Abstract: Ultra Wideband (UWB) is an inherent technology used in current wired and wireless communication systems. These systems share the radio frequency spectrum with narrowband signals and also provide high data rates, low cost, greater bandwidth, good time domain resolution and improved channel capacity. UWB technology has attracted a lot of inquisitiveness in researchers worldwide. There are several challenges in designing a UWB receiver such as channel estimation and interference mitigation. In multi-user environments, multiple access interference (MAI) degrades the performance of UWB systems. To prevail over these challenging issues, an adaptive and robust receiver needs to be designed to alleviate interference in all types of environments. In this paper, the different types of receiver structures like Rake, energy, correlation, suboptimal, near-optimal and adaptive nonlinear rake receivers are surveyed and their performances are analyzed. This survey helps to realize superior bit error rates (BER) and excellent signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Keywords: Adaptive nonlinear rake receivers, Correlation receivers, Energy detectors, Rake receivers, Ultra wideband (UWB).
Performance Analysis of Ultra Wideband Communication SystemEditor IJMTER
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power
pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages
over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data
rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. The paper covers Ultra Wide-Band
technology. General description, Challenges, various modulation schemes such as OOK, PAM,
PPM, and BPSK under specified Ultra Wide Band regimes: low Power spectral density, large
spreading ratio and a highly dispersive channel. The capacity and BER performance of a single user
ultra wideband communication is investigated for various modulation schemes and coded, uncoded
methods also simulated. Fading channel like Ricean and Rayleigh are compared. Channelized digital
receiver concept is discussed.
This document discusses advanced wireless communication technologies and their evolution over time to meet increasing data rate demands. It covers:
1) How wireless spectrum has become crowded as usage has increased, challenging engineers to develop technologies to achieve higher data rates within limited spectrum.
2) The evolution of mobile communication standards from 1G analog to 2G digital systems like GSM, and then 3G technologies like UMTS that supported data rates up to 384kbps.
3) Emerging 4G technologies aimed to support rates over 20Mbps using techniques like MIMO, adaptive modulation, and OFDM to more efficiently use available spectrum.
This document discusses the evolution of mobile cellular network technologies from 1G to 4G/LTE. It begins with an overview of cellular networks and their basic principles, including how cells and frequency reuse allow for increased network efficiency and capacity. It then covers the key technologies and standards for each generation of mobile networks: 1G analog cellular; 2G digital cellular including GSM; 2.5G technologies like CDMA and EDGE; 3G standards like UMTS/W-CDMA and CDMA2000 that enabled increased data rates and multimedia; and 4G LTE which provides further improved broadband capabilities and speeds. The document aims to explain these generations and the major enhancements introduced at each stage of development for mobile tele
IRJET- Optimization of Frequency Spectrum through Beam ReplicationIRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing frequency spectrum usage in GSM networks. It proposes transmitting information as beams that are duplicated across antennas or radio frequency modules to cover 360 degrees, rather than using multiple sectors with different frequencies. This reduces spectrum consumption compared to conventional sectoring methods. The method replicates broadcast control channels and transceivers across all beams transmitting the same information, allowing coverage with fewer resources. It aims to more efficiently use spectrum allocated for GSM as subscribers shift to newer technologies.
This document discusses radio transmitters and receivers. It explains that a radio transmitter consists of an oscillator that generates a carrier wave, a modulator that adds information to the carrier wave, an amplifier that increases the power of the modulated signal, and an antenna that radiates the signal as radio waves. A radio receiver uses an antenna to capture radio waves, a tuner to select the desired frequency, a detector to extract the information from the carrier wave, and amplifiers to strengthen the signal for playback. Modulation involves adding an input signal to a carrier wave to transmit information in a way that requires less power and antenna size than transmitting the input signal directly.
IF and baseband repeaters are used in microwave radio systems to amplify and regenerate signals. IF repeaters down-convert signals to an intermediate frequency, amplify and reshape the signal, then up-convert it back to radio frequency. Baseband repeaters further demodulate signals to baseband before modulating onto a carrier frequency. Diversity techniques like frequency, space, polarization and hybrid diversity are used to increase reliability by providing redundant transmission paths. Key components of microwave radio systems include the transmitter, receiver, antennas, and repeaters used to establish line-of-sight links over long distances.
Ultra Wide-Band Technology (UWB) is a short-range, high-bandwidth communications technology that can be used for data transfer, imaging, and localization applications. UWB operates by transmitting very short pulses across a wide frequency band with low power. Key applications of UWB include high-speed wireless communications and high-resolution radar and imaging systems. Standardization efforts have developed standards for UWB personal area networks, and UWB offers advantages like high data rates and secure transmission, but also faces limitations from its low-power emissions.
1. The document discusses schemes for generating millimeter-wave (MMW) signals using dual injection locking for 5G wireless communication systems. It describes remote heterodyne detection and dual mode lasers as two main techniques.
2. Remote heterodyne detection uses optical heterodyning to generate very high frequency MMW signals by mixing two laser signals. It has advantages like reduced dispersion but is sensitive to laser phase noise. Dual mode lasers can generate pure MMW signals but have narrow locking ranges.
3. The paper reviews four studies on different implementations of these schemes using dual wavelength fiber lasers, directly modulated dual mode lasers, dual injection locked Fabry-Perot lasers, and an
Performance Analysis of Ultra Wideband Communication SystemEditor IJMTER
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) is a radio transmission scheme that uses extremely low power
pulses of radio energy spread across a wide spectrum of frequencies. UWB has several advantages
over conventional continuous wave radio communications including potential support for high data
rates, robustness to multipath interference and fading. The paper covers Ultra Wide-Band
technology. General description, Challenges, various modulation schemes such as OOK, PAM,
PPM, and BPSK under specified Ultra Wide Band regimes: low Power spectral density, large
spreading ratio and a highly dispersive channel. The capacity and BER performance of a single user
ultra wideband communication is investigated for various modulation schemes and coded, uncoded
methods also simulated. Fading channel like Ricean and Rayleigh are compared. Channelized digital
receiver concept is discussed.
This document discusses advanced wireless communication technologies and their evolution over time to meet increasing data rate demands. It covers:
1) How wireless spectrum has become crowded as usage has increased, challenging engineers to develop technologies to achieve higher data rates within limited spectrum.
2) The evolution of mobile communication standards from 1G analog to 2G digital systems like GSM, and then 3G technologies like UMTS that supported data rates up to 384kbps.
3) Emerging 4G technologies aimed to support rates over 20Mbps using techniques like MIMO, adaptive modulation, and OFDM to more efficiently use available spectrum.
This document discusses the evolution of mobile cellular network technologies from 1G to 4G/LTE. It begins with an overview of cellular networks and their basic principles, including how cells and frequency reuse allow for increased network efficiency and capacity. It then covers the key technologies and standards for each generation of mobile networks: 1G analog cellular; 2G digital cellular including GSM; 2.5G technologies like CDMA and EDGE; 3G standards like UMTS/W-CDMA and CDMA2000 that enabled increased data rates and multimedia; and 4G LTE which provides further improved broadband capabilities and speeds. The document aims to explain these generations and the major enhancements introduced at each stage of development for mobile tele
IRJET- Optimization of Frequency Spectrum through Beam ReplicationIRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing frequency spectrum usage in GSM networks. It proposes transmitting information as beams that are duplicated across antennas or radio frequency modules to cover 360 degrees, rather than using multiple sectors with different frequencies. This reduces spectrum consumption compared to conventional sectoring methods. The method replicates broadcast control channels and transceivers across all beams transmitting the same information, allowing coverage with fewer resources. It aims to more efficiently use spectrum allocated for GSM as subscribers shift to newer technologies.
This document discusses radio transmitters and receivers. It explains that a radio transmitter consists of an oscillator that generates a carrier wave, a modulator that adds information to the carrier wave, an amplifier that increases the power of the modulated signal, and an antenna that radiates the signal as radio waves. A radio receiver uses an antenna to capture radio waves, a tuner to select the desired frequency, a detector to extract the information from the carrier wave, and amplifiers to strengthen the signal for playback. Modulation involves adding an input signal to a carrier wave to transmit information in a way that requires less power and antenna size than transmitting the input signal directly.
IF and baseband repeaters are used in microwave radio systems to amplify and regenerate signals. IF repeaters down-convert signals to an intermediate frequency, amplify and reshape the signal, then up-convert it back to radio frequency. Baseband repeaters further demodulate signals to baseband before modulating onto a carrier frequency. Diversity techniques like frequency, space, polarization and hybrid diversity are used to increase reliability by providing redundant transmission paths. Key components of microwave radio systems include the transmitter, receiver, antennas, and repeaters used to establish line-of-sight links over long distances.
Ultra Wide-Band Technology (UWB) is a short-range, high-bandwidth communications technology that can be used for data transfer, imaging, and localization applications. UWB operates by transmitting very short pulses across a wide frequency band with low power. Key applications of UWB include high-speed wireless communications and high-resolution radar and imaging systems. Standardization efforts have developed standards for UWB personal area networks, and UWB offers advantages like high data rates and secure transmission, but also faces limitations from its low-power emissions.
1. The document discusses schemes for generating millimeter-wave (MMW) signals using dual injection locking for 5G wireless communication systems. It describes remote heterodyne detection and dual mode lasers as two main techniques.
2. Remote heterodyne detection uses optical heterodyning to generate very high frequency MMW signals by mixing two laser signals. It has advantages like reduced dispersion but is sensitive to laser phase noise. Dual mode lasers can generate pure MMW signals but have narrow locking ranges.
3. The paper reviews four studies on different implementations of these schemes using dual wavelength fiber lasers, directly modulated dual mode lasers, dual injection locked Fabry-Perot lasers, and an
The document provides information about microwave technology including definitions, generation, applications, transmission, and uses of microwaves. It discusses how microwaves have wavelengths between 1-30 cm and frequencies between 1-100 GHz. Key applications mentioned include radar, communications, radiometry, and cooking food in microwave ovens. Microwave transmission uses line-of-sight propagation through methods like waveguides, transmission lines, and radiation/reception with horns and reflectors.
All of us have lofty expectations for 5G wireless technology.
Massive growth in demand for mobile data...
Massive growth in the number of connected devices...
Massive change in data transfer rates and latency...
Massive explosion in the diversity of mobile applications...
Massive....Massive....Massive....this word is frequently used like never before.
Delivering all these expectations depends on the evolution of existing technologies and revolution in new technologies.
One such revolutionary change is the use of massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in 5G for different frequency ranges.
Interested to understand and learn what mMIMO means?!
If yes, here is some massive theoretical information on Massive MIMO.
Suppression of nonlinearity induced distortions in radio over fiber linksIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses nonlinearities in laser diodes and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) that cause distortions in radio over fiber (RoF) links.
2) It proposes using predistortion circuits for laser diodes and feedforward techniques for SOAs to suppress these nonlinearities and improve signal quality.
3) The individual and combined effects of predistortion and feedforward are investigated to minimize harmonic and intermodulation distortions affecting signal-to-noise ratio in RoF systems.
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Application of multi antenna technologies in cellular mobile communicationsmarwaeng
This document discusses the application of multi-antenna technologies in cellular mobile communications. It introduces the general structure of multi-antenna systems and analyzes the characteristics of technologies like multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and adaptive antenna arrays. These technologies provide advantages over single antenna systems by improving channel capacity, combating multipath fading, and enhancing spectral efficiency. The document also prospects that multi-antenna technologies will be further applied in future cellular networks to meet increasing demands for bandwidth from more users and services.
This document provides an introduction to communication systems, including why modulation is needed, the basic components of transmitters and receivers, and different multiplexing techniques. It discusses how modulation converts information to radio frequencies for transmission, and how receivers convert the signals back down for processing. It also outlines several multiple access techniques used in cellular systems, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA, and provides block diagrams of cellular phone components.
Compact tri-band T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radi...journalBEEI
This paper presents, new compact tri-band and broadband frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications. The proposed antenna consists of an Ultrawideband sensing antenna and reconfigurable communicating antenna at the same substrate. The sensing antenna is a UWB printed elliptical monopole antenna operates at frequency band from 2.72 to 23.8 GHz which can cover the entire UWB frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and cover the broadband up to 20 GHz. The communicating antenna is a T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna operates on three bands of 7.925 GHz, 13.16 GHz, and 14.48 GHz under (S11≤-10 dB) with a fractional bandwidth of 14.55%, 6.2%, and 3.3% respectively. The proposed antenna used to operate in two modes one for cognitive radio applications to cover WiMAX, land, Fixed and Mobile satellite, Radar, and broadband applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only one RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna overall dimensions are 42x30x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr=4.3, loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and 50Ω microstrip line feed. The maximum obtained simulated gain is 8.5 dB at 13.16 GHz. The S11 is under -20 dB and coupling between the two antennas is less than -15 dB at the resonant frequencies.
Massive MIMO Channel Calibration in TDD Wireless NetworksXiao-an Wang
Massive MIMO in TDD wireless networks depends crucially on channel reciprocity, which can be established by calibration. Existing calibration approaches, however, have been proven to be impractical for deployment in 5G NR and 802.11. This presentation introduces terminal-assisted calibration, which is shown to overcome the drawbacks of existing approaches and to enable various massive MIMO modes in 5G NR and 802.11.
The document discusses spectrum usage and dynamic spectrum access. It notes that current spectrum policies result in inefficient usage, with some blocks saturated and others underused. Improved flexibility and regulation are needed. Context-aware applications and cross-layer optimization, including flexible spectrum use, could enhance service. Most discussions focus on cognitive radio and how it can intelligently manage radio systems and networks to better utilize spectrum.
As the first slide states, this presentation has everything you need to know about millimeter waves.
What is mmwave?
Why the name mmwave?
Origin of mmwave?
What are the advantages of mmwaves?
What are the disadvantages of mmwaves?
Why mmwaves are used in the next generation of wireless technology 5G?
If will find answers to all these questions in this presentation.
Distance Measurements using Ultra Wide-Band (UWB)Iqbal Hossain
This thesis examines distance measurement using ultra wideband technology. It discusses UWB applications, regulation, bandwidth properties, and modulation techniques. It then describes single band and multiband UWB modulations. Position estimation parameters such as time of arrival are also covered. Finally, the thesis presents a two way ranging algorithm based on time of arrival for distance measurements and experimental ranging results.
ULTRA WIDE BAND TECHNOLOGY
BODY AREA NETWORKS
BW ³ 500 MHz regardless of fractional BW
UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total UWB power
UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios
This document examines using a Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) adaptive algorithm reception technique for 6th derivative Ultra-wideband (UWB) Gaussian pulse shape signals compared to a conventional UWB Rake receiver. The MMSE adaptive algorithm is more efficient due to its ability to adapt to changes in the IEEE 802.15.3a UWB multipath channel model. Performance is evaluated for Direct-Sequence and Time-Hopping transmission schemes over the channel in the presence of narrowband interference and multiple access interference from other UWB users. Simulation results show the MMSE adaptive algorithm receiver has better performance than the UWB Rake receiver due to its adaptability.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
This document discusses point to point microwave transmission. It describes the basic modules of microwave radio terminals including digital modems, RF units, and passive parabolic antennas. It also covers microwave radio configurations, applications, advantages, planning aspects like network architecture, frequency bands, and propagation effects. Key factors in microwave link engineering like link budgets, reliability predictions, and interference analysis are summarized.
This document discusses ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna design. It begins with an introduction to UWB technology and its advantages over other wireless standards, including high data transfer rates, immunity to interference, and precision positioning. The document then examines the challenges in UWB antenna design, such as efficiently generating and receiving short pulses without distortion. It provides examples of common UWB antenna types and evaluates their performance. Overall, the document emphasizes that UWB antennas must radiate compact, non-dispersive waveforms across the full regulated bandwidth while remaining small in size.
Survey of Electromagnetic field Standards for Cellular Networks by ComputationalIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses electromagnetic field (EMF) standards for cellular networks and computational modeling of small cells.
2) It analyzes EMF exposure from sources like mobile towers and compares them to exposure from sunlight, finding mobile tower exposure to be minuscule. Safety is ensured through low photon energy, rapid signal decay over distance, and limits set by EMF standards.
3) Computational modeling shows that EMF signals from femtocells at 1m are over 1000 times lower than India's EMF standards, and over 100,000 times lower at 10m, demonstrating compliance with safety norms.
3GPP is going to finalize the 5G standard by 2018. 5G is scheduled to launch in around early 2020s. Even if it is not determined yet regarding the standard technology details, many researchers expect that 5G will transfer 1000 times more data, and thus, can connect billions of IoT (Internet of Things) devices at the same time. Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) is one of the key candidate technologies that enable 5G to support IoT devices connection. Massive MIMO (MaMi) technology can address the high capacity requirement demanded by 5G exploiting many antennas both in the transmitter and the receiver.
Recently, UWB (Ultra Wide Band) has attracted a lot of attention and become one of the most promising successor for short-range wireless communication technologies. The project aims to provide a extensive knowledge about this potential technology. Not only giving a introduction, we also compared advantages and disadvantages of UWB technology with currently used standards like 802.11a/b/g, 2G Cellular, Ethernet, Bluetooth, FastEthernet in terms of power consumption, spectral density, robustness against multipath and penetration capability, data rate in short distance, carrier-less transmission, etc. Additionally, we examine current applications and potential commercial uses of UWB in the future as an evidence for the versatile of this technology.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Critical analysis of genetic algorithm based IDS and an approach for detecti...IOSR Journals
This document discusses and analyzes different approaches to intrusion detection systems (IDS), including genetic algorithm approaches, data mining approaches, and intrusion detection in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides an overview of genetic algorithm based IDS and data mining techniques for IDS. It also proposes a hybrid approach that combines anomaly detection and signature-based IDS to detect both known and unknown attacks. The document concludes that a critical analysis of various IDS techniques was performed and a hybrid approach is promising for intrusion detection in MANETs.
The document provides information about microwave technology including definitions, generation, applications, transmission, and uses of microwaves. It discusses how microwaves have wavelengths between 1-30 cm and frequencies between 1-100 GHz. Key applications mentioned include radar, communications, radiometry, and cooking food in microwave ovens. Microwave transmission uses line-of-sight propagation through methods like waveguides, transmission lines, and radiation/reception with horns and reflectors.
All of us have lofty expectations for 5G wireless technology.
Massive growth in demand for mobile data...
Massive growth in the number of connected devices...
Massive change in data transfer rates and latency...
Massive explosion in the diversity of mobile applications...
Massive....Massive....Massive....this word is frequently used like never before.
Delivering all these expectations depends on the evolution of existing technologies and revolution in new technologies.
One such revolutionary change is the use of massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems in 5G for different frequency ranges.
Interested to understand and learn what mMIMO means?!
If yes, here is some massive theoretical information on Massive MIMO.
Suppression of nonlinearity induced distortions in radio over fiber linksIAEME Publication
1) The document discusses nonlinearities in laser diodes and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) that cause distortions in radio over fiber (RoF) links.
2) It proposes using predistortion circuits for laser diodes and feedforward techniques for SOAs to suppress these nonlinearities and improve signal quality.
3) The individual and combined effects of predistortion and feedforward are investigated to minimize harmonic and intermodulation distortions affecting signal-to-noise ratio in RoF systems.
Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
• Wireless networking issues & constraints
• Wireless internetworking devices
Application of multi antenna technologies in cellular mobile communicationsmarwaeng
This document discusses the application of multi-antenna technologies in cellular mobile communications. It introduces the general structure of multi-antenna systems and analyzes the characteristics of technologies like multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and adaptive antenna arrays. These technologies provide advantages over single antenna systems by improving channel capacity, combating multipath fading, and enhancing spectral efficiency. The document also prospects that multi-antenna technologies will be further applied in future cellular networks to meet increasing demands for bandwidth from more users and services.
This document provides an introduction to communication systems, including why modulation is needed, the basic components of transmitters and receivers, and different multiplexing techniques. It discusses how modulation converts information to radio frequencies for transmission, and how receivers convert the signals back down for processing. It also outlines several multiple access techniques used in cellular systems, including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA, and provides block diagrams of cellular phone components.
Compact tri-band T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radi...journalBEEI
This paper presents, new compact tri-band and broadband frequency reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio applications. The proposed antenna consists of an Ultrawideband sensing antenna and reconfigurable communicating antenna at the same substrate. The sensing antenna is a UWB printed elliptical monopole antenna operates at frequency band from 2.72 to 23.8 GHz which can cover the entire UWB frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and cover the broadband up to 20 GHz. The communicating antenna is a T-shaped frequency reconfigurable antenna operates on three bands of 7.925 GHz, 13.16 GHz, and 14.48 GHz under (S11≤-10 dB) with a fractional bandwidth of 14.55%, 6.2%, and 3.3% respectively. The proposed antenna used to operate in two modes one for cognitive radio applications to cover WiMAX, land, Fixed and Mobile satellite, Radar, and broadband applications. The frequency reconfigurability is obtained by using only one RF switch (PIN diode) for changing the operating frequency. The antenna overall dimensions are 42x30x1.6 mm3 printed on an FR-4 epoxy substrate with relative dielectric constant εr=4.3, loss tangent tan (δ)=0.002 and 50Ω microstrip line feed. The maximum obtained simulated gain is 8.5 dB at 13.16 GHz. The S11 is under -20 dB and coupling between the two antennas is less than -15 dB at the resonant frequencies.
Massive MIMO Channel Calibration in TDD Wireless NetworksXiao-an Wang
Massive MIMO in TDD wireless networks depends crucially on channel reciprocity, which can be established by calibration. Existing calibration approaches, however, have been proven to be impractical for deployment in 5G NR and 802.11. This presentation introduces terminal-assisted calibration, which is shown to overcome the drawbacks of existing approaches and to enable various massive MIMO modes in 5G NR and 802.11.
The document discusses spectrum usage and dynamic spectrum access. It notes that current spectrum policies result in inefficient usage, with some blocks saturated and others underused. Improved flexibility and regulation are needed. Context-aware applications and cross-layer optimization, including flexible spectrum use, could enhance service. Most discussions focus on cognitive radio and how it can intelligently manage radio systems and networks to better utilize spectrum.
As the first slide states, this presentation has everything you need to know about millimeter waves.
What is mmwave?
Why the name mmwave?
Origin of mmwave?
What are the advantages of mmwaves?
What are the disadvantages of mmwaves?
Why mmwaves are used in the next generation of wireless technology 5G?
If will find answers to all these questions in this presentation.
Distance Measurements using Ultra Wide-Band (UWB)Iqbal Hossain
This thesis examines distance measurement using ultra wideband technology. It discusses UWB applications, regulation, bandwidth properties, and modulation techniques. It then describes single band and multiband UWB modulations. Position estimation parameters such as time of arrival are also covered. Finally, the thesis presents a two way ranging algorithm based on time of arrival for distance measurements and experimental ranging results.
ULTRA WIDE BAND TECHNOLOGY
BODY AREA NETWORKS
BW ³ 500 MHz regardless of fractional BW
UWB is a form of extremely wide spread spectrum where RF energy is spread over gigahertz of spectrum
Wider than any narrowband system by orders of magnitude
Power seen by a narrowband system is a fraction of the total UWB power
UWB signals can be designed to look like imperceptible random noise to conventional radios
This document examines using a Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) adaptive algorithm reception technique for 6th derivative Ultra-wideband (UWB) Gaussian pulse shape signals compared to a conventional UWB Rake receiver. The MMSE adaptive algorithm is more efficient due to its ability to adapt to changes in the IEEE 802.15.3a UWB multipath channel model. Performance is evaluated for Direct-Sequence and Time-Hopping transmission schemes over the channel in the presence of narrowband interference and multiple access interference from other UWB users. Simulation results show the MMSE adaptive algorithm receiver has better performance than the UWB Rake receiver due to its adaptability.
Channel Estimation Techniques in MIMO-OFDM LTE SystemsCauses and Effects of C...IJERA Editor
There is an increasing demand for high data transmission rates with the evolution of the very large scale integration (VLSI) technology. The multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems are used to fulfill these requirements because of their unique properties such as high spectral efficiency, high data rate and resistance towards multipath propagation. MIMO-OFDM systems are finding their applications in the modern wireless communication systems like IEEE 802.11n, 4G and LTE. They also offer reliable communication with the increased coverage area. The bottleneck to the MIMO-OFDM systems is the estimation of the channel state information (CSI). This can be estimated with the help of any one of the Training Based, Semiblind and Blind Channel estimation algorithms. This paper presents various channel estimation algorithms, optimization techniques and their effective utilization in MIMO-OFDM for modern wireless LTE systems.
This document discusses point to point microwave transmission. It describes the basic modules of microwave radio terminals including digital modems, RF units, and passive parabolic antennas. It also covers microwave radio configurations, applications, advantages, planning aspects like network architecture, frequency bands, and propagation effects. Key factors in microwave link engineering like link budgets, reliability predictions, and interference analysis are summarized.
This document discusses ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna design. It begins with an introduction to UWB technology and its advantages over other wireless standards, including high data transfer rates, immunity to interference, and precision positioning. The document then examines the challenges in UWB antenna design, such as efficiently generating and receiving short pulses without distortion. It provides examples of common UWB antenna types and evaluates their performance. Overall, the document emphasizes that UWB antennas must radiate compact, non-dispersive waveforms across the full regulated bandwidth while remaining small in size.
Survey of Electromagnetic field Standards for Cellular Networks by ComputationalIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses electromagnetic field (EMF) standards for cellular networks and computational modeling of small cells.
2) It analyzes EMF exposure from sources like mobile towers and compares them to exposure from sunlight, finding mobile tower exposure to be minuscule. Safety is ensured through low photon energy, rapid signal decay over distance, and limits set by EMF standards.
3) Computational modeling shows that EMF signals from femtocells at 1m are over 1000 times lower than India's EMF standards, and over 100,000 times lower at 10m, demonstrating compliance with safety norms.
3GPP is going to finalize the 5G standard by 2018. 5G is scheduled to launch in around early 2020s. Even if it is not determined yet regarding the standard technology details, many researchers expect that 5G will transfer 1000 times more data, and thus, can connect billions of IoT (Internet of Things) devices at the same time. Massive MIMO (multiple input and multiple output) is one of the key candidate technologies that enable 5G to support IoT devices connection. Massive MIMO (MaMi) technology can address the high capacity requirement demanded by 5G exploiting many antennas both in the transmitter and the receiver.
Recently, UWB (Ultra Wide Band) has attracted a lot of attention and become one of the most promising successor for short-range wireless communication technologies. The project aims to provide a extensive knowledge about this potential technology. Not only giving a introduction, we also compared advantages and disadvantages of UWB technology with currently used standards like 802.11a/b/g, 2G Cellular, Ethernet, Bluetooth, FastEthernet in terms of power consumption, spectral density, robustness against multipath and penetration capability, data rate in short distance, carrier-less transmission, etc. Additionally, we examine current applications and potential commercial uses of UWB in the future as an evidence for the versatile of this technology.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Critical analysis of genetic algorithm based IDS and an approach for detecti...IOSR Journals
This document discusses and analyzes different approaches to intrusion detection systems (IDS), including genetic algorithm approaches, data mining approaches, and intrusion detection in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides an overview of genetic algorithm based IDS and data mining techniques for IDS. It also proposes a hybrid approach that combines anomaly detection and signature-based IDS to detect both known and unknown attacks. The document concludes that a critical analysis of various IDS techniques was performed and a hybrid approach is promising for intrusion detection in MANETs.
Remedial Measures for Eradicating the Causes of Indiscipline and Comparing th...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In order to bring the educational system nearer to the requirements of the people and their vocations
the government of the India in consultation with some of the educationists have evolved a new pattern of
education called the Basic education system. According to it upto secondary stage there will be two divisions
namely, junior basic and higher basic. The ordinary seven or eight years duration programme from class VI to
class XII of the secondary stage will be reduced to six years programme and three years higher secondary
course. In this connection it was also decided that this system would be implemented gradually and in the first
stage one or two schools would be set up in the larger towns and cities of the country.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Link Stability Based On Qos Aware On - Demand Routing In Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that considers link stability and quality of service (QoS) metrics. The protocol estimates link quality based on node mobility prediction using GPS data. It calculates a "cost" metric factoring in link stability and power consumption to select paths with more stable, lower-cost links. Simulation results show the proposed protocol achieves higher throughput and packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols, with lower control overhead. Future work could incorporate additional link quality metrics and statistical classifiers to further optimize path selection in MANETs.
Modified Pure Radix Sort for Large Heterogeneous Data Set IOSR Journals
The document presents a modified pure radix sort algorithm for sorting large heterogeneous data sets. It discusses problems with traditional radix sort algorithms and previous work optimizing radix sort. The proposed algorithm divides the data into numeric and string clusters. It then distributes the numeric data into subsets of equal length which are sorted in parallel using an approach that bypasses certain digits in each pass. String data is sorted by assigning numbers to identical strings. The algorithm is tested on two machines and shows improved performance over traditional radix sort and quicksort, providing sorting times 10-20% faster for large heterogeneous datasets.
Congestion Control in Manets Using Hybrid Routing ProtocolIOSR Journals
As the network size increases the probability of congestion occurrence at nodes increases. This is
because of the event driven nature of ad hoc networks that leads to unpredictable network load. As a result
congestion may occur at the nodes which receive more data than that can be forwarded and cause packet losses.
In this paper we propose a hybrid scheme that attempts to avoid packet loss due to congestion as well as reduce
end to end delay in delivering data packets by combining two protocols- Destination sequenced distance vector
routing (DSDV), which is a table driven or proactive protocol and Improved Ad-hoc on demand vector routing
(IAODV) which is an on-demand or reactive protocol that reduces packet loss due to congestion. The strategy
adopted is use DSDV for path selection and if congestion occurs than switch over to IAODV. The routing
performance of this model is then compared with IAODV and DSDV in terms of end to end delay, throughput
and packet delivery fraction
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CFD Simulation and Analysis of Fluid Flow Parameters within a Y-Shaped Branch...IOSR Journals
This document presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and analysis of fluid flow parameters within a Y-shaped branched pipe. The study models a Y-shaped pipe branch with three 1-inch diameter pipes of equal length and analyzes flow at bend angles of 45°, 60°, 90°, and 180° using ANSYS CFX software. The results show that the resistance coefficient, which indicates pressure loss, increases with bend angle from 45° to 90° but then decreases at 180° due to flow redistributing with less resistance. In conclusion, the CFD analysis validates the practical application of a Y-pipe at a 45° bend angle which results in a resistance coefficient of zero.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of CMOS and FinFET logic technologies. It discusses key parameters for both technologies including gate area, gate capacitance, channel length, delay, subthreshold leakage current, and power dissipation. CMOS has advantages of low power consumption but suffers from short channel lengths. FinFET addresses this issue with a longer channel gate but higher power. The document provides equations to calculate parameters like power dissipation, delay dependence on input rise/fall time, impact of loading capacitance on gate delay, subthreshold leakage current, and threshold voltage for both CMOS and FinFET technologies.
Design and Analysis of Impregnation Chamber Used In Vacuum Pressure Impregnat...IOSR Journals
The simple explanation is that in nature and in manufacturing, things leak. Vacuum impregnation
stops leak. The ultimate goal of vacuum impregnation is to seal leak/migration paths without impacting the
functional, assembly or appearance characteristics of a part. The impregnation chamber which is used in VPI
process operates maximum up to 80 to 150 psi.it is important to analyse and design the pressure vessel that will
provide safety, durability and serviceability to the company. Accomplishing this task will require a very good
understanding of behaviour and a good knowledge of parameters that affecting the pressure vessel due to
varying loads, pressure and thickness of shell element. The most important one is that the given geometry of
pressure vessel must be analysed to assure it should meet the design standards
An Experimental Study on a New Design of Double Slope Solar Still with Extern...IOSR Journals
The world demand for potable water is increasing steadily with growing population. Desalination using solar energy is suitable for potable water production from brackish and seawater. In this paper, we presents design, fabrication and testing of double slope solar still with external flatted and internal parabolic reflectors and also optimization of external flat reflector tilt angle for Egyptian climatic conditions. The external flat reflector tilted at (30°, 45°, 60° and 75°) on the horizontal plane. The depth of water inside basin still is 1cm. Experimental results were compared with conventional double slope solar still. Optimum tilt angle is found to be 60° with a maximum daily productivity of 9.89 lit/m2.
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile
communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by
using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on
quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s
performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant
minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) .
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
Spatial Correlation Based Medium Access Control Protocol Using DSR & AODV Rou...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes a proposed spatial correlation-based medium access control protocol for wireless sensor networks that aims to improve energy efficiency. It discusses how sensor nodes are spatially distributed and correlated in detecting events. An iterative node selection algorithm is used to select a minimum set of representative sensor nodes based on a distortion constraint, in order to reduce redundant transmissions. The protocol uses vector quantization to calculate distances between nodes and a mobile element. It then evaluates the performance of using the DSR and AODV routing protocols with this spatial correlation-based MAC protocol in terms of energy consumption and packet drop ratio through simulations. The simulation results show that the protocol with AODV routing performs better than with DSR routing.
This document reports on the synthesis and characterization of copper indium disulfide (CuInS2) nanoparticles. CuInS2 nanoparticles were prepared by a solid state melt growth process under vacuum. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of a chalcopyrite crystal structure in the as-prepared sample. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images showed an increase in nanoparticle size after annealing the sample at 200°C. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis demonstrated that the elemental composition of copper, indium, and sulfur was maintained close to the intended stoichiometric ratio.
This document describes the design and analysis of a 4-bit Johnson counter using 16nm FinFET technology. FinFETs help address short channel effects in smaller transistors and reduce power consumption compared to conventional CMOS. The document first discusses the FinFET structure and manufacturing process. It then presents the design of a low-power single edge-triggered D flip-flop using FinFETs. A 4-bit Johnson counter is implemented using four of these D flip-flops in a ring configuration. Simulation results show the FinFET D flip-flop consumes less power and the Johnson counter has lower power and area compared to designs using traditional flip-flops.
An Exploration of HCI Design Features and Usability Techniques in GamingIOSR Journals
Abstract: This Conference paper explores the human computer interaction design features relating to gaming
industry. The HCI user design interface development and HCI Usability expectations are discussed in this
paper. HCI design features of Simple Sudoku and Contemporary HCI Expectations are also discussed. And
suggestions are given to develop the Simple Sudoku as per HCI standards and expectations.
Keywords: Brain Computer Interface, Gestures Recognition, Hand Gestures in 3D, Pattern Language
Management Tool, Real Time Strategy Games
Efficient Parallel Pruning of Associative Rules with Optimized SearchIOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed algorithm called Fuzzy Optimal Search Space Pruning (FOSSP) to improve the efficiency of association rule mining. FOSSP uses parallel pruning techniques to simultaneously mine large transactional datasets at different item set levels, reducing execution time. It generates candidate item sets based on relative item values and information requirements. Frequent item sets and strong association rules are then generated from the parallel pruned item levels based on minimum support and conditional probability. The algorithm aims to minimize candidate sets and maximize informative rules while reducing execution time for association rule mining.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
UWB (Ultra WideBand) is a radio technology that uses very short pulse signals across a large swath of spectrum to enable short-range, high-bandwidth communications. It has applications in radar imaging, sensor data collection, and precision locating and tracking. UWB works by sending billions of sub-nanosecond pulses across multiple frequencies, which receivers decode into data. It offers low power transmission over short ranges of up to 30 feet. Advantages include high bandwidth, low power, and security, while limitations include emissions below conventional levels and unsuitability for wide area networks. UWB has applications in communications devices, imaging devices, and vehicular radar systems.
Improving The Performance Of Multiuser OFDM Wireless System With UWB ChannelIJTET Journal
The multi user OFDM system can be used to produce a highly flexible and effective communication
system. In the existing multi user OFDM system, resource allocation to each user is the major problem. Also the existing
multi user OFDM system uses frequency diversity technique that requires sparse bandwidth and multiple receivers
improving the complexity. In order to increase the system performance, the proposed system allows multiple user data to
be multiplexed together to form a single OFDM symbol where the resources are allocated equally to all users. The
proposed multiuser OFDM system achieves double the capacity and better performance in terms of Signal-to-Noise Ratio
and Bit Error Rate of a single user OFDM system and the UWB channel is used to securely transmit the data through the
channel. Also, the proposed system reduces the receiver complexity by using polarization diversity to receive the
multipath components for multiple users.
DESIGN OF MONOPOLE BASED FRACTAL BINARY TREE FOR UWB APPLICATIONS PPT.pptxMoturiSatyanarayana
This document describes the design of a monopole-based fractal binary tree antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. It proposes a microstrip-fed UWB monopole antenna with a parasitic patch and fractal binary tree structure. The antenna is designed and simulated using HFSS software to achieve a passband frequency of 2.45GHz for Bluetooth in addition to UWB performance. Simulation results including return loss, radiation patterns, gain and VSWR are presented. Potential applications of the antenna include short-range high-speed wireless systems such as wireless local area networks and communication systems for military and automotive uses.
Channel characterization and modulation schemes of ultra wideband systemsijmnct
Channel measurements are generally the basis for channel models. Strictly speaking, channel models do
not exclusively require measurements, but it is a fact that all standardized models are derived from
measurements. This licentiate paper is focused on the characterization of ultra-wideband wireless channels.
The paper presents the characterization of ultra wide band system with their benefits and drawbacks within
the telecommunication industry. Furthermore with the advantages of Ultra wideband several modulation
techniques for UWB are discussed in this paper.
This document analyzes multipath fading profiles in multiple access system grids using orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. It discusses how OFDMA systems exploit multiuser diversity and frequency selectivity to achieve high spectral efficiencies but require feedback and are sensitive to delays. It proposes a non-iterative method for resource allocation that has lower complexity than previous methods and simulates higher data rates. It also analyzes popular feedback schemes and the impact of feedback delays on system throughput.
Block diagonalization for Multi-user MIMO Beamforming Performance over Rician...IRJET Journal
This document discusses block diagonalization (BD) precoding performance in multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) beamforming systems over Rician fading channels. It begins with an abstract that introduces BD precoding as a linear precoding method for MU-MIMO broadcast channels that transmits interference-free data streams to multiple users by designing beamforming vectors. The document then evaluates BD precoding performance over both Rayleigh and Rician fading channels through simulation. The results show that the Rician fading channel provides better error rate performance than the Rayleigh channel, especially at low Rician factors.
Performance evaluation of VLC system using new modulation approachjournalBEEI
This document evaluates the performance of a new modulation scheme called catenated-OFDM for visible light communications (VLC) systems. Catenated-OFDM involves transmitting multiple OFDM signals simultaneously over different optical bands. The proposed system is simulated using Optisys software. Results show the system can achieve transmission distances of up to 12 meters for 2 dBm input power with 3 optical bands and a data rate of 10 Gbps. Higher data rates, up to 15 Gbps, are also possible. Increasing the number of optical bands or decreasing the data rate improves the receiver sensitivity. The catenated-OFDM approach shows potential for high-speed optical wireless communications.
This document compares the performance of a Minimum-Mean-Square-Error (MMSE) adaptive receiver and a conventional Rake receiver for receiving Ultra-Wideband (UWB) signals over a multipath fading channel. It first describes the UWB pulse shapes and channel model used, including the 6th derivative of the Gaussian pulse and the IEEE 802.15.3a modified Saleh-Valenzuela channel model. It then discusses the Direct-Sequence and Time-Hopping transmission and multiple access schemes for UWB. The document presents the receiver structures for the MMSE adaptive receiver and Rake receiver and compares their performance using MATLAB simulations.
This document compares the performance of the 6th derivative Gaussian UWB pulse shape to the 2nd derivative Gaussian pulse shape in an IEEE 802.15.3a multipath fading channel using different types of RAKE receivers in the presence of multiple-user interference and Gaussian noise. It finds that both the pulse shape used and the number of RAKE fingers impact the signal-to-noise ratio and bit error rate performance in the channel model. Specifically, it concludes that the 6th derivative pulse is more suitable for meeting FCC power regulations and achieving better BER performance since higher derivatives increase the peak emission frequency while decreasing signal bandwidth.
Design and analysis of mimo system for uwb communicationijwmn
Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used MIMO system. The system creates parallel MIMO
subchannels to transmit independent streams of data under the appropriate channel conditions. Similarly,
Ultrawideband (UWB) communication has attracted great interest for various applications in recent days.
Spatially multiplexed (SM) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems gains the spectral efficiency as
well as high data rates without consuming additional power, bandwidth or time slots. In this paper, we
extend the concept of MIMO to UWB systems. The correlated channel for such purpose is considered and
the performance has been analyzed for spatial multiplexing SM-UWB-MIMO system which is required for
estimation. The system performance substantially degrades in the presence of high values of spatial
correlation. To avoid the degradation of such system, it has been designed for virtual UWB-MIMO Time
Reversal (TR) system, so that it is not affected by the transmit correlation. Another novel method to reduce
the effect of correlation has been chosen by taking the Eigen value of the channel matrix for the
computation of the system performance. The result shows its performance.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Visible light communication (VLC) uses LED lights to transmit data by varying the intensity of light in a way imperceptible to the human eye. It provides wireless connectivity without interfering with existing RF systems. VLC offers security since light cannot penetrate walls, allowing each room to function as an independent cell. Potential applications of VLC include wireless connectivity in offices, factories, shopping areas, and warehouses by exploiting existing lighting infrastructure.
Operation of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Positioning.pdfUbiTrack UK
UWB indoor positioning has benefits, UWB applications must operate within the narrow frequency ranges with a large UWB frequency range to lessen the likelihood of interference. There are license-exempt (unlicensed) and individually licensed frameworks for controlling the usage of the diverse spectrum of RFID indoor positioning.
Single Mode Optical Fiber in Rof System Using DWDMIJERA Editor
Performance analysis was carried out to find the effect of crosstalk in a WDM system. Firstly, analysis of BER
was carried out without crosstalk. Then analysis of BER with crosstalk was done. Using equation for crosstalk,
number of channels was plotted using matlab. System parameters were optimized for a particular crosstalk.
Objective of the thesis work
Performance Analysis is carried out to find the effect of crosstalk due to optical cross connect in a DWDM
system considering a WDM based optical cross connect (OXC). An analysis is carried out to find the amount of
crosstalk due to OXC. The bit error rate performance degradation due to crosstalk is evaluated for OXC
parameter and number of wavelengths per fiber. The optimum parameters such as optimum number of channels
and hops are determined.
Bandwidth is a very critical parameter in any communication system.
trade-off between the system bandwidth and various other system parameters like latency, power consumption etc.
Higher bandwidth is vital in many applications
In order to increase the range of the operating frequency, the front end of the communication system (i.e. antenna) must be able to radiate efficiently over a wider bandwidth.
Commercial UWB systems require small low-cost antennas with larger bandwidth and non-dispersive behaviour
1) The document discusses channel estimation techniques for 4G wireless networks using OFDM modulation.
2) Channel estimation is important for coherent detection and diversity techniques in wireless systems, which have time-varying channels. Accurate channel estimation allows techniques like maximal ratio combining.
3) OFDM divides the channel into multiple sub-carriers to combat multipath fading and make channel equalization easier compared to single carrier systems. Channel estimation is needed to characterize the time-varying frequency response of the wireless channel.
Error Rate Analysis of MIMO System Using V Blast Detection Technique in Fadin...IJERA Editor
Wireless communication system with multi- antenna arrays has been a field of intensive analysis on the last years. The appliance of multiple sending antennas and Receiving Antennas either side will considerably enhance the data rate and rate. The review of the performance limitations of MIMO system becomes vital since it will provide lot ideas in understanding and planning the important life MIMO systems. Vertical Bell Laboratories layered space Time (V-BLAST). The thought behind Multiple Input and Multiple Output system is that the signals on the transmitter antennas at one finish and also the receiver antennas at the opposite finish are correlative in such how that the performance (Bit Error Rate or BER) or the info rate (bits/sec) of the wireless communication system for every MIMO subscriber are improved. During this paper we tend to are proposing a technique that evaluates the performance of V-BLAST MIMO system in several thought of Rayleigh attenuation surroundings to urge higher performance of the system. In V- BLAST MIMO system a number of linear detection techniques will be used for interference cancellation. At this point we are using MMSE-IC for the same. Our expected system provide higher error rate performance with the used of matched filter at receiver aspect .The projected system compared within the presence of AWGN. Now matched filter applied on V- BLAST MIMO with MMSE-IC system in fading diversity surroundings.
iaetsd Equalizing channel and power based on cognitive radio system over mult...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document summarizes a research paper about equalizing power and channel allocation in a cognitive radio system using multiuser OFDM. It discusses how frequency spectrum is becoming scarce due to increased wireless usage, and how cognitive radio can help improve spectrum utilization by allowing unlicensed secondary users to access licensed bands opportunistically when primary users are not using them. The paper presents a system model for a cognitive radio network with one primary user and multiple secondary user pairs. It formulates the problem of allocating subcarriers and power to the secondary users while avoiding interference to the primary user.
Quality of Service Optimization in Realm of Green Monitoring using Broad Area...IOSR Journals
This document discusses optimizing quality of service in wireless sensor networks using broad area sensor networks (BASN). It describes how BASN allows for real-time communication between sensor nodes and a base station, avoiding delays from routing through multiple nodes. The document provides an overview of typical mesh network topology in wireless sensor networks and its limitations. It then introduces the concept of BASN, which uses long-range wireless transceivers to allow sensor nodes to transmit directly to a base station kilometers away. This enables applications requiring low node density over a large area or real-time data transmission. The feasibility of a BASN is evaluated through a case study comparing energy generation from solar cells and storage in supercapacitors to transmission energy needs for long
Similar to A Survey on Various Receivers for UWB Communication (20)
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
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5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
This is an overview of my current metallic design and engineering knowledge base built up over my professional career and two MSc degrees : - MSc in Advanced Manufacturing Technology University of Portsmouth graduated 1st May 1998, and MSc in Aircraft Engineering Cranfield University graduated 8th June 2007.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
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A Survey on Various Receivers for UWB Communication
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735. Volume 7, Issue 6 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 07-11
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 7 | Page
A Survey on Various Receivers for UWB Communication
S. Saranya Pauline1
, C. Veeralakshmi2
1
(PG student, Department of ECE, M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, Tamilnadu, India)
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of ECE, M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, Tamilnadu, India)
Abstract: Ultra Wideband (UWB) is an inherent technology used in current wired and wireless communication
systems. These systems share the radio frequency spectrum with narrowband signals and also provide high data
rates, low cost, greater bandwidth, good time domain resolution and improved channel capacity. UWB
technology has attracted a lot of inquisitiveness in researchers worldwide. There are several challenges in
designing a UWB receiver such as channel estimation and interference mitigation. In multi-user environments,
multiple access interference (MAI) degrades the performance of UWB systems. To prevail over these
challenging issues, an adaptive and robust receiver needs to be designed to alleviate interference in all types of
environments. In this paper, the different types of receiver structures like Rake, energy, correlation, suboptimal,
near-optimal and adaptive nonlinear rake receivers are surveyed and their performances are analyzed. This
survey helps to realize superior bit error rates (BER) and excellent signal-to-noise ratios (SNR).
Keywords: Adaptive nonlinear rake receivers, Correlation receivers, Energy detectors, Rake receivers, Ultra
wideband (UWB).
I. Introduction
The volatile escalation of the wireless communication market is liable to prolong in the future, as the
demand for all types of wireless services is growing. New generations of wireless mobile radio systems aims to
offer flexible data rates and a wide variety of applications to the mobile users while serving as many users as
possible. This objective, nevertheless, needs to be achieved using limited available resources like spectrum and
power. As more and more devices go wireless, future technologies will face spectral crowding and hence
coexistence of wireless devices will be a foremost issue. Taking into consideration the inadequate bandwidth
availability, accommodating the demand for higher capacity and data rates becomes a challenging task that
requires innovative technologies which can coexist with devices operating at various frequency bands. Recently,
UWB technology has shifted its focus on consumer electronics and communications. Ideal targets for UWB
systems are low power, low cost, high data rates, precise positioning capability, and extremely low interference.
UWB systems are based on impulse radio concepts. Impulse radio generates a sequence of miniature
interval pulses, of the order of hundreds of picoseconds. Each pulse has a very wide spectrum, which adheres to
the spectral mask needs [1]. UWB is acknowledged as Radio frequency (RF) technology that transmits binary
data in the form of short impulses over an ample range of frequencies in the range of 3.1 to 10.6 GHz [2]. These
systems offer advantages like improved channel capacity, low power transmission, low power dissipation, low
power spectral density, high security and low cost. The diverse application areas include radar, aviation,
intrusion detection in sensor networks, high precision location navigation systems and high speed LAN/WAN.
UWB technology also finds uses in location and tracking applications due to its very good time domain
resolution features. Narrow time domain pulses allow UWB radios to offer timing precision superior than GPS
(global positioning system) and other radio systems.
UWB uses low-energy and extremely short duration pulses or bursts of RF (radio frequency) energy
over a wide spectrum of frequencies, to transmit data over short to medium distances, say about 15 to100 m. It
does not use a carrier wave to transmit data. It has a bandwidth greater than 500 MHz and occupies 20% of
centre frequency according to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [2]. In the mixer, a baseband signal
is taken and a carrier frequency is injected or translated into a signal of frequency which has enviable
proliferation characteristics. The wideband temperament of the UWB signal allows it to span the carrier
frequencies. The UWB signal propagates well exclusive of additional up-conversion and amplification process.
Up conversion is not required in the UWB receiver. Hence local oscillator, associated complex delay and phase
tracking loops are absent in the receiver. Very high multipath resolution is achieved as a result of the large
bandwidth of the transmitted signal [1].
UWB systems have noise-like signals that are defiant to rigorous multipath and jamming. But due to
the low power nature of the noise-like signals, UWB transmissions do not cause significant interference to
existing radio systems. This interference fact between impulse radio and the other existing radio systems is one
of the significant topics in present UWB research. UWB uses extremely wide bandwidth, so if the emission
power is not well controlled, then these devices might cause interference with other existing systems. UWB
systems are categorized as an expansion of conventional spread spectrum (SS) systems. One of the major
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contradictions between UWB systems and conventional SS systems is the radio channel which they use. The
UWB channel is enormously rich in multipath. The combined multipath components increase the total signal
power. The uncombined multipath component causes interference. If there is notably greater number of
resolvable multipath components, more receiver elements need to be taken into account. In multi user
environments, multiple access interference (MAI) significantly degrades the performance of these UWB
systems.
II. UWB SYSTEM MODEL
UWB uses a kind of pulse modulation. The Gaussian pulse is the most widely used pulse in UWB
systems. A UWB transmitter emits a single and short time domain sine wave pulse (called a monocycle) which
propagates devoid of an additional RF (radio frequency) mixing stage. This monocycle has no data in it. It is the
timing between monocycle that determines whether 0 or 1 is transmitted. The duration of the short pulse is
generally less than 1 nanosecond. The two basic types of modulation techniques in UWB systems are time-
based techniques and shape-based techniques and is shown in Fig. 2. The commonly used time- based method is
pulse position modulation (PPM) where each pulse is delayed or sent in advance. The other shape based method
is to create a pulse with opposite phase. This is known as bi-phase modulation (BPM). Orthogonal pulse
modulation (OPM) requires special pulse shapes to be generated which are orthogonal to each other. On–Off
keying (OOK) requires the information about the absence or presence of a pulse which signifies the digital
information of „0‟ or „1‟ respectively. Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is a technique where the amplitude of
the pulse is varied to contain digital information.
Fig. 2 Division of different modulation methods for UWB communications
In the transmitter as shown in Fig. 3, meaningful data is generated by applications that are quite
separate from the physical layer transmitter. This binary information stream is conceded to the front end to map
from bits to symbols. These symbols are then mapped to an analog pulse shape. Pulse shapes are generated by
the pulse generator. Precise timing circuitry is required to send the pulses out at intervals which are meaningful.
The receiver as shown in Fig. 4 recovers the data and passes the data to back end. There are two major
differences between the transmitter and the receiver. The first is that the receiver will have an amplifier to boost
the signal power of the received weak signals. The second is that the receiver must detect to locate the required
pulses amongst the other signals and then track these pulses to compensate for any mismatch between the clocks
of the transmitter and the receiver.
The optimal receiver technique used in UWB is a correlation receiver. A correlator multiplies the
received RF signal by a template waveform and then integrates the output of that process to yield a single DC
voltage. The wireless channel suffers from multipath, where reflections and other effects of the channel cause
multiple copies of the transmitted pulse to appear at the receiver. If a rake receiver is used, these extra pulses
can be used to improve reception but at the cost of increased receiver complexity.
When a monocycle is buried in the noise of other signals, it becomes difficult to detect a single UWB
pulse. However, by adding together multiple correlator samples known as pulse integration, the signals can be
transmitted. Through pulse integration, UWB receivers can acquire, track, and demodulate UWB transmissions
that are significantly below the noise floor.
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Fig: 3. UWB transmitter
Fig: 4. UWB receiver
III. RECEIVER CATEGORIES
The system model of UWB shows that the design of a transmitter is much less intricate compared to the
receiver. The various design challenges for a UWB receiver are its intricacy, coexistence with other services,
managing strong narrowband interference, shaping spectrum of transmitted signals, precise synchronization and
channel parameter estimation, potent dispensation capabilities for high performance and lucid digital receiver
structures and accurate modelling of the ultra wideband channel in assorted environments. In this section, the
existing receiver structures are analysed and discussed.
1. Low complexity Rake Receiver
A Rake receiver is one of the simplest receiver structures to avoid multi-path fading. It combines different
signal components that have propagated through the channel by different paths. The combination of different
signal components will increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and also improve link performance. Generally,
there are three types of rake receivers namely A-Rake, P-Rake, S-Rake. P-Rake combines the first arriving
multipath components and S-rake combines the instantaneously strongest multipath components.
Whilst being much less complex, the S-rake and P-rake are not able to combine all the received signal
energy and so have substantially worse performance than the A-rake. For transmission bandwidth less than 7.5
GHz, P-Rake is a good option whereas for larger bandwidth S-rake is the best [4].The general composition of a
Rake receiver is shown in Fig 5. R. Malhotra described rake receiver as a radio receiver to avoid multipath
fading [3]. The main shortcoming is the need for a countless number of rake branches, which also accounts for
countless number of correlators.
Fig: 5 General structure of a rake receiver
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2. Rake receiver using Matched filter with three Combining techniques
The various combining techniques used at the receiver are maximum ratio combining (MRC), equal gain
combining (EGC) and selective combining (SC). A wireless rake receiver is improved for use in indoor
environments with two channel modes CM3 (0 to 10 m) and CM4 (4 to 10 m). The received signal is the sum of
the desired signal and noise. The signal is transmitted using DS-BPSK and then AWGN is added to it. A P-rake
receiver receives the signals from the five stages of the matched filter and then combined using MRC, EGC and
SC. From the simulation results, it is seen that MRC rake receiver structure produces better BER and SNR
performance. MRC also captures much of the received signal energy. Rake receiver introduces inter symbol-
interference (ISI) which is mitigated using a matched filter. But this technique can be used for indoor
applications in the range of up to 10 meters only [4].
3. Energy Detectors Receivers
In high data rate UWB systems, ISI is a complicating factor. To suppress this ISI, an on-off keying
(OOK) based low complexity energy detector with decision feedback equalization algorithm is used. Channel is
supposed to be time-varying and the filter coefficients are constant. Sequences of training symbols are sent
between the packets to estimate the decision feedback filter coefficients. This detector is implemented by taking
the square of the received signal (using a square law device), integrating it and then passing it to a decision
feedback equalizer. The advantage is that error does not propagate to more than one subsequent symbol and
hence there is no error propagation. High gains are exhibited here and ISI is cancelled. The disadvantage in this
approach is that energy detectors achieve low complexity at the expense of partially degraded performance [5].
4. MAI resilient UWB W-PAN receivers
New robust receiver structures are designed suited for ultra wide band (UWB) standard IEEE 802.15.4a
to suppress multiuser access interference (MAI) in wireless personal area networks (W-PAN). Both
demodulation and decoding approaches are optimized to mitigate MAI. Gaussian mixture (GM) model is used
to sample the baseband signal at the receiver input and thus deriving maximum likelihood (ML) receiver.
The GM model is extended to Generalized Gaussian model (GGM) and Laplacian model. GGM
receivers with K=2 is labeled as B4 provides a notable gain of 10 dB with PER of 10
-4
. All these algorithms
have low PER performance in office environments and accomplish better only in indoor environments [6].
5. Hybrid Matched Filter Correlation Receivers
A hybrid matched filter Transmitted-reference (TR) correlation receiver is used to perform matched filter
detection before correlating the data symbol with the reference symbol. TR schemes permit the receiver
structures to combine energy from various multipath components exclusive of channel estimation and also it
requires only frame-rate sampling. Noise- noise cross terms effects are analyzed and reduced using a matched-
filter operation.
BPSK modulation scheme is used and hence SNR is much better. The correlated signals are integrated to
capture signal energy from the impulse response. If the interference between the reference and data pulse is
larger than the maximum delay, then processing gain is restricted to an extent. An analog correlator is needed
for the time hopping sequence of the pulses [7].
6. Space time S-Rake Receiver with four FSSs
A space-time S-Rake receiver with minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (MSINR) is used with
multiple antennas in direct sequence (DS) UWB systems for indoor applications. Four finger selection strategies
(FSS) namely optimum FSS (Opt-FSS), constrained energy-based FSS (CEB-FSS), hybrid energy-based FSS
(HEB-FSS) and energy based FSS (EB-FSS). Opt-FSS achieves best performance but involves great
complexity. EB-FSS is suitable for weak narrow band interference (NBI) and CEB-FSS is suitable for strong
NBI. HEB-FSS is suitable for a variety of NBI and offers the best performance of all in terms of NBI
suppression [8].
7. Near-optimal and Suboptimal receivers
For dense multipath channels, non-Gaussian multiuser interference (MUI) at each finger of a rake receiver
is considered. Near-optimal (NO) and Sub-optimal (SO) receivers are designed for these multiuser UWB-IR
systems. User‟s path gain and MUI statistics need to be estimated.
MUI statistics are evaluated using second and fourth order moments. MUI is modeled by a generalized
Gaussian distribution. IEEE 802.15.3a channel model 1 (CM1) are used for simulation. NO receiver is
significant in the range of K=2 to 10 in indoor communications. For small number of users, diversity gain is
significant. For higher data rates an optimal receiver needs to be designed while keeping in mind the MUI
statistics [9].
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8. Adaptive Nonlinear Rake Receivers
An alpha-stable distribution modeling is done for the interference plus noise in the environment. An
adaptive nonlinear rake receiver robust to changes in user density and noise level is studied for use in UWB
multiple access systems in order to suppress MAI. The main obstacle here is to determine the alpha stable
parameters accurately. A myriad filter is used for detection purposes and it helps to estimate the location
parameters of an alpha-stable process. A myriad filter estimates the location parameter based on observations in
which a suitable value of K is chosen. K is known as tuning or linearity parameter. BER performance is
improved only in the high SNR region and not in the low SNR region. In the low SNR region, the total additive
noise is less impulsive due to the dominance of Gaussian noise [10].
IV. CONCLUSION
This survey has outlined the UWB concepts, various modulation and reception techniques in an UWB
system model. UWB systems require robust and adaptive receiver designs that are less complex. It should
squander less power and also have the ability to alleviate any type of interference in all environments. Ultra-
Wideband Receiver is thus analyzed as a medium of communication in various wired and wireless
communication applications due to its innate valuable factors. The different UWB receiver designs are analyzed
using performance metrics like BER. On analysis, it is found that the adaptive nonlinear rake receiver provides
higher BER and SNR values than the other conventional receivers. Adaptive rake receivers also reduce non-
Gaussian multiple access interference to an elevated degree via a myriad filter approach.
REFERENCES
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