topic is a part of Social and Preventive Pharmacy subject of Final year B. Pharm. This PPT will help students to clear their concept related to health and disease.
The document discusses the different dimensions of health, including physical, mental, social, spiritual, emotional, and vocational dimensions. It defines health from various perspectives such as biomedical, ecological, psychosocial, and holistic. The dimensions of health are interrelated, and optimal health requires balancing all dimensions of health through healthy behaviors, social support, and spiritual fulfillment.
This document provides a review of the global situation of maternal health, including progress made, ongoing challenges, and ways forward. Some key points:
- The maternal mortality ratio has declined globally but disparities remain between developed and developing regions. Over 50% of maternal deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
- Major causes of maternal death include hemorrhage, hypertension, sepsis, and abortion. Access to skilled birth attendance and emergency obstetric care remains low in many low-resource settings.
- Coverage of antenatal and postnatal care is improving but inequities exist based on socioeconomic status and rural/urban residence. Barriers to care include lack of awareness, distance
This journal club presentation summarizes an article on elderly abuse experienced by older adults living in Kathmandu, Nepal prior to living in old age homes. A cross-sectional study was conducted using interviews and questionnaires of older adults living in selected old age homes. The results found that 58% of respondents reported experiencing at least one form of abuse such as neglect, emotional abuse, financial abuse, physical abuse, or sexual abuse prior to living in an old age home. The most common abuse was neglect. The study recommends that the government take action to protect quality of life for elderly and further in-depth research is needed.
This document summarizes a journal club presentation on a study about premarital sexual behavior among male college students in Kathmandu, Nepal. The presentation includes a critical appraisal of the selected research article addressing its study design, methods, results, and conclusions. It provides an overview of the article authors, journal, methods used in the study, key findings on premarital sexual experiences and awareness among participants, and strengths of addressing an important public health issue.
This document summarizes a journal club presentation by Viswash Khattri on assessing knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding road traffic safety among adolescent students. It includes an abstract of the selected research article, information about the journal and editorial team, and a critical appraisal of various sections of the article including introduction, methods, results, and discussion. The presentation was part of partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Public Health program.
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Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
The document summarizes a journal club presentation on an article titled "Economic Costs Associated with Motorbike Accidents in Kathmandu, Nepal". The presentation includes an overview of the selected article, journal information, critical appraisal of the article and journal, and conclusions. The article found that motorcycle accidents in Nepal mostly affect young people and result in serious injuries. It estimated significant direct and indirect economic costs and disability-adjusted life years lost due to these accidents. The presentation concluded the accidents impose a major public health burden and recommended road safety policies and regulations to address the problem.
This document summarizes a journal club presentation by Subekchaya KC on the article "Prevalence and associated factors of childhood overweight/obesity among primary school children in urban Nepal". The presentation provides information on the article such as its authors, journal details, methods, results and conclusions. The study found that the prevalence of overweight/obesity among school children in urban Nepal was 25.7% and was associated with factors like sex, mother's education level, junk food consumption, and sedentary behavior. The presentation demonstrates critical appraisal of the article and adherence to journal club guidelines.
This journal club presentation summarizes a research article that assessed fear of COVID-19 among the Indian population using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. The study used a cross-sectional online survey distributed via social media to 1499 respondents. It found that over half of the population reported low fear, while females, married individuals, those with lower education, and healthcare workers had significantly higher odds of high fear. The discussion noted that females and healthcare workers may be more prone to fear due to stress and their close contact with COVID-19 patients. The conclusion recommended further nationwide studies to evaluate fear and develop tailored intervention strategies.
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
Journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, critical appraisal, journal, epidemiology, nursing, health care, health management, health system
This document summarizes a journal club presentation on an article about iron deficiency and anemia among women in Nepal. The presentation includes an abstract of the article, background on the journal it was published in, biographies of the article's authors, and a critical appraisal of the article's methodology, results, and conclusions. The presentation was delivered as partial fulfillment of requirements for a public health degree at Pokhara University in Nepal.
This journal club presentation summarizes a study on knowledge and perceptions of universal safety precautions during the early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in Nepal. The study used an online survey of 871 adults and found that while knowledge of symptoms and incubation period was high, awareness of concepts like social distancing, isolation, and self-isolation periods was lower. The presentation provides a critical appraisal of the study methods, results, and conclusions. Some weaknesses noted were sampling bias due to the use of internet users and lack of generalizability. However, the findings could help inform government policies for pandemic control.
journal club, journal club presentation, public health, medicine, health care, epidemiology, health system, health policy, health management, health economics, critical appraisal, online journal club, article appraisal, bachelor of public health, nursing, allied health sciences
This document summarizes Samikshya Gairhe's journal club presentation on a study assessing mothers' health care seeking behavior for common childhood illnesses in Northwest Ethiopia. The presentation includes an overview of the selected article, journal information, authors, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, and references. The study found that less than half of mothers sought health care during their child's illness, with most seeking care from local health posts and centers. Factors associated with increased health care seeking included the child's age being under 24 months and the perception that early treatment is important.
This document provides details of a journal club presentation by Sajan Ghimire on the article "Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards mental illness service provision and associated factors among health extension professionals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." It includes information on the article, journal, authors, methods, and results. Sajan assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices of mental illness services among urban health professionals in Ethiopia's capital. The study found that 44% had adequate knowledge but 78.5% had unfavorable attitudes, and training was lacking. Results were presented on family history, knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding mental illness services.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Breast cancer :Receptor (ER/PR/HER2 NEU) Discordance.pptxDr. Sumit KUMAR
Receptor Discordance in Breast Carcinoma During the Course of Life
Definition:
Receptor discordance refers to changes in the status of hormone receptors (estrogen receptor ERα, progesterone receptor PgR, and HER2) in breast cancer tumors over time or between primary and metastatic sites.
Causes:
Tumor Evolution:
Genetic and epigenetic changes during tumor progression can lead to alterations in receptor status.
Treatment Effects:
Therapies, especially endocrine and targeted therapies, can selectively pressure tumor cells, causing shifts in receptor expression.
Heterogeneity:
Inherent heterogeneity within the tumor can result in subpopulations of cells with different receptor statuses.
Impact on Treatment:
Therapeutic Resistance:
Loss of ERα or PgR can lead to resistance to endocrine therapies.
HER2 discordance affects the efficacy of HER2-targeted treatments.
Treatment Adjustment:
Regular reassessment of receptor status may be necessary to adjust treatment strategies appropriately.
Clinical Implications:
Prognosis:
Receptor discordance is often associated with a poorer prognosis.
Biopsies:
Obtaining biopsies from metastatic sites is crucial for accurate receptor status assessment and effective treatment planning.
Monitoring:
Continuous monitoring of receptor status throughout the disease course can guide personalized therapy adjustments.
Understanding and managing receptor discordance is essential for optimizing treatment outcomes and improving the prognosis for breast cancer patients.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
A congenital heart defect is a problem with the structure of the heart that a child is born with.
Some congenital heart defects in children are simple and don't need treatment. Others are more complex. The child may need several surgeries done over a period of several years.
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
2. CONCEPT OF HEALTH
Health is evolved over the centuries as a concept
from individual concern to world wide social goal
and encompasses the whole quality of life.
Changing concept of health till now are:
Biomedical concept
Ecological concept
Psychosocial concept
Holistic concept
2
3. BIOMEDICAL CONCEPT
Traditionally, health has been viewed as an
“absence of disease”, and if one was free from
disease, then the person was considered
healthy.
This concept has the basis in the “germ theory
of disease”.
The medical profession viewed the human body
as a machine, disease as a consequence of the
breakdown of the machine and one of the
doctor’s task as repair of the machine.
3
4. ECOLOGICAL CONCEPT
Form ecological point of view; health is viewed
as a dynamic equilibrium between human being
and environment, and disease a maladjustment
of the human organism to environment.
According to Dubos “Health implies the relative
absence of pain and discomfort and a continuous
adaptation and adjustment to the environment
to ensure optimal function.”
The ecological concept raises two issues, viz.
imperfect man and imperfect environment.
4
5. PSYCHOSOCIAL CONCEPT
According to psychosocial concept “health is not
only biomedical phenomenon, but is influenced
by social, psychological, cultural, economic and
political factors of the people concerned.”
5
6. HOLISTIC CONCEPT
This concept is the synthesis of all the above
concepts.
It recognizes the strength of social, economic,
political and environmental influences on
health.
It described health as a unified or multi
dimensional process involving the wellbeing of
whole person in context of his environment .
6
7. DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
“The condition of being sound in body,
mind or spirit especially freedom from
physical disease or pain.” - Webster
“Soundness of body or mind that
condition in which its are duly and
efficiently discharged .” - Oxford English
Dictionary
7
8. DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental,
social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity.”
- World Health Organization
In recent years, this definition has been
amplified to include “the ability to lead socially
and economically productive life”.
8
9. DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
The WHO definition of health has been
criticized as being too broad. Some argue that
can not be defined as a “state” at all, but must
be seen as a process of continuous adjustment
to the changing demands of living and of the
changing meaning we give to life. It is dynamic
concept. It helps people live well, work well
and enjoy themselves.
9
10. DEFINITIONS OF HEALTH
It refers to a situation that may exist in some
individuals but not in everyone all the time, it
is not usually observed in a groups of human
beings and in communities. Some consider it
irrelevant to everyday demands, as nobody
qualifies as healthy, i.e., perfect
biological, psychological and social
functioning. That is, if we accept the WHO
definition, we are all sick.
10
11. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
The WHO definition of health is not an
“operational” definition, i.e. it does not
lend itself to direct measurement,
studies of epidemiology of health have
been hampered because of our
inability to measure health and
wellbeing directly.
11
12. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Broad Sense: Health can be seen as “A condition
or quality of human organism expressing the
adequate functioning of the organism in given
condition, genetic or environmental.”
Narrow sense: There is no obvious evidence of
disease, and that a person is functioning
normally. Several organs of the body are
functioning adequately in themselves and in
relation to one another, which implies a kind of
equilibrium or homeostasis.
12
13. NEW PHILOSOPHY OF HEALTH
Health is a fundamental human right.
Health is essence of productive life.
Health is inter- sectoral.
Health is integral part of development.
Health is central to quality of life.
Health involves individuals, state and
international responsibility.
Health and its maintenance is major social
investment.
Health is world-wide social goal.
13
14. DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
Health is multidimensional.
World Health Organization explained health in
three dimensional perspectives:
physical, mental, social and spiritual.
Besides these many more may be cited, e.g.
emotional, vocational, political, philosophical, c
ultural, socioeconomic, environmental, educati
onal, nutritional, curative and preventive..
14
15. PHYSICAL DIMENSION
Physical dimension views heath form
physiological perspective.
It conceptualizes health that as biologically a
state in which each and every organ even a cell
is functioning at their optimum capacity and in
perfect harmony with the rest of body.
Physical health can be assessed at community
level by the measurement of morbidity and
mortality rates.
15
16. MENTAL DIMENSION
Ability to think clearly and coherently. This
deals with sound socialization in communities.
Mental health is a state of balance between
the individual and the surrounding world, a
state of harmony between oneself and others,
coexistence between the relatives of the self
and that of other people and that of the
environment.
Mental health is not merely an absence of
mental illness.
16
17. Features of mentally healthy person
Free from internal conflicts.
Well – adjusted in the external environment.
Searches for one’s identity.
Strong sense of self-esteem.
Knows himself: his mind, problems and goal.
Have good self-controls-balances.
Faces problems and tries to solve them
intellectually.
17
18. SOCIAL DIMENSION
It refers the ability to make and maintain
relationships with other people or
communities.
It states that harmony and integration within
and between each individuals and other
members of the society.
Social dimension of health includes the level
of social skills one possesses, social functioning
and the ability to see oneself as a member of a
larger society.
18
19. SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
Spiritual health is connected with religious beliefs
and practices. It also deals with personal
creeds, principles of behavior and ways of
achieving peace of mind and being at peace with
oneself.
It is intangible “something” that transcends
physiology and psychology.
It includes integrity, principle and ethics, the
purpose of life, commitment to some higher
being, belief in the concepts that are not subject
to “state of art” explanation.
19
20. CONCEPT OF DISEASE
Webster defines disease as “a condition in
which body health is impaired, a departure from
a state of health, an alteration of the human
body interrupting the performance of vital
functions”.
The oxford English Dictionary defines disease as
“ a condition of the body or some part or organ
of the body in which its functions are disturbed
or deranged”.
20
21. CONCEPT OF DISEASE
Ecological point of view disease is defined as
“a maladjustment of the human organism to
the environment.”
The simplest definition is that disease is just
the opposite of health: i.e. any deviation from
normal functioning or state of complete
physical or mental well-being.
21
22. Distinction between Disease,
Illness and Sickness
The term disease literally means “without ease”
(uneasiness), when something is wrong with
bodily function.
Illness refers to the presence of a specific
disease, and also to the individual’s perceptions
and behavior in response to the disease, as well
as the impact of that disease on the
psychosocial environment.
Sickness refers to a state of social dysfunction.
22
23. Distinction between Disease,
Illness and Sickness
Disease is a physiological/psychological
dysfunction.
Illness is a subjective state of the person who
feels aware of not being well.
Sickness is a state of social dysfunction i.e. a
role that the individual assumes when ill
(sickness role).
23
24. CONCEPT OF WELLBEING
Wellbeing of an individual or group of
individuals have several components and
has been expressed in various ways, such as
‘standard of living’ or ‘level of living’ and
‘quality of live’.
24
25. STANDARD OF LIVING
Income and occupation, standards of
housing, sanitation and nutrition, the
level of provision of health, educational,
recreational and other services all be
used individually as measures of
socioeconomic status, and collectively as
an index of the standard of living.
25
26. LEVEL OF LIVING
It consists of nine components : health, food
consumption, education, occupation and
working conditions, housing, social
security, clothing, recreation and leisure
human rights.
These objective characteristics are believed to
influence human wellbeing. It is considered
that health is the most important component
of the level of living because its impairment
always means impairment of the level of living.
26
27. QUALITY OF LIFE
The condition of life resulting from the
combination of the effects of the
complete range of factors such as those
determining health, happiness (including
comfort in the physical environment and
a satisfying occupation), education, social
and intellectual attainments, freedom of
action, justice and freedom of expression.
- WHO (1976)
27
28. QUALITY OF LIFE
A composite measure of physical, mental and
social wellbeing as perceived by each
individual or by group of individuals- that is to
say, happiness, satisfaction and gratification as
it is expressed in such life concerns as
health, marriage, family work, financial
situation, educational opportunities, self-
esteem, creativity, belongingness, and trust in
others.
28
29. WELLBEING
Wellbeing of an individual or group of
individuals have objective (standard of living or
level of living) and subjective (quality of life)
components.
Thus, a distinction is drawn between the
concept of ‘level of living’ consisting of
objective criteria and of ‘quality of life’
comprising the individual’s own subjective
evaluation of these.
29
30. TWO ASPECTS OF HEALTH
• Subjective: It is formed by sensations and
feelings of a person suffering from disease.
• Objective: Its basis is formed by objective
parameters obtained by measurement of
structures and functions of a person during
disease.
The quality of life can be evaluated by
assessing the persons subjective feeling of
happiness or unhappiness about the various
life concerns.
30
32. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Health is determined by multiple factors.
The health of an individual and community is
influenced by: individual (internal) and external
factors.
The individual factors include by his own genetic
factors and the external factors include
environmental factors.
These factors interact and these interactions may be
health promoting or deleterious.
Thus, the health of individuals and whole
communities may be considered to be the result of
many interactions.
32
34. BIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
The health of an individual partly depends
on the genetic constitutions.
A number of diseases e.g. chromosomal
anomalies, inborn error of metabolism,
mental retardation and some types of
diabetes are some extent due to genetic
origin.
34
35. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Biological: disease producing agent (e.g.
bacteria, virus, fungi), intermediate host (e.g.
mosquito, sand fly), vector (e.g. house
fly), reservoir (e.g. pig in JE).
Physical:
Air, water, light, noise, soil, climate, altitude, rad
iation housing, waste etc.
Psychosocial: psychological make up of
individual and structure and functioning of
society. E.g.
habit, beliefs, culture, custom, religion etc.
35
36. LIFE STYLE
Behavioral pattern and life long habits e.g.
smoking and alcohol consumption, food
habit, personal hygiene, rest and physical
exercise, bowel and sleeping patterns, sexual
behavior.
36
37. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
It consist of education, occupation and income.
The world map of illiteracy closely coincides with
the maps of poverty, malnutrition, ill health, high
infant and child mortality rates.
The very state of being employed in productive work
promotes health, because the unemployed usually
show a higher incidence of ill-health and deaths.
There can be no doubt that economic progress has
positive impact factor in reducing morbidity,
increasing life expectancy and improving the quality
of life.
37
38. Availability of health ad family
welfare Service
Health and family welfare services cover a wide
spectrum of personal and community services for
treatment of diseases, prevention of disease and
promotion of health.
The purpose of health services is to improve the
health status of population.
For example, immunization of children can influence
the incidence/prevalence of particular disease.
Provision of safe water can prevent mortality and
morbidity from water-borne diseases.
38
39. Aging of the population
By the year 2020, the world will have more
than one billion people aged sixty or over and
more than two-thirds of them living in
developing countries.
A major concern of rapid population aging is
the increased prevalence of chronic diseases
and disabilities both being condition that tend
to accompany the aging process and deserve
special attention.
39
40. OTHER DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Except above discussed determinants, there
are many more determinates of health and
disease of an individual and community. These
include:
Science and technology
Information and communication
Gender
Equity and social justice
Human rights etc.
40
41. RESPONSIBILITY FOR HEALTH
Individual responsibility: self care for
maintaining their own health.
Community responsibility: health care for the
people to the health care by the people.
State responsibility: constitutional rights.
International responsibility: Health for All
through PHC.
41
42. INDICATORS OF HEALTH
A variable which helps to measure changes
, directly or indirectly (WHO,1981).
A statistic of direct normative interest which
facilitates concise , comprehensive, and balanced
judgments about conditions of major aspects of
the society (H.E.W./USA,1969).
The health indicators are defined as those
variables which measures the health status of an
individual and community.
42
43. National Socio-Cultural, Economic,
Demographic and Environment Indicators
Health
Policy
Development
Health
Supply
Health Demand
(2)
Inputs
Indicators
(3)
Process
Indicators
(4)
Outputs
Indicators
(5)
Outcomes
Indicators
Resources
Activities &
Management
Quality
Products
& Services
(a) Effects
Indicators
Change in
behaviour
Change in
health status
(b) Impact
Indicators
Health system
43
44. INDICATORS OF HEALTH
Mortality Indicators: Crude Death rate, Life
Expectancy, Infant mortality rate, Child
mortality rate, Under five mortality rate,
Maternal mortality ratio, Disease specific
mortality, proportional mortality rate etc.
Morbidity Indicators: Incidence and prevalence
rate, disease notification rate, OPD attendance
rate, Admission, readmission and discharge
rate, duration of stay in hospital and spells of
sickness or absence from work or school.
44
45. INDICATORS OF HEALTH
Disability Indicators: Sullivan's index, HALE (Health
Adjusted Life Expectancy), DALY (Disability Adjusted
Life Year).
Sullivan's index is a expectation of life free from
disability.
HALE is the equivalent number of years in full health
that a newborn can expected to live based on the
current rates of ill health and mortality.
DALY expresses the years of life lost to premature
death and years lived with disability adjusted for the
severity of disability. 45
46. INDICATORS OF HEALTH
Nutritional Status Indicators: Anthropometric
measurement of preschool children, Prevalence of
low birth weight etc.
Health Care Delivery Indicators: Doctor-
population ratio, Bed-nurse ratio, Population-bed
ration, Population per health facility etc.
Utilization Rates: immunization coverage, ANC
coverage, % of Hospital Delivery, Contraceptives
prevalence rate, Bed occupancy rate, average
length of stay in hospital and bed turnover rate etc.
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47. INDICATORS OF HEALTH
Indicators of social and mental health: Rates of
suicides, homicides, violence, crimes, RTAs, drug
abuse, smoking and alcohol consumption etc.
Environmental indicators: proportion of
population having access to safe drinking water
and improved sanitation facility, level of air
pollution, water pollution, noise pollution etc.
Socio Economic Indicators: rate of population
increase, Per capita GNP, Dependency ratio, Level
of unemployment, literacy rate, family size etc.
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48. INDICATORS OF HEALTH
Health policy Indicators: proportion of GNP
spent on health services, proportion of GNP
spent on health related activities including safe
water supply, sanitation, housing, nutrition
etc. and proportion of total health resources
devoted to primary health care.
Indicators of Quality of Life: PQLI, IMR, Literacy
rate, Life Expectancy at age one etc.
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51. THEORIES OF DISEASES CAUSATION
1. Supernatural theory of disease
Disease is due to super power e.g. gods, evil
spirits.
2. Tridosha theory of disease
The doshas or humors are: Vaata (Wind),
Pitta (gall), and Kapha (mucus).
Perfect balance of tridosha is healthy
Disturbance in balance is disease
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52. THEORY OF DISEASES CAUSATION
3. Theory of Contagion
Spreading of disease by being close to or
touching other people.
4. Miasmatic theory of disease causation
Disease is due to noxious air and vapors
These concepts were prevailing before
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895).
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53. THEORY OF DISEASES CAUSATION
5. Germ Theory of disease
In 1860, Louis Pasteur demonstrated the
presence of bacteria in air.
This theory emphasized that the sole cause of
disease is microbes.
The theory generally referred to as one-to-
one relationship between disease agent and
disease.
Disease agent Man Disease
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54. THEORY OF DISEASES CAUSATION
6. Epidemiological Triad concept
The germ theory of disease has many
limitations
For example it is well – known that not all
exposed to tuberculosis bacilli develops
tuberculosis ,the same condition in an
undernourished person may result in
clinically manifest.
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56. MULTI-FACTORIAL ETIOLOGY
The germ theory of disease or single cause of
disease is always not true.
The germ theory of disease was overshadowed
by multi-factorial cause theory in 19th century.
As a result of advancement in public
health, communicable diseases began to
decline and are replaced by new type of
diseases so called modern disease of
civilization.
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57. MULTI-FACTORIAL ETIOLOGY
Example: Lung cancer, CHD, Mental illness etc.
The disease could not be explained on the
basis of germ theory of disease and can not be
controlled or prevented on that basis. The
realization began that multiple factors are
responsible for disease causation where there
is no clear single agent.
The purpose of knowing multiple factors of
disease is to quantify and arrange them in
priority sequence for modification to prevent
particular disease.
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58. WEB OF CAUSATION
This model of disease causation was suggested
by Mac Mohan and Pugh.
]This model is ideally suited in the study of
chronic disease where the disease agent is
often not known, but is the outcome of
interaction of multiple factors.
The web of causation considers all the
predisposing factors of any type and their
complex interaction with each other.
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59. WEB OF CAUSATION
The basic tenets of epidemiology are to study
the clusters of causes and combinations of
efforts and how they relate to each other.
The web of causation does not imply that the
disease can not be controlled unless all the
multiple causes or chain of causation or at
least a number of them are appropriately
controlled.
Sometimes, removal of one link may be
sufficient to control disease.
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60. WEB OF DISEASE CAUSATION
41
Changes in life style
Stress
Smoking
Lack of Physical exercise
Plenty of food intake
Obesity
HTN
Emotional stress
Aging
Changes in the walls
of arteries
Coronary Occlusion
Myocardial ischemia
Hyperlipidemia
Coronary
Atherosclerosis
Myocardial Ischemia
Fig: Web of causation of MI
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61. CONCEPT OF CONTROL
DISEASE CONTROL: The term disease control
refers ongoing operation aimed at reducing:
The incidence of disease.
The duration of disease and the consequently
the risk of transmission.
The effect of infection including physical and
psychological complication.
The financial burden to the community.
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62. CONCEPT OF CONTROL
In disease control, the disease agent is
permitted to persist in the community at a
level where it ceases to be a public health
problem according to the tolerance of local
community. For example Malaria control
programme. Disease control activities focus on
primary prevention
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63. CONCEPT OF CONTROL
ELIMINATION: Reduction of case transmission to
a predetermined very low level or interruption
in transmission. E.g. measles, polio, leprosy from
the large geographic region or area.
ERADICATION: Termination of all transmission of
infection by extermination of the infectious
agent through surveillance and containment.
“All or none phenomenon”. E.g. Small pox
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64. CONCEPT OF CONTROL
MONITORING: Defined as “the performance
and analysis of routine measurement aimed at
detecting changes in the environment or health
status of population.” e.g. growth monitoring of
child, Monitoring of air pollution, monitoring of
water quality etc.
SURVEILLANCE: Defined as “the continuous
scrutiny of the factors that determine the
occurrence and distribution of disease and
other conditions of ill health.” E.g. Poliomyelitis
surveillance programme of WHO.
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66. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primordial Prevention :
Prevention from Risk Factors.
Prevention of emergence or development of
Risk Factors.
Discouraging harmful life styles.
Encouraging or promoting healthy eating
habits.
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67. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Primary Prevention:
Pre-pathogenesis Phase of a disease.
Action taken prior to the onset of the disease:
Immunization & Chemo-prophylaxis
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68. LEVELS OF PREVENTION
Secondary Prevention:
Halt the progress of a disease at its incipient
phase.
Early diagnosis & Adequate medical
treatment.
Tertiary Prevention:
Intervention in the late Pathogenesis Phase.
Reduce impairments, minimize disabilities &
suffering.
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69. MODES OF INTERVENTION
Intervention is any attempt to intervene or
interrupt the usual sequence in the development
of disease. Five modes of intervention
corresponding to the natural history of any disease
are:
Health Promotion
Specific Protection
Early Diagnosis and Adquate Treatment
Disability Limitation
Rehabilitation
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70. HEALTH PROMOTION
It is the process of enabling people to increase
control over diseases, and to improve their
health. It is not directed against any particular
disease but is intended to strengthen the host
through a variety of approaches(interventions):
Health Education
Environmental Modifications
Nutritional Interventions
Lifestyle and Behavioral Change
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71. SPECIFIC PROTECTION
Some of the currently available interventions
aimed at specific protection are:
Immunization
Use of specific Nutrients
Chemoprophylaxis
Protection against Occupational Hazards
Avoidance of Allergens
Control of specific hazards in general
environment
Control of Consumer Product Quality & Safety
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72. EARLY DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT
Though not as effective and economical as ‘Primary
Prevention’, early detection and treatment are the
main interventions of disease control, besides being
critically important in reducing the high morbidity
and mortality in certain diseases like hypertension,
cancer cervix, and breast cancer.
The earlier the disease is diagnosed and treated the
better it is from the point of view of prognosis and
preventing the occurrence of further cases
(secondary cases) or any long term disability.
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73. DISABILITY LIMITATIONS
The Objective is to prevent or halt the transition
of the disease process from impairment to
handicap.
Sequence of events leading to disability &
handicap:
Disease → Impairment → Disability→ Handicap
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74. DISABILITY LIMITATIONS
Impairment: Loss or abnormality of
psychological, physiological/anatomical
structure or function.
Disability: Any restriction or lack of ability to
perform an activity in a manner considered
normal for one’s age, sex, etc.
Handicap: Any disadvantage that prevents one
from fulfilling his role considered normal.
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75. REHABILITATION
Rehabilitation has been defined as the ‘combined
and coordinated use of
medical, social, educational and vocational
measures for training and retraining the
individual to the highest possible level of
functional ability”
Areas of concern in rehabilitation:
Medical Rehabilitation
Vocational Rehabilitation
Social Rehabilitation
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