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Natural History of Disease
Nishitha A
7th term
Objectives
• Introduction
• Phases
• Epidemiological Triad
• Factors causing disease: Agent, Environment,
Host
• Risk Factors
• Risk groups
• Spectrum of Disease
• Iceberg of Diseases
FAQ’s in RGUHS
• Natural history of Disease with stages
• Macroenvironment
• Risk Factors in Disease
• Epidemiological Triad
• Iceberg Phenomenon
• Spectrum of Disease
Introduction
• Natural history of disease refers to the
progress of a disease process in an individual
over time, in the absence of treatment or
prevention.
• Key concept in Epidemiology
• Each disease has its own, unique natural
history.
Phases of Disease
Disease
Process
Pre-Pathogenesis Pathogenesis
Pre-Pathogenesis
• Period of disease before man is involved
• Process of disease in the environment
• Man in the Midst of disease
• The disease agent has not yet entered man,
but the factors which favour its interaction
with the human host are already existing in
the environment.
Epidemiologic triad
Pathogenesis Phase
The pathogenesis phase begins with the entry of
the disease “agent’’ in the susceptible human
host. The disease agent multiplies and induces
tissue and physiological changes, the disease
progresses through a period of incubation and
later through early and late pathogenesis .
Agent
• A substance , living or non-living, or a force,
the excessive presence or relative lack of
which may initiate or perpetuate a disease
process.
• May be a single agent/combination of 2
independent agents
Types of Agents
Agents
Biological Nutrient Physical Chemical Mechanical Social
Biological Agents
Nutrient Agents
Physical Agents
Chemical Agents
Endogenous Exogenous
Social Agents
Host factors
Host Factors
Demographic
Biological
Socio-economic
Lifestyle
Host Factors
Environmental Factors
Environment
Physical Social Psychosocial
Macro-environment
All that which is external to the
individual human host, living and
non-living, and with which he is in
constant interaction.
Physical Enviroment
Biological Environment
Psychosocial Environment
Risk Factors
• Applicable to those diseases where the
disease agent cannot be established.
• Definition : An attribute or exposure that is
signifiantly associated with the development
of a disease.
• Presence of a risk factor disease will occur
• Absence of a risk factor absence of disease
Risk Factors- Types
Modifiable
Unmodifiable
Risk Factors
Prominent Risk Factors- Heart Diseaes
Risk Groups
Spectrum of Disease
Spectrum of Disease
Iceberg Concept of Disease
References
• Park’s Textbook of Preventive & Social
Medicine – 23rd Edition
• www.googleimages.com
Natural history of diseases

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Natural history of diseases

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