This document provides information on common types of construction materials used for flooring in India. It discusses clay tiles, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, mosaic floors, marble floors, granite floors, concrete floors and various natural stone floors. For each type, it describes what they are made of, their properties, advantages, disadvantages and common applications. It also provides details on the manufacturing process for tiles, pavers blocks and laying different types of flooring.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
Flooring refers to any material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Common flooring materials include carpet, resilient flooring (e.g. vinyl, linoleum), wood, ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo, and seamless chemical coatings. The choice of flooring material depends on factors like cost, durability, noise insulation, comfort, and maintenance requirements. A subfloor provides structural support for the flooring material and may be finished without additional covering. Common flooring types discussed include carpet, wood, resilient, ceramic tile, marble, brick, glass, rubber, and stone flooring.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
Doors,Windows & Ventilator in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Doors, Windows & Ventilator is a part of building component which is allow to Air & light move & circulate inward & outward, with in door Human or any other material can be move inside or outside also. here types of doors & windows & ventilation are given with necessity of location, function etc.
Floor finishes - flooring and finish typesAnqaParvez
Floor finishes provide protective and decorative coverings for floor surfaces. Common floor finishes include concrete, terrazzo, stone, wood, brick, tile, and vinyl. Finishes are chosen based on factors like durability, maintenance requirements, aesthetics, and intended use of the space. Proper preparation, installation techniques, and sealing are important to ensure floor finishes perform as intended.
This document provides information on different types of floor finishes. It discusses the structure and components of a floor. It then describes various flooring materials like stone, tile, terrazzo, brick, cement concrete and timber flooring. For each material, it provides details on their manufacture, sizes, properties, advantages and uses. Stone flooring discussed in detail includes marble, granite and kota stone. For tiles, both ceramic and vitrified tiles are explained. Mosaic and terrazzo flooring techniques are also summarized.
Bricks have been used as a building material since 7000BC, originally made of sun-dried mud but later fired bricks proved more durable. Bricks are now one of the most commonly used building materials after wood. They are manufactured through processes like soft mud, dry press, and extrusion from raw materials like clay, calcium silicate, or concrete. Bricks provide benefits like strength, fire resistance, insulation, and durability making them a versatile and long-lasting building material.
Flooring refers to any material applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Common flooring materials include carpet, resilient flooring (e.g. vinyl, linoleum), wood, ceramic tile, stone, terrazzo, and seamless chemical coatings. The choice of flooring material depends on factors like cost, durability, noise insulation, comfort, and maintenance requirements. A subfloor provides structural support for the flooring material and may be finished without additional covering. Common flooring types discussed include carpet, wood, resilient, ceramic tile, marble, brick, glass, rubber, and stone flooring.
This document discusses different types of bricks and brick bonding techniques. It describes common burnt clay bricks, sand lime bricks, fly ash bricks, AAC bricks, hollow bricks, and bio bricks. Each brick type has different properties like strength, weight, insulation, and environmental impact. The document also examines various brick bonds like stretcher bond, header bond, Flemish bond, English bond, and their structural applications in walls. Different bonding patterns help distribute loads and provide stability in masonry construction.
This document discusses various types of flooring and wall cladding materials used in construction. It provides information on exterior and interior insulation finishing systems, roofing materials, waterproofing treatments, damp proofing, and terminite proofing. It also describes different stone flooring options like Shahabad stone, Kota stone, and marble stone flooring. Additional flooring materials discussed include chequered tiles, glazed tiles, block paving, terrazzo tiles, and various types of floor finishes.
Doors,Windows & Ventilator in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Doors, Windows & Ventilator is a part of building component which is allow to Air & light move & circulate inward & outward, with in door Human or any other material can be move inside or outside also. here types of doors & windows & ventilation are given with necessity of location, function etc.
Floor finishes - flooring and finish typesAnqaParvez
Floor finishes provide protective and decorative coverings for floor surfaces. Common floor finishes include concrete, terrazzo, stone, wood, brick, tile, and vinyl. Finishes are chosen based on factors like durability, maintenance requirements, aesthetics, and intended use of the space. Proper preparation, installation techniques, and sealing are important to ensure floor finishes perform as intended.
The document discusses damp proof courses (DPC), which are barriers made of impervious materials built into walls and piers to prevent moisture from moving within the building. A DPC is laid into a brick wall approximately two courses below the lowest timber member, such as a bearer. Damp proofing in construction uses moisture control methods applied to walls and floors to prevent damp problems from occurring inside buildings, including membrane damp proofing, integral damp proofing, surface treatments, guniting, and cavity wall construction.
This document presents a summary of different types of bricks. It defines bricks and discusses their sizes, including modular and traditional bricks. It then describes several categories of bricks including building bricks (e.g. clay, sand lime, engineering), paving bricks, fire bricks, and special bricks. Building bricks are used for wall construction, paving bricks are used as pavers, and special bricks are used for uncommon designs. Bricks can also be classified based on their manufacturing quality. The document was created by students at Shree Santkrupa College of Engineering & Technology and discusses bricks to educate about their various types.
This document discusses different types of wall finishes. It begins by defining wall finishes as enhancements given to walls to improve interior or exterior appearance. Some key structural wall finishes mentioned include tiles, wood, terracotta, marble wash and stone. The document then focuses on tile finishes, describing different types like ceramic, porcelain, glazed, glass, mosaic and natural stone tiles. It provides details on characteristics and applications of each tile type. Additionally, it covers various wood paneling options for wall finishes like shiplap, board and batten, plank, tongue and groove and bead board. Maintenance requirements are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing Ramya S
Rock is a natural solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids that make up the Earth's crust. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Natural stone refers to blocks cut from quarries that are used for construction, including granite, marble, limestone, travertine, slate, basalt, quartzite, and sandstone. Each has different properties making them suitable for various applications like flooring, countertops, and buildings. Artificial stones are man-made mixtures that imitate natural stones through the use of materials like resin, cement, and stone chips.
This document discusses mortars and plasters used in building construction. It defines mortars as mixtures used for joining bricks and stones, typically consisting of aggregates like sand and a binding material like lime or cement. It describes the different types of traditional mortars used in ancient structures like the pyramids of Egypt. It also outlines the key functions, properties, classifications, and uses of mortars and plasters. The document provides details on the preparation and curing of different types of mortars like lime, cement, and gauged mortars. It concludes with a section on sand and its classification according to origin and composition.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
Timber is wood suitable for construction purposes due to properties like strength and workability. It is used widely in construction for structures, furniture, and other wood products. Timber is processed through felling, seasoning to remove moisture, and conversion into desired shapes through sawing. Proper seasoning is important to prevent defects from warping or cracking. Various wood properties depend on whether it is softwood or hardwood. Timber can be preserved through treatments to increase its lifespan by protecting against fungi, insects and weathering.
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
The document provides information on various external finish materials, including glass, stucco, fibre cement, timber and wood products, and slate. It discusses the properties and applications of each material. Glass is highlighted for its transparency, aesthetics, and functional uses such as doors, windows, and partitions. Stucco is described as a composite building material used for decorative wall coating. Fiber cement is a composite material made of sand, cement and cellulose fibers used for siding. Various wood types and products are outlined, including their properties, common applications, and advantages for construction. Slate is discussed as a roofing material known for its durability and low maintenance.
Mud flooring is commonly used in rural villages, where the soil is not always suitable for construction. Stabilizers like cement or indigenous materials like straw or cow dung can be added to improve the soil's strength and reduce shrinkage. A mud floor is constructed by mixing sifted sand, clay, cow manure, and chopped straw then ramming it into a 150mm thick consolidated layer on the wet base floor. To maintain the floor, a thin cement-cow dung coating is added once or twice a week. Mud floors are affordable, easy to build, warm in winter and cool in summer, making them suitable for places with extreme seasonal temperatures.
Mortar is a material used in masonry construction to bind bricks, blocks, and stones together. It provides strength and stability to walls. Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binding material like cement or lime, and water. The binding material determines the mortar type, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, or gypsum mortar. Mortars can also be classified based on density or special purpose, including fire resistant, sound absorbing, or chemical resistant mortars. The proper selection of mortar type depends on factors like durability, weather conditions, and intended use.
Artificial Construction Materials- A beginners presentationPrashant P
Artificial Construction Materials- Materials including commonly used ones as well as new in the industry. Basic Presentation for beginners in the civil engineering field. I had prepared this in the first year of my diploma course.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials including natural materials like mud, timber, stone, and man-made materials like concrete, metal, and tiles. It provides details on various stone flooring options like marble, granite, and ceramic tiles. Marble flooring has advantages like being available in many colors and patterns, adding radiance, and being durable; but it has disadvantages like getting cold in winter and being expensive. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, and maintenance requirements.
The document discusses damp proof courses (DPC), which are barriers made of impervious materials built into walls and piers to prevent moisture from moving within the building. A DPC is laid into a brick wall approximately two courses below the lowest timber member, such as a bearer. Damp proofing in construction uses moisture control methods applied to walls and floors to prevent damp problems from occurring inside buildings, including membrane damp proofing, integral damp proofing, surface treatments, guniting, and cavity wall construction.
This document presents a summary of different types of bricks. It defines bricks and discusses their sizes, including modular and traditional bricks. It then describes several categories of bricks including building bricks (e.g. clay, sand lime, engineering), paving bricks, fire bricks, and special bricks. Building bricks are used for wall construction, paving bricks are used as pavers, and special bricks are used for uncommon designs. Bricks can also be classified based on their manufacturing quality. The document was created by students at Shree Santkrupa College of Engineering & Technology and discusses bricks to educate about their various types.
This document discusses different types of wall finishes. It begins by defining wall finishes as enhancements given to walls to improve interior or exterior appearance. Some key structural wall finishes mentioned include tiles, wood, terracotta, marble wash and stone. The document then focuses on tile finishes, describing different types like ceramic, porcelain, glazed, glass, mosaic and natural stone tiles. It provides details on characteristics and applications of each tile type. Additionally, it covers various wood paneling options for wall finishes like shiplap, board and batten, plank, tongue and groove and bead board. Maintenance requirements are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of mortar used in construction. It defines mortar as a mixture of a binding material, fine aggregate, and water. Common binding materials include cement and lime. Mortars are classified by their binding material, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, and mud mortar. Specialty mortars include fire resistant mortar, lightweight mortar, and chemical resistant mortar which are formulated for specific applications. The document outlines the proper mixing and application of different mortars.
Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill gaps. It is typically made of sand, a binder like cement or lime, and water. Mortar hardens after setting to form a rigid structure. Different types of mortar are used depending on the binder, intended use, and required properties. Cement mortar provides high strength and is used for load-bearing walls. Lime mortar is used above ground, while mud mortar is a cheaper option for ordinary buildings. Special mortars include fire-resistant, lightweight, and sound absorbing varieties.
The document discusses flooring materials and their properties. It provides information on various types of flooring materials including ceramic tiles, marble, terrazzo tiles, and vitrified tiles. For each material, it describes the manufacturing process, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, common uses, and costs. Ceramic tiles are made from clay, sand and other natural materials that are fired at high temperatures. Marble is a natural stone that comes in various colors and grades. Terrazzo involves pouring a composite material that is ground and polished smooth. Vitrified tiles are made through a process that makes them non-porous and highly durable.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
Natural & Artificial stones & its uses in designing Ramya S
Rock is a natural solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids that make up the Earth's crust. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Natural stone refers to blocks cut from quarries that are used for construction, including granite, marble, limestone, travertine, slate, basalt, quartzite, and sandstone. Each has different properties making them suitable for various applications like flooring, countertops, and buildings. Artificial stones are man-made mixtures that imitate natural stones through the use of materials like resin, cement, and stone chips.
This document discusses mortars and plasters used in building construction. It defines mortars as mixtures used for joining bricks and stones, typically consisting of aggregates like sand and a binding material like lime or cement. It describes the different types of traditional mortars used in ancient structures like the pyramids of Egypt. It also outlines the key functions, properties, classifications, and uses of mortars and plasters. The document provides details on the preparation and curing of different types of mortars like lime, cement, and gauged mortars. It concludes with a section on sand and its classification according to origin and composition.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses different types of roofing materials. It describes slate, Allahabad, burnt clay, and concrete roof tiles. Slate tiles are extremely durable with low water absorption. They are available in grey, black, or red. Allahabad tiles have flat bottom tiles that alternate with convex curved top tiles. Burnt clay tiles are suitable for sloped roofs from 20-50 degrees and are durable but heavy. Concrete tiles are made from cement and sand and come in various shapes like pantiles and ridges. Factors that affect roof material selection include climate, cost, appearance, and maintenance requirements. Proper installation methods are also outlined.
Timber is wood suitable for construction purposes due to properties like strength and workability. It is used widely in construction for structures, furniture, and other wood products. Timber is processed through felling, seasoning to remove moisture, and conversion into desired shapes through sawing. Proper seasoning is important to prevent defects from warping or cracking. Various wood properties depend on whether it is softwood or hardwood. Timber can be preserved through treatments to increase its lifespan by protecting against fungi, insects and weathering.
Pointing - the technique of repairing mortar joints between bricks or other masonry elements.
Finishing - a fine job in building construction process
where it forms the beauty of a building.
The document provides information on various external finish materials, including glass, stucco, fibre cement, timber and wood products, and slate. It discusses the properties and applications of each material. Glass is highlighted for its transparency, aesthetics, and functional uses such as doors, windows, and partitions. Stucco is described as a composite building material used for decorative wall coating. Fiber cement is a composite material made of sand, cement and cellulose fibers used for siding. Various wood types and products are outlined, including their properties, common applications, and advantages for construction. Slate is discussed as a roofing material known for its durability and low maintenance.
Mud flooring is commonly used in rural villages, where the soil is not always suitable for construction. Stabilizers like cement or indigenous materials like straw or cow dung can be added to improve the soil's strength and reduce shrinkage. A mud floor is constructed by mixing sifted sand, clay, cow manure, and chopped straw then ramming it into a 150mm thick consolidated layer on the wet base floor. To maintain the floor, a thin cement-cow dung coating is added once or twice a week. Mud floors are affordable, easy to build, warm in winter and cool in summer, making them suitable for places with extreme seasonal temperatures.
Mortar is a material used in masonry construction to bind bricks, blocks, and stones together. It provides strength and stability to walls. Mortar is a mixture of sand, a binding material like cement or lime, and water. The binding material determines the mortar type, such as cement mortar, lime mortar, or gypsum mortar. Mortars can also be classified based on density or special purpose, including fire resistant, sound absorbing, or chemical resistant mortars. The proper selection of mortar type depends on factors like durability, weather conditions, and intended use.
Artificial Construction Materials- A beginners presentationPrashant P
Artificial Construction Materials- Materials including commonly used ones as well as new in the industry. Basic Presentation for beginners in the civil engineering field. I had prepared this in the first year of my diploma course.
The document discusses different types of flooring materials including natural materials like mud, timber, stone, and man-made materials like concrete, metal, and tiles. It provides details on various stone flooring options like marble, granite, and ceramic tiles. Marble flooring has advantages like being available in many colors and patterns, adding radiance, and being durable; but it has disadvantages like getting cold in winter and being expensive. Selection of flooring depends on factors like initial cost, appearance, durability, and maintenance requirements.
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS MATERIALS LOUIS WAYNE
This document provides information on various civil engineering materials including timber, sand, aggregate, mortar, and concrete. It discusses the types, properties, requirements and uses of each material. Timber types include hardwood and softwood. Sand is classified as fine, medium, and coarse. Aggregates can be natural or artificial, and are classified by size as fine or coarse aggregates. Mortar types include cement mortar, lime mortar, light weight mortar, fire resistant mortar, and mud mortar. Concrete types depend on mix design and include regular concrete, high strength concrete, self-consolidating concrete, and others. Each material has important applications in construction.
This document provides an overview of various civil engineering materials including timber, sand, aggregate, mortar, and concrete. It discusses the types, properties, requirements and uses of each material. Timber types include hardwood and softwood. Sand is classified as fine, medium, or coarse. Aggregate can be natural or artificial, and classified by size as fine or coarse aggregate. Mortar requirements include workability and water retention. Mortar types include cement, lime, lightweight, fire resistant, and mud mortar. Concrete uses cement, water, aggregates and sometimes admixtures to bond together with strength, durability and versatility.
This document discusses different types of flooring materials and their installation techniques. It covers wood, tile, stone, laminate, concrete, paver, and terrazzo flooring. For each type, it describes properties like durability and maintenance needs, suitable environments, and common installation methods like using cement or being floated. The document provides a high-level overview of key flooring options and how they are constructed.
This document discusses various building construction materials including stone, brick, lime, cement, metal, timber, sand, aggregates, and mortar. It provides the requirements and uses of each material. Stone, brick, lime, cement are used in building walls and structures. Metal is used for reinforcement. Timber is used for furniture, doors, and structures. Sand and aggregates are used in concrete, mortar, and asphalt. Mortar is used to bind bricks and stones in walls. Concrete mixtures are used in building foundations, slabs, and other structures. The document was prepared by civil engineering students and provides an overview of common building materials and their applications.
Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-writing modes. As stated in Writing from A to Z, edited by Kirk Polking, description is more than the amassing of details; it is bringing something to life by carefully choosing and arranging words and phrases to produce the desired effect (Polking 1990, p. 106). The most appropriate and effective techniques for presenting description are a matter of ongoing discussion among writers and writing coaches.Fiction is a form of narrative, one of the four rhetorical modes of discourse. Fiction-writing also has modes for fiction-writing: action, exposition, description, dialogue, summary, and transition (Morrell 2006, p. 127). Author Peter Selgin refers to methods, including action, dialogue, thoughts, summary, scene, and description (Selgin 2007, p. 38). Currently, there is no consensus within the writing community regarding the number and composition of fiction-writing modes and their uses.
Description is the fiction-writing mode for transmitting a mental image of the particulars of a story. Together with dialogue, narration, exposition, and summarization, description is one of the most widely recognized of the fiction-w
This document provides information on concrete, its ingredients and properties. Concrete is composed of Portland cement, water, aggregates (sand and gravel/crushed stone) and sometimes admixtures. It is mixed either by hand or machine. The cement and water form a paste that binds the aggregates together as it hardens. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength. Proper curing is required for concrete to attain its full strength. Concrete is a versatile building material with many applications.
This document discusses various types of flooring materials used in building construction including their properties and construction methods. Some key flooring materials mentioned are mud, brick, flagstone, cement concrete, mosaic, tile, marble, wood, rubber, and glass. For each type, the document outlines the material's characteristics like cost, appearance, durability, insulation, ease of maintenance and typical applications. Proper preparation of the base or sub-grade is also emphasized before installing different flooring options.
When we are constructing homes we don't even know how many types of flooring are there. If you want to know about it then watch the slides. To know more about it go through this link( https://blog.builtify.in/2019/07/11-best-suited-flooring-types-for-Indian-home-builtify.html )
This document provides information on various types of floor finishes and their specifications. It discusses different flooring materials including brick, cement concrete, terrazzo, ceramic tiles, vitrified tiles, wooden flooring and stone flooring. For each material, it provides details on their applications, manufacturing process, advantages and disadvantages, pricing and popular brands available in the market. It also includes sections on grouts, adhesives, polishes and other related products along with their prices. In summary, the document is a comprehensive guide covering various flooring options and building materials used in interior design projects.
Terrazzo is a composite material made of marble or other stone chips bound together by a cementitious matrix poured in place or precast. It is used for floor and wall treatments and has a smooth, shiny, and durable surface. Terrazzo is hard, heavy, water resistant, and easy to maintain, making it suitable for use in entryways, kitchens, bathrooms, and other high-traffic commercial and public areas. However, terrazzo has high initial costs and a complex installation process.
The document discusses construction equipment, specifically earthmoving equipment. It provides details on various types of earthmoving equipment including tractors, bulldozers, and their components and uses. Tractors can be fitted with tools like blades and buckets to perform earthmoving tasks. Bulldozers have blades attached to push soil and are well-suited for tasks like clearing land, excavating, and grading. The selection of the proper equipment depends on factors like the job conditions and materials being moved.
1. The document discusses site layout, which is a scaled drawing showing relevant construction site features such as entry/exit points, storage areas, temporary services, and contractor offices. It is important for efficient work flow and safety.
2. Key factors in site layout planning include the project nature, construction methods, resource availability, and safety considerations. The layout should optimize space utilization and minimize transport time/costs.
3. A well-planned site layout provides benefits like smooth and economical work, reduced completion time, increased safety and output, and less material waste.
This document provides information on various types of earthmoving construction equipment. It discusses tractors and bulldozers in detail as two key pieces of earthmoving equipment. Tractors can be fitted with different attachments and are used for tasks like land clearing while bulldozers have blades attached to push earth and are used for operations like clearing land, constructing roads, and backfilling. The document emphasizes that proper selection of construction equipment depends on factors like the type of work, site conditions, equipment specifications, and cost considerations.
This document discusses different types of special concrete and factors that affect the durability of concrete. It describes 10 types of special concrete: 1) light weight concrete, 2) polymer modified concrete, 3) fiber reinforced concrete, 4) high performance concrete, 5) pumped concrete, 6) roller compacted concrete, 7) self-compacting concrete, 8) high density concrete, 9) ready mixed concrete, and 10) green concrete. It also discusses recycled concrete and various methods to improve the durability of concrete structures. The document provides details on the composition, properties and applications of these special concretes.
1. The compressive strength of concrete is one of its most important properties and is generally determined by testing cubes or cylinders at 28 days. Strength depends on factors like water-cement ratio, cement content, curing conditions, and aggregate size and type.
2. The water-cement ratio has a significant effect on strength, with lower ratios producing stronger concrete according to Abrams' law. Other factors like gel/space ratio and maturity (temperature over time) also influence strength development.
3. In addition to compressive strength, concrete has tensile, flexural, and shear capacities that relate to its compressive strength. Its elastic properties include modulus of elasticity and shrinkage/creep behaviors
The document provides information on concrete mix design, including the objectives and factors governing mix design. It discusses statistical quality control and acceptance criteria for concrete testing. It also describes different concrete mix design methods according to Indian standards and ACI, including the required tables and steps for mix design. Mix designs are provided for M30 concrete using normal aggregates and with fly ash as a replacement.
The document discusses the properties of fresh concrete, including workability, segregation, and bleeding. It defines these properties and describes factors that affect workability, such as water content, mix proportions, aggregate size and shape, and use of admixtures. Methods for measuring workability, including slump test, compacting factor test, flow table test, and Vee Bee consistometer test are also summarized. Segregation and bleeding are defined as types of concrete separation, and factors influencing these properties are outlined.
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water that hardens into a building material. It is the second most consumed substance on Earth after water. Concrete is made by mixing cement and water to form a paste that is then mixed with fine and coarse aggregates. The paste coats the surface of the aggregates and binds them together into a rock-like mass once hardened. Concrete's strength comes from reinforcement like steel bars for buildings and structures.
The document discusses the types, properties, and classifications of aggregates used to make concrete. It describes how aggregates provide bulk and strength to concrete while reducing shrinkage. Various tests are used to evaluate the size, shape, strength, density and other physical properties of aggregates to ensure they will perform well when used to manufacture durable concrete.
Steel is a versatile building material that can be manufactured in various forms like sections, bars, plates, and sheets to serve both structural and non-structural purposes in construction. Different types and grades of steel like mild steel, high carbon steel, high tensile steel, and reinforced bars have specific chemical compositions and mechanical properties making them suitable for uses like building frames, reinforcement, tools, and machine parts. Rolled sections, bars, plates, and sheets are designated according to their dimensions, weight, and other specifications to uniquely identify the type and size of each steel product.
This document discusses building construction materials, specifically bricks. It covers the constituents needed for good brick earth, the manufacturing process of bricks which involves preparation of clay, moulding, drying, and burning. It describes hand moulding and machine moulding methods. Bricks can be burnt using clamp burning or kiln burning. Finally, it classifies burnt bricks into four categories based on their manufacturing and preparation: first class, second class, third class, and fourth class bricks.
The document outlines 13 basic requirements for building design and construction:
1. Strength and stability to safely support loads on the structure.
2. Dimensional stability to resist deformation from loads, temperature changes, and moisture.
3. Durability to withstand weathering and remain serviceable for the building's lifetime.
4. Damp prevention to keep the building dry and prevent moisture damage.
5. Additional requirements include fire protection, heat insulation, daylighting, ventilation, sound insulation, comfort/convenience, security, termite proofing, and economical design and maintenance. Satisfying these 13 basic requirements allows a building to perform its functional needs safely and efficiently.
The document discusses different types of building construction materials, focusing on glass and plastics. It describes 14 types of glass including soda lime glass, potash lead glass, bottle glass, potash lime glass, borosilicate glass, structural glass, flat sheet glass, fiber glass, wired glass, foam glass, shielding glass, bulletproof glass, tinted glass, and glass blocks. It provides details on the composition and common uses of each type of glass. The document also introduces plastics, classifying them as either thermoplastic or thermosetting depending on how they behave during heating and cooling during manufacturing.
The document discusses various building construction materials used in civil engineering projects, including natural stones like granite, limestone, and sandstone as well as artificial materials like concrete blocks. It provides details on classifying and selecting stones based on their properties, describing the appropriate uses of different stone types in constructions like buildings, dams, roads, and more. Common stones are evaluated based on factors like strength, hardness, durability, and workability to determine their suitability for structural or decorative applications.
More from D. Y. Patil College of Engineering & Technology, Kolhapur, Maharastra, India (14)
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
2. Tiles
• The most common types of Flooring available in India:
• Clay tiles:
• Clay tiles are made from a better grade brick-clays. Tiles are used for
roofing, flooring, paving, walls & drains.
• Tiles used for roofing are plain, curved or corrugated, while flooring &
walling tiles are plain, rectangular or hexagonal.
• Classification:
• They are classified as follows:
• By patents e.g. Mangalore tiles, Ranigunj tiles etc.
• By purposes e.g. wall tiles, ceiling tiles, roofing tiles, flooring tiles.
• Manufacturing:
• The process of manufacture involves the following operations:
a) Preparation of clay b) Moulding c) Drying d) Burning
3.
4. • Ceramic Tiles
• Ceramic tiles have quickly become one of the most popular types of
flooring materials used in a home.
• Ceramic tile is made up of sand, natural products and clays and once it
has been moulded into shape they are then fired in a kiln.
• When making ceramic tiles they can either be glazed or unglazed, but
the majority of homeowners have glazed ceramic tiles in their home.
• With their increasing popularity, there are hundreds of different
designs of ceramic tiles.
5. • Vitrified Tiles
• Vitrified tile is a ceramic tile with very low porosity. It is an alternative
to marble and granite flooring. There are four types of Vitrified tiles –
Soluble salt, Double charge, Full Body, Glazed.
• Types:
• Soluble salt vitrified tiles are screen printed and polished.
• Double charge vitrified tiles are fed through a press that prints the pattern
with a double layer of pigment, 3 to 4 mm thicker than other types of tile.
This process does not permit complex patterns but results in a long-
wearing tile surface, suitable for heavy traffic commercial projects.
Design layer should not be more than 4mm thickness, which may
weaken the strength of the tile.
• Full body vitrified tiles have pigment in entire body (thickness) of the
tile. This makes chips and scratches less noticeable and makes this an
ideal choice for high traffic zones, but the process significantly increases
the cost.
6. • Glazed vitrified tiles (GVT) have a glazed surface. They offer a
wide variety of design, art work and surface textures like wood
grain, bamboo, slate or stone. This is also an expensive process, but
the cost is dropping as digital printing techniques are introduced.
• One disadvantage of vitrified tiles is they do not have the natural
textures and patterns of marble or granite.
7. • Mosaic Floor
• This type of flooring involves embedding small pieces of colored
glass, stone, or ceramic tile in a background material such as plaster or
mortar.
• The resulting finish is unique and a variety of designs can be created.
• Most conventional apartments use grey or white mosaic.
• These are relatively inexpensive. More rich variety of mosaic is also
available in the market for the deserving people.
8. • Marble Floor
• Marble is a natural stone, and when properly finished can be
transformed into beautiful flooring.
• Marble flooring is one of the most luxurious and stylish floorings to
install in a home and adds a whole new element of class.
• Different types of marble will bring different looks to a foyer, hallway,
bathroom, or any room where it is present – and there are thousands of
different types of marble in nearly every color imaginable.
• With hues in black, brown, green, red, white and even pink, there’s no
doubt homeowners can find the right marble for their home.
• Marble is metamorphosed limestone, composed of fairly pure calcite.
• It is extensively used for sculpture, as a building material, and in many
other applications which includes flooring.
• Marble has a relatively lower abrasion resistance compared to artificial
floors.
• It is calcium carbonate which is strongly attached by Hydrochloric acid
which is commonly used in toilet & floor cleaning.
9. • It yellows over extended time duration whereas man made tiles tend
to retain their colour for decades.
10. • Granite Floor
• A common igneous rock composed of quartz, orthoclase, and
hornblende, often accompanied by pyroxene or mica.
• It is called granite because of the granular surface. Granite is
frequently used for buildings and monuments.
• It is a popular choice for not only flooring but also for countertops
in kitchen and shelves.
• Like marble, it’s a durable and versatile material that’s wonderfully
suited for floor tile.
11. • Concrete Floors
• Concrete floors are a sustainable option if you use an
existing concrete slab, avoiding the consumption of new materials.
• Today you can purchase readymade blocks which are ready to be laid
in your home or the exteriors.
12. • Natural Stones:
Following are the various natural stones used in flooring work:
1. Shahabad:
• In this type of flooring, stones which are available in the thickness of 20
to 40 mm uniformly thick slab are laid on concrete bedding.
• The stone should be hard, durable, tough, even & good quality.
• All stones should be dressed on edges before use.
• This type of flooring is suitable where movement of very heavy loads
have to be handle.
• Advantages:
• It is very economical in place where such stones are locally available.
• It is hard, durable & wear resistant.
• It is easy in construction, repair & maintenance.
• Disadvantages:
• It is not fine, smooth & attractive type flooring & therefore can not be
used for important public building.
• It is not found confortable for living purpose because it has bad
conductivity & poor shock absorbing properties.
13. • Natural Stones:
Following are the various natural stones used in flooring work:
2. Kotah:
• It is also naturally occurring stone. It is faint greenish in colour.
• It can take good polish & can be cut & sawn by machine.
• It is hugely available at place kotah so therefore the name kotah given to
this stone.
• This stone is commonly used for paving the floors, steps in residential
building.
3. Marble:
• It is also naturally occuring stone.
• Marble flooring is used in residential building, hospitals, temples etc
where superior type of flooring & where extra cleanliness is an essential
requirements.
• The size of marble slabs to be used in flooring depends upon the pattern
to be adopted.
• The slabs for normal works are square or rectangular in shape & their
thickness various from 20mm to 40mm.
14. • The base concrete is prepared & over the base concrete 20mm thick
bedding mortor of 1:4 (cement : sand) mix spread under the area of each
slab.
• The marble slab is laid on top of the bedding mortor, pressed & tapped
with wooden mallet & brought to the level with the already laid adjoining
slabs.
• After bedding mortor hardened slightly cement slurry is spread over the
same, the edges of already laid slabs are filled with cement slurry paste &
adjoin slab is laid on position & tapped with wooden mallet till it
properly bedded in level with adjoining slab.
• Due to sharp cutting of side joints between two slabs becomes very fine.
• The cement paste discharges from joints is cleaned.
• The tiles laid area is cured for minimum 7 days period
4. Granite:
• It is also naturally occurring stone.
• It is hard, durable & available in different colours.
• It have higher resistance to natural forces.
15. • It can take very good & glazing polish & can easily by swan & unsuitable
carving.
• Its specific gravity varies from 2.6- 2.7 & compressive strength varies
from 770-1300 kg/cm2.
• It is commonly used for paving the floors in commercial buildings such as
hotels, offices, entrances of hospitals, flooring tiles at temples.
• It is also used for ornamental works. It is also used for cladding the walls,
columns in commercial complexes.
• Granite flooring gives the good, smooth & pleasant finish.
• Cost of granite flooring is high.
5. Kadappa:
• It is also a naturally occurring stone & available in large quantity at a
village named as Kudappa therefore, name itself is give to this stone
Kadappa.
• It is black or ash black in colour.
• It is made smooth on one side & can commonly be used for making
kitchen platform.
16. • It is also used in window sill, steps in staircase.
• Sometimes it is used as flooring tiles in bathrooms.
• The compressive strength various from 770-2110kg/cm2.
Paving Blocks
17. • Paver blocks are also called as interlocking concrete pavement blocks.
Paver blocks are made from a special dry mix pre-cast pieces of
concrete commonly used in exterior landscaping pavement applications.
• Interlocking paving blocks are installed over a compacted sub-base & a
leveling bed of sand.
• Standard thickness of paving blocks are 60mm for light traffic, 80mm
for heavy traffic & 50mm for general work.
• Interlocking concrete pavers are now an efficient & economical choice
in various areas of building construction.
Manufacturing process of Paver Blocks:
• Paver blocks consist of both fine & coarsely grained aggregates along
with cement compounds in appropriate proportion.
• Ingredients are put through pressure & vibration which produces a
strong, durable concrete which can be moulded into various shapes &
design.
18. • Steps:
1. Proportioning:
A concrete mix of 1:2:4 (cement: sand: stone chips) by volume may be
used for cement concrete paving blocks with water to cement ratio of
0.62. The concrete mix should not be richer than 1:6 by volume of cement
to combined aggregates before mixing. Fineness modules of combined
aggregates should be in the range of 3.6 to 4.0.
2. Mixing
All the raw materials are placed in a concrete mixer and the mixer is
rotated for 15 minutes. The prepared mix is discharged from the mixer
and consumed in the next 30 minutes.
3. Ingredients put through pressure & vibrations
Vibrating table may be used for compacting the concrete mix in the
moulds of desired sizes and shapes.
4. Moulding
Use the moulds such as per requirement of size & shape. From inside of
mould oil should be applied for easy removal of block.
19. 5. Curing:
• After compacting the blocks are demoulded and kept for 24 hours in a
shelter away from direct sun and winds.
• The blocks thus hardened are cured with water to permit complete
moisturisation for 14 to 21 days.
• Water in the curing tanks is changed every 3 to 4 days. After curing, the
blocks are dried in natural atmosphere and sent for use.
Properties of Paving blocks:
Following are some properties of paving blocks:
• It has good dimensional stability.
• It has non-skid surface.
• It has good compressive strength. It sustain the comp. strength from 20 to
50 N/mm2.
• Its water absorption is very low & about 5%.
• It has good transverse strength 3 N/mm2
• Its dimensional tolerance for length & width is 2mm & 3mm for height.
• Its average abrasion is 3mm.
20. • Advantages of Paving Blocks:
Following are the various advantages of paver blocks:
• It have beautiful appearance.
• These blocks are durable & economical.
• These blocks are easily installed over sand base compacted surface.
• It require less quantity of cement mortar & concrete for installation.
• These blocks can be made in any design & shape required.
• These blocks are available in different patterns, designs, shapes &
colour.
• These blocks are highly wear resistant in nature, to improve durability
of paving block work normal P. C. C. should be done on external faces.
21. • Uses of Paving Blocks:
Following are the various uses of paver blocks:
1. Paving blocks are commonly used for walkways.
2. These blocks are also used for swimming pool desks, courtyards,
driveways, airports or loading docks etc.
3. These blocks are commonly used now a days in parking area , garden
area, kids playground etc.
4. These blocks are also used jogging tracks, entire building compounds,
storage yards, petrol pumps, as well as landscape design.
5. It is used where temporary flooring required.
6. Due to various shapes & colour it improves the aesthetic view of
building from outside.