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What is STRUCTURED CABLING?
- Structured cabling is building or campus telecommunications cabling infrastructure that consists of a
number of standardized smaller elements (hence structured) called subsystems. A Structured Cabling
System (SCS) is a set of cabling and connectivity products that integrates the voice, data, video and
various management system of a building.

- A structured cabling system is a complete system of cabling and associated hardware, which provides a
comprehensive telecommunications infrastructure. This infrastructure serves a wide range of uses, such as
to provide telephone service or transmit data through a computer network. It should not be device
dependent-

Structured cabling falls into five subsystems:







Demarcation point is the point where the telephone company network ends and connects with the onpremises wiring at the customer premises.
Equipment or Telecommunications Rooms house equipment and wiring consolidation points that
serve the users inside the building or campus.
Vertical or Riser Cabling connects between the equipment/telecommunications rooms, so named
because the rooms are typically on different floors.
Horizontal wiring can be IW (inside wiring) or Plenum Cabling and connects telecommunications
rooms to individual outlets or work areas on the floor, usually through the wire ways, conduits or
ceiling spaces of each floor.
Work-Area Components connect end-user equipment to outlets of the horizontal cabling system.

What is a NETWORK PLAN?
Network planning and design is an iterative process, encompassing topological design, networksynthesis, and network-realization, and is aimed at ensuring that a new telecommunications network or
service meets the needs of the subscriber and operator. The process can be tailored according to each new
network or service.


A network planning methodology

A traditional network planning methodology involves five layers of planning, namely:






business planning
long-term and medium-term network planning
short-term network planning
IT asset sourcing
operations and maintenance.

Each of these layers incorporates plans for different time horizons, i.e. the business planning layer
determines the planning that the operator must perform to ensure that the network will perform as
required for its intended life-span. The Operations and Maintenance layer, however, examines how the
network will run on a day-to-day basis.
The network planning process begins with the acquisition of external information. This includes:




forecasts of how the new network/service will operate;
the economic information concerning costs; and
the technical details of the network’s capabilities.

What is RJ45, RJ11, cat 5E, cat 6, cat 6A?
RJ45- a connector standard for telephone cables


A type of modular connector for computer network (Ethernet) cables

RJ11- is short for Registered Jack-11 and is a four or six wire connection primarily
used for telephones and computer modem connectors.

Cat 5E- is a twisted pair cable for carrying signals.


is used as a cabling infrastructure for 10BASE-T (Ethernet), full duplex 100BASE-TX
(Fast Ethernet) and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or Gibe) networks. The Cat 5e
standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz and can be used up to a maximum
length of 100 meters.

Cat 6- is a standardized cable for Gigabit Ethernet and other network physical
layers that is backward compatible with the Category 5/5e and Category 3
cable standards.

What is ETHERNET?
-

Is a family of computer networking technologies for local area networks (LANs).
Ethernet was commercially introduced in 1980 and standardized in 1985 as IEEE
802.3. Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such
as token ring, FDDI, and ARCNET.
The Ethernet standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants of the OSI
physical layer in use with Ethernet. The original 10BASE5 Ethernet used coaxial
cable as a shared medium. Later the coaxial cables were replaced with twisted
pair and fiber optic links in conjunction with hubs or switches. Data rates were
periodically increased from the original 10 megabits per second to
100 gigabits per second.

What is GIGABIT ETHERNET?
-

Is the most widely-installed local area network ( LAN) technology.
Ethernet is also used in wireless LANs.

-

a transmission technology based on the Ethernet frame format and protocol used
in local area networks (LANs), provides a data rate of 1 billion bits per second
(one gigabit). Gigabit Ethernet is defined in the IEEE 802.3 standard and is
currently being used as the backbone in many enterprise networks.

-

Gigabit Ethernet is carried primarily on optical fiber (with very short distances
possible on copper media). Existing Ethernet LANs with 10 and 100 Mbps cards
can feed into a Gigabit Ethernet backbone. An alternative technology that

competes with Gigabit Ethernet is ATM. A newer standard, 10-Gigabit Ethernet,
is also becoming available.

Difference between ETHERNET and GIGA ETHERNET?
-

The difference between ETHERNET and GIGA ETHERNET are Ethernet said
that this is commercially introduced in 1980 and standardized in 1985 as IEEE
802.3. Ethernet has largely replaced competing wired LAN technologies such
as token ring, FDDI, and ARCNET and this is a family of computer
networking technologies for local area networks (LANs). GIGA ETHERNET said
that this is a term describing various technologies for transmitting Ethernet
frames at a rate of a gigabit per second (1,000,000,000 bits per second), as defined
by the IEEE 802.3-2008 standard. It came into use beginning in 1999, gradually
supplanting Fast Ethernet in wired local networks, where it performed
considerably faster. The cables and equipment are very similar to previous
standards and have been very common and economical since 2010.

What is a HUB, SWITCH, SWITCH HUB, ROUTER?
HUB
-

The term ‘hub’ is sometimes used to refer to any piece of network equipment that
connects PCs together, but it actually refers to a multi-port repeater. This type of
device simply passes on (repeats) all the information it receives, so that all
devices connected to its ports receive that information.

SWITCH
-

is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting
the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. Is a computer
networking device that links network segments or network devices. The term
commonly refers to a multi-port network bridge that processes and routes data at
the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model. Switches that additionally process
data at the network layer (layer 3) and above are often called layer-3
switches or multilayer switches.

-

The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device
with one or more sets of electrical contacts, which are connected to external
circuits. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning
the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or "open",
meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is non-conducting. The
mechanism actuating the transition between these two states (open or closed) can
be either a "toggle" (flip switch for continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary"
(push-for "on" or push-for "off") type.

SWITCH HUB
-

a special type of hub that forwards packets to the appropriate port based on the
packet's address. Conventional hubs simply rebroadcast every packet to every
port. Since switching hubs forward each packet only to the required port, they
provide much better performance. Most switching hubs also support load
balancing, so that ports are dynamically reassigned to different
LAN segments based on traffic patterns.

ROUTER
- are small physical devices that join multiple networks together. Technically, a

-

router is a Layer 3 gateway device, meaning that it connects two or more
networks and that the router operates at the network layer of the OSI model.
This is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks, creating
an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more data lines from
different networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads
the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then,
using information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the
next network on its journey. Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on
the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another
through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its
destination node.

Difference between SWITCH and HUB?
Hubs
-

The term ‘hub’ is sometimes used to refer to any piece of network equipment that
connects PCs together, but it actually refers to a multi-port repeater. This type of

-

device simply passes on (repeats) all the information it receives, so that all
devices connected to its ports receive that information.
Hubs repeat everything they receive and can be used to extend the network.
However, this can result in a lot of unnecessary traffic being sent to all devices on
the network. Hubs pass on traffic to the network regardless of the intended
destination; the PCs to which the packets are sent use the address information in
each packet to work out which packets are meant for them. In a small network
repeating is not a problem but for a larger, more heavily used network, another
piece of networking equipment (such as a switch) may be required to help reduce
the amount of unnecessary traffic being generated.

Switches
-

-

-

Switches control the flow of network traffic based on the address information in
each packet. A switch learns which devices are connected to its ports (by
monitoring the packets it receives), and then forwards on packets to the
appropriate port only. This allows simultaneous communication across the switch,
improving bandwidth.
This switching operation reduces the amount of unnecessary traffic that would
have occurred if the same information had been sent from every port (as with a
hub).
Switches and hubs are often used in the same network; the hubs extend the
network by providing more ports, and the switches divide the network into
smaller, less congested sections.

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