This document discusses various digital-to-analog conversion techniques used in analog transmission of digital data. It describes amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). ASK encodes data by changing the amplitude of a carrier signal. FSK uses frequency changes to encode data while PSK varies the phase. QAM combines ASK and PSK, encoding multiple bits onto distinct signal points defined by amplitude and phase. The bandwidth requirements of these techniques are also examined along with examples of calculating bit rates from given parameters.