This Presentation consists of the detailed analysis of OSI & TCP/IP Model used for data transmission in Computer Network. It is very beneficial for any BTech, BCA, MCA, MTech students, or who is interested in networking field.
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
A computer network is network of computer .It connects multiple computer in manner to enable meaningful transmission and exchange of data among them.Main objective of CN is sharing of information ,resources and processing load among the connected computer.
you can easily get basic introduction of COMPUTER NETWORK
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
Ethernet is a family of networking technologies commonly used in LANs, MANs and WANs. It was first standardized in 1983 at 10 Mbps and has since been updated to support higher speeds up to 10 Gbps. Fast Ethernet runs at 100 Mbps using the same frame format as standard Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet runs at 1 Gbps while maintaining compatibility. Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates at 10 Gbps while keeping the same frame format as prior standards.
The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP consists of encapsulating packets into frames, a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing and configuring the connection, and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for network layer configuration. It describes PPP frame formats, byte stuffing for transparency, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. The presentation includes a Wireshark demo and addresses questions about PPP design requirements and non-requirements.
The document discusses the OSI 7 layer model and TCP/IP 4 layer model. It provides details on the functions of each layer in both models. The key points covered are:
- The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has distinct functions for communication.
- The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application. The internet layer uses IP to route packets independently to their destination.
- Popular application layer protocols like FTP, SSH and Telnet are described in detail regarding their functions and how they establish secure connections to transmit data over networks.
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols that enable data transmission across networks and between devices. It involves two main protocols: TCP and IP. TCP establishes reliable connections and ensures reliable delivery of data packets. IP handles addressing, routing packets between networks, and fragmentation/reassembly of packets. Key features of TCP/IP include logical addressing, routability, name resolution, multiplexing, and interoperability. TCP/IP operates on four layers - network interface, internet, transport, and application - with each layer building on the services of the layer below.
The network layer is responsible for routing packets from the source to destination. The routing algorithm is the piece of software that decides where a packet goes next (e.g., which output line, or which node on a broadcast channel).For connectionless networks, the routing decision is made for each datagram. For connection-oriented networks, the decision is made once, at circuit setup time.
Routing Issues
The routing algorithm must deal with the following issues:
Correctness and simplicity: networks are never taken down; individual parts (e.g., links, routers) may fail, but the whole network should not.
Stability: if a link or router fails, how much time elapses before the remaining routers recognize the topology change? (Some never do..)
Fairness and optimality: an inherently intractable problem. Definition of optimality usually doesn't consider fairness. Do we want to maximize channel usage? Minimize average delay?
When we look at routing in detail, we'll consider both adaptive--those that take current traffic and topology into consideration--and nonadaptive algorithms.
A computer network is network of computer .It connects multiple computer in manner to enable meaningful transmission and exchange of data among them.Main objective of CN is sharing of information ,resources and processing load among the connected computer.
you can easily get basic introduction of COMPUTER NETWORK
This document discusses different types of routing protocols. It describes static routing protocols where routes are manually configured by an administrator. It then covers dynamic routing protocols which automatically update routing tables. The main dynamic routing protocols covered are RIP, RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP. RIP is a distance vector protocol that exchanges full routing tables every 30 seconds. RIPv2, IGRP, and EIGRP are also discussed with their key characteristics.
Ethernet is a family of networking technologies commonly used in LANs, MANs and WANs. It was first standardized in 1983 at 10 Mbps and has since been updated to support higher speeds up to 10 Gbps. Fast Ethernet runs at 100 Mbps using the same frame format as standard Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet runs at 1 Gbps while maintaining compatibility. Ten-Gigabit Ethernet operates at 10 Gbps while keeping the same frame format as prior standards.
The document discusses Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which provides a standard method for transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links. PPP consists of encapsulating packets into frames, a Link Control Protocol (LCP) for establishing and configuring the connection, and Network Control Protocols (NCPs) for network layer configuration. It describes PPP frame formats, byte stuffing for transparency, and authentication protocols like PAP and CHAP. The presentation includes a Wireshark demo and addresses questions about PPP design requirements and non-requirements.
The document discusses the OSI 7 layer model and TCP/IP 4 layer model. It provides details on the functions of each layer in both models. The key points covered are:
- The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has distinct functions for communication.
- The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application. The internet layer uses IP to route packets independently to their destination.
- Popular application layer protocols like FTP, SSH and Telnet are described in detail regarding their functions and how they establish secure connections to transmit data over networks.
TCP/IP is a set of communication protocols that enable data transmission across networks and between devices. It involves two main protocols: TCP and IP. TCP establishes reliable connections and ensures reliable delivery of data packets. IP handles addressing, routing packets between networks, and fragmentation/reassembly of packets. Key features of TCP/IP include logical addressing, routability, name resolution, multiplexing, and interoperability. TCP/IP operates on four layers - network interface, internet, transport, and application - with each layer building on the services of the layer below.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI reference model:
1) The physical layer is responsible for physical connections between devices and defines characteristics like data rates and topology.
2) The data link layer frames data and ensures error-free transmission between nodes through flow control and error checking.
3) The network layer handles packet routing and logical addressing between independent networks.
4) The transport layer manages reliable data transfer through segmentation, reassembly, and connection control using TCP or UDP.
Distance Vector & Link state Routing AlgorithmMOHIT AGARWAL
1) Each router maintains a routing table containing the outgoing link and distance to reach each destination node. 2) Routers periodically share their routing tables with neighbors so each can update its own table. 3) This allows routers to continuously determine the shortest paths to all destinations as network conditions change.
The document discusses internetworking models and the OSI reference model. It provides details on each of the 7 layers of the OSI model:
1. The Application layer handles communication between applications and users.
2. The Presentation layer translates and formats data for transmission.
3. The Session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between devices.
4. The Transport layer segments data, establishes logical connections, and ensures reliable delivery between hosts.
The document discusses subnet masks and how they are used to separate the network and host portions of an IP address. A subnet mask contains a binary pattern of ones and zeros that is applied using Boolean algebra to determine if an IP address is on the local network or needs to be routed externally. Default subnet masks exist for each address class, and their function is to filter out bits and identify the network address portion of a destination IP.
TCP is a connection-oriented, reliable transport protocol that provides stream delivery, connection-oriented, and reliable services. It uses sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, and other features like flow control, error control, and congestion control to reliably deliver data between two endpoints. A TCP connection involves three phases - connection establishment using a three-way handshake, reliable data transfer with acknowledgments, and connection termination with another three-way handshake or four-way handshake with half-close option. TCP works well for both low and high-speed networks.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and compares it to the OSI model. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the physical, data link, internet, and transport layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP, with TCP being connection-oriented and reliable, while UDP is connectionless. The internet layer uses IP to transport datagrams independently. The OSI model has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 5 layers that do not directly correspond to the OSI layers.
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
Quality of service aims to provide different levels of priority to different applications, users, or data flows. It is achieved through techniques like scheduling, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control. Scheduling methods include FIFO queuing, priority queuing, and weighted fair queuing. Traffic shaping uses leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Resource reservation reserves buffer space, bandwidth, and other resources beforehand. Admission control restricts packet admission based on specifications. Models for QoS include the Integrated Services Model, which requires resource reservation in advance using RSVP, and the Differentiated Services Model, which differentiates traffic into classes.
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in computer networks. It describes several methods:
- Vertical redundancy check (VRC or parity check) which detects single-bit errors by adding an extra parity bit to each data unit.
- Longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) which calculates parity bits for each column in a data block.
- Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) which uses binary division to generate a CRC remainder that is appended to the data.
- Checksum which calculates a sum of all data bits and appends the one's complement as a checksum. These methods allow detection of errors during data transmission.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
The document discusses IPv4 routing and routing protocols. It begins with an introduction to routing and how data flows between devices on the internet in the form of packets. It then covers routing components like path determination, routing tables, and routing protocols for both intra-domain (RIP, OSPF) and inter-domain (BGP) routing. It concludes with a discussion on the future of routing with IPv6 and a high-level summary of routing and routing protocols.
Networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, and gateways interconnect networks and manage data flow. Hubs operate at the physical layer and connect segments but do not filter traffic. Switches operate at the data link layer and can direct traffic to specific ports for better performance than hubs. Routers operate at the network layer and can connect networks across LANs, MANs, and WANs using IP addressing to route packets. Gateways can operate at multiple layers and act as connections between different network protocols or applications.
This document discusses processes and threads in Perl programming. It defines a process as an instance of a running program, while a thread is a flow of control through a program with a single execution point. Multiple threads can run within a single process and share resources, while processes run independently. The document compares processes and threads, and covers creating and managing threads, sharing data between threads, synchronization, and inter-process communication techniques in Perl like fork, pipe, and open.
The document discusses several topics related to computer network models and protocols. It describes the OSI model which consists of seven layers and was developed by ISO to ensure worldwide data communication. It also discusses the TCP/IP model. The network layer is described in detail, covering functions like routing packets between networks and logical to physical address translation. Store-and-forward packet switching is explained. The transport layer provides services like port addressing, segmentation and reassembly, and connection-oriented and connectionless transmission. IP addressing schemes like classful and classless are summarized. Network protocols such as ARP, DHCP, ICMP, and RIP are also mentioned briefly.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP networking model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their responsibilities in networking. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. Key protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet, and HTTP are explained in their respective layers along with functions like encapsulation and data flow between layers. Network analysis tools like Wireshark are also mentioned.
ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.
The document compares the TCP/IP and OSI network models. It notes that while the OSI model has 7 layers, TCP/IP has 4 layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application. The Network Access layer combines the functions of the OSI Data Link and Physical layers. It provides details on the protocols and functions of each TCP/IP layer, including common protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network architecture - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It describes the key functions of each layer, such as the physical layer dealing with physical connections and bits, the data link layer handling framing and addressing, and the application layer providing services to end users. The purpose of the OSI model is to facilitate communication between different computer systems by dividing the network communication process into standardized layers.
The document discusses the OSI and TCP/IP models for networking. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It also outlines the four layers of the TCP/IP model - application, transport, internet, and network interface layers. Each layer has a specific function, with the physical layer concerned with transmitting raw data and the application layer allowing direct interaction between software and users. The models provide frameworks for understanding how data moves between devices on a network.
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI reference model:
1) The physical layer is responsible for physical connections between devices and defines characteristics like data rates and topology.
2) The data link layer frames data and ensures error-free transmission between nodes through flow control and error checking.
3) The network layer handles packet routing and logical addressing between independent networks.
4) The transport layer manages reliable data transfer through segmentation, reassembly, and connection control using TCP or UDP.
Distance Vector & Link state Routing AlgorithmMOHIT AGARWAL
1) Each router maintains a routing table containing the outgoing link and distance to reach each destination node. 2) Routers periodically share their routing tables with neighbors so each can update its own table. 3) This allows routers to continuously determine the shortest paths to all destinations as network conditions change.
The document discusses internetworking models and the OSI reference model. It provides details on each of the 7 layers of the OSI model:
1. The Application layer handles communication between applications and users.
2. The Presentation layer translates and formats data for transmission.
3. The Session layer establishes and manages communication sessions between devices.
4. The Transport layer segments data, establishes logical connections, and ensures reliable delivery between hosts.
The document discusses subnet masks and how they are used to separate the network and host portions of an IP address. A subnet mask contains a binary pattern of ones and zeros that is applied using Boolean algebra to determine if an IP address is on the local network or needs to be routed externally. Default subnet masks exist for each address class, and their function is to filter out bits and identify the network address portion of a destination IP.
TCP is a connection-oriented, reliable transport protocol that provides stream delivery, connection-oriented, and reliable services. It uses sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, and other features like flow control, error control, and congestion control to reliably deliver data between two endpoints. A TCP connection involves three phases - connection establishment using a three-way handshake, reliable data transfer with acknowledgments, and connection termination with another three-way handshake or four-way handshake with half-close option. TCP works well for both low and high-speed networks.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and compares it to the OSI model. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the physical, data link, internet, and transport layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP, with TCP being connection-oriented and reliable, while UDP is connectionless. The internet layer uses IP to transport datagrams independently. The OSI model has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 5 layers that do not directly correspond to the OSI layers.
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that was developed in 1991 as an improvement over the distance vector routing protocol RIP. It is based on the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
- OSPF networks can be divided into sub-domains called areas. Areas limit the scope of route information distribution and reduce the number of routes that need to be propagated. All routers within an area must be connected.
- The backbone area, with an ID of 0.0.0.0, acts as a hub that connects all other areas and distributes routing information between them. It must remain continuously connected.
Quality of service aims to provide different levels of priority to different applications, users, or data flows. It is achieved through techniques like scheduling, traffic shaping, resource reservation, and admission control. Scheduling methods include FIFO queuing, priority queuing, and weighted fair queuing. Traffic shaping uses leaky bucket and token bucket algorithms. Resource reservation reserves buffer space, bandwidth, and other resources beforehand. Admission control restricts packet admission based on specifications. Models for QoS include the Integrated Services Model, which requires resource reservation in advance using RSVP, and the Differentiated Services Model, which differentiates traffic into classes.
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in computer networks. It describes several methods:
- Vertical redundancy check (VRC or parity check) which detects single-bit errors by adding an extra parity bit to each data unit.
- Longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) which calculates parity bits for each column in a data block.
- Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) which uses binary division to generate a CRC remainder that is appended to the data.
- Checksum which calculates a sum of all data bits and appends the one's complement as a checksum. These methods allow detection of errors during data transmission.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
The document discusses IPv4 routing and routing protocols. It begins with an introduction to routing and how data flows between devices on the internet in the form of packets. It then covers routing components like path determination, routing tables, and routing protocols for both intra-domain (RIP, OSPF) and inter-domain (BGP) routing. It concludes with a discussion on the future of routing with IPv6 and a high-level summary of routing and routing protocols.
Networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, and gateways interconnect networks and manage data flow. Hubs operate at the physical layer and connect segments but do not filter traffic. Switches operate at the data link layer and can direct traffic to specific ports for better performance than hubs. Routers operate at the network layer and can connect networks across LANs, MANs, and WANs using IP addressing to route packets. Gateways can operate at multiple layers and act as connections between different network protocols or applications.
This document discusses processes and threads in Perl programming. It defines a process as an instance of a running program, while a thread is a flow of control through a program with a single execution point. Multiple threads can run within a single process and share resources, while processes run independently. The document compares processes and threads, and covers creating and managing threads, sharing data between threads, synchronization, and inter-process communication techniques in Perl like fork, pipe, and open.
The document discusses several topics related to computer network models and protocols. It describes the OSI model which consists of seven layers and was developed by ISO to ensure worldwide data communication. It also discusses the TCP/IP model. The network layer is described in detail, covering functions like routing packets between networks and logical to physical address translation. Store-and-forward packet switching is explained. The transport layer provides services like port addressing, segmentation and reassembly, and connection-oriented and connectionless transmission. IP addressing schemes like classful and classless are summarized. Network protocols such as ARP, DHCP, ICMP, and RIP are also mentioned briefly.
The document provides an overview of the OSI model and TCP/IP networking model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model from the physical layer to the application layer and their responsibilities in networking. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares it to the OSI model. Key protocols like TCP, UDP, IP, Ethernet, and HTTP are explained in their respective layers along with functions like encapsulation and data flow between layers. Network analysis tools like Wireshark are also mentioned.
ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.
The document compares the TCP/IP and OSI network models. It notes that while the OSI model has 7 layers, TCP/IP has 4 layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application. The Network Access layer combines the functions of the OSI Data Link and Physical layers. It provides details on the protocols and functions of each TCP/IP layer, including common protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP.
Routing protocols allow routers to communicate and exchange information that helps determine the best path between networks. The main types are static routing, where routes are manually configured, and dynamic routing, where routes are automatically updated as network conditions change. Common dynamic routing protocols include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF, which use different algorithms and metrics like hop count or bandwidth to calculate the best routes.
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which defines seven layers of network architecture - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It describes the key functions of each layer, such as the physical layer dealing with physical connections and bits, the data link layer handling framing and addressing, and the application layer providing services to end users. The purpose of the OSI model is to facilitate communication between different computer systems by dividing the network communication process into standardized layers.
The document discusses the OSI and TCP/IP models for networking. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It also outlines the four layers of the TCP/IP model - application, transport, internet, and network interface layers. Each layer has a specific function, with the physical layer concerned with transmitting raw data and the application layer allowing direct interaction between software and users. The models provide frameworks for understanding how data moves between devices on a network.
The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model, the communications between a computing system are split into seven different abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
TCP/IP Model helps you to determine how a specific computer should be connected to the internet and how data should be transmitted between them. It helps you to create a virtual network when multiple computer networks are connected together. The purpose of the TCP/IP model is to allow communication over large distances.
The document summarizes the OSI model and TCP/IP model. The OSI model has 7 layers (physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application) that define a framework for network architecture. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers (application, transport, internet, network interface) and focuses on data transmission between networked computers. Both models break communication functions into layers to define protocols and network interactions.
This document contains a student's assignment responses summarizing key aspects of data communication and the internet model. The student lists the layers of the internet model and describes the network support layers and user support layer. They explain peer-to-peer processes, how information passes between layers, and the purpose of headers and trailers. Responsibilities of various layers are provided, including differences between addresses. Correlations between OSI and internet layers are drawn.
This is a notes about basic introduction of OSI Model & TCP/IP Model. It contain details about the seven layers of the OSI Model which are Application layer, Presentation Layer, Session Layer, Transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer, Physical Layer
The document provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI model for computer networking. It describes each layer and its functions, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer defines cable specifications, the data link layer provides addressing and error detection, and the network layer enables routing between different networks using logical addresses. Higher layers include the transport layer for reliable data transmission, and the session, presentation and application layers for establishing communication between applications and presenting data to the end user.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the functions of each layer. It also discusses the four layers of the TCP/IP model and compares the two models, noting they are similar in concept but differ in number of layers and how protocols fit within each model.
The document discusses the OSI model, which is a conceptual framework that characterizes computing functions into seven abstraction layers to support interoperability between network systems. The seven layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific role, with the physical layer concerned with transmitting raw data and the application layer allowing direct interaction between software applications and users.
OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection. It has been developed by ISO – ‘International Organization of Standardization‘, in the year 1984. It is a 7 layer architecture with each layer having specific functionality to perform.
The document discusses network layering and protocols. It describes how layering decomposes complex network systems into more manageable components and provides a modular design. Protocols define rules for data communication, including syntax, semantics, and timing. Key elements of protocols include service interfaces and peer interfaces. The OSI model is presented as a standard with 7 layers from physical to application. TCP/IP is also summarized as a 4 layer model. Socket programming interfaces are introduced as the main way for applications to connect to networks.
The document provides information on the OSI model and TCP/IP model, which are reference models for network communication. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - network access, internet, transport, and application layer. Each layer has a specific function, with lower layers dealing with physical delivery of data and higher layers dealing with end-to-end connections and application-specific tasks.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the four layers of the TCP/IP model. For each layer, it provides details on their functions and protocols. It also compares the OSI and TCP/IP models, noting they are both based on layered architectures but that the TCP/IP model combines some layers and better fits existing protocols.
The document provides an overview of IP addressing and networking concepts. It begins with an agenda that includes layers, TCP/IP layers, what IP is, IPv4 structure, binary basics, IP classes, subnetting and tools. It then discusses layers models like OSI and TCP/IP, describing each layer. It defines what an IP is, the structure of an IPv4 address in binary, and common networking terms like ports, protocols, and IP classes. The document provides a high-level introduction to fundamental IP networking concepts.
The OSI model is a 7-layer architecture for data transmission across networks developed by ISO in 1984. Each layer has a specific function and works collaboratively with the other layers. The physical layer handles physical connections and transmits raw bits. The data link layer handles framing, addressing, and error checking to transmit error-free frames between nodes. The network layer handles logical addressing and routing to transmit packets between different networks.
Cisco ccna certification knowledge to pass the examle_dung762
The document provides information about the CISCO CCNA certification exam, including key topics such as the OSI reference model, connection-oriented vs connectionless network services, data link vs network addresses, reasons for using a layered model, data encapsulation steps, flow control methods, functions of the network layer in routers, WAN protocols like Frame Relay, ISDN, HDLC and PPP, Frame Relay terms and features, and commands to configure Frame Relay mappings and subinterfaces.
The document discusses the OSI model which defines 7 layers of abstraction for networking including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It then explains each of these layers and their functions. The document also covers the TCP/IP model which has 4 layers - application, transport, internet and network interface layers - and describes the purpose and role of each layer.
The document discusses the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP model for networking. It describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, from the physical layer dealing with raw data transmission to the application layer dealing with user-facing software. It then provides a brief introduction to the TCP/IP model and compares the layers of TCP/IP to those of OSI. Key protocols and functions are defined for each layer, such as IP, TCP and routers at the internet and transport layers respectively.
The document discusses the OSI 7-layer model and the TCP/IP model for networking. It describes each layer of the OSI model in detail, from the physical layer dealing with raw data transmission to the application layer dealing with user-facing software. It then provides a brief introduction to the TCP/IP model and compares the layers of TCP/IP to those of OSI. Key protocols and functions are defined at each layer of the two models.
Basic of R Programming Language,
Introduction, How to run R, R Sessions and Functions, Basic Math, Variables, Data Types, Vectors, Conclusion, Advanced Data Structures, Data Frames, Lists, Matrices, Arrays, Classes
Basic of R Programming Language
R is a programming language and environment commonly used in statistical computing, data analytics and scientific research.
Number System, Conversion, Decimal to Binary, Decimal to Octal, Decimal to Binary, Decimal to HexaDecimal, Binary to Decimal, Octal to Decimal, Hexadecimal to Decimal, Binary to Octal, Binary to Hexadecimal, Octal to Hexadecimal, BCD, Binary Addition
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE OF PARALLEL COMPUTING, THE CLOUD COMPUTING REFERENCE MODEL, BUILDING CLOUD COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT, INFRASTRUCTURE AND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT, HARDWARE ARCHITECTURES FOR PARALLEL PROCESSING APPROACHES TO
PARALLEL PROGRAMMING,
1. Single-Instruction, Single-Data (SISD) Systems
2. Single-Instruction, Multiple-Data (SIMD) Systems
3. Multiple-Instruction, Single-Data (MISD) Systems
4. Multiple-Instruction, Multiple-Data (MIMD) Systems
Data Link layer design issues, Error Detection and Correction, Elementary Data Link protocols: Unrestricted simplex protocol, Simplex stop-and-wait protocol, Simplex protocol for a noisy channel; Sliding Window protocols: One-bit sliding window protocol, Protocol using Go back N, Example.
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2 Internal and External Commands
3 Batch Files
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3 Types of Programming Languages
4 Data Organization, Types of Memory (Primary and Secondary)
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4. OSIModel (Open System Interconnection)
4
• Firstly introduced in 1984 by ISO – ‘International
Organization of Standardization’.
• An open system is a set of protocols that allow any two
different systems to communicate.
• Protocols: Set of Rules.
• OSI model itself is not a protocol, it is a model that
define protocols for network communication.
• Seven separate but related layers.
• These 7 layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from
one person to another across the globe.
6. Organizationof Layers
6
7 layers of OSI Model can be further divided
into three subgroup. Named as:
Layer 1
• Physical
• Data link
• Network
Layer 2
• Transpot
Layer 3
• Session
• Presentation
• Application
7. 1. PhysicalLayer
7
The lowest layer of the OSI reference model is the physical layer. It
is responsible for the actual physical connection between the
devices. The physical layer contains information in the form
of bits.
Define physical transmission medium (Guided or Unguided).
Interface between devices and transmission medium.
Representation of bits:
PL consist of bits (0s and 1s), so, data -> bits ->signals
(electrical or optical).
Data rate
Transmission rate (means the number of bits sent per
second).
Synchronization of bits:
Sender and receiver must not receive the same bit rate but must be
at same time (synchronized clock).
9. 2. DataLinkLayer
9
It is the second layer after physical layer. The data
link layer is responsible for maintaining the data link
between two hosts or nodes. There are several functions
performed by DLL:
Framing:
Arranging bit streams into Data Frames.
Physical addressing (machine address):
Add header to the frame to define the sender and receiver of the data
packet.
Flow Control;
Not to overload receiver
Error Control:
Error Free
Access Control:
10. Design Issues in Data Link Layer
10
The data link layer is divided into two sub-layers :
Logical Link Control Sub-layer (LLC) –
Provides the logic for the data link , Thus it controls the
synchronization , flow control , and error checking functions of
the data link layer. Functions are –
(i) Error Recovery.
(ii) It performs the flow control operations.
(iii) User addressing.
Media Access Control Sub-layer (MAC) –
It is the second sub-layer of data-link layer. It controls the flow
and multiplexing for transmission medium. Transmission of data
packets is controlled by this layer. This layer is responsible for
sending the data over the network interface card. Functions are-
(i) To perform the control of access to media.
(ii) It performs the unique addressing to stations directly
connected to LAN.
(iii) Detection of errors.
11. Continued…
11
Design issues with data link layer are :
Services provided to the network layer –
The data link layer act as a service interface to the network layer. The principle
service is transferring data from network layer on sending machine to the
network layer on destination machine. This transfer also takes place via DLL
(Dynamic Link Library).
Frame synchronization –
The source machine sends data in the form of blocks called frames to the
destination machine. The starting and ending of each frame should be identified
so that the frame can be recognized by the destination machine . .
Flow control –
Flow control is done to prevent the flow of data frame at the receiver end. The
source machine must not send data frames at a rate faster than the capacity of
destination machine to accept them.
Error control –
Error control is done to prevent duplication of frames. The errors introduced
during transmission from source to destination machines must be detected and
corrected at the destination machine.
12. 3. NetworkLayer
12
Network layer works for the transmission of data from one host to the
other located in different networks. It also takes care of packet
routing i.e. selection of the shortest path to transmit the packet, from
the number of routes available. The sender & receiver’s IP address
are placed in the header by the network layer.
The functions of the Network layer are :
Routing: The network layer protocols determine which route is
suitable from source to destination. This function of network layer is
known as routing.
Logical Addressing: In order to identify each device on internetwork
uniquely, network layer defines an addressing scheme. The sender &
receiver’s IP address are placed in the header by network layer. Such
an address distinguishes each device uniquely and universally.
13. 4.TransportLayer
13
Transport Layer (Layer 4) :
Transport layer provides services to application layer and takes services from network
layer. The data in the transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is responsible for the
End to End Delivery of the complete message. The transport layer also provides the
acknowledgement of the successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an
error is found.
Process-to-process delivery (applications)
Service-point addressing:
Send data to the correct process on particular computer.
Segmentation and reassembly
Divide into segments and assign sequence number.
Reassembly at destination according to sequence number.
Connection control
Connectionless or connection oriented
Flow control
Error control
Without damage, loss or duplication
14. 5. SessionLayer
14
This layer is responsible for establishment of connection, maintenance of sessions,
authentication and also ensures security.
The functions of the session layer are :
Session establishment, maintenance and termination: The layer allows the two
processes to establish, use and terminate a connection.
Synchronization : This layer allows a process to add checkpoints which are
considered as synchronization points into the data. These synchronization point
help to identify the error so that the data is re-synchronized properly, and ends of
the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.
Dialog Controller : The session layer allows two systems to start communication
with each other in half-duplex or full-duplex.
15. 6. PresentationLayer
15
It is also called the Translation layer. The data from the
application layer is extracted here and manipulated as per the
required format to transmit over the network.
The functions of the presentation layer are :
Translation : For example, ASCII to EBCDIC.
Encryption/ Decryption : Data encryption translates the data into
another form or code. The encrypted data is known as the cipher text
and the decrypted data is known as plain text. A key value is used
for encrypting as well as decrypting data.
Compression: Reduces the number of bits that need to be
transmitted on the network.
16. 7.ApplicationLayer
16
At the very top of the OSI Reference Model stack of layers, we find
Application layer which is implemented by the network applications.
These applications produce the data, which has to be transferred over
the network. This layer also serves as a window for the application
services to access the network and for displaying the received
information to the user.
User Interface
File transfer, access and management
Mail services
Directory service (database)
18. TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol.
18
The OSI Model we just looked at is just a reference/logical model. It
was designed to describe the functions of the communication system
by dividing the communication procedure into smaller and simpler
components. But when we talk about the TCP/IP model, it was
designed and developed by Department of Defense (DoD) in 1960s
and is based on standard protocols. It stands for Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. The TCP/IP model is a concise
version of the OSI model. It contains four layers, unlike seven layers
in the OSI model. It consist Four Layers.
Process/Application Layer
Host-to-Host/Transport Layer
Internet Layer
Network Access/Link Layer
r
20. TCP/IPLayerFunctioning
20
1. Network Access Layer –This layer corresponds to the combination
of Data Link Layer and Physical Layer of the OSI model. It looks out
for hardware addressing and the protocols present in this layer allows
for the physical transmission of data.
2. Internet Layer –This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network
layer. It defines the protocols which are responsible for logical
transmission of data over the entire network.
3. Host-to-Host Layer – This layer is analogous to the transport layer
of the OSI model. It is responsible for end-to-end communication and
error-free delivery of data. It shields the upper-layer applications from
the complexities of data.
4. Application Layer –
This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the OSI model:
Application, Presentation and Session Layer. It is responsible for node-
to-node communication and controls user-interface specifications.
22. Continued…
22
TCP/IP OSI
It refers to Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol.
It refers to Open Systems Interconnection.
It consist 5 layers. It has 7 layers.
It is more reliable It is less reliable
It does not have very strict boundaries. It has strict boundaries
It follows a horizontal approach. It follows a vertical approach.
It uses both session and presentation layer in
the application layer itself.
It uses different session and presentation
layers.
It developed protocols then model. It developed model then protocol.
Transport layer in TCP/IP does not provide
assurance delivery of packets.
In this model, transport layer provides
assurance delivery of packets.
This model network layer only provides
connection less services.
Connection less and connection oriented both
services are provided by network layer in OSI
model.
Protocols cannot be replaced easily in TCP/IP
model.
While in OSI model, Protocols are better
covered and is easy to replace with the change
in technology.