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05-Superpave Binder Specification ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )

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Hossam Shafiq I
Hossam Shafiq I

The document summarizes the Superpave asphalt binder specifications system. It describes that the system uses performance grade specifications based on climate, with grades ranging from PG 46 to PG 82. It outlines the key tests performed on original, rolled thin film oven-aged, and pressure-aged vessel aged asphalt binder samples to specify requirements to prevent different distresses like permanent deformation, fatigue cracking, and low temperature cracking. Requirements include metrics like dynamic shear rheometer stiffness values, bending beam rheometer stiffness and m-values, and rotational viscosity.

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Superpave Asphalt Binder Specifications
Superpave Asphalt Binder Specification The grading system is based on Climate PG 64 - 22 Performance Grade Average 7-day max pavement temperature Min pavement temperature
6 degree increments 4Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spec Requirement Remains Constant Test Temperature Changes Superpave Binder Specifications Flash Point Temp. T48: Minimum. C Performance Grade PG-52 PG-58 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 <52 <58 >-10 >-16 >-22 >-28 >-34 >-40 >-46 >-16 >-22 >-28 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Design Temp. C Minimum Pavement Design Temperature.C Original Binder 135 Viscosity, ASTM D 4402 Maximum, Pa - s (3000 cP) Test Temp. C Dynamic Shear, TP5: G*/sin 8 , Minimum, 1.00 kPa Test Temp @ 10 rad/sec. C 52 58 230 PG 58PG 52 5Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
6 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Performance Grades (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC
Asphalt Superpave 7 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 How the PG Spec Works (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135oC > 230 oC CEC 58 64 Test Temperature Changes Spec Requirement Remains Constant > 1.00 kPa -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34
8 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL < 5000 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Permanent Deformation (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC > 1.00 kPa > 2.20 kPa •Unaged •RTFO Aged -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34
Permanent Deformation • Addressed by high temp stiffness • G*/sin  on unaged asphalt binder > 1.00 kPa • G*/sin  on RTFO aged asphalt binder > 2.20 kPa > Early part of pavement service life Heavy Trucks
10 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Fatigue Cracking (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC < 5000 kPa PAV Aged
Fatigue Cracking • Addressed by intermediate temperature stiffness • G*sin  on RTFO & PAV aged asphalt binder < 5000 kPa > Later part of pavement service life
12 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Low Temperature Cracking (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % PAV Aged
13 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Low Temperature Cracking (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % PAV Aged
Asphalt Superpave 14 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Miscellaneous Spec Requirements (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  CEC < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC Flash Point Mass Loss
PG 58-22 PG 52-28 PG 64-10 PG 58-16 > Many agencies have established zones PG Binder Selection
Developed from Air Temperatures • Superpave Weather Database • 6500 stations in U.S. and Canada • Annual air temperatures • hottest seven-day temp (avg and std dev) • coldest temp (avg and std dev) • Calculated HMA pavement temps used in PG selection > 20 years
Reliability • Percent Probability of Not Exceeding Design Temp frequency of observed temps (Total area under curve = 100 %) Tavg Tdes Reliability is area under curve to the left of Tdes > using Normal Distribution
36 40 7-Day Maximum Air Temperatures 50 % reliability 98 % reliability Observed Air Temperatures Topeka, KS average summer very hot summer > this data - standard deviation of 2°C
36 40 -23-31 0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10-20-30-40 Observed Air Temperatures Topeka, KS average winter > standard deviation of 4°C very cold winter
Convert to Pavement Temperature • Calculated by Superpave software • High Temperature • 20 mm below surface of mixture • Low Temperature • at surface of mixture Pavt Temp = f ( Air Temp, Depth, Latitude )
T20mm = (Tair - 0.00618 Lat2 + 0.2289 Lat + 42.2 ) x ( 0.9545 ) - 17.78 T20mm = high pavt. design temp. at a depth of 20 mm Tair = 7-day average high air temp Lat = geographical latitude High Pavement Temperature Similar equation for predicting the minimum pavement temperature Low Pavement Temperature 22Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
56 60 -23-31 0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10-20-30-40 70 Calculated Pavement Temperatures Topeka, KS pvt = air pvt > air
0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10-20-30-40 70 PG 64-34 (98% minimum reliability) PG 58-28 (50 % minimum reliability) PG Asphalt Binder Grades Topeka, KS PG asphalt binder grades - six degree increments
0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10-20-30-40 70 PG 58-28 (50 % minimum reliability) Effect of Rounding to Standard Grades PG 58 provides 85% reliability PG -28 provides 90% reliability
Effect of Rounding to Standard Grades needed grade for 50% reliability -23-28 Minimum Pavement Temperatures selected grade for 50% reliability Rounding depends on actual temps! -16 -22 -28
Effect of Loading Rate on Selection • Dilemma • specified DSR loading rate is 10 rad/sec • what about longer loading times ? • Use asphalt binder with more stiffness at higher temperatures • slow - - increase one high temperature grade • stationary - - increase two high temperature grades • no effect on low temperature grade 90 kph
Effect of Loading Rate on Selection • Example • for toll road PG 64-22 • for toll booth PG 70-22 • for weigh stations PG 76-22 90 kph Slow Stopping
Effect of Traffic Amount on Selection • 10 - 30 x 106 ESAL • Consider increasing - - one high temp grade • 30 x 106 + ESAL • Recommend increasing - - one high temp grade 80 kN ESALs > Equivalent Single Axle Loads
ESAL Comparison 80 kN 18,000 lb. 100 kN 22,000 lb. 44 kN 10,000 lb. 1 ESAL 2.2 ESAL .09 ESAL
67 kN 15,000 lb 0.48 ESAL 27 kN 6,000 lb 0.01 ESAL + = 151 kN 34,000 lb 1.10 151 kN 34,000 lb 1.10 + = 54 kN 12,000 lb 0.19 + 0.49 ESALs 2.39 ESALs BIG TRUCK Little Truck
32 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 How the PG Spec Works (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC 58 64 Test Temperature Changes Spec Requirement Remains Constant > 1.00 kPa
Summary of How to Use PG Asphalt Binder Specification • Determine • 7-day max pavement temperatures • 1-day minimum pavement temperature • Use specification tables to select test temperatures • Determine asphalt cement properties and compare to specification limits

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05-Superpave Binder Specification ( Highway and Airport Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )

  • 2. Superpave Asphalt Binder Specification The grading system is based on Climate PG 64 - 22 Performance Grade Average 7-day max pavement temperature Min pavement temperature
  • 3. 6 degree increments 4Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 4. Spec Requirement Remains Constant Test Temperature Changes Superpave Binder Specifications Flash Point Temp. T48: Minimum. C Performance Grade PG-52 PG-58 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 <52 <58 >-10 >-16 >-22 >-28 >-34 >-40 >-46 >-16 >-22 >-28 Average 7-day Maximum Pavement Design Temp. C Minimum Pavement Design Temperature.C Original Binder 135 Viscosity, ASTM D 4402 Maximum, Pa - s (3000 cP) Test Temp. C Dynamic Shear, TP5: G*/sin 8 , Minimum, 1.00 kPa Test Temp @ 10 rad/sec. C 52 58 230 PG 58PG 52 5Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 5. 6 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Performance Grades (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC
  • 6. Asphalt Superpave 7 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 How the PG Spec Works (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135oC > 230 oC CEC 58 64 Test Temperature Changes Spec Requirement Remains Constant > 1.00 kPa -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34
  • 7. 8 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL < 5000 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Permanent Deformation (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC > 1.00 kPa > 2.20 kPa •Unaged •RTFO Aged -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34
  • 8. Permanent Deformation • Addressed by high temp stiffness • G*/sin  on unaged asphalt binder > 1.00 kPa • G*/sin  on RTFO aged asphalt binder > 2.20 kPa > Early part of pavement service life Heavy Trucks
  • 9. 10 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Fatigue Cracking (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC < 5000 kPa PAV Aged
  • 10. Fatigue Cracking • Addressed by intermediate temperature stiffness • G*sin  on RTFO & PAV aged asphalt binder < 5000 kPa > Later part of pavement service life
  • 11. 12 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Low Temperature Cracking (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % PAV Aged
  • 12. 13 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Low Temperature Cracking (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % PAV Aged
  • 13. Asphalt Superpave 14 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL > 1.00 kPa < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 Miscellaneous Spec Requirements (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  CEC < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC Flash Point Mass Loss
  • 14. PG 58-22 PG 52-28 PG 64-10 PG 58-16 > Many agencies have established zones PG Binder Selection
  • 15.
  • 16. Developed from Air Temperatures • Superpave Weather Database • 6500 stations in U.S. and Canada • Annual air temperatures • hottest seven-day temp (avg and std dev) • coldest temp (avg and std dev) • Calculated HMA pavement temps used in PG selection > 20 years
  • 17. Reliability • Percent Probability of Not Exceeding Design Temp frequency of observed temps (Total area under curve = 100 %) Tavg Tdes Reliability is area under curve to the left of Tdes > using Normal Distribution
  • 18. 36 40 7-Day Maximum Air Temperatures 50 % reliability 98 % reliability Observed Air Temperatures Topeka, KS average summer very hot summer > this data - standard deviation of 2°C
  • 19. 36 40 -23-31 0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10-20-30-40 Observed Air Temperatures Topeka, KS average winter > standard deviation of 4°C very cold winter
  • 20. Convert to Pavement Temperature • Calculated by Superpave software • High Temperature • 20 mm below surface of mixture • Low Temperature • at surface of mixture Pavt Temp = f ( Air Temp, Depth, Latitude )
  • 21. T20mm = (Tair - 0.00618 Lat2 + 0.2289 Lat + 42.2 ) x ( 0.9545 ) - 17.78 T20mm = high pavt. design temp. at a depth of 20 mm Tair = 7-day average high air temp Lat = geographical latitude High Pavement Temperature Similar equation for predicting the minimum pavement temperature Low Pavement Temperature 22Mamlouk/Zaniewski, Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Third Edition. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 22. 56 60 -23-31 0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10-20-30-40 70 Calculated Pavement Temperatures Topeka, KS pvt = air pvt > air
  • 23. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10-20-30-40 70 PG 64-34 (98% minimum reliability) PG 58-28 (50 % minimum reliability) PG Asphalt Binder Grades Topeka, KS PG asphalt binder grades - six degree increments
  • 24. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60-10-20-30-40 70 PG 58-28 (50 % minimum reliability) Effect of Rounding to Standard Grades PG 58 provides 85% reliability PG -28 provides 90% reliability
  • 25. Effect of Rounding to Standard Grades needed grade for 50% reliability -23-28 Minimum Pavement Temperatures selected grade for 50% reliability Rounding depends on actual temps! -16 -22 -28
  • 26. Effect of Loading Rate on Selection • Dilemma • specified DSR loading rate is 10 rad/sec • what about longer loading times ? • Use asphalt binder with more stiffness at higher temperatures • slow - - increase one high temperature grade • stationary - - increase two high temperature grades • no effect on low temperature grade 90 kph
  • 27. Effect of Loading Rate on Selection • Example • for toll road PG 64-22 • for toll booth PG 70-22 • for weigh stations PG 76-22 90 kph Slow Stopping
  • 28. Effect of Traffic Amount on Selection • 10 - 30 x 106 ESAL • Consider increasing - - one high temp grade • 30 x 106 + ESAL • Recommend increasing - - one high temp grade 80 kN ESALs > Equivalent Single Axle Loads
  • 29. ESAL Comparison 80 kN 18,000 lb. 100 kN 22,000 lb. 44 kN 10,000 lb. 1 ESAL 2.2 ESAL .09 ESAL
  • 30. 67 kN 15,000 lb 0.48 ESAL 27 kN 6,000 lb 0.01 ESAL + = 151 kN 34,000 lb 1.10 151 kN 34,000 lb 1.10 + = 54 kN 12,000 lb 0.19 + 0.49 ESALs 2.39 ESALs BIG TRUCK Little Truck
  • 31. 32 PG 46 PG 52 PG 58 PG 64 PG 70 PG 76 PG 82 (Rotational Viscosity) RV 90 90 100 100 100 (110) 100 (110) 110 (110) (Flash Point) FP 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 (ROLLING THIN FILM OVEN) RTFO Mass Loss < 1.00 % (Direct Tension) DT (Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR Physical Hardening 28 -34 -40 -46 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -46 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -40 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 -10 -16 -22 -28 -34 Avg 7-day Max, oC 1-day Min, oC (PRESSURE AGING VESSEL) PAV ORIGINAL < 5000 kPa > 2.20 kPa S < 300 MPa m > 0.300 Report Value > 1.00 % 20 Hours, 2.07 MPa 10 7 4 25 22 19 16 13 10 7 25 22 19 16 13 31 28 25 22 19 16 34 31 28 25 22 19 37 34 31 28 25 40 37 34 31 (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G* sin  ( Bending Beam Rheometer) BBR “S” Stiffness & “m”- value -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 - 18 -24 -24 -30 -36 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 -36 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 -30 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 0 -6 -12 -18 -24 How the PG Spec Works (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  (Dynamic Shear Rheometer) DSR G*/sin  < 3 Pa.s @ 135 oC > 230 oC CEC 58 64 Test Temperature Changes Spec Requirement Remains Constant > 1.00 kPa
  • 32. Summary of How to Use PG Asphalt Binder Specification • Determine • 7-day max pavement temperatures • 1-day minimum pavement temperature • Use specification tables to select test temperatures • Determine asphalt cement properties and compare to specification limits
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