Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
PROCEDURE FOR MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE SYSTEMAB MAKASANA
The document outlines the procedure for maintaining a sewage system. Maintenance includes removing blockages, cleaning sewers and repair work. Clogged sewers are costly to maintain, especially those laid on flat gradients where tree roots can penetrate joints. The largest maintenance cost comes from cleaning sewers clogged with silt, grease, and oils. Maintenance tasks include repairing manholes, sewer lines, preventing clogging, checking for leaks, and raising manholes to match road levels. The maintenance in-charge is responsible for inspecting sewers, measuring flows, cleaning, flushing to prevent clogging, repairing pipes and structures, preventing explosions, scheduling routine maintenance, supervising work, and obtaining approvals for
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
Water distribution System In Water Supply Schemes Vaibhav Kambale
This Presentation deals in details with respect to Water distribution System In Water Supply Schemes. Types and layout of water distribution system has been explained in detail
The document discusses the design and construction of sewers. It outlines the objectives, which are to understand sewer design procedures, types of sewers, materials used, and construction. It covers sewer shapes, design criteria including discharge, velocity, size and grades. Hydraulic formulae and elements for circular and partially full sewers are provided. Common sewer materials like concrete, steel, plastic, vitrified clay and their properties are described.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, drop manholes, gully pits, intercepting traps, septic tanks, soak pits, and holding tanks. Manholes provide access for inspection and cleaning of sewers. Drop manholes are used when a branch sewer enters a manhole at a higher level to prevent splashing. Gully pits trap solid waste before it enters drainage systems. Intercepting traps disconnect house drains from sewers to prevent gas/bacteria entry. Septic tanks facilitate anaerobic digestion of sewage. Soak pits allow septic tank effluent to seep into soil. Holding tanks temporarily store effluent before pumping to treatment.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, shallow manholes, deep manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, clean outs, street inlets, horizontal inlets, flushing tanks, automatic flushing tanks, grease and oil traps, sand grease and oil traps, inverted siphons, and storm water regulators. Manholes provide access to sewer lines and come in different depths depending on their location and purpose. Other appurtenances like drop manholes, lamp holes, and clean outs aid in accessing and maintaining sewer systems. Flushing tanks, traps, and regulators help manage waste, debris, and water flow within sewer infrastructure.
The document discusses different sewerage systems including the conservancy system, water carriage system, combined system, and separate system.
The conservancy system, also known as the dry system, involves collecting wastes like night soil and garbage separately using vessels or pits and removing them periodically. The water carriage system uses water to convey wastes through sewers from the point of production to treatment.
The combined system provides one sewer to carry both sewage and rainwater to a treatment plant. The separate system has two separate sewers - one for sewage and the other for rainwater and surface flow. The partially separate system uses one set of sewers that admit both sewage and early rainwater washings,
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
PROCEDURE FOR MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE SYSTEMAB MAKASANA
The document outlines the procedure for maintaining a sewage system. Maintenance includes removing blockages, cleaning sewers and repair work. Clogged sewers are costly to maintain, especially those laid on flat gradients where tree roots can penetrate joints. The largest maintenance cost comes from cleaning sewers clogged with silt, grease, and oils. Maintenance tasks include repairing manholes, sewer lines, preventing clogging, checking for leaks, and raising manholes to match road levels. The maintenance in-charge is responsible for inspecting sewers, measuring flows, cleaning, flushing to prevent clogging, repairing pipes and structures, preventing explosions, scheduling routine maintenance, supervising work, and obtaining approvals for
Hydraulic Design of Sewer:
Hydraulic formulae, maximum and minimum velocities in sewer, hydraulic
characteristics of circular sewer in running full and partial full conditions,
laying and testing of sewer, sewer appurtenances and network.
Water distribution System In Water Supply Schemes Vaibhav Kambale
This Presentation deals in details with respect to Water distribution System In Water Supply Schemes. Types and layout of water distribution system has been explained in detail
The document discusses the design and construction of sewers. It outlines the objectives, which are to understand sewer design procedures, types of sewers, materials used, and construction. It covers sewer shapes, design criteria including discharge, velocity, size and grades. Hydraulic formulae and elements for circular and partially full sewers are provided. Common sewer materials like concrete, steel, plastic, vitrified clay and their properties are described.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, drop manholes, gully pits, intercepting traps, septic tanks, soak pits, and holding tanks. Manholes provide access for inspection and cleaning of sewers. Drop manholes are used when a branch sewer enters a manhole at a higher level to prevent splashing. Gully pits trap solid waste before it enters drainage systems. Intercepting traps disconnect house drains from sewers to prevent gas/bacteria entry. Septic tanks facilitate anaerobic digestion of sewage. Soak pits allow septic tank effluent to seep into soil. Holding tanks temporarily store effluent before pumping to treatment.
This document discusses various sewer appurtenances including manholes, shallow manholes, deep manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, clean outs, street inlets, horizontal inlets, flushing tanks, automatic flushing tanks, grease and oil traps, sand grease and oil traps, inverted siphons, and storm water regulators. Manholes provide access to sewer lines and come in different depths depending on their location and purpose. Other appurtenances like drop manholes, lamp holes, and clean outs aid in accessing and maintaining sewer systems. Flushing tanks, traps, and regulators help manage waste, debris, and water flow within sewer infrastructure.
The document discusses different sewerage systems including the conservancy system, water carriage system, combined system, and separate system.
The conservancy system, also known as the dry system, involves collecting wastes like night soil and garbage separately using vessels or pits and removing them periodically. The water carriage system uses water to convey wastes through sewers from the point of production to treatment.
The combined system provides one sewer to carry both sewage and rainwater to a treatment plant. The separate system has two separate sewers - one for sewage and the other for rainwater and surface flow. The partially separate system uses one set of sewers that admit both sewage and early rainwater washings,
Dry weather flow refers to the waste water flow in sewer systems during dry periods and consists mainly of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. The key factors that affect dry weather flow are the rate of water supply, population growth, type of area served (residential, industrial, commercial), and infiltration of groundwater. The sewers must be designed to carry a minimum of 150 litres of water per capita per day to account for these factors.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
The document discusses various materials used for sewer construction including brick, concrete, precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete, stoneware, asbestos cement, cast iron, steel, ductile iron, UPVC, HDPE, GRP, FRP and pitch fibre pipes. For each material, the key advantages and disadvantages are described. The document also provides the relevant Indian Standard specifications for each material. Crown corrosion of concrete sewers is explained as being caused by the formation of sulfuric acid due to the action of sulfate reducing bacteria on hydrogen sulfide gas in stagnant sewage flow at the bottom of sewers.
This document discusses two types of sedimentation processes: plain sedimentation and sedimentation with coagulation. Plain sedimentation involves separating impurities from water through natural gravitational forces alone, without chemical additives. This process lightens the load on subsequent treatment steps and reduces costs. Sedimentation occurs as particles heavier than water settle out due to gravity. Sedimentation tanks come in various shapes and sizes, and different zones exist within the tanks. Aeration is discussed as well, including its purposes and different aerator types like cascade, spray, and air diffusers. Design criteria and an example calculation for sedimentation tank sizing is also provided.
1. Various essential accessories in sewerage systems are called sewer appurtenances. They include manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, street inlets, catch basins, flushing devices, grease/oil/sand traps, inverted siphons, sewer outlets, and ventilating shafts.
2. Manholes allow inspection, cleaning, repair and flow measurement of sewers. Drop manholes are used when the connection cannot be arranged within 60cm of the manhole invert. Lamp holes have openings for lowering lamps into sewers. Street inlets admit stormwater into sewers. Catch basins remove grit before sewage enters sewers.
3. Flushing devices use
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Disposal by dilution is a process where treated sewage or effluent is discharged into a river or stream. For dilution to be an effective means of disposal, certain conditions must be met, such as the sewage being relatively fresh, the receiving water having a high dissolved oxygen content, and the receiving water not being used for navigation downstream. The amount of treatment required depends on the dilution factor - a higher dilution factor means less treatment is required. Natural processes like dilution, sedimentation, sunlight, oxidation, and reduction help purify the sewage over time as it mixes with the receiving water.
Collection of sewage & estimation of its dischargeRajdip Bhdaraka
This document provides an overview of wastewater and sewerage systems. It defines wastewater as water used in homes, commercial spaces, and industries that needs treatment and disposal. Effective wastewater collection is important to prevent unhygienic conditions. The document then describes the components of typical sewerage systems and different types of sewer pipes used, including their characteristics and suitable applications. It also discusses factors that affect wastewater flow estimation and formulas used to calculate peak storm discharge in sewer design.
The document provides details on the design of a sewer system for a housing society located in Jhelum, Pakistan. It includes preliminary investigations of the site, design considerations and criteria, and calculations for pipe sizing and slope between manholes. The design is based on a population forecast of 319 people in the future with an average daily sewage flow of 115 cubic meters and peak flow of 467 cubic meters. Calculations show a 225mm diameter pipe is required between the first two manholes with a slope of 0.0033 to maintain a minimum velocity of 0.7 meters per second.
This document discusses methods for estimating wastewater and stormwater quantities for sewer system design. It defines key terms like sewage, sewer, and sewerage. It describes the components of wastewater engineering like collection, disposal, and treatment systems. It discusses different sewer systems like separate, combined, and partially separated. Methods for estimating sanitary sewage include considering population, water supply rate, and a peaking factor. Stormwater is estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulas considering rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area. The document provides examples to calculate runoff coefficient, design discharge, and stormwater quantity.
Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and
augmentation, drought contingency planning. Water harvesting: rainwater
collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, ponds, tanks.
The document discusses various aspects of sewage conveyance and pumping systems, including:
- Types of sewers like soil pipes, waste pipes, lateral sewers, branch sewers, and main/outfall sewers.
- Materials used for sewer construction like bricks, vitrified clay, concrete, steel, asbestos cement, plastic, and glass fiber reinforced plastic.
- Classification of sewer systems as combined, separate, or partially separate depending on how stormwater and sewage are conveyed. Combined systems convey both through one sewer while separate systems use different sewers.
The document discusses the importance of protected water supply schemes and outlines several key aspects of planning a public water supply system. It notes that water is essential for human existence and outlines the goals of supplying safe, adequate water quantity while encouraging cleanliness. It also discusses water demands, including domestic, industrial, institutional and fire demands. Various factors are considered when assessing water demands such as per capita consumption rates. Water borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa in contaminated water are also summarized.
supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
P.P.T on water distribution system by Manish PandeyManish Pandey
The document discusses different types of distribution networks and pipes used in water distribution systems. It describes dead end, radial, grid iron and ring networks. PVC, CPVC, PEX and copper pipes are discussed. Distribution reservoirs help maintain water pressure and quality by absorbing demand fluctuations. Elevated and surface reservoirs are used. Joints like end caps, tees, strainers and reducers connect pipes. The purpose of distribution systems is to deliver water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.
This document discusses methods for estimating water demand variations and design population for water supply projects. It provides the following key points:
1. Water demand varies seasonally, daily, and hourly. Maximum daily demand is typically 180% of average daily demand. Peak hourly demand is 2.7 times the average daily demand.
2. Several methods are described to estimate design population, including arithmetic, geometric, logistic, and ratio growth models. Arithmetic growth assumes a constant growth rate while geometric growth rates are proportional to the current population.
3. Design periods for water infrastructure typically range from 5 to 100 years depending on the type of system. Dams and tunnels use longer 50 year design periods while wells and distribution mains
Design of sewerage collection system and cost estimationVijay Kumar
Vijay Kumar from the Department of Civil Engineering at Jamia Millia Islamia submitted a report on the design of a sewerage system. The report reviewed the existing sewerage system criteria, designed a new sewerage system, and estimated the costs according to the Delhi Schedule of Rates from 2012. It described the purpose of a sewerage system, different sewer types, sewer appurtenances, design considerations and parameters, hydraulic design of sewer lines from manhole to manhole, and a cost estimate breakdown of the new sewerage system project.
Dry weather flow refers to the waste water flow in sewer systems during dry periods and consists mainly of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. The key factors that affect dry weather flow are the rate of water supply, population growth, type of area served (residential, industrial, commercial), and infiltration of groundwater. The sewers must be designed to carry a minimum of 150 litres of water per capita per day to account for these factors.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
The document discusses various materials used for sewer construction including brick, concrete, precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete, stoneware, asbestos cement, cast iron, steel, ductile iron, UPVC, HDPE, GRP, FRP and pitch fibre pipes. For each material, the key advantages and disadvantages are described. The document also provides the relevant Indian Standard specifications for each material. Crown corrosion of concrete sewers is explained as being caused by the formation of sulfuric acid due to the action of sulfate reducing bacteria on hydrogen sulfide gas in stagnant sewage flow at the bottom of sewers.
This document discusses two types of sedimentation processes: plain sedimentation and sedimentation with coagulation. Plain sedimentation involves separating impurities from water through natural gravitational forces alone, without chemical additives. This process lightens the load on subsequent treatment steps and reduces costs. Sedimentation occurs as particles heavier than water settle out due to gravity. Sedimentation tanks come in various shapes and sizes, and different zones exist within the tanks. Aeration is discussed as well, including its purposes and different aerator types like cascade, spray, and air diffusers. Design criteria and an example calculation for sedimentation tank sizing is also provided.
1. Various essential accessories in sewerage systems are called sewer appurtenances. They include manholes, drop manholes, lamp holes, street inlets, catch basins, flushing devices, grease/oil/sand traps, inverted siphons, sewer outlets, and ventilating shafts.
2. Manholes allow inspection, cleaning, repair and flow measurement of sewers. Drop manholes are used when the connection cannot be arranged within 60cm of the manhole invert. Lamp holes have openings for lowering lamps into sewers. Street inlets admit stormwater into sewers. Catch basins remove grit before sewage enters sewers.
3. Flushing devices use
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Disposal by dilution is a process where treated sewage or effluent is discharged into a river or stream. For dilution to be an effective means of disposal, certain conditions must be met, such as the sewage being relatively fresh, the receiving water having a high dissolved oxygen content, and the receiving water not being used for navigation downstream. The amount of treatment required depends on the dilution factor - a higher dilution factor means less treatment is required. Natural processes like dilution, sedimentation, sunlight, oxidation, and reduction help purify the sewage over time as it mixes with the receiving water.
Collection of sewage & estimation of its dischargeRajdip Bhdaraka
This document provides an overview of wastewater and sewerage systems. It defines wastewater as water used in homes, commercial spaces, and industries that needs treatment and disposal. Effective wastewater collection is important to prevent unhygienic conditions. The document then describes the components of typical sewerage systems and different types of sewer pipes used, including their characteristics and suitable applications. It also discusses factors that affect wastewater flow estimation and formulas used to calculate peak storm discharge in sewer design.
The document provides details on the design of a sewer system for a housing society located in Jhelum, Pakistan. It includes preliminary investigations of the site, design considerations and criteria, and calculations for pipe sizing and slope between manholes. The design is based on a population forecast of 319 people in the future with an average daily sewage flow of 115 cubic meters and peak flow of 467 cubic meters. Calculations show a 225mm diameter pipe is required between the first two manholes with a slope of 0.0033 to maintain a minimum velocity of 0.7 meters per second.
This document discusses methods for estimating wastewater and stormwater quantities for sewer system design. It defines key terms like sewage, sewer, and sewerage. It describes the components of wastewater engineering like collection, disposal, and treatment systems. It discusses different sewer systems like separate, combined, and partially separated. Methods for estimating sanitary sewage include considering population, water supply rate, and a peaking factor. Stormwater is estimated using the Rational Method or empirical formulas considering rainfall intensity, runoff coefficient, and catchment area. The document provides examples to calculate runoff coefficient, design discharge, and stormwater quantity.
Definition of drought, Causes of drought, measures for water conservation and
augmentation, drought contingency planning. Water harvesting: rainwater
collection, small dams, runoff enhancement, runoff collection, ponds, tanks.
The document discusses various aspects of sewage conveyance and pumping systems, including:
- Types of sewers like soil pipes, waste pipes, lateral sewers, branch sewers, and main/outfall sewers.
- Materials used for sewer construction like bricks, vitrified clay, concrete, steel, asbestos cement, plastic, and glass fiber reinforced plastic.
- Classification of sewer systems as combined, separate, or partially separate depending on how stormwater and sewage are conveyed. Combined systems convey both through one sewer while separate systems use different sewers.
The document discusses the importance of protected water supply schemes and outlines several key aspects of planning a public water supply system. It notes that water is essential for human existence and outlines the goals of supplying safe, adequate water quantity while encouraging cleanliness. It also discusses water demands, including domestic, industrial, institutional and fire demands. Various factors are considered when assessing water demands such as per capita consumption rates. Water borne diseases caused by bacteria, viruses and protozoa in contaminated water are also summarized.
supplying wholesome water to consumers with suitable methods in economical way,to exist human life water is very important as air is,so,as a civil engineer's we have to supply safe water to consumers in economical way,in this we are going to explain about component parts of water supply scheme,systems of water distribution and layouts of distribution system according to their suitability.
Types- selection of the suitable site for the diversion headwork components
of diversion headwork- Causes of failure of structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s theory- Design of concrete sloping
glacis weir.
P.P.T on water distribution system by Manish PandeyManish Pandey
The document discusses different types of distribution networks and pipes used in water distribution systems. It describes dead end, radial, grid iron and ring networks. PVC, CPVC, PEX and copper pipes are discussed. Distribution reservoirs help maintain water pressure and quality by absorbing demand fluctuations. Elevated and surface reservoirs are used. Joints like end caps, tees, strainers and reducers connect pipes. The purpose of distribution systems is to deliver water to consumers with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.
This document discusses methods for estimating water demand variations and design population for water supply projects. It provides the following key points:
1. Water demand varies seasonally, daily, and hourly. Maximum daily demand is typically 180% of average daily demand. Peak hourly demand is 2.7 times the average daily demand.
2. Several methods are described to estimate design population, including arithmetic, geometric, logistic, and ratio growth models. Arithmetic growth assumes a constant growth rate while geometric growth rates are proportional to the current population.
3. Design periods for water infrastructure typically range from 5 to 100 years depending on the type of system. Dams and tunnels use longer 50 year design periods while wells and distribution mains
Design of sewerage collection system and cost estimationVijay Kumar
Vijay Kumar from the Department of Civil Engineering at Jamia Millia Islamia submitted a report on the design of a sewerage system. The report reviewed the existing sewerage system criteria, designed a new sewerage system, and estimated the costs according to the Delhi Schedule of Rates from 2012. It described the purpose of a sewerage system, different sewer types, sewer appurtenances, design considerations and parameters, hydraulic design of sewer lines from manhole to manhole, and a cost estimate breakdown of the new sewerage system project.
This document discusses the design considerations for sewer systems. It outlines the different types of sewers based on wastewater flow, and specifies design requirements like pipe sizing, slopes, depths, and velocities. Factors like population equivalent calculations, peak flows, hydraulic properties, and manhole levels are also summarized. The document provides guidance on planning and laying out sewer networks in accordance with relevant codes and standards.
Estimating sewage discharge and peak drainage dischargeAnkit Gola
This document discusses methods for estimating sewage discharge and drainage/runoff. It explains that sewage is estimated based on water supplied plus additions from other sources and minus subtractions. Drainage is estimated using factors like rainfall intensity, duration, soil moisture, and catchment area. The Rational Method and empirical formulas like Dickens are presented to calculate peak runoff rates based on these factors and the imperviousness of surfaces. An example application of the Rational Method to a 36 hectare district with maximum 5 cm/hr rainfall is also provided.
sewers and sewer netwrok - design construction and maintenanceManish Goyal
This document discusses the design of sewer systems. It begins by classifying sewers into domestic, storm, and combined sewers based on what they are designed to carry. It notes the advantages and disadvantages of combined sewers. The document then discusses methods for estimating sewage flow rates, including population forecasting, per capita flow rates, and peak flow factors. It also covers stormwater runoff estimation and the rational method formula. Finally, it discusses some hydraulic design considerations for sewers, such as designing for partial flow rather than full flow due to gas generation in sewers.
Sewage treatment plant design calculationSharifah Ain
1) The document outlines the design calculations for a sewage treatment plant for a mixed development project with 40 residential units and 18 commercial units. The population equivalent is calculated to be 293.
2) A rotating biological contractor (RBC) system is selected as the sewage treatment method since it is suitable for staged development, requires low land area, produces high quality effluent, and has low operation and maintenance costs.
3) Design parameters for the sewer reticulation pipes are provided, including a peak flow factor calculation, minimum pipe sizes and slopes, maximum infiltration rates, and manhole specifications such as location, depth, and gradient requirements.
This document provides an overview of various sewer appurtenances including manholes, lampholes, drop manholes, oil and grease traps, and catch basins. Manholes are constructed on sewer alignments to allow access for inspection, cleaning, and maintenance of sewer lines. They are usually circular or rectangular in shape. Lampholes are similar but smaller openings used in places where there is insufficient space for a full manhole. Drop manholes include vertical drop pipes to connect sewers with significant elevation changes. Oil and grease traps are chambers that separate grease and oil from sewage before it enters sewer lines.
The document discusses factors that affect estimating water quantity requirements for a municipality. It outlines that water quantity is calculated using per capita demand and population served. Per capita demand can vary significantly based on climate, industry, economic status and more. The document then examines different types of water demands and factors like losses, fluctuations, design periods, and population forecasting methods used to estimate future water quantity needs.
Transport of Pollution in Atmosphere: Plume behaviour under different atmospheric
conditions, Mathematical models of dispersion of air pollutants, Plume behaviour in valley and terrains. Plume behaviour under different meteorological conditions, Concept of isoplates
Introduction:
Necessity of irrigation- scope of irrigation engineering- benefits and ill effects of irrigation- irrigation development in India- types of irrigation systems, Soil-water plant relationship: Classification of soil water- soil
moisture contents- depth of soil water available to plants-permanent
and ultimate wilting point
Water requirements of crops:
Depth of water applied during irrigation- Duty of water and deltaimprovement
of duty- command area and intensity of irrigation consumptive use of water and evapotranspiration- irrigation efficiencies- assessment of irrigation water
The document discusses water distribution systems and sanitary systems. It describes the main components of water distribution systems including pipes, valves, fittings and motors. It also discusses the components of sanitary systems such as traps, pipes, fittings and different plumbing systems. Plumbing systems discussed include single stack, fully ventilated stack, one pipe and dual pipe systems.
This document discusses methods for disposing of treated sewage effluents. It describes natural methods like dilution disposal into water bodies, and disposal on land. It also describes artificial treatment methods before disposal. Key points covered include standards for dilution disposal, factors favoring dilution disposal, types of receiving waters, and the processes involved in the self-purification of natural streams.
Air Pollution control- at source-equipments for control of air pollution-For particulate matter-Settling chambers-Fabric filters-Scrubbers-Cyclones-Electrostatic precipitators
, For Gaseous pollutants-control by absorption-adsorption-scrubbers-secondary combustion after burners, Working principles advantages and disadvantages
Effects of Air Pollution on human beings, plants and animals and Properties. Global
effects-Green house effect, Ozone depletion, heat island, dust storms, Automobile pollution sources and control, Photochemical smog, Future engines and fuels
History of Air pollution and episodes, Sources of air pollution and types, Introduction
to meteorology and transport of air pollution: Global winds, Headley cells, wind rose terrestrial wind profile, Effects of terrain and topography on winds, lapse rate, maximum mixing depths, plume rise
The document summarizes the key components of a drainage system, including:
1. The drainage system conveys sewage, rainwater, and other liquid waste from fixtures through pipes to an external point of disposal, and includes house sewers, house drains, soil and waste stacks, fixture branches, and traps.
2. Essential components are the house sewer, house drain, house trap, fresh air inlet, soil and waste stacks, fixture branches, traps, and vents. Special devices include interceptors, sumps, ejectors, backwater valves, roof drains, and floor drains.
3. Pipes are sized based on the number and type of fixtures drained, with
Sources of water, Assessment of domestic and industrial requirement, Impurities in
water, Indian standards for drinking water, Water borne diseases and their control.
The document discusses noise pollution, including its measurement, sources, effects, and control. It defines sound and noise, and explains how sound is measured in units such as frequency, intensity, and decibels. Common sources of noise pollution like traffic, construction, and industrial activities are identified. The effects of noise on hearing, health, communication, and work are outlined. Standards for acceptable noise limits in different areas are provided. Finally, the document discusses approaches to control noise pollution through modifications to noise sources, transmission paths, and receivers.
Lectre 1- Real INTRO and SEWER DESIGFN.pptxAsnelTiffa
The document provides information about collection and estimation of sewage. It defines key terms related to sewage systems and waste water. It describes the types of waste water generated from households and the different collection systems used including separate, combined, and sanitary systems. It also outlines preliminary studies needed to design sewage collection systems and discusses population estimation methods.
Urbanization has led to migration to cities, creating problems of water supply and wastewater management. Most cities discharge partially treated or untreated wastewater, polluting water bodies. Domestic sewage is the main source of water pollution in India. The regular water quality monitoring reveals coliform counts exceeding safe levels. Historically, waste was disposed manually but this was replaced by water carriage systems, mixing waste with water in closed conduits. This system avoids odors and disease but requires treatment of large wastewater volumes and a water supply. Sewer design considers flow, materials, patterns and characteristics to efficiently transport and treat wastewater.
The document discusses estimating the quantity of sewage that will flow through sewer pipes. It is theoretically equal to the water supply but there are additions and subtractions in practice. Additions include unaccounted private water sources and infiltration of groundwater into sewer pipes. Subtractions include water used for purposes other than sewage like watering gardens. The design sewage quantity is estimated by considering factors like population growth rates and per capita water consumption rates. Peak sewage flows also need to be estimated to size sewer pipes appropriately.
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
The document discusses sanitary engineering and its importance. It defines sanitation and environmental sanitation as relating to public health through clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal. Sanitary engineering deals with collecting, conveying, and disposing of wastewater and garbage to maintain a healthy environment. Improper sanitation can lead to odor and water contamination. The importance of sanitary engineering is to understand wastewater constituents and impacts, applicable treatment methods, and sludge reuse options. It also discusses sewage, sewer systems, and the three main types: combined, separate, and partially separate systems.
Collection of sewage & estimation of its dischargeRajdip Bhdaraka
This document provides an overview of wastewater and sewerage systems. It defines wastewater as water used in homes, commercial spaces, and industries that needs treatment and disposal. Effective wastewater collection is important to prevent unhygienic conditions. The document then describes the components of sewerage systems, including different pipe materials used, factors that affect wastewater flow estimates, and methods for calculating peak storm discharge into sewers.
This document discusses different types of sewers based on their function, material, and shape. It describes soil pipes, waste pipes, lateral sewers, house sewers, branch sewers, and main sewers based on their function in collecting and transporting wastewater. Sewers can also be categorized based on the material used such as brick, vitrified clay, cement concrete, steel, cast iron, asbestos, or plastic. Their shapes include circular, egg-shaped, horseshoe-shaped, parabolic, rectangular, and semi-circular. The document also examines combined, separate, and solid free sewerage systems and their applicability in urban and rural areas. Open channels and drains are also discussed as
Types, benefits & materials used in sewer lines.pdfYuktaNarvekar
A sewer line is a network of underground pipes used to transport sewage from homes or businesses to a treatment facility or disposal site. A sanitary sewer is a particular kind of gravity sewer and a component of the larger sewer system. Industrial effluent may also be transported by sanitary sewers that serve industrial districts. Separate storm drains may route surface runoff into surface water in sewer-served regions.
This document discusses water supply requirements and systems. It covers:
- Daily water requirements per person for different uses like drinking, cooking, bathing, etc.
- Factors to consider when selecting a water source like capacity, quality, distance from supply location.
- Methods of water collection, purification, storage, and distribution through pipelines.
- Types of distribution systems like branching patterns and grid patterns, and their advantages/disadvantages.
- Equipment used in plumbing like pipes, valves, taps made of different materials.
The document discusses plumbing and sanitation systems. It begins by defining plumbing and describing its basic components like water supply pipes, fixtures, soil and vent pipes, and storm drainage. It then provides a brief history of plumbing from ancient civilizations to modern systems. The document goes on to describe various plumbing distribution systems for multi-story buildings, components like traps and vents, and considerations for drainage and sewage treatment systems.
This document provides an overview of plumbing systems, including:
- A brief history of plumbing from ancient civilizations to modern developments.
- The key components of plumbing systems, including water supply pipes, drainage waste vent (DWV) pipes, and fixtures like sinks and toilets.
- Considerations for plumbing design like identifying fixture needs, selecting appropriately sized piping, and grouping fixtures efficiently.
- The purpose and design of the DWV system to drain used water and sewage from buildings.
storm water
rain water harvesting
shoratge of water
advantages
road surface run off
open drains
plans
drawing
pictures
storm water program
design consideration
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Collection and estimation of sewage
1. Module III
Collection and Estimation
of Sewage
Bibhabasu Mohanty
Asst. Prof.
Dept. of civil Engineering
SALITER, Ahmedabad
2. Course Content
Different types of sewers, design
period, variations in sewage
flow, estimation of waste water
discharge.
3. Introduction…
Sewage is water-carried waste, in solution or
suspension, that is intended to be removed from a
community.
Also known as wastewater, it is more than 99% water
and is characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical
condition, chemical constituents and the
bacteriological organisms that it contains.
4. The system of pipes used to collect and carry
rain, waste water and trade waste away for treatment
and disposal is called the sewerage or the waste water
system.
There are three types of public sewers, each classified
according to the kind of wastes it is required to handle.
7. Combined sewers
Combination public sewers are the oldest variety of
the three types of sewers and they are required to carry
storm and sanitary wastes to some safe terminal.
Rain water should be carried to some terminal not
associated with the disposal plant
8. Sanitary sewers
Sanitary sewers are those which are required to carry
domestic sanitary wastes only. All rain water must be
excluded from them.
Combination and sanitary sewers generally are placed
about ten feet under the street grade and usually are
found below the centre line of the street.
9. Strom sewers
Storm sewers are a comparatively new
installation, made necessary because of sewage
treatment.
These sewers are made to carry only storm water and
may terminate at any natural drainage area.
10. Problems in sewer system
The per capita water supply (including the local and
individual sources) to the population is less than the
minimum requirement of water supply for the efficient
performance of the sewerage system, i.e., 100 Lpcd.
This will cause the operation and maintenance
problems with frequent clogging, due to silting in the
absence of self cleansing velocity;
11. The topography of the town is flat necessitating
deeper excavation of trenches and more number of
sewage pumping stations.
Either ground water table is high or the substrata are
made up of hard rock, leading to difficult construction
of sewerage system.
12. Sanitary sewer system
Public sanitary sewers perform two primary functions:
Safely carry the design peak discharge,
Transport suspended materials to prevent deposition in the
sewer.
3 types of sanitary wastewater collection systems based
on hydraulic characteristics and purpose:
13. Gravity sewer system
Pressure sewer system
Vacuum sewer system
14. Gravity Sanitary Sewer
Most common.
Wastewater transported by gravity.
Used to collect wastewater from
residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional
sources.
Conveyance capacity allowances must be made for
groundwater infiltration and unavoidable inflow.
16. Pressure (Pumped) Sanitary Sewer
Economical and environmentally friendly way of
collecting, transporting and disposing of wastewater
from households.
They are often used in areas when the landscape is
either very hilly or very flat, in areas that regularly
flood or have high water tables, or where it is
impractical to install other types of sewerage systems.
17. A pressure sewer system is made up of a network of
fully sealed pipes which are fed by pumping units
located at each connected property.
The pumping unit processes the household
wastewater and transfers it to the pressure sewer
located in the street via a small pipeline within the
property.
18. The pressure sewer system is made of four key
elements. These elements are:
The pumping unit
The boundary valve kit
The house service line
The control panel
20. Advantages
Being smaller in diameter are installed at shallower
depths than conventional sewers.
They need not be laid on a precise grade as in gravity
sewers, but can often go over hill below the hydraulic
gradient line.
Since there are no elements such as access manholes
and sewer line is under pressure, the inflow from
storm runoff is virtually eliminated.
The system is cheaper than conventional sewerage
where unfavourable conditions prevail.
21. Disadvantages
They are to be differentiated from the water supply
distribution system with proper colour code.
Awareness among the public is required about the
hazard risk of the pressure sewer system if they are
tampered.
Each and every house should have a collection sump
and pumping facilities.
22. Vacuum Sewerage System
The wastewater is being delivered by a gravity system
to the pre tank of the domestic shaft.
While the pre-tank being filled, an electronic sensor
opens the interface valve.
During the opening air flows into the mixing chamber
and is being mixed with the wastewater and leaves the
valve flowing into the vacuum pipe network as a water-
air mixture.
23. There are also pneumatically controlled valves that
open and close depending on the vacuum in the pipe
network.
The vacuum pump produces a vacuum in the
wastewater collection tank as well as the pipe network
by which the wastewater is sucked from the pipe
network to the collection tank at the pumping station.
30. Design approach
Where does the wastewater come from?
How much wastewater flow is there going to
be?
How is the wastewater going to be removed
and treated?
32. Two main categories:
Sanitary Wastewater
Wastewater from residential, commercial, institutional and
industrial sources.
Storm water Runoff
Wastewater resulting from rainfall running off streets, roofs,
and other impervious surfaces.
33. Components of a Community’s Wastewater
Domestic (sanitary) wastewater – wastewater
discharged from residences and from
commercial, institutional and similar facilities.
Industrial wastewater – wastewater in which industrial
wastes predominate.
34. Infiltration/Inflow (I/I) – extraneous water that enters
the sewer system from the ground through various
means, and storm water that is discharged from
sources such as roof leaders, foundation drains, and
storm sewers.
Storm water – runoff resulting from rainfall and snow
melt
35. Infiltration to Sanitary Sewer Systems
Groundwater/percolating water in the subsurface
entering a sewer system through:
Defective pipes
Leaking pipe joints
Poor connections
Cracked manhole walls etc.
36. Inflow to Sanitary Sewer Systems
Water entering a sewer system from surface sources
such as:
Leaking manhole covers
Directly connected roof gutters
Cellar or foundation drains
Cross connections from storm drains and combined sewers
Yard and area drains
Cooling-water discharges
Drains from springs and swampy areas
Street wash water
37. Sanitary Sewer Overflows
Heavy rains overload the system though inflow and
infiltration into cracks, ill-fitting joints, and leaky
manholes.
To prevent hydraulic overload of treatment plants, the
excessive sewage bypasses the plant and is discharged
without treatment.
38. Effects of SSOs
Environmental
Nutrients and toxicants may cause algal blooms and
harm wildlife. Algal blooms remove O2 from
water, smothering aquatic life.
Decrease in water quality reduces number and range
of plants and fish.
39. Public Health
Direct contact with water containing sewage can cause
skin and ear infections and gastroenteritis, and cuts
become infected.
Illnesses result from eating fish/shellfish that swim in
sewage contaminated waters.
Inhalation and skin absorption can also cause disease.
41. Sources and Rates of Domestic Wastewater
Flows
Small residential districts – wastewater flows
determined based on population density and average
per capita contribution of wastewater.
Large residential districts – wastewater flows
developed based on land use areas and anticipated
population density (typically rates are based on
wastewater flows from nearby areas).
If data is unavailable, estimate 70% of the domestic
water-withdrawal rate is returned to the sanitary sewer
system.
42. The quantity of sewage produced depends upon the
quantity of water use.
Generally;
Average daily flow = (70 – 80) % average water
consumption i.e.
Average Daily Flow (ADF) of Sewage = 75%
Average Daily Demand (ADD) of water consumption
= 0.75 ADD
43. The flows in sanitary sewers vary seasonably
monthly, daily, hourly. For areas of moderate sizes be
expressed as;
Maximum Daily Flow = 1.5 x ADF
Where
1.5 varies from place to place
Maximum hourly flow = (2 – 4) ADF
This is actually the peak flow
44. Sewers are designed on peak flow basis, however the
minimum flow passing through the sewer is also
important in the design of a particular sewer because at
low flow the velocity will be reduced considerably
which may cause silting.
So the sewers must be checked for minimum
velocities at their minimum hourly flows.
Generally for a moderate area the following minimum
flows may be assumed.
Minimum Daily Flow = 2/3 ADF
Minimum Hourly Flow = 1/3 ADF
50. Industrial Wastewater Estimation
Industries without internal reuse programs:
approximately 85 to 95% of water used will be
returned to the sanitary sewer system.
Large industries with internal-water-reuse
programs: need data on how much water is
reused internally.
53. How is the wastewater going to be
removed and treated?
54. Types of Sewer Pipes in a Typical Separate
Sanitary Collection System
Sanitary sewers must be laid near all occupied
buildings in order to collect wastewater.
Building Connecting Pipes
Connects the building plumbing to the public sanitary
wastewater collection system.
Convey wastewater from the buildings to lateral or branch
sewer, or any other sewer except another building sewer.
Normally begins outside the building foundation
55. Lateral or Branch Sewers
Forms the first element of a wastewater collection system.
Usually in streets or special utility easements.
Used to collect wastewater from one or more building
sewers and convey it to a main sewer.
Main Sewers
Main sewers are used to convey wastewater from one or
more lateral sewers to trunk sewers or to intercepting
sewers.
56. Trunk Sewers
Trunk sewers are large sewers that are used to convey
wastewater from main sewers to treatment or other disposal
facilities, or to large intercepting sewers.
Interceptor Sewers
Intercepting sewers are large sewers that are used to
intercept a number of main or trunk sewers and convey the
wastewater to treatment or other disposal facilities