This document provides an overview of case study research methods. It defines case study research as an in-depth exploration of a bounded system or case over time through detailed data collection from multiple sources. The document outlines the purposes, characteristics, types, advantages, and criticisms of case study research. It also discusses data collection techniques and implications for teaching.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study as a qualitative approach that focuses on a bounded system. Case study is not a methodological choice but a choice of what to study. It can be used to answer descriptive and explanatory questions. There are three main types of case studies: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Case studies are particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic. They involve collecting data through various techniques. Cross-site analysis strategies help compare multiple cases. Case studies have strengths like providing an in-depth understanding but also limitations such as subjectivity. Examples of famous case studies include studies of Genie the feral child and Jill Price.
This document provides an overview of case study research methods. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a single entity within its real-world context. The document discusses case study paradigms, types including intrinsic and instrumental, purposes such as explanatory and exploratory, designs including single and multiple case, methodology involving data collection from documentation and interviews, and analysis techniques like pattern matching. It also reviews issues in reporting case studies and lists some merits like understanding contemporary contexts and demerits like lack of generalization.
The document discusses the case study method of research. It defines case study as an in-depth analysis of an individual case or cases that preserves the unitary character of the social object being studied. Case studies investigate contemporary phenomena within real-life contexts. They are useful when asking "how" and "why" questions and when the researcher has little control over events. The case study method allows for an intensive analysis of specific details and the relationships between various factors.
The document discusses different research approaches including postpositivism, constructivism, transformative, and pragmatism worldviews. It provides an overview of the key components, principles, and comparisons of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. Quantitative approaches are tested through experiments and seek to generalize findings while qualitative approaches aim to understand meanings in context through discovery and exploration. Mixed methods combine deductive and inductive logic to get a multifaceted understanding of research problems. The criteria for selecting an approach depends on the problem, purpose, resources, and intended audience of the study.
This document provides an overview of ethnography research. It defines ethnography as describing a group or culture through observation and conversation. The main purposes of ethnography are to obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture in a natural context. Data is typically collected through interviews, observations, and documents in an unstructured way. Ethnography research aims to understand human behavior in everyday contexts rather than experimental conditions. It emphasizes naturalism, understanding, discovery, and challenges assumptions. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of ethnography as well as important ethical considerations around informed consent, privacy, and harm.
Exploratory research design, also known as formative research, is used when the researcher is unfamiliar with the problem. It aims to discover new ideas and insights through flexible and unstructured methods like literature reviews, experience surveys, and case analyses. These methods help define the problem and form hypotheses for further investigation through more structured research.
This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study as a qualitative approach that focuses on a bounded system. Case study is not a methodological choice but a choice of what to study. It can be used to answer descriptive and explanatory questions. There are three main types of case studies: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective. Case studies are particularistic, descriptive, and heuristic. They involve collecting data through various techniques. Cross-site analysis strategies help compare multiple cases. Case studies have strengths like providing an in-depth understanding but also limitations such as subjectivity. Examples of famous case studies include studies of Genie the feral child and Jill Price.
This document provides an overview of case study research methods. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a single entity within its real-world context. The document discusses case study paradigms, types including intrinsic and instrumental, purposes such as explanatory and exploratory, designs including single and multiple case, methodology involving data collection from documentation and interviews, and analysis techniques like pattern matching. It also reviews issues in reporting case studies and lists some merits like understanding contemporary contexts and demerits like lack of generalization.
The document discusses the case study method of research. It defines case study as an in-depth analysis of an individual case or cases that preserves the unitary character of the social object being studied. Case studies investigate contemporary phenomena within real-life contexts. They are useful when asking "how" and "why" questions and when the researcher has little control over events. The case study method allows for an intensive analysis of specific details and the relationships between various factors.
The document discusses different research approaches including postpositivism, constructivism, transformative, and pragmatism worldviews. It provides an overview of the key components, principles, and comparisons of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches. Quantitative approaches are tested through experiments and seek to generalize findings while qualitative approaches aim to understand meanings in context through discovery and exploration. Mixed methods combine deductive and inductive logic to get a multifaceted understanding of research problems. The criteria for selecting an approach depends on the problem, purpose, resources, and intended audience of the study.
This document provides an overview of ethnography research. It defines ethnography as describing a group or culture through observation and conversation. The main purposes of ethnography are to obtain a deep understanding of people and their culture in a natural context. Data is typically collected through interviews, observations, and documents in an unstructured way. Ethnography research aims to understand human behavior in everyday contexts rather than experimental conditions. It emphasizes naturalism, understanding, discovery, and challenges assumptions. The document also outlines some advantages and disadvantages of ethnography as well as important ethical considerations around informed consent, privacy, and harm.
Exploratory research design, also known as formative research, is used when the researcher is unfamiliar with the problem. It aims to discover new ideas and insights through flexible and unstructured methods like literature reviews, experience surveys, and case analyses. These methods help define the problem and form hypotheses for further investigation through more structured research.
This document discusses key aspects of qualitative case study research. It outlines that case studies allow for an in-depth exploration of a phenomenon within its real-life context. The document discusses different approaches to case studies by researchers like Yin, Stake and Creswell. It also addresses important considerations for case study research like purposefully defining the case, collecting multiple sources of data, ensuring validity and ethics, and producing engaging written reports for academic audiences.
Survey research involves studying a representative sample of a population to make inferences about characteristics of the whole population. It is a technique used in social science research to study opinions, attitudes, and social facts. There are different types of surveys, including personal interviews, questionnaires, telephone surveys, and panel techniques. Personal interviews can be structured or unstructured, and they may involve individual or group interactions. Questionnaires use a predetermined set of questions to collect information through self-reporting. Telephone surveys are convenient but risk superficial answers. Panel techniques interview the same sample successively to understand changes over time but are prone to sample loss.
This document provides an overview of grounded theory, a qualitative research method developed by sociologists Glaser and Strauss in 1967. It describes grounded theory as an inductive technique where a theory is developed directly from data. The main characteristics are that it focuses on developing theories of social processes grounded in data through constant comparison between data collection and analysis. The analysis involves open, axial and selective coding to identify categories and develop a core category or theory. Grounded theory uses various data sources like interviews and involves iterative processes of data collection, note taking, coding, memo writing, sorting and theory development.
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
The document discusses triangulation as a research method where multiple data sources, theories, investigators, and methods are used to study a research topic. It provides examples of different types of triangulation including data triangulation, investigator triangulation, methodological triangulation, theory triangulation, and multiple triangulation. Triangulation is used to cross-check findings and increase confidence in results by integrating perspectives from different approaches. While it provides more reliable answers, triangulation can also be time consuming and expensive to implement.
The document discusses the case study method, which involves an in-depth analysis of a single social unit. It provides definitions of case study from several scholars, noting it is a complete analysis of an individual or group with respect to specific aspects. Key aspects of the case study method include studying a single unit in its entirety, using intensive and qualitative research that relies on observation over facts. Researchers have flexibility in their approach and can collect various data sources like personal records, life histories, interviews and observations. The goal is to help explain causal relationships beyond just collecting data.
An interview is generally a qualitative research technique which involves asking open-ended questions to converse with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject. ...
Structured interviews are excessively used in survey research with the intention of maintaining uniformity throughout all the interview sessions.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study research as a qualitative approach that uses various data sources to conduct an in-depth analysis of a case or cases. It explores the aims, definition, design, data collection, and analysis aspects of case study research. Examples of case studies are also provided. The document concludes with a group activity asking readers to consider how a case study approach could be applied to their own research areas and what units of analysis and design they may use.
This document discusses and compares qualitative research, quantitative research, and mixed methods research. It states that qualitative research explores meanings, uses an emerging design, collects data in natural settings, inductively analyzes data to identify themes, and involves researcher interpretation. Quantitative research generates numerical and statistical data to quantify problems, generalize results from large samples, and uncover patterns. Mixed methods research combines both approaches and uses distinct designs to provide a more complete understanding than either alone. The document then contrasts key aspects of qualitative and quantitative research such as sample sizes, reasoning approaches, development of theory, and use of control. It provides examples of types of qualitative research like phenomenology and quantitative research like experiments. Finally, it discusses when each approach is best used
This document provides an overview of case study methodology. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event within its real-life context. Case studies can be used to answer "how" and "why" questions, and are appropriate when behaviors cannot be manipulated or contexts are relevant. Information is gathered through various sources like interviews and documents. Steps involved in a case study include planning, developing instruments, collecting data, analyzing data, and disseminating findings. Potential sources of information and common elements of a case study are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the case study method as a qualitative research strategy. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a single social unit such as an individual, group, or community. The summary is:
1) A case study involves an intensive analysis of a single social unit to understand its behavior patterns and relationship to the environment.
2) It uses multiple data sources to conduct an empirical inquiry of a limited number of events or conditions and their interrelationships.
3) Case studies have advantages like understanding a unit fully and forming hypotheses, but limitations include lack of comparability between cases and potential for false generalization.
Ethnographic research aims to holistically understand a society, group, or situation. Key tools include in-depth interviews and long-term participant observation to document individual experiences and portray the "whole picture" from an insider's perspective. Researchers immerse themselves in the culture, consider important contexts, refrain from value judgments, and provide thick descriptions to represent participants' realities as accurately as possible. Both qualitative and quantitative data are analyzed for patterns and key events to paint a thorough portrait of the social environment.
The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a blueprint that outlines how, where, and on whom a research study will be conducted. Experimental research design specifically examines the effect of independent variables on dependent variables by manipulating the independent variable. True experimental designs allow researchers to control extraneous variables and isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Several true experimental designs are described including post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs.
This document discusses mixed methods research. It defines mixed methods research as integrating both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis within a single study. The document outlines the basic characteristics, types of designs, steps, and advantages and disadvantages of mixed methods research. It discusses when mixed methods is appropriate and reasons for using it, such as to explain findings or address questions at different levels. The four main mixed methods designs are explanatory, exploratory, embedded, and triangulation designs.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a specific situation or phenomenon. Case studies allow for an exploration of complex issues through reports of past studies. They provide a holistic and in-depth understanding by including both qualitative and quantitative data. The document discusses different types of case study designs, such as single case, multiple case, exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory case studies. It also outlines common characteristics of case study research such as using multiple sources of evidence and studying the case within its real-life context.
This document provides an overview of case study research methodology. It defines case study research as descriptive research that involves an in-depth analysis of real-life situations and contexts. Case studies emphasize detailed analysis of limited cases or events to understand a complex issue. They can extend experience and add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies involve collecting data from multiple sources over an extended period of time to provide an in-depth understanding of a case rather than generalizing to a larger population. They can be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods in nature.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It discusses characteristics of good sampling like being representative and free from bias. Probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling are explained. Advantages of sampling like reducing time and costs are highlighted. The document outlines the sampling process and essentials of sampling. Types of sampling and various sampling methods are also summarized.
This document defines and describes different types of research. It discusses research purposes including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. It also covers research uses in basic and applied contexts. The time dimension of cross-sectional and longitudinal research is outlined. Finally, it details quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that uses a systematic set of procedures to develop an inductively derived theory about a phenomenon. The method involves collecting data through various means without beginning with a hypothesis, and using constant comparison analysis to generate conceptual categories and their properties which are related through a storyline that describes the main theme of the research. Grounded theory is mainly used for qualitative research to build descriptive, abstract, and powerful theories that are firmly grounded in and driven by the data.
This document discusses interview as a method for research. It defines interviews and describes three main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It outlines advantages like feedback and probing answers, and disadvantages like costs and lack of anonymity. Characteristics of interviewing covered include preparation, sampling techniques, structuring questions, and controlling the interview process. Qualities of a good interviewer and ensuring reliability and validity are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for recording interviews like equipment and transcription, as well as record keeping.
This document provides an overview of case studies, including:
- A case study involves the collection of detailed information about a particular situation from a participant or small group.
- Case studies can focus on individuals, communities, social groups, organizations, or events.
- There are four main types of case studies: evaluative, educational, ethnographic, and action research.
- Case studies are useful for learning as they allow participants to engage actively, develop analytical skills, and consider different outcomes. However, the data from a single case study may not be generalizable to the wider population.
Cook I
Marriott International, Inc - Al-Ayn
رقم الوظيفة 23013234 التصنيفات Food and Beverage & Culinary الموقع Aloft Al Ain, Al Ain Square, Al Towayya, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, United Arab Emirates...
21 Jan
Supervisor-Restaurant
Marriott International, Inc - Sharjah
رقم الوظيفة 23013183 التصنيفات Food and Beverage & Culinary الموقع Sheraton Sharjah Beach Resort & Spa, Al Muntazah Street, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates...
21 Jan
Survey research involves studying a representative sample of a population to make inferences about characteristics of the whole population. It is a technique used in social science research to study opinions, attitudes, and social facts. There are different types of surveys, including personal interviews, questionnaires, telephone surveys, and panel techniques. Personal interviews can be structured or unstructured, and they may involve individual or group interactions. Questionnaires use a predetermined set of questions to collect information through self-reporting. Telephone surveys are convenient but risk superficial answers. Panel techniques interview the same sample successively to understand changes over time but are prone to sample loss.
This document provides an overview of grounded theory, a qualitative research method developed by sociologists Glaser and Strauss in 1967. It describes grounded theory as an inductive technique where a theory is developed directly from data. The main characteristics are that it focuses on developing theories of social processes grounded in data through constant comparison between data collection and analysis. The analysis involves open, axial and selective coding to identify categories and develop a core category or theory. Grounded theory uses various data sources like interviews and involves iterative processes of data collection, note taking, coding, memo writing, sorting and theory development.
This document discusses survey research design. It defines survey research as collecting information from subjects within a population using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys can study either a sample of the population or the entire population. The document outlines different types of surveys, including descriptive surveys that describe phenomena, exploratory surveys of unknown factors, correlational surveys that study relationships between variables, and comparative surveys that compare groups. It also discusses methods of survey data collection, such as written questionnaires, oral interviews, and electronic methods like email or mobile messages.
This document discusses the scientific method. It defines scientific methods as systematic investigations aimed at developing general knowledge about natural phenomena through objective and empirical means. The characteristics described include being orderly, attempting to control external factors, and basing findings on evidence that can be generalized. The purposes are listed as description, exploration, explanation, prediction, control, prescription, and identifying relationships. The steps outlined are selecting a topic, defining objectives and variables, stating hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and communicating findings. Limitations discussed include ethical issues with human subjects, complexity of human behavior, measurement challenges, and difficulty controlling external variables.
The document discusses triangulation as a research method where multiple data sources, theories, investigators, and methods are used to study a research topic. It provides examples of different types of triangulation including data triangulation, investigator triangulation, methodological triangulation, theory triangulation, and multiple triangulation. Triangulation is used to cross-check findings and increase confidence in results by integrating perspectives from different approaches. While it provides more reliable answers, triangulation can also be time consuming and expensive to implement.
The document discusses the case study method, which involves an in-depth analysis of a single social unit. It provides definitions of case study from several scholars, noting it is a complete analysis of an individual or group with respect to specific aspects. Key aspects of the case study method include studying a single unit in its entirety, using intensive and qualitative research that relies on observation over facts. Researchers have flexibility in their approach and can collect various data sources like personal records, life histories, interviews and observations. The goal is to help explain causal relationships beyond just collecting data.
An interview is generally a qualitative research technique which involves asking open-ended questions to converse with respondents and collect elicit data about a subject. ...
Structured interviews are excessively used in survey research with the intention of maintaining uniformity throughout all the interview sessions.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines case study research as a qualitative approach that uses various data sources to conduct an in-depth analysis of a case or cases. It explores the aims, definition, design, data collection, and analysis aspects of case study research. Examples of case studies are also provided. The document concludes with a group activity asking readers to consider how a case study approach could be applied to their own research areas and what units of analysis and design they may use.
This document discusses and compares qualitative research, quantitative research, and mixed methods research. It states that qualitative research explores meanings, uses an emerging design, collects data in natural settings, inductively analyzes data to identify themes, and involves researcher interpretation. Quantitative research generates numerical and statistical data to quantify problems, generalize results from large samples, and uncover patterns. Mixed methods research combines both approaches and uses distinct designs to provide a more complete understanding than either alone. The document then contrasts key aspects of qualitative and quantitative research such as sample sizes, reasoning approaches, development of theory, and use of control. It provides examples of types of qualitative research like phenomenology and quantitative research like experiments. Finally, it discusses when each approach is best used
This document provides an overview of case study methodology. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event within its real-life context. Case studies can be used to answer "how" and "why" questions, and are appropriate when behaviors cannot be manipulated or contexts are relevant. Information is gathered through various sources like interviews and documents. Steps involved in a case study include planning, developing instruments, collecting data, analyzing data, and disseminating findings. Potential sources of information and common elements of a case study are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of the case study method as a qualitative research strategy. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a single social unit such as an individual, group, or community. The summary is:
1) A case study involves an intensive analysis of a single social unit to understand its behavior patterns and relationship to the environment.
2) It uses multiple data sources to conduct an empirical inquiry of a limited number of events or conditions and their interrelationships.
3) Case studies have advantages like understanding a unit fully and forming hypotheses, but limitations include lack of comparability between cases and potential for false generalization.
Ethnographic research aims to holistically understand a society, group, or situation. Key tools include in-depth interviews and long-term participant observation to document individual experiences and portray the "whole picture" from an insider's perspective. Researchers immerse themselves in the culture, consider important contexts, refrain from value judgments, and provide thick descriptions to represent participants' realities as accurately as possible. Both qualitative and quantitative data are analyzed for patterns and key events to paint a thorough portrait of the social environment.
The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a blueprint that outlines how, where, and on whom a research study will be conducted. Experimental research design specifically examines the effect of independent variables on dependent variables by manipulating the independent variable. True experimental designs allow researchers to control extraneous variables and isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Several true experimental designs are described including post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs.
This document discusses mixed methods research. It defines mixed methods research as integrating both quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis within a single study. The document outlines the basic characteristics, types of designs, steps, and advantages and disadvantages of mixed methods research. It discusses when mixed methods is appropriate and reasons for using it, such as to explain findings or address questions at different levels. The four main mixed methods designs are explanatory, exploratory, embedded, and triangulation designs.
This document provides an overview of case study research. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a specific situation or phenomenon. Case studies allow for an exploration of complex issues through reports of past studies. They provide a holistic and in-depth understanding by including both qualitative and quantitative data. The document discusses different types of case study designs, such as single case, multiple case, exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory case studies. It also outlines common characteristics of case study research such as using multiple sources of evidence and studying the case within its real-life context.
This document provides an overview of case study research methodology. It defines case study research as descriptive research that involves an in-depth analysis of real-life situations and contexts. Case studies emphasize detailed analysis of limited cases or events to understand a complex issue. They can extend experience and add strength to what is already known through previous research. Case studies involve collecting data from multiple sources over an extended period of time to provide an in-depth understanding of a case rather than generalizing to a larger population. They can be qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods in nature.
This document provides an overview of sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, and sampling. It discusses characteristics of good sampling like being representative and free from bias. Probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling are explained. Advantages of sampling like reducing time and costs are highlighted. The document outlines the sampling process and essentials of sampling. Types of sampling and various sampling methods are also summarized.
This document defines and describes different types of research. It discusses research purposes including exploratory, descriptive, and explanatory research. It also covers research uses in basic and applied contexts. The time dimension of cross-sectional and longitudinal research is outlined. Finally, it details quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that uses a systematic set of procedures to develop an inductively derived theory about a phenomenon. The method involves collecting data through various means without beginning with a hypothesis, and using constant comparison analysis to generate conceptual categories and their properties which are related through a storyline that describes the main theme of the research. Grounded theory is mainly used for qualitative research to build descriptive, abstract, and powerful theories that are firmly grounded in and driven by the data.
This document discusses interview as a method for research. It defines interviews and describes three main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It outlines advantages like feedback and probing answers, and disadvantages like costs and lack of anonymity. Characteristics of interviewing covered include preparation, sampling techniques, structuring questions, and controlling the interview process. Qualities of a good interviewer and ensuring reliability and validity are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for recording interviews like equipment and transcription, as well as record keeping.
This document provides an overview of case studies, including:
- A case study involves the collection of detailed information about a particular situation from a participant or small group.
- Case studies can focus on individuals, communities, social groups, organizations, or events.
- There are four main types of case studies: evaluative, educational, ethnographic, and action research.
- Case studies are useful for learning as they allow participants to engage actively, develop analytical skills, and consider different outcomes. However, the data from a single case study may not be generalizable to the wider population.
Cook I
Marriott International, Inc - Al-Ayn
رقم الوظيفة 23013234 التصنيفات Food and Beverage & Culinary الموقع Aloft Al Ain, Al Ain Square, Al Towayya, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, United Arab Emirates...
21 Jan
Supervisor-Restaurant
Marriott International, Inc - Sharjah
رقم الوظيفة 23013183 التصنيفات Food and Beverage & Culinary الموقع Sheraton Sharjah Beach Resort & Spa, Al Muntazah Street, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates...
21 Jan
Case studies are a qualitative research method used to examine individuals, small groups, or specific situations in great depth. They emphasize detailed contextual analysis to understand relationships between phenomena. Researchers use case studies across many disciplines. They involve systematically collecting detailed information through methods like interviews and document review. Case studies can reveal real-world situations, test theories, and improve learning. While not generalizable, they provide rich detail. Common elements examined in case studies include identifying the problem, steps taken to address it, results, challenges faced and lessons learned.
A case study is a detailed examination of a subject such as an individual, group, organization, event, or phenomenon. Researchers use case studies to identify patterns and relationships through in-depth investigation. There are different types of case studies including descriptive, explanatory, exploratory, and intrinsic studies. Case studies have advantages such as turning observations into facts, being relevant to stakeholders, and using multiple research methods. However, they also have disadvantages like potential biases, longer data analysis time, and requiring small sample sizes. To write a case study, one would choose a situation, gather information, analyze elements, determine solutions, and assess outcomes.
The document summarizes the case study research method. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of an individual or small group. Case studies aim to provide rich contextual descriptions rather than generalizable conclusions. There are different types of case studies including illustrative, exploratory, cumulative, and critical instance. Data collection methods can include interviews, observations, documents, and artifacts. Issues like validity, reliability, flexibility, and emphasis on context are discussed as strengths and weaknesses of the case study method.
- Case study is one of the most widely used qualitative research approaches and involves an in-depth study of a phenomenon within its real-world context.
- There is no set design for case studies as the design depends on the specific case and research problem being examined. Key elements of case study research include defining the case, collecting multiple types of data over an extended period of time, and representing both insider and outsider perspectives.
- Case studies aim to provide rich descriptions of phenomena and develop explanations for observations. Sound case studies demonstrate thorough data collection and use valid and reliable research methods.
The document discusses case study methodology. It defines a case study as an empirical inquiry that examines a contemporary phenomenon in its real-life context. Case studies can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory. They have strengths like providing rich detail but limitations like difficulty establishing causation and potential for bias. The document outlines key parts of a case study and characteristics like being holistic and context-sensitive.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as research using text and pictures rather than numbers, taking a holistic approach to understand phenomena. The document outlines several major qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and content analysis. It discusses when a qualitative approach is appropriate and provides details on how to conduct and analyze data for a case study design. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a rich story and tentative hypotheses about observed social phenomena.
The document discusses case study research. It defines a case study as an in-depth examination of a single phenomenon or case within its real-life context using multiple data sources. Case studies focus on describing the characteristics of one or more cases to understand how they operate and answer specific research questions. While case studies provide rich detail about a particular case, their findings cannot be generalized to the broader population. The document outlines the typical steps in conducting a case study, including defining the research problem, selecting the case(s), collecting and analyzing data from multiple sources, and reporting results.
A case study is an in-depth analysis of a specific situation or event. It aims to provide a detailed understanding of a topic by studying it extensively in its real-world context. Case studies can be used to test theories, explore situations with complex or unclear outcomes, and describe interventions and contexts. They involve collecting data from multiple sources and analyzing it to understand the case. While case studies provide rich details, their findings may not be generalizable and the research can be lengthy.
This document provides an overview of case study methodology. It discusses four main topics:
1) The nature of case studies, defining them as holistic inquiries that investigate contemporary phenomena within their natural settings using multiple sources of information.
2) The role of theory in case studies, arguing that existing theory provides direction but should not predetermined results, and that theory is modified through additional case studies.
3) The difference between research cases and teaching cases, which have equivalent scholarly merit but different structures and purposes.
4) Key aspects of qualitative research methodology underlying case studies, which focuses on uniqueness rather than aggregates and has equally valid scholarly merit compared to quantitative methods.
This document provides an overview of case study research methods. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a particular individual or small group. The document outlines the history, purposes, types (e.g. illustrative, exploratory), and process of conducting case studies including data collection, analysis, reporting, and addressing issues of validity and reliability. Key aspects of case studies discussed include collecting qualitative data through methods like interviews and observations and analyzing data for patterns and meanings.
This document provides an overview of case study research methods. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a particular individual or small group. The document outlines the history, purposes, types (e.g. illustrative, exploratory), and process of conducting case studies including data collection, analysis, and reporting. Key aspects of case studies discussed include collecting qualitative data through methods like interviews and observations; analyzing data for patterns and meaning; and providing rich descriptive reports that contextualize the conclusions. Issues of validity, reliability and generalizability are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of case study research methods. It defines a case study as an in-depth analysis of a particular individual or small group. The document outlines the history, purposes, types (e.g. illustrative, exploratory), and process of conducting case studies including data collection, analysis, and reporting. Key aspects of case studies discussed include collecting qualitative data through methods like interviews and observations; analyzing data for patterns and meaning; and providing rich descriptive reports that contextualize the conclusions. Issues of validity, reliability and generalizability are also addressed.
Case study is a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon with its real life context using multiple sources of evidence.”
1. A case study is an in-depth analysis of a person, group or event that uses multiple sources of evidence to investigate a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context. Case studies can be prospective or retrospective and are useful for understanding why something occurred.
2. The key characteristics of a case study are that they are particularistic, descriptive, heuristic, and inductive. Case studies focus on a specific topic, provide detailed descriptions, help people understand the phenomenon being studied, and principles emerge from the data rather than being predetermined.
3. The process of a case study involves designing appropriate research questions, determining what constitutes the case or unit of analysis, conducting a pilot study and literature review, collecting data through documents
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methods. It defines research as a systematic, objective inquiry undertaken to find answers to specific problems. The purposes of research are then outlined, including reviewing existing knowledge, investigating problems or situations, providing solutions, and generating new knowledge. Quantitative and qualitative approaches as well as deductive and inductive research are briefly described. Several research methodologies such as surveys, experiments, longitudinal studies, and case studies are then defined. The document concludes by outlining steps in the research process such as developing a research proposal, literature review, objectives, variables, conceptual framework, hypotheses, methods, and limitations.
APPROACHES USED IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS Qualit.docxjewisonantone
APPROACHES USED
IN QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH DESIGNS
Qualitative Research Designs
https://my.visme.co/render/1454625359/www.erau.edu
Slide 1 Transcript
This module will focus on qualitative research designs, which fall mostly into the nonexperimental category. Qualitative research is found in nearly all the academic disciplines. Often, this is
how a line of inquiry begins. When little is known about a subject, and variables are unknown or a related theory base is undeveloped, a qualitative study helps to identify what needs to be
studied that is important.
Characteristics of Qualitative Research
Designs Share
Two Things in Common
Five Designs
Commonly Used
May be arranged by
descriptive methodologies
Expect to Find Multiple
Layers or Facets
Studies complexity without
simplifying
Usually does not try to
manipulate any variables
Studied in natural settings
May use historical records
May involve meta-analysis
Slide 3 Transcript
Qualitative approaches share two things in common. The main interest is on phenomena that are happening now or previously, usually in real-world, or natural, settings. Another aspect is that
they attempt to capture and study the complexity of those phenomena. From the outset, qualitative researchers expect to find multilayered, multi-faceted observations and do not try to simplify,
or control for, them. So, it is essential that you know what qualitative research entails and what it sets out to accomplish. Typically, there are five recognized qualitative designs that are in use,
although the number varies depending on how writers arrange the approaches. For instance, they may separate approaches into descriptive designs, use existing or historical information, or work
with a meta-analysis which combines results from several studies.
Types of Qualitative Designs
Case Study
Content Analysis
Systematic examination of
material for patterns
Ethnography
Group with common cultureParticular person,
program, event
Phenomenology
Perceptions about
particular situation
Grounded Theory
Develop theory
Slide 5 Transcript
The names for the most used types of qualitative designs are the case study, which is also known as idiographic research, and studies a particular person, program, or event in depth
for a specified time period. An ethnography, which is where the researcher looks, not at an individual, but at a group that shares a common culture over time. A phenomenology
study seeks to understand perception among people about a particular situation. Grounded theory study begins with data collected in the field, not from literature, to develop a
theory. The final design in use is content analysis, probably one of the most used types of qualitative design, which identifies a body of material from several sources and performs a
systematic examination to determine patterns. Now, a closer consideration of the five design approaches helps to understand when a researcher may be served b.
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Identify their difference
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
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(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 3)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
Lesson Outcomes:
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1. Presentation for the Course Research Methodology
(TEFL-523)
Case Study Research Method
By: Dawit Dibekulu
April, 2018
2. In this presentation I am going to present:
Definition and background of case study
Research
Purpose of case study research
Characteristics of case study research
Types of case study research
Advantages and Dis-advantages of case
study research
Implications of case study research
Criticism of case study research and,
Finally, summary
3. Case study Research method originated in clinical
medicine (the case history, i.e. the patient’s personal
history (idiographic method).
Description of the symptoms, the diagnosis, the treatment
and eventual outcome (descriptive method) but also in
newer research explanatory case studies.
In-depth investigation of experiences that allow to
identify interactions and influences on psychological
processes.
Opens up and explore aspects of human experience that
can be investigated using research methods (qualitative
study)
4. Yin (1984) case study is a comprehensive study of a social
unit , be it person, a group of person, an institute, a
community or a family.
A case study is an exploration of a “bounded system” or
a case (or multiple cases) over time through detailed, in-
depth data collection involving multiple sources of
information rich in context. (Creswell, 1998, p. 61)
Groode and Hatt (1953) CS is a method of exploring and
analyzing the life of a social unit.
So, critical analysis reveal that case study detail study of a
situation concerning a social unit in an intensive and
comprehensives manner.
5. Case study research has different purposes:
To identify the key points or issues
To weigh up the situation
To consider the information you do and don’t have
Define the problem /issues to be addressed precisely
Outline the objectives: the desirable outcome
Identify resources/techniques helpful to opening up the
case study sustainability and ethics in design generate
ideas or alternative solution
6. Descriptive study
Narrowly focused
Combines objective and subjective data
Process oriented
7. A Descriptive study
It is more of qualitative method rather than
quantitative method.
High level of detail are provided
Behavior pattern of the concerned unit is
studied directly where in efforts are made to
know the mutual inter-relationship of casual
factor.
Cont……
8. Narrowly Focused
Typically a case study offers a complete and
comprehensive description of all facets of a
social unit, be a single individual or may be a
social group.
Often the case study focused on limited
aspect of a person, such as their
psychopathology symptoms.
Cont…..
9. Combines objective and subjective data
Researchers may combine objective and
subjective data in both the data are regarded
as valid data for analysis.
It enables case study to achieved in-depth
understanding of the behavior and experience
of a single individual.
Process-oriented: It enables the researcher to
explore and describe the nature of process,
which occur over time.
10. When to use case study
The first stage is to decide whether case studies
can be useful for a specific kind of investigation.
There are three factors that determine the best
research methodology:
The types of questions to be answered
The extent of control over behavioral events, and
The degree of focus on contemporary as opposed to
historical events.
12. Life Histories
Personal Documents
Letter and Records
Biographies
Information obtained through interviews
Observation like every method
Focus groups etc.
13. Case studies can be:
Exploratory
Explanatory
Descriptive (Yin, 1994)
14. Explanatory case studies: examine the data closely both at a
surface and deep level in order to explain the phenomena in
the data.
Descriptive case studies:
which provides a thorough, contextualized description of a
phenomenon;
aim to analyze the sequence of interpersonal events after a certain
amount of time has passed.
The goal set by the researcher is to describe the data as they occur.
Exploratory case studies:
intended to shed light on causal factors leading to particular
events.
prior fieldwork and small-scale data collection may be
conducted before the research questions and hypotheses are
proposed.
A pilot study is considered an example of an exploratory case
study
15. Stake (1995) suggests three types of case study based on
case selection:
The intrinsic case study: where the case is given, rather
than chosen, as commonly occurs in program evaluation;
The instrumental case study: where the case is
selected for its ability to contribute to a general
understanding of a phenomenon; and
The collective case study: an extension of the
instrumental case study, where two or more
representative cases are selected.
16. Becker, Howard S (1963) t
Individual
case study
Types
of case
study
Studies of
events, roles
and
relationships
Community
case study
Set of
individual
case study
17. Adopted from Yin (1984)
Prepare
Design
Plan
Share Analyze
Collect
18. Think about ..
Conceptual Framework
Research questions
Research design
Sampling/ replication strategies
Methods and instruments
Analysis of data
Identifying your case
Establish rationale for the case define social
phenomenon
Developed research questions
19. The case study method is appropriate to:
Answer why and how? Questions;
Gain an in depth understanding of a particular
phenomenon;
Develop an initial hypothesis;
Develop new theories;
Extend and testing existing theories;
Capture complexity;
It improves analytical thinking;
Helps to Stimulating new research.
20. It could be open to errors due to faulty selection
of case and inaccurate observation
There chances of inaccuracy of the data as
uniform and standardized system of recording
case histories as been developed
Data collected from case study usually based on
several assumptions which may not be very
realistic at times.
Problem of generalization: idiosyncratic subject
21. Problem of generalization: experimenter biases
and subjective impressions
Entangled relationships among variables.
It is very difficult to draw generalizations on the
basis of few cases.
Sampling is not possible in case study as this
method can be used only in limited unit.
The information collected from case study is
incomparable since each informant gives his/her
own opinion. Therefore , replication is not
possible.
22. The use of case studies can therefore be a very effective
classroom technique.
An excellent means for the integration of subject specific
aspects into language teaching.
Instructors may choose to use several cases so that
students can identify both the similarities and differences
among the cases.
It help to Engage readers in active learning , Can involve
participant-led presentations, exercises, role plays, debates,
guest speakers, and informational lecture.
23. For educators and teachers,
Teachers are investigating problems of intense personal
interest,
They often are able to apply instruction more
specifically,
They gain deeper insight through their research of the
overall problem and often have success in problem
resolution,
They are able to generate and evaluate numerous
possible solutions,
They feel that it gives legitimacy and support to their
ideas they become more reflective in their practice.
24. The Research participants need to be free
Confidentiality
Transparency and safety ( physical and psychological
harm) , including the potential harm associated with
the invasion of privacy and confidentiality.
case-centered research where researchers often work
closely with research participants etc.
25. Lack of rigor of case study research.
Confusing case study research with case study
teaching.
Provide little basis for scientific generalization.
Case Studies take too long.
Wieviorka (1992) sated that the method has
been criticized as being unreliable, too general,
and open to bias.
Stake (2005) who claimed that “generalizations
can lead one to see phenomenon more
simplistically than one should (p.23).”
26. Critics of the case study method often claim:
Studying a small number of cases is insufficient
for establishing reliability or generality of
findings;
The intense involvement of the researcher in the
study of the case could bias the findings;
Some critics suggest case study research is
useful only as an exploratory tool or for
establishing a hypothesis;
Some would claim it is unscientific.
27. Generally,
Case study is categorized under qualitative research.
It is a systematic inquiry into an event or a set of
related events which aims to describe and explain the
phenomenon of interest. (Bromley, (1990)
The essence of case study methodology is
triangulation, the combination on different levels of
techniques, methods, strategies, or theories.
A good case study investigator should be able to ask
good questions and interpret the answers, a good
listener, adaptive and flexible, should have a firm
grasp of the issues being studied, and unbiased by
preconceived notions.
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