Mechanical and chemical stabilization can modify soil properties. Mechanical stabilization involves rearranging particles and improving gradation by adding aggregates. Chemical stabilization uses cementing agents like cement, lime, and calcium chloride to bond soil particles. Portland cement increases strength and reduces shrinkage by cementing particles. Lime also increases strength over time through chemical reactions. Bitumen or asphalt stabilizes soils by binding loose particles or waterproofing. Calcium chloride increases compaction and early strength by replacing sodium ions in the soil. Proper mixing, compaction, moisture content, and curing are important for effective stabilization.
This document discusses different methods of soil stabilization, including mechanical and chemical stabilization. It provides details on two primary stabilization methods - mechanical and chemical/additive. The document also lists the advantages of soil stabilization and describes the basic ingredients and process for cement stabilization of soils for pavement construction. It gives an overview of a project rehabilitating roads in Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka after the 2004 tsunami, including photos showing the road construction and stabilization process.
Overview of Soil Stabilization :Cement / Lime :PPTAniket Pateriya
Soil-cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a sub-base layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low tensile strength, so it is prone to forming cracks.
Lime can be used to treat soils to varying degrees, depending upon the objective. The least amount of treatment is used to dry and temporarily modify soils. Such treatment produces a working platform for construction or temporary roads. A greater degree of treatment supported by testing, design, and proper construction techniques--produces permanent structural stabilization of soils.
This document discusses different methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and bituminous stabilization. Mechanical stabilization involves compacting soil to increase density and strength. Physical stabilization involves blending soils or adding admixtures to improve properties. Chemical stabilization uses lime, cement, or other chemicals like calcium chloride to react with soils and modify their characteristics. Bituminous stabilization involves adding bitumen or asphalt to seal soil pores and increase cohesion between particles. The document provides details on appropriate soil types, required quantities, and construction methods for each stabilization technique.
Stabilization in a broad sense incorporates the various methods employed for modifying the properties of a soil to improve its engineering performance. Stabilization is being used for a variety of engineering works, the most common application being in the construction of road and airfield pavements, where the main objective is to increase the strength or stability of soil and to reduce the construction cost by making best use of locally available materials.
Reinforced earth is a composite material that combines soil with tension-resistant reinforcing elements like metal sheets, strips, or nets. It was developed in 1966 by French engineer Henri Vidal and improves the engineering properties of soil. Reinforced earth is commonly used in retaining walls, embankments, and other structures due to its technical advantages and cost-effectiveness. It provides increased stability through the use of sheet, strip, or grid reinforcements made of materials like steel or synthetic polymers.
Compaction of soil involves mechanically rearranging soil particles to reduce voids and increase dry density, which improves engineering properties like strength and reduces settlement. Standard compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a given soil and compactive effort. Factors like water content, compactive effort, soil type, and method of compaction influence the engineering behavior of compacted soils.
Ground improvement techniques compaction vibrationAnjana R Menon
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to treat poor ground conditions. It begins by classifying ground conditions as hazardous, poor, or favorable. Poor ground conditions that cannot be used in their insitu state but can be treated include expansive soils, organic soils, loose sands and silts, and fissured rocks. The document then discusses various ground improvement techniques including compaction methods, preloading, grouting, geosynthetics, soil reinforcement, stone columns, and thermal methods. It provides details on techniques like dynamic compaction, vibrocompaction, vibrodisplacement, prefabricated vertical drains, and compaction piles. The objectives, principles, factors affecting selection, and design of various techniques are
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
This document discusses different methods of soil stabilization, including mechanical and chemical stabilization. It provides details on two primary stabilization methods - mechanical and chemical/additive. The document also lists the advantages of soil stabilization and describes the basic ingredients and process for cement stabilization of soils for pavement construction. It gives an overview of a project rehabilitating roads in Trincomalee District, Sri Lanka after the 2004 tsunami, including photos showing the road construction and stabilization process.
Overview of Soil Stabilization :Cement / Lime :PPTAniket Pateriya
Soil-cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a sub-base layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low tensile strength, so it is prone to forming cracks.
Lime can be used to treat soils to varying degrees, depending upon the objective. The least amount of treatment is used to dry and temporarily modify soils. Such treatment produces a working platform for construction or temporary roads. A greater degree of treatment supported by testing, design, and proper construction techniques--produces permanent structural stabilization of soils.
This document discusses different methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and bituminous stabilization. Mechanical stabilization involves compacting soil to increase density and strength. Physical stabilization involves blending soils or adding admixtures to improve properties. Chemical stabilization uses lime, cement, or other chemicals like calcium chloride to react with soils and modify their characteristics. Bituminous stabilization involves adding bitumen or asphalt to seal soil pores and increase cohesion between particles. The document provides details on appropriate soil types, required quantities, and construction methods for each stabilization technique.
Stabilization in a broad sense incorporates the various methods employed for modifying the properties of a soil to improve its engineering performance. Stabilization is being used for a variety of engineering works, the most common application being in the construction of road and airfield pavements, where the main objective is to increase the strength or stability of soil and to reduce the construction cost by making best use of locally available materials.
Reinforced earth is a composite material that combines soil with tension-resistant reinforcing elements like metal sheets, strips, or nets. It was developed in 1966 by French engineer Henri Vidal and improves the engineering properties of soil. Reinforced earth is commonly used in retaining walls, embankments, and other structures due to its technical advantages and cost-effectiveness. It provides increased stability through the use of sheet, strip, or grid reinforcements made of materials like steel or synthetic polymers.
Compaction of soil involves mechanically rearranging soil particles to reduce voids and increase dry density, which improves engineering properties like strength and reduces settlement. Standard compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a given soil and compactive effort. Factors like water content, compactive effort, soil type, and method of compaction influence the engineering behavior of compacted soils.
Ground improvement techniques compaction vibrationAnjana R Menon
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to treat poor ground conditions. It begins by classifying ground conditions as hazardous, poor, or favorable. Poor ground conditions that cannot be used in their insitu state but can be treated include expansive soils, organic soils, loose sands and silts, and fissured rocks. The document then discusses various ground improvement techniques including compaction methods, preloading, grouting, geosynthetics, soil reinforcement, stone columns, and thermal methods. It provides details on techniques like dynamic compaction, vibrocompaction, vibrodisplacement, prefabricated vertical drains, and compaction piles. The objectives, principles, factors affecting selection, and design of various techniques are
The presentation illustrates a technique for ground improvement, Grouting. In India, grouting is still not being used very much. In this presentation, I have demonstrated the basic types of grouting, goals of ground improvement and two case studies of grouting.
The document discusses various techniques for soil stabilization used in road construction. It defines soil stabilization as treating soil to maintain or improve its performance. Key techniques include mechanical stabilization by blending soils, and chemical stabilization by adding lime, cement or other chemicals. Mechanical methods improve strength through compaction and grading, while chemical additives cause reactions improving properties like strength and durability over time. The document provides details on various soil stabilization mixtures and their applications in road construction.
Design and construction of well foundationsDar Hilal
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
Vibration method for ground improvement techniqueABHISHEK THAKKAE
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques, including vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage of pore water through columns of pervious material placed in soil. Soil nailing uses steel tendons drilled and grouted into soil to create a reinforced composite mass. Stone columns form vertical columns of compacted aggregate through problem soils to increase strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands using vibratory probes to achieve a denser soil structure. Dynamic compaction improves soil by repeatedly dropping heavy weights onto the ground from heights of 40 to 80 feet.
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
introduction to soil stabilization and introduction to geo textiles and synth...husna004
This document provides definitions and information about soil stabilization techniques. It discusses mechanical and additive stabilization, including the uses of stabilization to improve soil quality and reduce pavement thickness. Key additive stabilization methods described are portland cement, lime, fly ash, and bitumen. The document provides guidance on selecting additive stabilizers based on soil type and properties. It also discusses considerations for using stabilized soils in frost areas and determining the appropriate stabilizer content.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is explained along with its suitable soil conditions, advantages, and limitations.
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
This document discusses soil mechanics concepts related to lateral earth pressure. It defines active and passive earth pressures and describes Rankine's theory and assumptions for calculating lateral pressures on retaining walls. Equations are provided for determining active and passive earth pressure coefficients and distributions for cohesionless and cohesive soils. The effects of groundwater, surcharges, and sloping backfills are also examined. Sample problems are included to calculate lateral earth pressures and forces on retaining walls for different soil and loading conditions.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
This document discusses vertical drains, which are used to accelerate consolidation in saturated clays. It describes how vertical drains work by shortening drainage paths within clay. Common installation methods involve creating boreholes and placing vertical drains made of sand or prefabricated materials like sandwick or band drains. Design considerations for vertical drains include drain spacing, fill height, soil permeability, and achieving a desired consolidation level within a given time. Mathematical equations are provided for analyzing consolidation based on Terzaghi's theory involving factors like coefficient of consolidation and excess pore water pressure. An example problem demonstrates calculating degree of consolidation over time for a layered soil system using vertical drains.
This document discusses different types of soil admixtures used for ground improvement, including inert and chemical admixtures. It focuses on lime treatment of soils, describing how lime modifies soil properties through cation exchange, flocculation, and pozzolanic reactions. These reactions can increase shear strength, reduce permeability and swelling, and change plasticity. The document discusses factors in choosing lime modification or stabilization, describes lime treatment processes, and compares advantages and disadvantages of different lime application methods.
Principles and design concepts of reinforced soil wallsPrakash Ravindran
Reinforced soil walls are cost-effective retaining structures that can tolerate large settlements. They consist of layers of soil reinforced with tensile inclusions like geogrids or geotextiles. The reinforcement improves the soil strength allowing near-vertical faces to be constructed. Key advantages include flexibility, rapid construction, and ability to absorb movements. The document discusses design principles like external stability checks against sliding and bearing capacity failure. Internal stability checks reinforcement rupture and pullout capacity. Settlements, seismic design, and typical failures are also covered.
SOIL STABILIZATION USING LIME AND CEMENTA. R. Atiq
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using lime and cement additives. The study aimed to analyze the effect of lime and cement on soil properties such as Atterberg limits, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content. A literature review found that lime reduces plasticity and moisture retention while cement increases strength and durability. The experimental program involved testing soils with different additive types and percentages. Results showed that lime and cement can increase maximum dry density while decreasing liquid limit and optimum moisture content. This indicates soil stabilization using lime and cement can improve engineering properties of soils.
This document describes the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, which is used to determine the strength of soils and granular materials for pavement design. The CBR test involves compacting a soil sample and measuring the penetration of a piston under increasing loads. The CBR value is the load required to penetrate the sample 2.5mm or 5mm divided by a standard load value. Higher CBR values indicate stronger soils suitable for supporting pavement layers. The document outlines the apparatus, test procedure, interpretation of results, and classification of subgrade strength based on CBR values.
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to address problematic soils and ground conditions. It covers methods like compaction, dynamic compaction, vibro-displacement, preloading with vertical drains, deep soil mixing, grouting, ground freezing, biotechnical stabilization, reinforced soil, and geosynthetics reinforcement. The selection of a technique depends on factors like the type of ground, required improvement, constraints, and costs. Proper design, execution, and quality control are needed to effectively apply these ground improvement methods.
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls. It provides an overview of the components and construction process. Reinforced soil uses soil reinforced with linear strips that can bear large tensile stresses. Retaining walls hold earth and other materials in a vertical position. Reinforced soil retaining walls were developed from the idea of reinforcing sandcastles with pine needles. They have load transfer mechanisms that use friction between the soil and reinforcement to resist shear stresses. Components include soil, facing panels, reinforcement and geosynthetics. Construction involves compacting layers of backfill soil and placing horizontal reinforcement strips. Reinforced soil retaining walls provide benefits like reduced lateral thrust, thin wall elements, simple and fast construction, and seismic resistance.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
The document discusses various methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and combined methods. Mechanical stabilization uses compaction to improve soil properties. Physical stabilization blends soils or adds admixtures like cement, lime, or bitumen. Chemical stabilization adds chemicals such as calcium chloride or sodium silicate. The key objectives are reducing voids, filling voids to lower permeability, and increasing bonding between grains. Proper soil selection, additive selection and mixing, compaction, and curing are important to the success of the various soil stabilization methods.
This document discusses various methods of soil stabilization, including without additives (compaction and drainage) and with additives like cement, lime, fly ash, and bitumen. Cement stabilization involves mixing soil and cement to create a strong material called soil cement. Lime stabilization uses lime to decrease soil plasticity. Fly ash stabilization can increase soil strength and control shrink/swell. Bitumen stabilization coats soil particles with asphalt to prevent water penetration. The conclusion states that soil stabilization with these additives effectively increases soil strength and bearing capacity for construction.
The document discusses various techniques for soil stabilization used in road construction. It defines soil stabilization as treating soil to maintain or improve its performance. Key techniques include mechanical stabilization by blending soils, and chemical stabilization by adding lime, cement or other chemicals. Mechanical methods improve strength through compaction and grading, while chemical additives cause reactions improving properties like strength and durability over time. The document provides details on various soil stabilization mixtures and their applications in road construction.
Design and construction of well foundationsDar Hilal
Well foundations are commonly used for transferring heavy loads to deep soil strata for bridges. They have a large cross-sectional area and can take large vertical and horizontal loads. Designing well foundations involves determining the depth, shape, size, and type based on factors like minimum grip length and permissible base pressures. Common well foundation types include open, box, and pneumatic caissons. Precautions during construction like uniform dredging are important to avoid tilting and shifts. Well foundations are a low-cost and trusted option for bridge construction due to their high success rates and long life spans, though sinking can be time consuming.
Vibration method for ground improvement techniqueABHISHEK THAKKAE
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques, including vertical drains, soil nailing, stone columns, vibro compaction, and dynamic compaction. Vertical drains accelerate consolidation by facilitating drainage of pore water through columns of pervious material placed in soil. Soil nailing uses steel tendons drilled and grouted into soil to create a reinforced composite mass. Stone columns form vertical columns of compacted aggregate through problem soils to increase strength and reduce compressibility. Vibro compaction densifies loose sands using vibratory probes to achieve a denser soil structure. Dynamic compaction improves soil by repeatedly dropping heavy weights onto the ground from heights of 40 to 80 feet.
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
introduction to soil stabilization and introduction to geo textiles and synth...husna004
This document provides definitions and information about soil stabilization techniques. It discusses mechanical and additive stabilization, including the uses of stabilization to improve soil quality and reduce pavement thickness. Key additive stabilization methods described are portland cement, lime, fly ash, and bitumen. The document provides guidance on selecting additive stabilizers based on soil type and properties. It also discusses considerations for using stabilized soils in frost areas and determining the appropriate stabilizer content.
The document discusses various methods of soil exploration including borings, test pits, and geophysical methods. It describes the objectives of soil exploration as determining the suitable foundation type, bearing capacity, and other factors. The key methods discussed are displacement boring, wash boring, auger boring, rotary drilling, percussion drilling, and continuous sampling boring. Each method is explained along with its suitable soil conditions, advantages, and limitations.
Reinforced earth is a combination of earth and linear reinforcing strips that are capable of bearing large tensile stresses.
The reinforcement provided by these strips enable the mass to resist the tension in a way which the earth alone could not. The source of this resistance to tension is the internal friction of soil, because the stresses that are created within the mass are transferred from soil to the reinforcement strips by friction.
This document discusses soil mechanics concepts related to lateral earth pressure. It defines active and passive earth pressures and describes Rankine's theory and assumptions for calculating lateral pressures on retaining walls. Equations are provided for determining active and passive earth pressure coefficients and distributions for cohesionless and cohesive soils. The effects of groundwater, surcharges, and sloping backfills are also examined. Sample problems are included to calculate lateral earth pressures and forces on retaining walls for different soil and loading conditions.
Bearing capacity of shallow foundations by abhishek sharma ABHISHEK SHARMA
elements you should know about bearing capacity of shallow foundations are included in it. various indian standards are also used. Bearing capacity theories by various researchers are also included. numericals from GATE CE and ESE CE are also included.
This document discusses vertical drains, which are used to accelerate consolidation in saturated clays. It describes how vertical drains work by shortening drainage paths within clay. Common installation methods involve creating boreholes and placing vertical drains made of sand or prefabricated materials like sandwick or band drains. Design considerations for vertical drains include drain spacing, fill height, soil permeability, and achieving a desired consolidation level within a given time. Mathematical equations are provided for analyzing consolidation based on Terzaghi's theory involving factors like coefficient of consolidation and excess pore water pressure. An example problem demonstrates calculating degree of consolidation over time for a layered soil system using vertical drains.
This document discusses different types of soil admixtures used for ground improvement, including inert and chemical admixtures. It focuses on lime treatment of soils, describing how lime modifies soil properties through cation exchange, flocculation, and pozzolanic reactions. These reactions can increase shear strength, reduce permeability and swelling, and change plasticity. The document discusses factors in choosing lime modification or stabilization, describes lime treatment processes, and compares advantages and disadvantages of different lime application methods.
Principles and design concepts of reinforced soil wallsPrakash Ravindran
Reinforced soil walls are cost-effective retaining structures that can tolerate large settlements. They consist of layers of soil reinforced with tensile inclusions like geogrids or geotextiles. The reinforcement improves the soil strength allowing near-vertical faces to be constructed. Key advantages include flexibility, rapid construction, and ability to absorb movements. The document discusses design principles like external stability checks against sliding and bearing capacity failure. Internal stability checks reinforcement rupture and pullout capacity. Settlements, seismic design, and typical failures are also covered.
SOIL STABILIZATION USING LIME AND CEMENTA. R. Atiq
This document summarizes a study on soil stabilization using lime and cement additives. The study aimed to analyze the effect of lime and cement on soil properties such as Atterberg limits, maximum dry density, and optimum moisture content. A literature review found that lime reduces plasticity and moisture retention while cement increases strength and durability. The experimental program involved testing soils with different additive types and percentages. Results showed that lime and cement can increase maximum dry density while decreasing liquid limit and optimum moisture content. This indicates soil stabilization using lime and cement can improve engineering properties of soils.
This document describes the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test, which is used to determine the strength of soils and granular materials for pavement design. The CBR test involves compacting a soil sample and measuring the penetration of a piston under increasing loads. The CBR value is the load required to penetrate the sample 2.5mm or 5mm divided by a standard load value. Higher CBR values indicate stronger soils suitable for supporting pavement layers. The document outlines the apparatus, test procedure, interpretation of results, and classification of subgrade strength based on CBR values.
This document discusses various ground improvement techniques used to address problematic soils and ground conditions. It covers methods like compaction, dynamic compaction, vibro-displacement, preloading with vertical drains, deep soil mixing, grouting, ground freezing, biotechnical stabilization, reinforced soil, and geosynthetics reinforcement. The selection of a technique depends on factors like the type of ground, required improvement, constraints, and costs. Proper design, execution, and quality control are needed to effectively apply these ground improvement methods.
This document discusses a project to study the use of fly ash for soil stabilization. The objectives are to identify the local soil type, analyze its properties, determine the optimum moisture content, and compare the properties with and without fly ash addition. The methodology involves collecting soil samples, conducting tests like proctor compaction and CBR to establish baseline properties, adding varying amounts of fly ash, and re-testing after curing to find the optimum fly ash dosage. The literature review covers previous studies analyzing improvements to soil strength and compressibility from fly ash addition. The expected outcomes are a better understanding of soil stabilization methods and identification of additional materials to further boost soil strength.
This document discusses reinforced soil retaining walls. It provides an overview of the components and construction process. Reinforced soil uses soil reinforced with linear strips that can bear large tensile stresses. Retaining walls hold earth and other materials in a vertical position. Reinforced soil retaining walls were developed from the idea of reinforcing sandcastles with pine needles. They have load transfer mechanisms that use friction between the soil and reinforcement to resist shear stresses. Components include soil, facing panels, reinforcement and geosynthetics. Construction involves compacting layers of backfill soil and placing horizontal reinforcement strips. Reinforced soil retaining walls provide benefits like reduced lateral thrust, thin wall elements, simple and fast construction, and seismic resistance.
DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST OF CONCRETEKaran Patel
The standard method of evaluating the quality of concrete in buildings or structures is to test specimens cast simultaneously for compressive, flexural and tensile strengths.
The main disadvantages are that results are not obtained immediately; that concrete in specimens may differ from that in the actual structure as a result of different curing and compaction conditions; and that strength properties of a concrete specimen depend on its size and shape.
Although there can be no direct measurement of the strength properties of structural concrete for the simple reason that strength determination involves destructive stresses, several non- destructive methods of assessment have been developed.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
The document discusses various methods for soil stabilization, including mechanical, physical, chemical, and combined methods. Mechanical stabilization uses compaction to improve soil properties. Physical stabilization blends soils or adds admixtures like cement, lime, or bitumen. Chemical stabilization adds chemicals such as calcium chloride or sodium silicate. The key objectives are reducing voids, filling voids to lower permeability, and increasing bonding between grains. Proper soil selection, additive selection and mixing, compaction, and curing are important to the success of the various soil stabilization methods.
This document discusses various methods of soil stabilization, including without additives (compaction and drainage) and with additives like cement, lime, fly ash, and bitumen. Cement stabilization involves mixing soil and cement to create a strong material called soil cement. Lime stabilization uses lime to decrease soil plasticity. Fly ash stabilization can increase soil strength and control shrink/swell. Bitumen stabilization coats soil particles with asphalt to prevent water penetration. The conclusion states that soil stabilization with these additives effectively increases soil strength and bearing capacity for construction.
This document discusses soil stabilization techniques using lime and fly ash additions. It begins with an introduction to soil stabilization and describes how lime treatment improves soil properties like plasticity, compaction, and bearing capacity. It discusses the chemical reactions that occur with lime stabilization over time. The objectives of the project are outlined as exploring using fly ash in road construction and studying the effects of lime and fly ash on properties of clayey soil like density, moisture content, consistency limits, and CBR value. Finally, the literature review summarizes previous studies that found additions of waste plastics and lime increased the strength and load bearing capacity of soils.
Cement stabilization is a process that improves soil properties by adding cementing materials like Portland cement, lime, or bitumen. It binds soil particles without altering them. The key requirements for soil stabilization are providing strength, controlling shrinkage and swelling, and reducing permeability. The factors affecting soil cement stabilization include the soil type, amount of cement added, moisture content during compaction, and curing time. Design of soil-cement mixes involves testing compressive strength of specimens with varying cement contents to determine the optimal cement percentage. Proper construction techniques such as soil preparation, mixing, compaction, and curing are also important.
Aggregates such as sand and gravel are mixed with cement and water to form concrete. There are several key properties of aggregates including being clean, hard, durable, and having a shape that provides good workability and strength. The most common aggregate sources are river stones or crushed rock. Proper grading of aggregate sizes is important to prevent voids when mixed. Concrete is formed by mixing aggregates, cement, and water. The exact proportions and mixing process affect the workability and strength properties of the resulting concrete. Curing the concrete is also important for the hardening and strength development process.
This document discusses various methods for soil improvement applied to foundations and slopes. It describes 11 different soil improvement methods: 1) compaction, 2) mechanical stabilization using admixtures like lime and cement, 3) preloading, 4) vertical drains, 5) dewatering, 6) electro-osmosis, 7) dynamic compaction, 8) stone columns, 9) grouting, 10) soil reinforcement using geosynthetics, and 11) using waste materials. For each method, it provides details on the process, materials used, and effectiveness in improving soil properties like bearing capacity, shear strength, and consolidation. The overall purpose of soil improvement is to develop stable foundations and slopes for structures.
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Naqeeb Khan Niazi
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and gravel or crushed rock.
Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial structures
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
Sand a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. : soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and a maximum of 10 percent of clay.
Concrete, Cement
Raw Material of Cement, Types
Water, Aggregates, Sand
Mixing of concrete
Transportation, Rate Analysis
This document discusses the stages of concrete, including fresh concrete and hardened concrete. It describes the ingredients that make up fresh concrete, including cement, aggregates, admixtures, and water. It explains the roles of each ingredient and discusses factors like aggregate size, grading, and surface texture that affect workability. The document outlines the process of manufacturing concrete, including batching, mixing, transporting, placing, compacting, and curing. It also discusses concepts like bleeding, segregation, workability tests, and factors that affect bleeding of concrete such as water-cement ratio, cement content, and aggregate type.
GROUND IMPROVEMENT TECHNIQUES (Soil cement stabilization)Muni Raja B
This document discusses various methods for soil stabilization, including different types of admixtures and their uses. It covers cement, bitumen, lime, and other chemical stabilizers. Specific application methods are described for different soil stabilization techniques including cement modified soil, cement treated base, and full depth reclamation using cement. Recommendations for soil properties and chemical proportions are provided for effective stabilization.
Overview of Soil Stabilization :Cement / Lime:ReportAniket Pateriya
Soil-cement is frequently used as a construction material for pipe bedding, slope protection, and road construction as a sub-base layer reinforcing and protecting the subgrade. It has good compressive and shear strength, but is brittle and has low tensile strength, so it is prone to forming cracks.
Lime can be used to treat soils to varying degrees, depending upon the objective. The least amount of treatment is used to dry and temporarily modify soils. Such treatment produces a working platform for construction or temporary roads. A greater degree of treatment supported by testing, design, and proper construction techniques--produces permanent structural stabilization of soils.
This document defines soil compaction and discusses methods for testing and achieving compaction. It describes how compaction decreases soil volume by expelling air, increasing density. Laboratory tests like standard and modified Proctor determine maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for a given soil by applying successive blows and measuring density at different moisture levels. Specifications then require achieving a percentage of maximum density in the field, controlling layer thickness and moisture during compaction with equipment. Proper compaction increases soil strength and reduces settlement/permeability.
The document discusses various types of molding materials and properties of molding sand used in casting processes. It describes the common molding materials as sand, metals, plaster, ceramic, graphite, and rubber. The key properties of molding sand that influence its suitability are also outlined, such as refractoriness, permeability, collapsibility, plasticity, and strength. The document further discusses the typical composition of molding sand and the role of additives in enhancing properties. Different types of sands including silica, zircon, olivine, and chromite sands are also compared.
Soil stabilization is the permanent physical and chemical alteration of soils to enhance their physical properties.
Stabilization can increase the shear strength of a soil and control the shrink-swell properties of a soil, thus improving the load-bearing capacity of a sub-grade to support pavements and foundations.
Stabilization can be used to treat a wide range of sub-grade materials from expansive clays to granular materials.
Stabilization can be achieved with a variety of chemical additives including lime, fly ash, and Portland cement, as well as by-products such as lime-kiln dust and cement-kiln dust.
1) Mechanical Soil Stabilization Technique:
Dense and well graded material can be achieved by mixing and compacting two or more soils of different grades.
Addition of a small amount of fine materials such as silts or clays enables binding of the non-cohesive soils which increases strength of the material.
Factors affecting the mechanical stability of mixed soil may include:
The mechanical strength and purity of the constituent materials
The percentage of materials and its gradation in the mix
The degree of soil binding taking place
The mixing, rolling, and compaction procedures adopted in the field
The environmental and climatic conditions
2) Compaction Soil Stabilisation Technique:
Uses mechanical means for expulsion of air voids within the soil mass resulting in soil that can bear load subsequently without further immediate compression.
Dynamic compaction is one of the major types of soil stabilization; in this procedure, a heavyweight is dropped repeatedly onto the ground at regular intervals to quite literally pound out deformities and ensure a uniformly packed surface.
1) Moisture Content. 2) Specific gravity of soil. 3) Atterberg’s limit. 4) Liquid limit. 5) Particle size distribution. 6) Preparation of reinforced soil sample. 7) Determination of shear strength.
1) Moisture Content
Soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The natural water content also called the natural moisture content is the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil.
2) Specific gravity of soil.
The specific gravity of soil is defined as the unit weight of the soil mass divided by the unit weight of distilled water at 4°C.
3) Atterberg’s limit
Atterberg's limits are a set of tests used in soil mechanics to determine the plasticity and compressibility characteristics of soil
1. It improves the strength of the soil, thus, increasing the soil bearing capacity.
2. It is a lot of economical each in terms of price and energy to extend.
3. Bearing capacity of the soil instead of going for deep foundation or raft foundation.
4. It offers more stability to the soil in slopes or other such places.
5. Sometimes soil stabilization is also stop soil erosion or formation of mud, which is extremely helpful particularly in dry and arid weather.
Shamsudin masoud PPT (Principle of Soil and Soil Compaction.pptShamsudinMasoud
Soil compaction is one of the most critical components in the construction or roads, air-fields, embankments and foundations.
The durability and stability of a structure are related to the achievement of proper soil compaction.
Soil compaction is the process where by the practical of a soil are mechanically constrained to pack more closely Together or Soil compaction is the process of mechanical densifying a soil.
The weekly report summarizes activities from site visits and trainings. On May 14, the group observed soil, asphalt, and concrete testing rooms at AACRA and learned about testing procedures and equipment operation. On May 16, the group visited the Legetafo site where black cotton soil was being excavated to a depth of 1.6m for a 60m long section of roadwork. Rock was also discovered during excavation. On May 21, the group visited the Balderas site where a 1km long road with a 20m span was under construction, including a retaining wall, water segregation, and base course preparation to a thickness of 25mm. Trainees names were signed and the report was
Online train ticket booking system project.pdfKamal Acharya
Rail transport is one of the important modes of transport in India. Now a days we
see that there are railways that are present for the long as well as short distance
travelling which makes the life of the people easier. When compared to other
means of transport, a railway is the cheapest means of transport. The maintenance
of the railway database also plays a major role in the smooth running of this
system. The Online Train Ticket Management System will help in reserving the
tickets of the railways to travel from a particular source to the destination.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji - Bandi Chor Guru.pdfBalvir Singh
Sri Guru Hargobind Ji (19 June 1595 - 3 March 1644) is revered as the Sixth Nanak.
• On 25 May 1606 Guru Arjan nominated his son Sri Hargobind Ji as his successor. Shortly
afterwards, Guru Arjan was arrested, tortured and killed by order of the Mogul Emperor
Jahangir.
• Guru Hargobind's succession ceremony took place on 24 June 1606. He was barely
eleven years old when he became 6th Guru.
• As ordered by Guru Arjan Dev Ji, he put on two swords, one indicated his spiritual
authority (PIRI) and the other, his temporal authority (MIRI). He thus for the first time
initiated military tradition in the Sikh faith to resist religious persecution, protect
people’s freedom and independence to practice religion by choice. He transformed
Sikhs to be Saints and Soldier.
• He had a long tenure as Guru, lasting 37 years, 9 months and 3 days
2. Stabilization
Modification of soils can be done by mechanical addition
of granular materials or chemical compounds such as
cement, lime, bitumen and cacl2.
The purpose of mixing these additives is to
1. Increase strength
2. Reduce deformability.
3. Control shrinkage & deformability.
4. Reduce erodability.
5. Increase durability
3. Stabilization
Mechanical stabilization:
Mechanical stabilization covers the rearrangement of soil
particles and improvement of soil gradation.
The aggregate should be correctly proportioned before lying
and should have sufficient mechanical strength.
In order to attain adequate mechanical stability, it is
necessary to have a well proportioned coarse material
containing some clay binder.
Maximum density is obtained in soils which have a particle
size distribution which can be approximated by the following
expression (Fuller and Thompson).
4. Stabilization
Mechanical stabilization:
% passing any sieve = 100√ (d/D)
d= aperture size of the sieve.
D= size of the largest particle.
To obtain adequate cohesion, particle size less than
0.075mm is necessary.
Surface PI=4 - 9% LL=25%
Base PI=6% LL=35%
Good compaction can be obtained if it is used by traffic for
few months before surfacing is applied.
5. Mechanical stabilization
Mechanical stabilization can be done by…
Addition of binding materials: The aggregate material have to be
selected to give the densest mixture by minimize the amount of
voids. The binder fine material is intended to give cohesion to the
mixture.
Addition of any material to reduce permeability: In order to
reduce the permeability of a given soil, it is common practice to
add sodium montomorillonite (bentonite). It is also possible to
reduce the permeability by addition of a suitable locally available
fine grained soil.
Removal of fines from gravel: In order to use the gravel for the
purpose of pavements, the presence of fines should be less. The
easiest way of removal of fines from gravel is by washing.
6. I. Portland cement stabilization
Binding of soil particles together referred to as
stabilization by cementing. Cement and soil blended
material is referred to as soil-cement. In this the cement
is reacts with the siliceous soil to cement the particles
together.
In soil cement mostly coarse grained soils are cemented
and proportion of fine grained soil cementation is less.
The physical properties of soil cement depends on the
nature of the soil treated, type, amount of cement and
cure conditions. This is mostly used in base of roads and
air fields.
7. I. Portland cement stabilization
Nature of soil:
Since organic matter reduces the strength of soil-cement,
inorganic soils can be stabilized using cement. About 2% of
organic matter is considered upper limit. Lime or cacl2 is
sometimes added to stabilize the soil. Calcium ions are most
desirable for ease of cement stabilization.
Soils with following limits can be economically stabilized.
Maximum size 75mm
Soil passing 4.5mm > 50%
0.425mm > 15%
75μ < 50%
PI < 8% and LL < 40%
In general the best results are obtained with well graded soils
having less than 50% of its particles finer than 0.075mm &
PI<20%
8. I. Portland cement stabilization
Amount of cement:
Cement content varying from 5-20% is satisfactory for
stabilization.
Following amounts are usually required
for gravel, cement level of 5-10% by weight.
for Sand, cement level of 7-12%
for Silts, cement level of 12-15%
for Clays, cement level of 12-20%
A given increase in the cement content with the more
clayey soils produced a smaller increase in compressive
strength than with sands.
An increase in strength is obtained with increasing
cement content.
9. I. Portland cement stabilization
Mixing:
More uniform soil-cement water mixture provides strong
and durable soil-cement. The continued mixing should be
only up to the optimal level. Further continued mixing lead
to segregation of components. It is observed that mixtures
made in the laboratory have high strength compared to
the similar mixes made in the field (about 50-70%).
Moisture content:
The moisture content is governed by the soil type and
method of compaction.
Compaction conditions:
In natural soils, having same cement content and amount
of compaction, the greatest strength is obtained for the
one compacted at approximately the optimum moisture
content.
10. I. Portland cement stabilization
Age and Curing:
The compressive strength of soil-cement increases with
age. Like concrete, damp environment is desirable for
curing. Soil-cement cures rapidly with increase in
temperature.
Admixtures for soil-cement:
In order to accelerate the setting time and to improve
the properties of soil-cement, lime or cacl2 can be added.
These chemicals permits reduction in the amount of
cement required to treat the soil.
11. II. Bitumen stabilization:
Bitumen stabilization:
Bituminous materials: Bitumen, asphalt, Tar.
Bituminous materials stabilize the soil either by binding
the particles (takes place in cohesion less soils) together
or to protect the soil from deleterious effects of water
(water proofing in cohesive soils) or both.
Most of the bitumen stabilization has been done with
asphalt and is referred to as soil-asphalt.
As the straight run asphalt (produced from vacuum
distillation process) has low viscosity and low softening
temperature, it is commonly used in soil stabilization.
12. II. Bitumen stabilization:
Asphalt can not be directly added to the soil because of
its high viscosity. Its fluidity can be increased by
1. Heating
2. Emulsifying in water (emulsions)
3. Cut back with some solvents like gasoline.
Soil asphalt is mostly used for highway and airfields.
13. II. Bitumen stabilization:
Nature of soil:
Organic matter of acid origin is harmful to soil-asphalt. It is
difficult to handle plastic clays because of mixing problem.
All inorganic soils can be stabilized and the following
requirements yield the best results.
1. maximum particle size should be less than one third of the
compacted soil layer
2. particles finer than 4.75mm are greater than 50%
3. 35-100% particles finer than 0.42mm
4. Greater than 10% but less than 50% particles finer than
0.075mm
5. Liquid limit less than 40%, Plasticity index less than 18%
14. II. Bitumen stabilization:
Amount of Asphalt:
Increase in asphalt gives better results. In fine grained soils addition
of asphalt does not increase the strength but improves the water
proofing property and thereby forms better stabilized soil. Asphalt
should be added optimally otherwise results in sticky mixture which
can not be properly compacted.
Mixing:
A thorough mixing of additives with soil yields better stabilized soil.
Compaction conditions:
Density of mixture is depends on the volatiles content, amount and
type of compaction. In general lower the volatile content higher the
strength.
15. II. Bitumen stabilization:
Cure conditions:
The strength of soil asphalt is inversely proportional to the
volatile content. The longer the period of cure and warmer the
temperature of cure, the greater the volatiles lost. The longer
the period of immersion, greater the water pick up.
The sequence of operation is as follows:
1. Pulverization of soil 2. addition of water
3. Adding mixing of bitumen.
4. Aeration.
5. Compaction 6. Finishing
7. Aeration and curing. 8. Application of surface cover.
16. III. Chemical Stabilization:
Chemical Stabilization:
Chemical stabilization primarily consists of bonding the soil
particles with a cementing agent which is produced by a
chemical reaction with soil. Chemical as a secondary additive
increases the effectiveness of cement.
17. Lime Stabilization:
Lime can be used alone or in combination with other
admixtures like flyash, cement or bitumen.
Two types of chemical reactions take place when lime is
added to wet soil. First one occurring immediately by ion
exchange of calcium for the ions naturally carried by the soil.
The second reaction takes considerable time in a cementing
action which involves the reaction between the calcium
from the lime with the available reactive aluminum or silica
from the soil.
Plasticity of the soil, density and strength are changed by
addition of lime to soil. Addition of lime reduces the
plasticity of the soils and the soil can be handled easily.
18. Lime Stabilization:
Construction Procedure:
Same as employed for soil-cement but it will take more time.
Normal sequence for lime stabilized base is
1. Scarify the base.
2. Pulverization of soil
3. Spread the lime
4. Mixing the lime and soil.
5. Addition of water to bring to OMC
6. Mixing the lime and soil.
7. Shape the stabilized base.
8. Cure and keep moist and traffic free for at least 5 days.
9. Add wearing surface.
19. Calcium chloride (CaCl2):
CaCl2 is an inorganic salt.
Physical properties of CaCl2:
CaCl2 is hygroscopic (attracts and absorbs water form
atmosphere)
highly soluble (59.9g dissolve in 100ml of water at 00c)
deliquescence (absorbs moisture from the atmosphere
until it dissolves in the absorbed water and forms a
solution)
Higher surface tension.
Lower freezing point than water (-510c)
20. Calcium chloride (CaCl2):
Effect on soil properties:
Sodium ions (Na+) present around the negatively
charged clay platelets and they are replaced by ca+2
and the thickness of diffused double layer is reduced.
This causes lower plasticity and increases strength.
CaCl2 also reduces inter granular repulsion and
strengthens molecular bonds between particles.
Fig: shows compaction properties of gravelly clay with
and without CaCl2. since CaCl2 has high surface tension,
reaches high density at low water content.
21.
22. Calcium chloride (CaCl2):
CaCl2 reduces evaporative water losses from soils. This
character facilitates moisture control during construction
and helps in the control of dust generated on unpaved
roads.
CaCl2 as a secondary additive can also benefits in
cement or lime stabilization by increasing early strength
values. Only 0.5 to 1.5% of CaCl2 may be needed for
this purpose.
23. Sodium Silicate Stabilization:
Sodium silicate can be used in soil stabilization both as
additives to stabilizers and as primary stabilizers.
Sodium silicate reduces the plasticity index of clay.
Additions up to 2% by mass have been considered
effective in road engineering. Silicates derive their benefits
because of their cementitious components.
24. Gypsum Stabilization (CaSO4.2H2O):
Gypsum alone is not effective as soil stabilizer for
engineering purposes.
However it enhances the stabilizing properties of lime by
accelerating its reaction with the soil.
Addition of gypsum to soil can limit clay swelling and
dispersion and thus improve soil structural stability by
means of cation-exchange effects