Canal falls are vertical drops constructed in canals when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal slope. They allow the canal slope to be maintained without excessive filling. Different types of canal falls include ogee falls with gradual convex/concave surfaces, rapid falls with long sloping walls, stepped falls with vertical steps, and vertical falls where water falls into a cistern below. The type of fall used depends on the ground conditions and needed slope adjustment. Falls dissipate energy and protect canal beds and sides from erosion.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
Canal Regulation Works:
Canal Fall- Necessity and Location- Types of Falls- Cross Regulator and Distributory Head Regulator- Their Functions, Silt Control Devices, Canal Escapes- Types of Escapes.
This document discusses different types of canal falls, which are structures constructed to lower the bed level of a canal. It describes seven common types of falls: ogee fall, rapid fall, trapezoidal fall, stepped fall, montague fall, vertical drop fall, and straight glacis fall. Each type is suitable for different conditions depending on factors like the height of fall, discharge, site topography, and cost. The document provides details on the design and suitability of each type of canal fall.
This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls, escapes, regulators, and outlets. It describes the necessity and types of canal falls, which are constructed when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal bed slope. The types of falls discussed include ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, straight glacis falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well or cylinder notch falls, Montague type falls, and Inglis or baffle falls. The document also discusses canal escapes, head regulators, cross regulators, silt control devices, and canal outlets/modules. In particular, it explains the functions and construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
Khosla's theory improved upon Bligh's theory of seepage under hydraulic structures in several ways. Khosla recognized that seepage follows elliptical streamlines rather than the bottom contour as Bligh assumed. Khosla also introduced the important concept of exit gradient and specified that the exit gradient must be less than the critical value to prevent soil particles from being dislodged. While more complex, Khosla's theory provides a more accurate representation of seepage flow compared to Bligh's assumption of linear head loss.
Cross drainage works (CDWs) are structures constructed where canals intersect natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types of CDWs depending on the relative bed levels: 1) aqueducts or siphon aqueducts where the canal passes over the drainage, 2) super passages or siphon super passages where the drainage passes over the canal, and 3) level crossings where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level. The appropriate type of CDW is selected based on factors like relative bed levels, availability of suitable foundation, economic considerations, and discharge of the drainage. Key steps in planning CDWs include selecting a suitable site where the drainage crosses the canal alignment at a right angle and on
Spillways are structures used to safely discharge water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flooding. They are designed to maintain structural stability of the dam and pass excess water without raising the reservoir level above its maximum. Different types of spillways include overflow, chute, shaft, saddle and side channel spillways. Energy dissipation methods are also important to safely convey water discharged from spillways downstream.
Canal fall- necessity and location- types of falls- Cross regulator and
distributory head regulator- their functions, Silt control devices, Canal
escapes- types of escapes.
Canal Regulation Works:
Canal Fall- Necessity and Location- Types of Falls- Cross Regulator and Distributory Head Regulator- Their Functions, Silt Control Devices, Canal Escapes- Types of Escapes.
This document discusses different types of canal falls, which are structures constructed to lower the bed level of a canal. It describes seven common types of falls: ogee fall, rapid fall, trapezoidal fall, stepped fall, montague fall, vertical drop fall, and straight glacis fall. Each type is suitable for different conditions depending on factors like the height of fall, discharge, site topography, and cost. The document provides details on the design and suitability of each type of canal fall.
This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls, escapes, regulators, and outlets. It describes the necessity and types of canal falls, which are constructed when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal bed slope. The types of falls discussed include ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, straight glacis falls, trapezoidal notch falls, well or cylinder notch falls, Montague type falls, and Inglis or baffle falls. The document also discusses canal escapes, head regulators, cross regulators, silt control devices, and canal outlets/modules. In particular, it explains the functions and construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
Khosla's theory improved upon Bligh's theory of seepage under hydraulic structures in several ways. Khosla recognized that seepage follows elliptical streamlines rather than the bottom contour as Bligh assumed. Khosla also introduced the important concept of exit gradient and specified that the exit gradient must be less than the critical value to prevent soil particles from being dislodged. While more complex, Khosla's theory provides a more accurate representation of seepage flow compared to Bligh's assumption of linear head loss.
Cross drainage works (CDWs) are structures constructed where canals intersect natural drainages like rivers or streams. There are three main types of CDWs depending on the relative bed levels: 1) aqueducts or siphon aqueducts where the canal passes over the drainage, 2) super passages or siphon super passages where the drainage passes over the canal, and 3) level crossings where the canal and drainage intersect at the same level. The appropriate type of CDW is selected based on factors like relative bed levels, availability of suitable foundation, economic considerations, and discharge of the drainage. Key steps in planning CDWs include selecting a suitable site where the drainage crosses the canal alignment at a right angle and on
Spillways are structures used to safely discharge water from a reservoir during periods of high inflow or flooding. They are designed to maintain structural stability of the dam and pass excess water without raising the reservoir level above its maximum. Different types of spillways include overflow, chute, shaft, saddle and side channel spillways. Energy dissipation methods are also important to safely convey water discharged from spillways downstream.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
Principles of soil densification – Properties of Compacted soil, Compaction control tests, Specification of compaction requirements, Blasting, Vibrocompaction, Dynamic Tamping and Compaction piles.
Canal falls are structures constructed across canals to lower the bed level to maintain the designed slope when there is a change in ground level. The main types of canal falls are ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, and straight glacis falls. Canal escapes are side channels that remove surplus water from canals into natural drains. The main types are surplus escapes, tail escapes, and scouring escapes. Cross drainage works include structures like aqueducts and siphon aqueducts to allow canals to pass over drainages when their bed levels differ.
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This document provides a summary of a presentation on water drainage systems for a public works department in Gangapur City, India. It discusses the importance of adequate drainage for pavement design and protection. It then covers the design of surface drainage systems, including estimating runoff quantities using the rational formula and Manning's equation, and the design of side ditches and open channels. It also discusses the design of subsurface drainage systems, including lowering the water table, controlling seepage and capillary rise, and the design of appropriate filter materials.
Spillways are structures used to release surplus flood waters from a reservoir in a controlled manner. The main types of spillways include ogee or overflow spillways, chute spillways, morning glory spillways, and siphon spillways. To determine spillway capacity, engineers study past flood data and rainfall records to calculate the maximum probable flood, then add a margin of safety like 25%. This establishes the required discharge capacity. Energy dissipators like stilling basins are also important to safely discharge flood waters downstream.
Canal headworks are hydraulic structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the river water level and regulate flows. There are two main types - diversion and storage headworks. Diversion headworks like weirs and barrages divert water without storage, while dams form storage reservoirs. Key components include weirs/barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, under sluices, silt excluders, and head regulators. Location depends on river characteristics, and sites must be accessible with suitable foundations. Failure can occur through subsurface piping/uplift or surface scouring during floods. Precautions include reducing exit gradients, providing sheet piles, ensuring floor thickness, using filters and energy
Silt excluders are structures used to reduce silt entering canals. They work by skimming off the upper layers of flowing water, which contain less silt, while diverting the lower, silt-rich layers through tunnels. Key aspects of silt excluder design include the tunnels covering some but not all of the undersluice bays and being flushed with the head regulator crest. The efficiency of silt excluders depends on factors like the amount of water diverted through the tunnels and the grade of sediment.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
Groundwater Engineering is an international company that specializes in dewatering, groundwater control, and water well engineering for construction, mining, and oil and gas clients. The document defines dewatering as pumping from wells or sumps to lower groundwater levels and allow excavations below the water table. It describes commonly used dewatering techniques like sump pumping, wellpoints, deepwells and eductor wells. Less common techniques including horizontal wellpoints, relief wells, artificial recharge and groundwater remediation are also outlined.
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
various types of cross-drainage structure:aqueducts, siphon aqueduct, super passage
siphon, level crossing and other types covered.
Canals are human-made waterways that allow boats and ships to pass between bodies of water. They are also used to transport water for irrigation and other human uses. Canals are classified in several ways, including whether the water source is permanent or temporary, the type of soil boundary, the financial purpose, water discharge volume, and canal alignment. The various types of canals include permanent canals, inundation canals, irrigation canals, power canals, and side-slope canals.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to raise water levels and divert water into canals. They have several purposes, including increasing the commanded area, regulating water supply to canals, and controlling silt entry. There are two types - temporary and permanent. Key components include weirs/barrages, under sluices, divide walls, fish ladders, and head regulators. The optimal location depends on the river's characteristics, balancing factors like water availability, construction costs, and proximity to agricultural land.
Quick sand conditions occur in cohesionless soils like sand and fine gravel when upward seepage flow reduces the effective pressure in the soil to zero. This causes the soil grains to lose their shear strength and bearing capacity, violently agitating as the soil behaves like a liquid. It occurs when the hydraulic gradient reaches a critical value that equalizes the upward seepage pressure and downward pressure of the submerged soil weight. Cohesive soils and gravel soils do not experience this condition because clays retain some shear strength even at zero effective pressure, while gravel soils require higher seepage pressures to exceed their self-weight.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
This document discusses irrigation engineering and different irrigation methods. It defines irrigation engineering as the process of supplying water to crops artificially. The main methods discussed are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation is the most common worldwide and includes flooding, furrow, and contour farming methods. Flooding involves allowing water to flow freely, furrow uses trenches between rows, and contour farming grows crops across slopes.
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
This document provides information about construction dewatering and permanent groundwater control techniques. It discusses the differences between construction dewatering, which involves temporarily lowering the groundwater table during construction, and permanent groundwater control, which blocks long-term groundwater flow. Various dewatering techniques are described, including sump pumping, shallow wells, well points, and deep wells. Methods for permanent groundwater control include ground freezing, slurry trench walls, steel sheet piling, grouted barriers, thin grouted membranes, contiguous piling, diaphragm walls, and grouting. The document also provides examples of applying these techniques and outlines their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides information on various canal structures, including regulation works like canal falls, head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes and outlets. It describes the purpose and design of a canal fall, including the different types of falls. It also discusses canal escapes, their purposes as safety valves and types including surplus escapes, tail escapes and scouring escapes. Finally, it summarizes the purpose and typical construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
MODULE 4 REGULATING AND CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS.pptxSilasChaudhari
Canal regulation works include structures used to regulate flow in canals such as canal falls, regulators, escapes, outlets, and flumes. Canal falls are used when the natural ground slope is steeper than the canal design slope. They lower the canal bed level in steps to maintain the design slope. Common types of canal falls include ogee falls, stepped falls, and vertical falls. Canal regulators are used to control flow in main canals and distributaries. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes to control flow to off-taking canals. Canal escapes remove surplus water from canals. Cross-drainage works are structures built where canals cross natural drainages to allow separate flow of canal and drainage waters
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
Principles of soil densification – Properties of Compacted soil, Compaction control tests, Specification of compaction requirements, Blasting, Vibrocompaction, Dynamic Tamping and Compaction piles.
Canal falls are structures constructed across canals to lower the bed level to maintain the designed slope when there is a change in ground level. The main types of canal falls are ogee falls, stepped falls, vertical falls, rapid falls, and straight glacis falls. Canal escapes are side channels that remove surplus water from canals into natural drains. The main types are surplus escapes, tail escapes, and scouring escapes. Cross drainage works include structures like aqueducts and siphon aqueducts to allow canals to pass over drainages when their bed levels differ.
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This document provides a summary of a presentation on water drainage systems for a public works department in Gangapur City, India. It discusses the importance of adequate drainage for pavement design and protection. It then covers the design of surface drainage systems, including estimating runoff quantities using the rational formula and Manning's equation, and the design of side ditches and open channels. It also discusses the design of subsurface drainage systems, including lowering the water table, controlling seepage and capillary rise, and the design of appropriate filter materials.
Spillways are structures used to release surplus flood waters from a reservoir in a controlled manner. The main types of spillways include ogee or overflow spillways, chute spillways, morning glory spillways, and siphon spillways. To determine spillway capacity, engineers study past flood data and rainfall records to calculate the maximum probable flood, then add a margin of safety like 25%. This establishes the required discharge capacity. Energy dissipators like stilling basins are also important to safely discharge flood waters downstream.
Canal headworks are hydraulic structures constructed across rivers to divert water into canals. They raise the river water level and regulate flows. There are two main types - diversion and storage headworks. Diversion headworks like weirs and barrages divert water without storage, while dams form storage reservoirs. Key components include weirs/barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, under sluices, silt excluders, and head regulators. Location depends on river characteristics, and sites must be accessible with suitable foundations. Failure can occur through subsurface piping/uplift or surface scouring during floods. Precautions include reducing exit gradients, providing sheet piles, ensuring floor thickness, using filters and energy
Silt excluders are structures used to reduce silt entering canals. They work by skimming off the upper layers of flowing water, which contain less silt, while diverting the lower, silt-rich layers through tunnels. Key aspects of silt excluder design include the tunnels covering some but not all of the undersluice bays and being flushed with the head regulator crest. The efficiency of silt excluders depends on factors like the amount of water diverted through the tunnels and the grade of sediment.
Here you will get all information about sewer design, its type & various tests carried out on it for any leakage or any obstruction present and of improper joints.
This document discusses different types of canal outlets used to release water from distributing channels into watercourses. It describes non-modular, semi-modular, and modular outlets. Non-modular outlets discharge based on water level differences, while modular outlets discharge independently of water levels. Semi-modular outlets discharge depending on the channel water level but not the watercourse level. Specific outlet types are also defined, such as pipe outlets, open sluice, and Gibbs, Khanna, and Foote rigid modules. Discharge equations for different outlet types are provided.
Groundwater Engineering is an international company that specializes in dewatering, groundwater control, and water well engineering for construction, mining, and oil and gas clients. The document defines dewatering as pumping from wells or sumps to lower groundwater levels and allow excavations below the water table. It describes commonly used dewatering techniques like sump pumping, wellpoints, deepwells and eductor wells. Less common techniques including horizontal wellpoints, relief wells, artificial recharge and groundwater remediation are also outlined.
This presentation is covered topic of cross drainage work. In which topics necessity of Cross drainage structures, their types and selection,
comparative merits and demerits, design of
various types of cross-drainage structure:aqueducts, siphon aqueduct, super passage
siphon, level crossing and other types covered.
Canals are human-made waterways that allow boats and ships to pass between bodies of water. They are also used to transport water for irrigation and other human uses. Canals are classified in several ways, including whether the water source is permanent or temporary, the type of soil boundary, the financial purpose, water discharge volume, and canal alignment. The various types of canals include permanent canals, inundation canals, irrigation canals, power canals, and side-slope canals.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed across rivers to raise water levels and divert water into canals. They have several purposes, including increasing the commanded area, regulating water supply to canals, and controlling silt entry. There are two types - temporary and permanent. Key components include weirs/barrages, under sluices, divide walls, fish ladders, and head regulators. The optimal location depends on the river's characteristics, balancing factors like water availability, construction costs, and proximity to agricultural land.
Quick sand conditions occur in cohesionless soils like sand and fine gravel when upward seepage flow reduces the effective pressure in the soil to zero. This causes the soil grains to lose their shear strength and bearing capacity, violently agitating as the soil behaves like a liquid. It occurs when the hydraulic gradient reaches a critical value that equalizes the upward seepage pressure and downward pressure of the submerged soil weight. Cohesive soils and gravel soils do not experience this condition because clays retain some shear strength even at zero effective pressure, while gravel soils require higher seepage pressures to exceed their self-weight.
Present slideshow provides brief introductory part of various Intake Structures. This is useful for Environmental Engineering Students, faculties and learners.
This document discusses irrigation engineering and different irrigation methods. It defines irrigation engineering as the process of supplying water to crops artificially. The main methods discussed are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation is the most common worldwide and includes flooding, furrow, and contour farming methods. Flooding involves allowing water to flow freely, furrow uses trenches between rows, and contour farming grows crops across slopes.
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
This document provides information about construction dewatering and permanent groundwater control techniques. It discusses the differences between construction dewatering, which involves temporarily lowering the groundwater table during construction, and permanent groundwater control, which blocks long-term groundwater flow. Various dewatering techniques are described, including sump pumping, shallow wells, well points, and deep wells. Methods for permanent groundwater control include ground freezing, slurry trench walls, steel sheet piling, grouted barriers, thin grouted membranes, contiguous piling, diaphragm walls, and grouting. The document also provides examples of applying these techniques and outlines their advantages and disadvantages.
This document provides information on various canal structures, including regulation works like canal falls, head regulators, cross regulators, canal escapes and outlets. It describes the purpose and design of a canal fall, including the different types of falls. It also discusses canal escapes, their purposes as safety valves and types including surplus escapes, tail escapes and scouring escapes. Finally, it summarizes the purpose and typical construction of head regulators and cross regulators.
MODULE 4 REGULATING AND CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS.pptxSilasChaudhari
Canal regulation works include structures used to regulate flow in canals such as canal falls, regulators, escapes, outlets, and flumes. Canal falls are used when the natural ground slope is steeper than the canal design slope. They lower the canal bed level in steps to maintain the design slope. Common types of canal falls include ogee falls, stepped falls, and vertical falls. Canal regulators are used to control flow in main canals and distributaries. Cross regulators are located downstream of off-takes to control flow to off-taking canals. Canal escapes remove surplus water from canals. Cross-drainage works are structures built where canals cross natural drainages to allow separate flow of canal and drainage waters
Canal regulation works are structures constructed to regulate water flow in canals. This document discusses various types of canal regulation works including canal falls. Canal falls are constructed across canals to lower the water level and dissipate excess energy when the natural ground slope is steeper than the canal design slope. Different types of falls are discussed such as ogee falls, rapid falls, stepped falls, and others; each has a distinct design to best suit different ground level conditions and dissipate water energy. Proper construction of falls is necessary for efficient and safe operation of irrigation canals.
hydraulic structures in civil engineeringBittuRajkumar
The document discusses various topics related to irrigation engineering including canal falls, canal escapes, and types of canal falls. It provides details on the purpose and necessity of canal falls when the natural ground slope is steeper than the designed canal slope. It describes different types of canal falls such as ogee falls, rapid falls, stepped falls, and vertical drop falls. The document also covers the purpose, types, and location of canal escapes which are structures used to discharge excess water from canals.
WEIRS VERSUS BERRAGE
TYPES OF WEIRS
COMPONENT PARTS OF A WEIR
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF WEIRS & THEIR REMEDIES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
DESIGN FOR SURFACE FLOW
DESIGN OF BARRAGE OR WEIR
This presentation covered Diversion head work topic. Details topics selection of the suitable site for the
diversion headwork- different parts of
diversion headwork- Causes of failure of
structure on pervious foundation- Khosla’s
theory- Design of concrete sloping glacis weir covered.
A weir is a solid structure built across a river to raise the water level and divert water into canals. There are different types of weirs including masonry weirs with vertical drops, rock fill weirs with sloping aprons, and concrete weirs with downstream slopes. Weirs can fail due to subsurface piping, uplift pressure, surface water suction or scouring. Remedies include installing sheet piles and ensuring sufficient floor thickness and length. A barrage is similar to a weir but uses gates rather than a solid structure to control water levels. Barrages are more expensive than weirs but allow better control of water levels and less silting during floods by raising the gates.
This document discusses various types of cross-drainage works and canal structures used in irrigation projects. There are three main types of cross-drainage works:
1) When the irrigation canal passes over the drainage (aqueduct, siphon aqueduct)
2) When the drainage passes over the irrigation canal (super passage, siphon super passage)
3) When the drainage and canal intersect at the same level (level crossing, inlet and outlet).
Canal structures discussed include canal falls (ogee fall, rapid fall, stepped fall), regulators, escapes and outlets. Canal falls are used when the canal bed slope needs to change due to terrain, and come in various types depending on the slope and
spillway,types of spillways,
Design principles of Ogee spillways ,Spillway gates. Energy
Dissipaters and Stilling Basins Significance of Jump Height Curve and Tail Water Rating
Curve,
USBR and Indian types of Stilling Basins.
The document discusses different types of canal regulation structures used to control water flow and levels in canals. It describes canal falls/drops, which regulate water supply levels when there is a change in canal bed elevation. Distributary head regulators control water supply to off-taking channels, while cross regulators control water levels and downstream discharge. Canal escapes dispose of excess water during heavy rains and canal outlets connect watercourses to distributary channels. Specific types of falls discussed include ogee, rapid, stepped, notch, and vertical drop falls. Design considerations for cross regulators and distributary head regulators include crest length, cutoff depths, and equations to calculate design discharge and head over the regulator.
This document provides information on canal irrigation systems. It discusses the various components of canal distribution systems including main canals, branch canals, distributaries, minors, and watercourses. It also describes canal structures like regulators, river training works, and different types of canal falls used to change the water level. The key purpose of the document is to outline the design and components of canal irrigation networks for transporting water from its source to agricultural fields.
The document discusses the components and objectives of diversion headworks. The key components include weirs or barrages, canal head regulators, divide walls, fish ladders, scouring sluices, silt excluders, and guide banks. The objectives are to raise water levels, control silt entry and deposition, and regulate water flow levels throughout the year. Site selection considerations and causes of failure on permeable foundations are also summarized.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal. They include components like weirs, barrages, canal head regulators, divide walls, fish ladders, and guide banks. The objectives are to raise water levels, control silt entry, regulate water flow, and allow fish passage. Proper site selection and design are needed to prevent failures from subsurface water flow, uplift pressure, hydraulic jumps, or scouring during floods. Remedies include increasing seepage lengths, adding sheet piles, and using thicker impervious floors.
Diversion headworks are structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal. Their objectives are to raise the water level, form water storage, control silt entry and deposition, and regulate water level fluctuations. Key components include a weir or barrage, canal head regulator, divide wall, fish ladder, scouring sluices, silt excluder, silt ejector, and marginal embankments. Together, these structures divert and regulate river flow into the canal while attempting to minimize silt accumulation and allow fish passage.
caissons and cofferdam in substructure constructionChinnuNinan
1. Caissons are hollow structures that are installed in place and then filled with concrete or other material. They are used as foundations under water.
2. There are three main types of caissons - open caissons which are open at the top and bottom, box caissons which are closed at the bottom, and pneumatic caissons which are closed at the top and use compressed air.
3. Cofferdams are temporary structures built around construction sites under water. They exclude surface and ground water to provide a dry work area. Common types include braced, earth-fill, timber crib, and double-walled sheet pile cofferdams.
Spillways, Spillway capacity, flood routing through spillways, different type...Denish Jangid
The document discusses spillways, which are structures used to safely discharge water from reservoirs when the water level rises too high. Spillways typically have several key components, including an approach channel, control structure, discharge carrier, discharge channel, and energy dissipators. The control structure regulates water flow and prevents discharge below a fixed level. Energy dissipators, like bucket or baffle types, reduce the water's velocity and kinetic energy before it reaches downstream areas. Spillways must provide stability, safely pass flood waters, operate efficiently, and do so economically.
This presentation discusses different types of spillways used in dam structures. Spillways are needed to safely discharge water from the reservoir during floods to prevent overtopping of the dam. The main types discussed are chute, shaft, saddle, and side channel spillways. Chute spillways convey water down an excavated open channel with a steep slope. Shaft spillways allow water to pass through a vertical shaft and horizontal conduit below the dam. Saddle spillways use natural depressions as spillway routes. Side channel spillways route flood water parallel to the dam.
Types of dams, geological considerations in site selection, Competency of Rocks to offer stable dam foundation, effect of geological structures on dam, selection of dam site, Reservoir, purpose of reservoir, influence of water table, geological structures, life of reservoir, geophysical studies
This document provides information on diversion head works for canals. It defines diversion head works as structures constructed at the head of a canal to divert river water into the canal. The objectives are to raise the water level and regulate supply. Common structures include weirs and barrages. Weirs raise water level using a raised crest, while barrages use gates to pond water. Other components are under-sluices, divide walls, river training works, and canal head regulators which control water flow into the canal. Careful site selection considers factors like river characteristics, land use, and material availability.
this presentation describes in details the sinking operation of well foundations in different conditions and situations. the content here is suitable only for basic knowledge and educational purposes.
Design of-steel-structures bhavakkati- by easy engineering.netsaibabu48
The document contains repeated text blocks noting that content was downloaded from www.EasyEngineering.net. It requests that other websites or blogs do not copy or republish the materials and to report any instances of finding the same materials with the EasyEngineering watermark. The document provides attribution to EasyEngineering.net as the source but does not contain any other substantive content.
The document outlines the key terms of a lease agreement between John Doe as the landlord and Jane Smith as the tenant. It specifies the monthly rent amount and due date, the security deposit required, allows for pets but prohibits smoking, and describes the process for repairs, entry by the landlord, and early termination of the lease. The landlord and tenant must both sign the agreement prior to the tenant moving into the rental property.
This document provides information about structural steel materials and specifications used in steel structures. It discusses different grades of structural steel like IS 226, IS 2062, and IS 961. It also describes common rolled steel sections like I-sections, channel sections, angle sections, and their designations. Key concepts covered are materials properties, stress-strain curves, working stress method, limit state design method, analysis and design of steel structures. The document is intended as a reference for the design of steel structures course.
This document discusses tension members in structural engineering. It defines tension members as linear members that experience axial forces that elongate or stretch the member. Examples given include ropes, ties in trusses, suspenders in bridges. The document discusses the types of cross-sections used for tension members like angles, channels, rods. It also discusses the calculation of net effective sectional area and provides examples. Other topics covered include types of failures in tension members, design strength calculations, limiting slenderness ratios, tension splices, and lug angles.
This document contains a question bank for the subject of Design of Steel Structures. It includes multiple choice and numerical questions covering various topics in steel design such as bolted and welded connections, tension members, riveted joints, and limit state design approach. Some sample 16-mark design questions are provided related to designing tension members using angles, plates, and bolted/riveted connections to gusset plates to transmit axial forces. The document is intended as a study guide for students in the third year of a Civil Engineering program.
This document contains a question bank for a steel structures design course. It includes 20 questions in Part A testing basic knowledge of steel structures terminology and concepts. Part B contains 14 design problems testing application and evaluation skills. Topics covered include riveted and bolted connections, tension members, compression members, beams, plate girders, roof trusses, and crane girders. Students are asked to calculate strengths, suitable dimensions, and designs meeting loading criteria. Design factors like load magnitudes, member lengths, connection materials, and support conditions are provided.
The document contains 43 pages of lecture notes from Srividya College of Engineering and Technology on the design of steel structures. The notes cover various topics related to the design of tension members, compression members, and beams under the bending, shear, and axial forces. Design examples are included for the analysis and design of different steel structural elements.
1. The document discusses best practices for analyzing risks related to dam and levee spillway gates.
2. It describes different types of spillway gates and their vulnerabilities, including issues that led to the 1995 failure of Gate 3 at Folsom Dam in California due to trunnion pin friction.
3. Key factors that influence spillway gate risk are discussed, such as reservoir water level, seismic hazard, gate size, maintenance practices, and the potential for multiple gate failures. Event tree and fragility curve methods are presented for evaluating failure probabilities under different loading conditions.
This document discusses the analysis of safety and stability for concrete gravity dams. It begins with an outline of the topics to be covered in Lecture 5, including a summary of loading cases, design of concrete gravity dams, safety analysis, and stability analysis. The document then provides detailed descriptions and diagrams for each of the 8 loading cases to be considered in the safety and stability analysis. It discusses the design of gravity dams and the procedures for analysis. Key aspects of the safety and stability analysis are described, including checking for overturning, sliding, shear stresses, and overstressing of the concrete. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the concepts of checking for overturning, sliding, and factors of safety.
Spillways are designed to safely pass excess water from a reservoir to prevent overtopping of a dam. They come in many forms depending on site conditions but commonly include an overflow structure like an ogee crest to control reservoir levels. Proper spillway capacity is essential for dam safety as inadequate capacity contributes to 40% of dam failures. Spillway design considers hydrologic factors, hydraulic performance including discharge coefficients, and structural aspects like cost-effectiveness. Gates may be added to overflows to allow flexible reservoir operation while preventing overtopping during floods.
The document provides information on diversion headworks for water resources engineering projects. It discusses the different types of diversion headworks including storage and temporary diversion structures. Key components of diversion headworks are described such as weirs, barrages, divide walls, fish ladders, and canal head regulators. Factors for selecting sites for diversion structures are outlined. Causes of failures for weirs built on permeable foundations and remedies are summarized.
1) Canals are artificial channels constructed to carry water from a source like a river or reservoir to agricultural fields.
2) Canals are classified based on their water source (permanent or inundation), function (irrigation, navigation, power), alignment (watershed, contour, side slope), discharge (main, branch, distributary), and whether they have lining.
3) The cross-section of a canal includes components like side slopes, berms, freeboard, banks, and may involve partial cutting and filling to achieve a balancing depth.
Canal lining involves adding an impermeable layer to canal beds and banks to reduce water seepage losses. Common lining materials include compacted earth, concrete, and plastic membranes. Lining can conserve up to 50% of irrigation water by preventing seepage and allowing canals to maintain higher water velocities using smaller cross-sections. It also stabilizes canal banks, prevents erosion, and increases the command area by allowing flatter canal slopes. Hard linings include cast concrete while earth linings use compacted soil or soil-bentonite mixes. Buried plastic membranes are another option but are susceptible to damage.
Spillways are structures constructed near dams to safely discharge surplus water from reservoirs. There are several types of spillways classified by their utility and prominent features. Main spillways are designed to pass the entire design flood volume, while auxiliary spillways supplement the main spillway. Emergency spillways activate only during emergencies. Common spillway types include overflow, which guides water smoothly over a curved crest; side channel, which diverts flow through a parallel channel; and tunnel, which conveys flow through a closed channel around the dam. Shaft spillways similarly direct water vertically then horizontally through a tunnel.
A gravity dam resists external forces through its own weight. It is a solid, durable structure constructed of masonry or concrete. Forces acting on a gravity dam include water pressure, the weight of the dam, uplift pressure, silt pressure, wave pressure, ice pressure, and pressure from earthquake forces. Water pressure is the major external force and varies with depth, while the weight of the dam is the main resisting force.
This document discusses different types of subsurface irrigation methods, including natural and artificial subsurface irrigation. Natural subsurface irrigation involves using the natural water table to irrigate crops through capillary action, while artificial subsurface irrigation uses buried perforated pipes to maintain the water table below the soil surface. The document also discusses sprinkler irrigation systems, how they work, their advantages of uniform water distribution and adaptability, and disadvantages like high costs and interference from wind. Finally, it defines and discusses drip irrigation, how it efficiently applies water directly to plant roots, and its advantages like water and fertilizer efficiency as well as disadvantages like sensitivity to clogging.
The document discusses different types of spillways used in dam construction including:
- Main and emergency spillways which provide controlled water release from dams.
- Straight (free overfall) spillways where water freely drops over the crest edge.
- Ogee spillways with an S-shaped crest profile that are commonly used in rigid dams.
- Side channel spillways which divert water away from the main dam through an adjacent channel.
- Chute spillways which lower water levels through steeply inclined channels.
- Tunnel spillways which pass water through underground tunnels.
- Siphon spillways which use siphonic action through enclosed conduits to discharge water downstream.
Spillways are structures used to release water from reservoirs to prevent overflow of dams. There are two main types of spillways: controlled and uncontrolled. Controlled spillways have gates to regulate water flow, while uncontrolled spillways release water once the reservoir level rises above the spillway crest. Spillways can also be classified based on their shape, such as ogee, side channel, labyrinth, chute, conduit, and baffled chute spillways. Each type has distinct hydraulic characteristics that make it suitable for different dam designs and site conditions.
This document discusses the design principles for retaining walls. It describes:
1) Different categories of retaining structures based on height, including curbs under 0.6m, short walls up to 3m using reinforcement, and taller walls requiring bracing.
2) Design considerations for stability of soils, the wall itself, structural strength, and effects on adjacent structures.
3) Basic loading factors including earth pressures, water pressures, and surcharges from loads or traffic.
4) Considerations for soil properties, selection of backfill material, and effects of groundwater.
The document describes four main methods of irrigation: surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip or trickle irrigation. Surface irrigation involves applying water to the soil surface through methods like flooding, furrows, borders, or basins. Subsurface irrigation applies water underground through trenches or pipes. Sprinkler irrigation sprays water into the air through nozzles, simulating rainfall. Drip irrigation delivers water slowly to the soil through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters. Each method has advantages and suitability for different crop and soil conditions.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
The Science of Learning: implications for modern teachingDerek Wenmoth
Keynote presentation to the Educational Leaders hui Kōkiritia Marautanga held in Auckland on 26 June 2024. Provides a high level overview of the history and development of the science of learning, and implications for the design of learning in our modern schools and classrooms.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Creative Restart 2024: Mike Martin - Finding a way around “no”Taste
Ideas that are good for business and good for the world that we live in, are what I’m passionate about.
Some ideas take a year to make, some take 8 years. I want to share two projects that best illustrate this and why it is never good to stop at “no”.
1. What is Canal Fall?
• Whenever the available natural ground slope
is steep than the designed bed slope of the
channel, the difference is adjusted by
constructing vertical ‘falls’ or ‘drops’ in the canal
bed at suitable intervals, as shown in figure
below.
• Such a drop in a natural canal bed will not be
stable and, therefore, in order to retain this drop,
a masonry structure is constructed. Such a
structure is called a Canal Fall or a Canal
drop.
3. Canal Fall
Irrigation canals are designed for a prescribed bed
slope so that velocity becomes non silting or non
scouring. But if the ground topography is such that in
order to maintain the canal designed slope, indefinite
filling from falling ground level is to be made.
This indefinite filling is avoided by constructing a
hydraulic structure in the place of sudden bed level.
This hydraulic structure is called canal fall or drop.
Beyond the canal fall, canal again maintains its
designed slope.
4. Necessity of Canal Falls
• When the slope of the ground suddenly changes
to steeper slope, the permissible bed slope can not
be maintained. It requires excessive earthwork in
filling to maintain the slope. In such a case falls are
provided to avoid excessive earth work in filling.
5. Necessity of Canal Falls
• When the slope of the ground is more or
less uniform and the slope is greater than
the permissible bed slope of canal.
6. Necessity of Canal Falls
• In cross-drainage works, when the difference between
bed level of canal and that of drainage is small or
when the F.S.L of the canal is above the bed level
of drainage then the canal fall is necessary to carry
the canal water below the stream or drainage.
7. Types of Canal Fall
• Depending on the ground level conditions and
shape of the fall the various types of fall are:
Ogee Fall
• This type of fall has gradual convex and concave
surfaces i.e. in the ogee form.
• The gradual convex and concave surface is
provided with an aim to provide smooth
transition and to reduce disturbance and impact.
• A hydraulic jump is formed which dissipates a
part of kinetic energy.
• Upstream and downstream of the fall is provided
by Stone Pitching.
9. Types of Canal Fall
Rapid Fall
• When the natural ground level is even and
rapid, this rapid fall is suitable.
• It consists of long sloping glacis.
• Curtain walls are provided on both u/s and d/s
sides.
• Rubble masonry with cement grouting is
provided from u/s curtain wall to d/s curtain
wall.
• Masonry surface is finished with a rich
cement mortar.
11. Types of Canal Fall
Stepped Fall
• It consists of a series of vertical drops in the form of
steps.
• This steps is suitable in places where sloping ground is
very long and require a long glacis to connect the
higher bed level u/s with lower bed level d/s.
• It is practically a modification of rapid fall. The
sloping glacis is divided into a number of drops to
bring down the canal bed step by step to protect the
canal bed and sides from damage by erosion.
• Brick walls are provided at each drop. The bed of the
canal within the fall is protected by rubble masonry
with surface finishing by rich cement mortar.
13. Types of Canal Fall
Vertical Fall (Sarda Fall)
• In the vertical drop type fall the clear nappe
leaving the crest is made to impinge into a
cistern below.
• The cistern provides a water cushion and helps
to dissipate the surplus energy of the falling jet.
• Floor is made of concrete u/s and d/s side stone
pitching with cement grouting is provided.
• This type of fall is used in Sarda Canal UP and
therefore, it is also called Sarda Fall.
15. Types of Canal Fall
Straight Glacis Fall
• It consists of a straight glacis provided
with a crest wall.
• For dissipation of energy of flowing water,
a water cushion is provided.
• Curtain walls are provided at toe and heel.
• Stone pitching is required at upstream and
downstream of the fall.
17. Types of Canal Fall
Trapezoidal Notch Fall
• In this type a body or foundation wall across the
channel consisting of several trapezoidal notches
between side pier and intermediate pier is
constructed.
• The sill of the notches are kept at upstream bed
level of the canal.
• The body wall is made of concrete.
• An impervious floor is provided to resist the
scouring effect of falling water.
• Upstream and downstream side of the fall is
protected by stone pitching finished with cement
grouting
19. Types of Canal Fall
Well or Cylinder Notch Fall
• In this type, water of canal from higher level
is thrown in a well or a cylinder from where
it escapes from bottom.
• Energy is dissipated in the well in turbulence.
• They are suitable for low discharges and are
economical also.
20. Types of Canal Fall
Montague Type Fall
• In the straight glacis type profile, energy
dissipation is not complete.
• Therefore, montague developed this type of
profile where energy dissipation takes place.
• This profile is parabolic and is given by the
following equation,
23. Types of Canal Fall
Inglis or Baffle Fall
• Here glacis is straight and sloping, but baffle
wall provided on the downstream floor
dissipate the energy.
• Main body of glacis is made of concrete.
• Curtain walls both at toe and heel are
provided.
• Stone pitching are essential both at u/s and d/s
ends.
25. Canal Escape
• It is a side channel constructed to remove
surplus water from an irrigation channel (main
canal, branch canal, or distributary etc.) into a
natural drain.
• The water in the irrigation channel may become
surplus due to -
• Mistake
• Difficulty in regulation at the head
• Excessive rainfall in the upper reaches
• Outlets being closed by cultivators as they find
the demand of water is over
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