This document provides an introduction to computer networks and the internet. It discusses topics like the definition of a computer network, advantages of networks, types of networks including LAN, MAN and WAN, network topologies like bus, star and ring, transmission media like twisted pair cables and fiber optics, the OSI model protocol layers, and concepts like delay, loss and throughput in networks. The document is meant as a teaching aid for a course on computer networks and the internet.
Computer networks and its components by narender singh sandhuNarenderSinghSandhu2
A computer network is a group of computers that are connected to each other for the purpose of communication. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.
A computer network connects multiple computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a single building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large distances like countries. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh configurations. Computer networks enable file sharing, printer sharing, collaboration, remote access, data protection, and centralized administration.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
This document defines and describes several common computer networking devices. It explains that network interface cards allow computers to connect to networks by providing a physical connection and MAC address. Hubs broadcast all data to all ports, while switches only send data to the targeted port, improving efficiency. Bridges separate traffic on connected network segments. Routers connect dissimilar networks and make routing decisions. Gateways convert between data formats. Repeaters receive and retransmit signals to extend range. Modems convert digital data to analog signals for telephone line transmission. Media converters connect different cabling types. Wireless access points provide connections to wireless networks.
Guided (wired) transmission media refers to methods of transmitting data signals along a guided path like cabling systems. The main types of guided media are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair cable uses two insulated copper wires arranged in a spiral to transmit analog and digital signals over short distances. Coaxial cable consists of a copper conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding layers to support transmission over longer distances and more connections than twisted pair. Optical fiber uses glass core and cladding layers to transmit data using light signals over even longer distances with high bandwidth.
The document discusses IP addressing and subnetting concepts. It defines IP addressing rules including IP address format and classes, default subnet masks for each class, valid and invalid IP addresses. It explains that each network interface card is assigned an IP address by the network administrator, and also has a unique MAC address. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, C and D based on the value of the leftmost byte, with each class supporting a different maximum number of hosts per network.
A network interface card (NIC) allows computers to connect to a local area network (LAN). The NIC acts as the interface between the computer and the network, handling data transmission and reception. NICs are available for both wired and wireless network connections, with Ethernet and WiFi being common interface standards. The NIC contains a unique MAC address that identifies it on the network and helps direct traffic between connected devices.
Basics of Networks ,Advantages and Disadvantagessabari Giri
This document discusses computer networks and networking basics. It defines what a network is as a set of devices connected by communication links. The purpose of a network is to share resources between devices. Networks must meet criteria like performance, reliability, and scalability. Different types of network connections include point-to-point and multipoint. Local area networks cover small areas like homes or offices while wide area networks connect LANs over longer distances. Key network terms are also defined such as hosts, workstations, servers, and clients.
Computer networks and its components by narender singh sandhuNarenderSinghSandhu2
A computer network is a group of computers that are connected to each other for the purpose of communication. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network.
A computer network connects multiple computers and devices to allow communication and sharing of resources. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs) within a single building, metropolitan area networks (MANs) within a city, and wide area networks (WANs) across large distances like countries. Common network topologies include bus, ring, star, tree and mesh configurations. Computer networks enable file sharing, printer sharing, collaboration, remote access, data protection, and centralized administration.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
This document defines and describes several common computer networking devices. It explains that network interface cards allow computers to connect to networks by providing a physical connection and MAC address. Hubs broadcast all data to all ports, while switches only send data to the targeted port, improving efficiency. Bridges separate traffic on connected network segments. Routers connect dissimilar networks and make routing decisions. Gateways convert between data formats. Repeaters receive and retransmit signals to extend range. Modems convert digital data to analog signals for telephone line transmission. Media converters connect different cabling types. Wireless access points provide connections to wireless networks.
Guided (wired) transmission media refers to methods of transmitting data signals along a guided path like cabling systems. The main types of guided media are twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and optical fiber. Twisted pair cable uses two insulated copper wires arranged in a spiral to transmit analog and digital signals over short distances. Coaxial cable consists of a copper conductor surrounded by insulation and shielding layers to support transmission over longer distances and more connections than twisted pair. Optical fiber uses glass core and cladding layers to transmit data using light signals over even longer distances with high bandwidth.
The document discusses IP addressing and subnetting concepts. It defines IP addressing rules including IP address format and classes, default subnet masks for each class, valid and invalid IP addresses. It explains that each network interface card is assigned an IP address by the network administrator, and also has a unique MAC address. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, C and D based on the value of the leftmost byte, with each class supporting a different maximum number of hosts per network.
A network interface card (NIC) allows computers to connect to a local area network (LAN). The NIC acts as the interface between the computer and the network, handling data transmission and reception. NICs are available for both wired and wireless network connections, with Ethernet and WiFi being common interface standards. The NIC contains a unique MAC address that identifies it on the network and helps direct traffic between connected devices.
Basics of Networks ,Advantages and Disadvantagessabari Giri
This document discusses computer networks and networking basics. It defines what a network is as a set of devices connected by communication links. The purpose of a network is to share resources between devices. Networks must meet criteria like performance, reliability, and scalability. Different types of network connections include point-to-point and multipoint. Local area networks cover small areas like homes or offices while wide area networks connect LANs over longer distances. Key network terms are also defined such as hosts, workstations, servers, and clients.
This document summarizes several standards organizations and the types of standards they develop. It discusses de facto and de jure standards, and describes the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and its sectors that develop standards for radio communications, telecommunications, and development. It also outlines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its technical committees and working groups. Finally, it discusses how the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops Request for Comments (RFCs) into Internet standards through testing and approval processes.
The document discusses high-speed local area networks (LANs). It notes that the computing power of personal computers has increased, making LANs an essential computing platform. Traditional networks like 10 Mbps Ethernet and 16 Mbps token ring are no longer fast enough to handle the frequent transfers of large volumes of data needed in modern, transaction-oriented environments. The document then outlines some examples of uses for high-speed LANs, such as centralized server farms and powerful workgroups. It also discusses technologies that have been developed to increase LAN transmission speeds, such as Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and FDDI.
Ethernet was first created by Robert Metcalfe and standardized by IEEE as 802.3. Fast Ethernet (802.3u) transmitted data 10 times faster than standard Ethernet at 100 Mbps while still being backward compatible. Gigabit Ethernet (802.3z) further increased speed to 1000 Mbps and supported full duplex between computers and switches or half duplex between computers and hubs using CSMA/CD. Switched Ethernet uses switches containing plug-in cards to reduce collisions by separating collision domains and allowing parallel transmission between cards.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the basics of LANs, MANs and WANs. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It also discusses the various components that make up a network including physical media, networking devices, computers, networking software and applications. The document is intended to provide a high-level overview of computer networks.
This document provides an overview of various computer networking concepts and components. It begins with definitions of networking basics like communications and telecommunications. It then describes the essential parts of a basic network including a message, transmitter, medium, receiver and destination. The document outlines different network topologies like bus, ring, star, star-bus and mesh. It also discusses network types like peer-to-peer and client-server networks. The document provides details on common networking media and components including coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, optical fibers, wireless transmission, hubs, gateways, routers, bridges and switches. It concludes with a brief introduction to the IEEE 802 family of standards related to local and metropolitan area networks.
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) connects computer networks over a larger area than a local area network, such as within a city, using technologies like cable TV networks. It allows sharing of resources over a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. While more expensive than a LAN, a MAN provides connectivity over a larger area than a LAN within a single city.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and networking. It discusses analog and digital data, data communication, data flow including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex, and modems. It also covers local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, network topologies including linear bus, star, tree and others. Finally, it discusses the OSI model and considerations for data communication networks including performance, consistency, reliability and recovery.
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, including their basic concepts and classifications. It defines a computer network as interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources and information. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense. Networks can be classified by scale as LAN, WAN, MAN, or PAN, or by structure as client-server or peer-to-peer. Topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Network media include twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and wireless. Internetworking connects distinct networks through common routing technologies like intranets, extranets and the global Internet.
The document discusses different types of computer networks including LAN, WAN, and MAN. A LAN covers a small area like an office and connects computers within close proximity at speeds up to 1 Gbps. A WAN spans larger distances, connecting computers across cities and countries at slower speeds between 56 Kbps to 50 Mbps. A MAN connects LANs within a city and is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. It provides higher data speeds than a WAN over its coverage area.
This document compares hubs, switches, and routers. Hubs are the simplest devices that broadcast all incoming data to all ports. Switches are more intelligent and learn which devices are connected to each port to selectively broadcast data. Routers are the most advanced devices that can be programmed to understand and manipulate data, performing functions like network address translation to route packets between local networks and the internet.
Networking devices connect electronic devices together to share resources and include devices like hubs, switches, routers, and network interface cards. A repeater receives and retransmits signals to extend range without degradation and works at the physical layer. A hub is a multiport repeater that connects multiple wires in a star topology. A bridge connects two networks and works at the data link layer, maintaining a MAC address table to selectively forward data. A switch is an efficient, multi-port bridge that can check for errors and selectively forward packets to the correct port. A router routes packets based on IP addresses and connects LANs and WANs at the network layer.
The document discusses the history and technical details of Ethernet networking. It describes how the original Ethernet standard was established in 1980 and details the physical media and frame sizes used. It also explains how Ethernet addresses devices using unique 48-bit MAC addresses for unicast, multicast using addresses starting with 01-00-5E, and broadcast using all ones. The document also briefly mentions CSMA/CD and how Ethernet has expanded beyond local area networks up to 1 Gbps.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals and data in communication networks. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, which provide a physical path for signal propagation. It also covers unguided or wireless media that transmit signals through air using radio waves, microwaves, or infrared. The key characteristics, applications, and performance of each transmission medium are outlined.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over multiple generations. It describes how the IEEE started Project 802 in 1985 to set standards for interconnecting equipment from different manufacturers. This included specifying functions for the physical and data link layers of major LAN protocols. Standard Ethernet was first created in 1976 and has gone through four generations, being discussed in the document. The standards have increased network speeds from the original 10 Mbps to today's 10 Gbps while maintaining backward compatibility with frame formats and addressing.
The document discusses Ethernet networking technologies. It describes how Ethernet was developed in the 1970s and standardized. It outlines the evolution of Ethernet speeds from 2Mbps to 1Gbps. It discusses the physical layer standards for 10BaseT, 100BaseT, 1000BaseT, and 10GBase networking. It also provides an overview of Token Ring and FDDI technologies, including their operation, standards, and key features.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including senders, receivers, and transmission media. It then describes different types of transmission media such as twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, microwave systems, and optical fibers. The document also covers digital and analog data transmission, network topologies including star, ring, bus and hybrid networks. It defines local and wide area networks and describes some common networking devices like network interface cards.
The document describes the seven-layer OSI model, with each layer responsible for certain network functions. The physical layer transmits raw bits over a transmission medium. The data link layer transmits frames between nodes. The network layer delivers packets from source to destination hosts via routing. The transport layer provides reliable process-to-process message delivery. The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions. The presentation layer handles translation and formatting. The application layer provides services to the user/application.
This chapter covers:
- Common networking and communications applications
- Networking concepts and terminology
- Technical issues related to networks, including general characteristics of data transmission, and types of transmission media in use today
- Explanation of the various communications protocols and networking standards
- Various types of hardware used with a computer network
Computer networks allow computing devices to communicate and share resources. Connections are usually made via physical wires or cables, but some use wireless connections. The Internet is a global network made up of many smaller interconnected networks owned by various organizations. It uses standard protocols like TCP/IP to transfer data packets between networks via routers. Domain Name System (DNS) servers translate human-friendly hostnames into IP addresses to route traffic across networks.
This document summarizes several standards organizations and the types of standards they develop. It discusses de facto and de jure standards, and describes the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and its sectors that develop standards for radio communications, telecommunications, and development. It also outlines the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and its technical committees and working groups. Finally, it discusses how the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops Request for Comments (RFCs) into Internet standards through testing and approval processes.
The document discusses high-speed local area networks (LANs). It notes that the computing power of personal computers has increased, making LANs an essential computing platform. Traditional networks like 10 Mbps Ethernet and 16 Mbps token ring are no longer fast enough to handle the frequent transfers of large volumes of data needed in modern, transaction-oriented environments. The document then outlines some examples of uses for high-speed LANs, such as centralized server farms and powerful workgroups. It also discusses technologies that have been developed to increase LAN transmission speeds, such as Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and FDDI.
Ethernet was first created by Robert Metcalfe and standardized by IEEE as 802.3. Fast Ethernet (802.3u) transmitted data 10 times faster than standard Ethernet at 100 Mbps while still being backward compatible. Gigabit Ethernet (802.3z) further increased speed to 1000 Mbps and supported full duplex between computers and switches or half duplex between computers and hubs using CSMA/CD. Switched Ethernet uses switches containing plug-in cards to reduce collisions by separating collision domains and allowing parallel transmission between cards.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses the basics of LANs, MANs and WANs. It describes common network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh. It also discusses the various components that make up a network including physical media, networking devices, computers, networking software and applications. The document is intended to provide a high-level overview of computer networks.
This document provides an overview of various computer networking concepts and components. It begins with definitions of networking basics like communications and telecommunications. It then describes the essential parts of a basic network including a message, transmitter, medium, receiver and destination. The document outlines different network topologies like bus, ring, star, star-bus and mesh. It also discusses network types like peer-to-peer and client-server networks. The document provides details on common networking media and components including coaxial cable, twisted pair cables, optical fibers, wireless transmission, hubs, gateways, routers, bridges and switches. It concludes with a brief introduction to the IEEE 802 family of standards related to local and metropolitan area networks.
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) connects computer networks over a larger area than a local area network, such as within a city, using technologies like cable TV networks. It allows sharing of resources over a larger area than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. While more expensive than a LAN, a MAN provides connectivity over a larger area than a LAN within a single city.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and networking. It discusses analog and digital data, data communication, data flow including simplex, half-duplex and full-duplex, and modems. It also covers local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, network topologies including linear bus, star, tree and others. Finally, it discusses the OSI model and considerations for data communication networks including performance, consistency, reliability and recovery.
Ethernet is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs). It was commercially introduced in 1980 and first standardized in 1983 as IEEE 802.3, and has since been refined to support higher bit rates and longer link distances.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks, including their basic concepts and classifications. It defines a computer network as interconnected computers that allow sharing of resources and information. The first major network was ARPANET funded by the US Department of Defense. Networks can be classified by scale as LAN, WAN, MAN, or PAN, or by structure as client-server or peer-to-peer. Topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh and tree. Network media include twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic and wireless. Internetworking connects distinct networks through common routing technologies like intranets, extranets and the global Internet.
The document discusses different types of computer networks including LAN, WAN, and MAN. A LAN covers a small area like an office and connects computers within close proximity at speeds up to 1 Gbps. A WAN spans larger distances, connecting computers across cities and countries at slower speeds between 56 Kbps to 50 Mbps. A MAN connects LANs within a city and is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. It provides higher data speeds than a WAN over its coverage area.
This document compares hubs, switches, and routers. Hubs are the simplest devices that broadcast all incoming data to all ports. Switches are more intelligent and learn which devices are connected to each port to selectively broadcast data. Routers are the most advanced devices that can be programmed to understand and manipulate data, performing functions like network address translation to route packets between local networks and the internet.
Networking devices connect electronic devices together to share resources and include devices like hubs, switches, routers, and network interface cards. A repeater receives and retransmits signals to extend range without degradation and works at the physical layer. A hub is a multiport repeater that connects multiple wires in a star topology. A bridge connects two networks and works at the data link layer, maintaining a MAC address table to selectively forward data. A switch is an efficient, multi-port bridge that can check for errors and selectively forward packets to the correct port. A router routes packets based on IP addresses and connects LANs and WANs at the network layer.
The document discusses the history and technical details of Ethernet networking. It describes how the original Ethernet standard was established in 1980 and details the physical media and frame sizes used. It also explains how Ethernet addresses devices using unique 48-bit MAC addresses for unicast, multicast using addresses starting with 01-00-5E, and broadcast using all ones. The document also briefly mentions CSMA/CD and how Ethernet has expanded beyond local area networks up to 1 Gbps.
This document discusses different types of transmission media used to transmit signals and data in communication networks. It describes guided media such as twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable, which provide a physical path for signal propagation. It also covers unguided or wireless media that transmit signals through air using radio waves, microwaves, or infrared. The key characteristics, applications, and performance of each transmission medium are outlined.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over multiple generations. It describes how the IEEE started Project 802 in 1985 to set standards for interconnecting equipment from different manufacturers. This included specifying functions for the physical and data link layers of major LAN protocols. Standard Ethernet was first created in 1976 and has gone through four generations, being discussed in the document. The standards have increased network speeds from the original 10 Mbps to today's 10 Gbps while maintaining backward compatibility with frame formats and addressing.
The document discusses Ethernet networking technologies. It describes how Ethernet was developed in the 1970s and standardized. It outlines the evolution of Ethernet speeds from 2Mbps to 1Gbps. It discusses the physical layer standards for 10BaseT, 100BaseT, 1000BaseT, and 10GBase networking. It also provides an overview of Token Ring and FDDI technologies, including their operation, standards, and key features.
This document provides an overview of data communications and computer networks. It discusses the basic elements of a communication system including senders, receivers, and transmission media. It then describes different types of transmission media such as twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, microwave systems, and optical fibers. The document also covers digital and analog data transmission, network topologies including star, ring, bus and hybrid networks. It defines local and wide area networks and describes some common networking devices like network interface cards.
The document describes the seven-layer OSI model, with each layer responsible for certain network functions. The physical layer transmits raw bits over a transmission medium. The data link layer transmits frames between nodes. The network layer delivers packets from source to destination hosts via routing. The transport layer provides reliable process-to-process message delivery. The session layer establishes and manages communication sessions. The presentation layer handles translation and formatting. The application layer provides services to the user/application.
This chapter covers:
- Common networking and communications applications
- Networking concepts and terminology
- Technical issues related to networks, including general characteristics of data transmission, and types of transmission media in use today
- Explanation of the various communications protocols and networking standards
- Various types of hardware used with a computer network
Computer networks allow computing devices to communicate and share resources. Connections are usually made via physical wires or cables, but some use wireless connections. The Internet is a global network made up of many smaller interconnected networks owned by various organizations. It uses standard protocols like TCP/IP to transfer data packets between networks via routers. Domain Name System (DNS) servers translate human-friendly hostnames into IP addresses to route traffic across networks.
A network switch is a networking hardware device that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and forward data to the destination device. It learns the MAC addresses of connected devices and forwards traffic only to the relevant ports, unlike a hub which floods traffic to all ports. Common network topologies include bus, star, ring and mesh configurations which connect devices in different patterns and have advantages and disadvantages for scalability and fault tolerance.
Powerpoint Search Engine has collection of slides related to specific topics. Write the required keyword in the search box and it fetches you the related results.
This document is an assignment submission for a computer networks course. It provides an overview of the history of computer networks from the 18th to 21st centuries. It then discusses key early networks like ARPANET and how it was developed by the US Defense Department to link research institutions without a central point of failure. The document also defines different types of computer networks like PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN and provides examples of common network hardware, software, and cabling used in each type.
ARPANET was the first wide-area packet switching network developed in the late 1960s under the US Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). It served as the basis for today's internet and initially linked computers located at Pentagon-funded research institutions over telephone lines. A computer network connects computers together to allow for sharing of resources like files, printers or internet access. There are several types of computer networks including local area networks (LANs), personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). Key components of computer networks include hardware like network interface cards (NICs), cables, routers, switches and software.
This document discusses communication and computer networks. It defines data communication as transporting data from one point to another, usually between computer devices, via wired or wireless transmission mediums. The basic elements of a communication system are identified as a sender, medium, and receiver. Data transmission can occur via simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex modes. Information delivery on a network uses unicast, multicast, or broadcast methods. Computer networks like intranets, extranets, and the internet are classified based on their geographical reach as local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), or wide area networks (WANs).
This document provides an overview of computer networks. It begins by discussing how computer networks have changed daily life through services like watching cable TV, using ATMs, emailing, and more. A network is defined as two or more connected autonomous computers. The goals of networking are sharing resources, improved communication, and reduced communication costs. Networks have senders, receivers, messages, transmission mediums, and protocols. Early networks included ARPANET and NSFNET. The internet evolved from these and allows globally connected services. Network topologies like star, bus, and types of devices like hubs, switches, and routers are also summarized.
Computer Network its application & network typesMolayChakraBorty
This document is a homework submission for the Computer Networks course. It contains answers to questions about computer networks, their goals, applications, components, and types. The main types discussed are personal area networks (PANs), local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). PANs connect devices within 10 meters, LANs within 1 kilometer, MANs cover towns and cities within 50 km, and WANs are used for business, government, and education across large distances.
Web application security is the process of protecting websites and online services against different security threats that exploit vulnerabilities in an application’s code . Common targets for web application attacks are content management systems Web application security is important to any business as it helps to keep web applications functioning smoothly and protect businesses from cyber vandalism, data theft, unethical competition, and other negative consequences . Web applications may face a number of attack types depending on the attacker’s goals, the nature of the targeted organization’s work. A web application (web app) is an application program that is stored on a remote server and delivered over the internet through a browser interface. Web services are web apps by definition and many, although not all, websites contain web apps.
PAN -Personal Area Network – Linking local devices e,g, PC to printer. LAN – Local Area network- links devices in an office or offices. MAN – Metropolitan Area network – links devices across multiple buildings like a campus. WAN – Wide area network – links devices across a country/countries.
This document provides information about different types of network cables, computer network goals, applications, hardware/software components, and network types including PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN. It also discusses IP address classes A through E and their characteristics. Specifically, it defines network cables as those installed to connect networks of computers, switches, and routers to share resources and access the internet. It outlines goals of networks like sharing resources, performance, reliability, and scalability. It also lists common network hardware, software, and cable types.
Computer networks allow interconnected computers and devices to share information and resources. They transmit digital data through physical transmission mediums like cables or wirelessly. Protocols define communication standards to minimize errors. Popular uses of networks include e-business, online education, and remote communication, which have benefited society through increased access and lower costs.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of computer networks from the 18th century to present day. It specifically discusses ARPANET, the first wide-area packet switched network developed in the late 1960s that served as a prototype for today's Internet. The document also defines different types of computer networks including PAN, LAN, MAN, and WAN, and describes common network hardware devices such as hubs, switches, routers, and gateways.
Academic course on Computer Network Chapter -1 for BCA, Tribhuwan University
** Applicable for other courses as well
Includes the Basic of Computer Network, Topologies, Types of Network
The document provides information on different types of telecommunication networks and their components. It discusses wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), client/server networks, peer-to-peer networks, and wired and wireless technologies used for telecommunications. It also describes common network devices like routers, switches, hubs, and gateways, and how they facilitate interconnection and communication between different networks.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks module. It begins by defining networks and listing the benefits of computer networks such as file sharing, sharing devices, sharing internet access, speed, cost, security, centralized software management, and electronic mail. It then identifies common network devices like hubs, network interface cards, routers, connectors, and modems. It also discusses different types of computer networks including local area networks (LAN), metropolitan area networks (MAN), and wide area networks (WAN). The document defines different network topologies such as star, ring, and bus networks. Finally, it covers current network technologies like Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The overall goal of the module is for students to understand computer networks at a basic
Networks allow computers to connect and share resources. The document defines networks and their benefits, as well as the devices needed for networks. It describes different types of computer networks including LANs, MANs, and WANs. Network topologies like star, ring, and bus are also explained. Current networking technologies such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are discussed. The document is an introductory module on networks and aims to define key terms and concepts for students.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet. It began in 1969 as the ARPANET, a network created by the US government to connect universities and research labs. No single organization owns the Internet, which uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching to connect networks worldwide. Local area networks (LANs) connect computers within the same building, while wide area networks (WANs) connect LANs across greater distances. The document also covers network topologies, types, layers of the OSI model, and common Internet services like email and search engines.
The document discusses the history and development of computer networks. It begins with a brief history of computer networks from the 18th century to present. It then describes the ARPANET, the first wide area packet switching network developed by the US Department of Defense in the late 1960s to link research computers without a central point of failure. The document defines a computer network as a set of computers connected to share resources like internet access, files, printers. It provides examples of network applications for business, communication, e-commerce and more. Finally, it discusses network hardware, software, cables and the different types of computer networks including PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN.
This document provides an overview of computer networks, including definitions of common network types (LAN, MAN, WAN), protocols (TCP, IP), internet components, connection types, cabling technologies (coaxial, Ethernet, fiber optic), and wireless standards (Bluetooth, infrared, Wi-Fi). It describes the basic needs for networking like sharing hardware/software and centralized administration. It also outlines common network topologies like star, bus, and ring configurations and the key characteristics of each.
Basic concept of Computer networks and
distributed systems, Goals of networking, General approaches of communication
within a network, Network classification, Uses & Network Softwares.
Similar to Computer Networks | Unit-1 | GTU | 4th Semester (20)
Decolonizing Universal Design for LearningFrederic Fovet
UDL has gained in popularity over the last decade both in the K-12 and the post-secondary sectors. The usefulness of UDL to create inclusive learning experiences for the full array of diverse learners has been well documented in the literature, and there is now increasing scholarship examining the process of integrating UDL strategically across organisations. One concern, however, remains under-reported and under-researched. Much of the scholarship on UDL ironically remains while and Eurocentric. Even if UDL, as a discourse, considers the decolonization of the curriculum, it is abundantly clear that the research and advocacy related to UDL originates almost exclusively from the Global North and from a Euro-Caucasian authorship. It is argued that it is high time for the way UDL has been monopolized by Global North scholars and practitioners to be challenged. Voices discussing and framing UDL, from the Global South and Indigenous communities, must be amplified and showcased in order to rectify this glaring imbalance and contradiction.
This session represents an opportunity for the author to reflect on a volume he has just finished editing entitled Decolonizing UDL and to highlight and share insights into the key innovations, promising practices, and calls for change, originating from the Global South and Indigenous Communities, that have woven the canvas of this book. The session seeks to create a space for critical dialogue, for the challenging of existing power dynamics within the UDL scholarship, and for the emergence of transformative voices from underrepresented communities. The workshop will use the UDL principles scrupulously to engage participants in diverse ways (challenging single story approaches to the narrative that surrounds UDL implementation) , as well as offer multiple means of action and expression for them to gain ownership over the key themes and concerns of the session (by encouraging a broad range of interventions, contributions, and stances).
Creativity for Innovation and SpeechmakingMattVassar1
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2. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology2
Outline
What is Computer Network?
Advantages of Computer Network
Applications of Computer Network
Type of Computer Network
What is Internet?
What is Protocol?
The Network Edge
The Network Core
Transmission Media
Network Topologies
Protocol Layers
Delay, Loss & Throughput
3. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology3
What is Computer Network?
Computer Network is a system in which multiple computers are
connected to each other to share information and resources.
Wireless
Wired
4. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology4
Advantages of Computer Network
Better Communication
File Sharing
Entertainment
Flexible Access
5. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology5
Advantages of Computer Network
Inexpensive System
Instant and Multiple Access
Internet Access
Resource Sharing
6. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology6
Applications of Computer Network
& Many More….
Business
Email Services
File & Directory Services
Teleconferencing
7. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology7
Types of Computer Network
Computer networks can be categories by their size as
well as their purpose.
The size of a network can be expressed by the
geographic area.
Some of the different networks based on size are:
1. LAN – Local Area Network
2. MAN – Metropolitan Area Network
3. WAN – Wide Area Network
8. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology8
Local Area Network
A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that
interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence,
school, laboratory, university campus or office building.
9. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology9
Metropolitan Area Network
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that
interconnects with computer in a metropolitan area like city.
MAN is a larger than LAN but smaller than the area covered by a WAN.
It is also used to interconnection of several local area network.
Navagam
Shapar
Morbi
Rajkot
10. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology10
Wide Area Network
A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that exists
over a large-scale geographical area.
A WAN connects different networks, including local area networks
(LAN) and metropolitan area networks (MAN).
It may be located with in a state or a country or it may be
interconnected around the world.
11. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology11
Types of Computer Networks
Basis Of Comparison LAN MAN WAN
Full Name Local Area Network Metropolitan Area
Network
Wide Area Network
Meaning A network that connects
a group of computers in
a small geographical
area
It covers relatively large
region such as cities,
towns
It spans large locality &
connects countries
together. e.g. Internet
Ownership of Network Private Private or Public Private or Public (VPN)
Design and
Maintenance
Easy Difficult Difficult
Propagation Delay Short Moderate Long
Speed High Moderate Low
Equipment Used NIC, Switch, Hub Modem, Router Microwave, Radio
Transmitter & Receiver
Range(Approximately) 1 to 10 km 10 to 100 km Beyond 100 km
Used for College, School, Hospital Small towns, City State, Country, Continent
12. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology12
The internet is a type of world-wide computer network.
The internet is the collection of infinite numbers of connected
computers that are spread across the world.
Mobile Network
Global ISP
Regional ISP
Home
Network
Institutional
Network
What is Internet?
router
Wired link
wireless
links
smartphone
PC
server
wireless
laptop
Network Components
13. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology13
What is Protocol?
Human Protocol(Language)
✔ “what’s the time?”
✔ “I have a question”
✔ Introduction Talk
• Network Protocol
– Set of rules
– machines rather than humans
– all communication activity in Internet
governed by protocols.
Protocols define format,
order of message sent
and received among
network entities, and
actions taken on
message transmission
and receipt
14. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology14
The Network Edge
Computers and other devices are connected at the edge (end) of the
network.
These computers are known as hosts or end systems. Router is known as
edge router.
mobile network
Global ISP
Regional ISP
Home
Network
Institutional
Network
15. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology15
Peer to Peer Network
Computers are connected together so that users can
share resources and information.
There is no central server for authenticating users,
each of them works as both client and server.
e.g. Bit Torrent
16. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology16
Client – Server Network
Client: Request servers for a task.
✔ Generally called desktop PCs or workstations.
Server: Receive requests from the clients. Process and response
them.
✔ e.g. Web Browser/Server, Email Server
17. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology17
The Network Core
Defines the connection of different network segments
together and the process to transmit the data packets
across the network.
It is implemented through the use of switching
techniques.
Switched
Networks
Packet-Switched
Networks
Circuit-Switched
Networks
18. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology18
Circuit Switched Network
A dedicated channel has to be established before the call is made
between users.
The channel is reserved between the users till the connection is active.
For half duplex(one way) communication, one channel is allocated and
for full duplex(two way) communication, two channels are allocated.
It is mainly used for voice communication requiring real time services
without delay.
19. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology19
Packet Switched Network
It is not required to establish the connection initially.
The connection/channel is available to use by users. But when
traffic or number of users increases then it will lead to congestion
in the network.
Packet switched networks are mainly used for data and voice
applications requiring non-real time scenarios.
20. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology20
Differences
Circuit Switching Packet Switching
Dedicated path between
source and destination
No dedicated path
All packets use same path Packets travel independently
Reserve the entire
bandwidth in advance
Does not reserve bandwidth
Bandwidth wastage No bandwidth wastage
No store and forward
transmission
Supports store and forward
transmission
21. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology21
Switching Network
22. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology22
Transmission Media
A transmission media can be defined as any medium that can carry
information from a source to a destination.
Transmission
Media
Guided Media
(Wired)
Unguided Media
(Wireless)
Twisted-Pair
Cable
Coaxial
Cable
Fiber Optic
Cable
Radio
Wave
Microwave
Infrared
Wave
23. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology23
Guided Media
Guided media are those that provide a wired - channel from one
device to another.
Three Guided media commonly used for data transmission are:
1. Twisted Pair Cable
2. Coaxial Cable
3. Fiber Optic Cable
24. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology24
Twisted Pair Cable
Separately insulated
Twisted together
Two types of twisted pair cable
UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair)
✔ Ordinary telephone wired
✔ Less expensive
✔ Weak immunity against noise & interferences
✔ Most used in two categories: Cat-3 & Cat-5
STP(Shielded Twisted Pair)
✔ An extra metallic shield on each pair
✔ Relatively more expensive
✔ Better performance than UTP
25. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology25
Coaxial Cable
Outer conductor is braided shield
Inner conductor is solid metal
Separated by insulating material
Used in television, long distance telephone transmission
High bandwidth and excellent noise immunity
26. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology26
Fiber Optic Cable
Glass or plastic core
Laser or light emitting diode
Small size & weight
Used in high bandwidth network
High data rate & lower attenuation
27. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology27
Unguided Media
Unguided media transmit electromagnetic waves without using a
physical conductor.
This type of communication is often referred to as wireless
communication.
1. Radio wave
2. Microwave
3. Infrared Wave
28. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology28
Radio wave
Highly regulated
Omni directional antennas
Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio
and television, and paging systems
Penetrate through walls
29. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology29
Microwave
Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications
Microwave communication
Used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones,
satellite networks
Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate walls
30. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology30
Infrared wave
Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation
Used on televisions, VCRs, and stereos all use infrared
communication.
Relatively directional
Cheap, Easy to build but they do not pass through solid objects
32. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology32
Network Topologies
Network topology is the arrangement of the various
components(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network.
Types of network topologies :
1. Bus
2. Ring
3. Star
4. Mesh
5. Tree
6. Hybrid
33. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology33
Bus Topology
Every computer and network device is connected to single cable
It transmits data only in one direction
Cost effective
Used in small networks
Easy to expand joining two cables together
34. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology34
Ring Topology
It forms a ring as each computer is connected to another
computer, with the last one connected to the first.
Transmission is unidirectional & sequential way that is bit by bit.
Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding
more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can transmit data.
Cheap to install and expand.
35. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology35
Star Topology
Computers are connected to a single central hub through a cable.
Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
Easy to troubleshoot & Easy to setup and modify.
Only that node is affected which has failed rest of the nodes can
work smoothly.
Hub can be upgraded easily.
36. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology36
Mesh Topology
Point-to-point connection to other devices or fully connected.
Traffic is carried only between two connected devices.
Robust, not flexible and costly.
Fault is diagnosed easily.
37. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology37
Tree Topology
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming
a hierarchy.
Also called hierarchical topology.
Mostly used in Wide Area Network.
Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
Easily managed and maintained.
38. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology38
Hybrid Topology
A network structure whose design contains more than one
topology is said to be hybrid topology.
It is a combination of two or more topologies.
Flexible & Reliable as error detecting and easy to troubleshoot.
Scalable as size can be increased easily.
39. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology39
Comparison of Topologies
Bus Ring Star Mesh Tree
Means every
computer
and network
device is
connected to
single cable.
Each
computer is
connected to
another, with
the last one
connected to
the first.
All the
computers
are
connected to
a single hub
through a
cable.
All the
network
nodes are
connected to
each other.
It has a root
node and all
other nodes
are
connected to
it forming a
hierarchy.
Cost Average Cheap High High High
Used in Small
Network
Expand
Network
Small
Network
Expand
Network
Expand
Network
Troubleshoot Easy, But
Cables fails
then whole
network fails.
Difficult;
Failure of one
computer
disturbs the
whole
network.
Easy;
If the hub
fails then the
whole
network is
down.
Difficult;
Installation
and
configuration
is difficult.
Easy;
Central root
hub fails,
network fails.
41. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology41
Protocols Layers
To deals with connecting systems that are open for
communication with other systems.
OSI Layer Model (Open Systems Interconnection)
Developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) with
seven different layers.
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer
42. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology42
Example – Air Plane Travel
ticket (purchase)
baggage (check)
gates (load)
runway takeoff
airplane routing
ticket (complain)
baggage (claim)
gates (unload)
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
Departure Arrival
43. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology43
How OSI Layer Works?
44. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology44
Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits
from one hop (node) to the next.
45. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology45
Data Link Layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop
(node) to the next.
46. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology46
Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual
packets from the source host to the destination host.
47. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology47
Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message
from one process to another.
48. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology48
Session Layer
The session layer is responsible for dialog control and
synchronization.
49. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology49
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression,
and encryption.
50. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology50
Application Layer
The application layer is responsible for providing services to the
user.
51. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology51
Summary – OSI Layer
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
Physical
To allow access to
network resource
To translate, encrypt
and compress data
To provide reliable process-
to-process message
delivery and error recovery
To establish, manage
and terminate sessions
To move packets from
source to destination; To
provide internetworking
To transmit bits over a
medium; To provide
mechanical & electrical
specification
To organize bits into
frames; To provide hop-
to-hop delivery
52. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology52
TCP/IP Reference Model
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
It was originally defined as having five layers:
TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating
computers to share resources across the network.
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data Link Layer
5. Physical Network
53. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology53
TCP/IP Model Architecture
54. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology54
Difference
OSI
(Open System Interconnection)
TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol)
OSI provides layer functioning and also
defines functions of all the layers
TCP/IP model is more based on
protocols and protocols are not
flexible with other layers
In OSI model the transport layer
guarantees the delivery of packets
In TCP/IP model the transport layer
does not guarantees delivery of
packets
Follows horizontal approach Follows vertical approach
OSI model has a separate presentation
layer
TCP/IP doesn’t have a separate
presentation layer
OSI is a general model TCP/IP model cannot be used in any
other application
55. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology55
Difference - Cont…
OSI
(Open System Interconnection)
TCP/IP
(Transmission Control Protocol/
Internet Protocol)
Network layer of OSI model provide both
connection oriented and connectionless
service
The Network layer in TCP/IP model
provides connectionless service
OSI model has a problem of fitting the
protocols in the model
TCP/IP model does not fit any protocol
Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are
easily replaced as the technology changes
In TCP/IP, replacing protocol is not
easy
OSI model defines services, interfaces and
protocols very clearly and makes clear
distinction between them
In TCP/IP, it is not clearly separated its
services, interfaces and protocols
It has 7 layers It has 5 layers
56. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology56
Delay, Loss & Throughput
Delay
✔ As a packet travels from one node (host or router) to the subsequent
node (host or router) along this path, the packet suffers from several
types of delays at each node along the path.
Where
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtran + dprop
dnodal
= Total Delay
dproc
= Processing Delay
dqueue
= Queuing Delay
dtran
= Transmission Delay
dprop
= Propagation Delay
57. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology57
Delay – Cont…
Processing Delay (dproc)
✔ The time required to examine the packets header and determine where to
direct the packet.
✔ To check bit level error
✔ Determine output link
✔ Delay in terms of microseconds
58. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology58
Delay – Cont…
Queuing Delay (dqueue)
✔ A time to waits at output link for transmission.
✔ Depends on congestion level of router.
✔ If queue empty then delay will be zero.
✔ If queue full – heavy traffic then delay will be long.
✔ Delay in terms of micro second to millisecond.
59. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology59
Delay – Cont…
Transmission Delay (dtran = L/R)
✔ An amount of time required for the router to transmit the packet.
✔ Its depends on packet length(L) and transmission rate(R) of link.
60. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology60
Delay – Cont…
Propagation Delay (dprop= d/s)
✔ A time required to propagate from the beginning of the link to router B.
✔ Depends on the length of physical medium(d) link and propagation speed(s)
of link
✔ Delay in terms of millisecond.
61. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology61
Packet Loss
Packet loss is the failure of one or more transmitted packets to
arrive at their destination.
The loss of data packets depends on the switch queue/buffer. The
loss of data packets increases with the increases in the traffic
intensity.
It affects the performance
of the network.
62. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology62
Throughput
Throughput or Network Throughput is the rate of successful
message delivery over a communication channel.
Throughput is measured in bits(data) per second (bit/s or bps)
server, with
file of F bits
to send to client
link capacity
Rs bits/sec
link capacity
Rc bits/sec
Client
63. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology63
History of Computer Networks
1961-1972 : The development of Packet Switching
1972-1980 : Proprietary Network and Internetworking
1980-1990 : A Proliferation of Networks
1990s : The Internet Explosion
Recent Developments…
64. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology64
Outline - Revised
What is Computer Network? Connected each other
Advantages of Computer Network
Applications of Computer Network
Type of Computer Network LAN, MAN, WAN
What is Internet? Infinite nos. of connected computers across the world
What is Protocol? Set of Rules
The Network Edge Host-end system & edge router
The Network Core Circuit Switched & Packet Switched
Transmission Media Guided- Wired & Unguided-Wireless
Network Topologies Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tree, & Hybrid
Protocol Layers OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
Delay, Loss & Throughput
65. Unit: 1 - Introduction to Computer Networks and Internet Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology65
Thank You