Marketing institutions play an important role in the development of agricultural marketing by establishing rules and regulations, organizations, market infrastructure, and price administration. The document outlines various public sector institutions like the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Food Corporation of India, and specialized commodity boards that work to regulate and promote agricultural marketing. It also discusses the roles of cooperative sector institutions and associations in providing services to farmers and traders.
This document provides an overview of the Domestic & Export Market Intelligence Cell (DEMIC) in India. It discusses:
1. The importance of market intelligence for farmers to make informed production and sales decisions.
2. How DEMIC was established to collect and disseminate timely price and market data on agricultural commodities to help farmers and other stakeholders.
3. DEMIC's objectives of forecasting supply/demand and future prices, studying domestic and export market situations, and disseminating information to support farmers' planning.
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
The document provides information about RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) and Industrial Attachment programs.
The RAWE program aims to familiarize students with rural situations, technologies used by farmers, and their problems. Activities during the program included visits to a KVK where students prepared grow bags and participated in agricultural projects. Students also spent time in village attachment, organizing a farmer's meeting, and completing the program.
The Industrial Attachment was at a sugar factory where processes like cane weighing, crushing, juice extraction and boiling, centrifuging, and drying were observed. The factory's history and operations including steam generation from bagasse were outlined.
KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra ) :- Introducation of kvk ,
objectives of kvk ,
mandate and activities of kvk ,
organizational structure of kvk ,
Role and responsibility of the kvk ,
strategies for working in kvk
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include:
- Establishing committees and agencies at central and state levels to oversee certification of seed varieties and testing.
- Granting powers to notify specific seed varieties and set minimum standards for germination and purity.
- Requiring labeling of certified seed packages and allowing for inspection and testing of seeds.
- Providing for appeals process and penalties for non-compliance with the Act.
The Act aims to promote quality control of seeds and provides the framework for regulation of the seed industry in India.
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
This document provides information on onion seed production including floral biology, methods, requirements, and standards. It discusses:
1) Onion flowers are protandrous, with pollen shed occurring before stigma receptivity. Cross-pollination by insects is needed for high seed yields.
2) The bulb-to-seed method is most common, involving selecting bulbs in one season for planting the next season for seed production. Care is taken to select true-to-type bulbs.
3) Seed production requires isolation distances between varieties, rogueing of off-types, and inspection to ensure varietal purity and high seed quality and yields.
Marketing institutions play an important role in the development of agricultural marketing by establishing rules and regulations, organizations, market infrastructure, and price administration. The document outlines various public sector institutions like the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices, Food Corporation of India, and specialized commodity boards that work to regulate and promote agricultural marketing. It also discusses the roles of cooperative sector institutions and associations in providing services to farmers and traders.
This document provides an overview of the Domestic & Export Market Intelligence Cell (DEMIC) in India. It discusses:
1. The importance of market intelligence for farmers to make informed production and sales decisions.
2. How DEMIC was established to collect and disseminate timely price and market data on agricultural commodities to help farmers and other stakeholders.
3. DEMIC's objectives of forecasting supply/demand and future prices, studying domestic and export market situations, and disseminating information to support farmers' planning.
Presentation on RAWE and agro-industrial attachment program 2022Deependra Gupta
The document provides information about RAWE (Rural Agricultural Work Experience) and Industrial Attachment programs.
The RAWE program aims to familiarize students with rural situations, technologies used by farmers, and their problems. Activities during the program included visits to a KVK where students prepared grow bags and participated in agricultural projects. Students also spent time in village attachment, organizing a farmer's meeting, and completing the program.
The Industrial Attachment was at a sugar factory where processes like cane weighing, crushing, juice extraction and boiling, centrifuging, and drying were observed. The factory's history and operations including steam generation from bagasse were outlined.
KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra ) :- Introducation of kvk ,
objectives of kvk ,
mandate and activities of kvk ,
organizational structure of kvk ,
Role and responsibility of the kvk ,
strategies for working in kvk
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the production technique of true potato seed. It discusses how potato originated in South America and was introduced to India in the 16th-17th century. True potato seed is produced through sexual reproduction of potato plants and has advantages over conventional tuber planting, including being pathogen free and easier to transport. The document outlines the taxonomy of potato, major producing countries and states, and production of true potato seed through selection of parents, pollination, harvesting, processing, and storage of the seed.
The Seeds Act of 1966 was enacted by the Government of India to regulate the quality of seeds during production and marketing. Some key aspects of the Act include:
- Establishing committees and agencies at central and state levels to oversee certification of seed varieties and testing.
- Granting powers to notify specific seed varieties and set minimum standards for germination and purity.
- Requiring labeling of certified seed packages and allowing for inspection and testing of seeds.
- Providing for appeals process and penalties for non-compliance with the Act.
The Act aims to promote quality control of seeds and provides the framework for regulation of the seed industry in India.
This document provides information on protected cultivation using greenhouses. It discusses the benefits of protected cultivation including higher yields, year-round production, better quality, and protection from weather. Greenhouses allow full or partial control of the microclimate around plants. Vegetables and flowers are well-suited for greenhouses. The types of greenhouses described are attached (lean-to, even-span, window-mounted) and freestanding structures. Requirements for greenhouse covering materials and fertigation systems are also outlined. India has an area of 25,000 hectares under protected cultivation currently, compared to other leading countries. The costs for establishing one acre of greenhouse with irrigation and climate control systems to grow cucumbers are
This document provides information on onion seed production including floral biology, methods, requirements, and standards. It discusses:
1) Onion flowers are protandrous, with pollen shed occurring before stigma receptivity. Cross-pollination by insects is needed for high seed yields.
2) The bulb-to-seed method is most common, involving selecting bulbs in one season for planting the next season for seed production. Care is taken to select true-to-type bulbs.
3) Seed production requires isolation distances between varieties, rogueing of off-types, and inspection to ensure varietal purity and high seed quality and yields.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
importance of agribusiness in Indian economy Abhiishek91
The document discusses the importance of agribusiness in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing about 16% to GDP and employing over 56% of the labor force. Agriculture supplies raw materials to industries like cotton and sugar, and provides a large market for industrial products due to the rural population. While the share of agriculture in national income has decreased with industrialization, it still accounts for about 18% and remains crucial for employment and food security.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a district level farm science center established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to transfer agricultural technologies to farmers. The first KVK was established in 1974 in Puducherry. KVKs play a vital role in conducting on-farm testing of new technologies, organizing farmer training programs, and providing advisory services to farmers through various extension activities. There are currently over 700 KVKs across India operated by state agricultural universities, ICAR institutes, NGOs, and other organizations.
Package of practices for cultivation of citronellaPankaj Kadav
Citronella is a tropical/subtropical plant cultivated for its oil. It grows well in humid conditions with abundant rainfall between 2000-2500 mm annually. The soil should be rich, well-draining humus with a pH of 5.0-7.0. Citronella is propagated vegetatively and planted during the rainy season at a spacing of 60x90 cm. It requires fertilization, irrigation every 10-15 days, and weeding during the first two years. Pests and diseases like leaf blight and anthracnose can be controlled with fungicides. Harvesting begins after 6 months by cutting the leaves 15-20 cm above ground every 2.5 months, yielding 20-30
This document provides information on major insect pests that affect rice crops in India. It identifies 20 insect pests of economic significance classified into borer pests, sucking pests, defoliators, and non-insect pests. Details are given on the identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and symptoms caused by key borer pests like the yellow stem borer, leaf folder, and caseworm. Important sucking pests discussed include various leafhoppers and brown plant hopper. Defoliators like the paddy leaf roller and caterpillars are also outlined. The document concludes with factors that contribute to major pests reaching economic thresholds.
This document provides an overview of mushroom cultivation as a commercial enterprise. It discusses the largest known organism, categories of mushrooms including edible, poisonous and medicinal varieties. It then covers the historical significance of mushroom cultivation in China dating back to 600 AD. Key commercially cultivated mushrooms worldwide and in India are described, including paddy straw mushroom and oyster mushroom. The cultivation processes for these two mushrooms are explained in detail, covering substrates, climate requirements, cultivation methods and materials needed. Their nutritional value and uses are also highlighted.
This presentation provides information on green gram (Vigna radiata):
- It is a legume crop originally from India that is drought resistant and suitable for dryland farming. It is often intercropped with crops like cotton.
- Green gram is high in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and various vitamins and minerals. It has 126 kJ of energy per 100g when sprouted.
- Popular varieties include VRM 2, CoGG 7, and Pusa Badshah. Green gram requires well-drained soil, a well-distributed rainfall or irrigation, and fertilizer application of 12.5-25 kg N, 25-50 kg P2O5, and 12.5
This document discusses Alternaria blight, a fungal disease that affects mustard crops and causes significant yield losses. Alternaria brassicae is the causal pathogen, which can infect most Brassica species. It causes leaf spotting and stem lesions on plants. The disease spreads through spores on infected plant debris. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development. Control measures include using healthy seeds, removing infected plant material, spraying fungicides like mancozeb, and cultural practices like proper spacing and irrigation management.
This presentation provides information on strawberry production technology. It discusses the botany of strawberries, their importance as a crop, ideal climate conditions, soil requirements, common varieties, propagation methods, planting practices, fertilizer and irrigation needs, pest and disease management, and harvesting and postharvest handling. The key steps in strawberry production include soil preparation, transplanting seedlings or runners in spring, providing irrigation and nutrients, controlling weeds and pests, and harvesting fruit from late spring through summer.
Lecture 12 economic principles applicable to farm managementB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
- Potato is the fourth major food crop worldwide after rice, wheat and maize. It is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
- India is the second largest producer of potatoes globally. The major potato producing states are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Punjab and Gujarat.
- For successful potato cultivation, appropriate variety selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management and harvest are required. Proper agronomic practices are needed to achieve optimal yield.
Report on RAWE and Agro-industrial attachment 2022Deependra Gupta
The document discusses Deependra Gupta's progressive report on the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA) program, which provides students hands-on experience in rural villages and agriculture industries. The report details the various activities Gupta participated in at KVK-II Katiya, including growing crops, celebrating soil day, vermicomposting, and interacting with farmers. The village attachment portion of the RAWE program exposed Gupta to the socioeconomic conditions and land use of Katiya village with 584 families and a population of 1260.
interaction of different IFS components on farm profitability,soil productivi...HARISH J
This document provides information on integrated farming systems (IFS) and municipal solid waste management in India. It defines IFS as a resource management strategy that integrates various agricultural components like crops, livestock, fisheries, etc. to improve economic and environmental sustainability. It discusses the goals and elements of IFS, as well as examples of IFS models for different agro-climatic zones. The document also defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Indian cities. It then discusses methods of recycling organic municipal waste through composting and waste-to-energy technologies.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Milky mushroom cultivation process and its cost analysis Vishnupriya589368
From 1000kg fresh milky mushroom, 100kg dried mushroom and 50kg mushroom powder can be produced. The total estimated cost of the drying and powder making project is Rs. 4,20,000. The main machinery required includes a slicer, tray dryer and pulverizer. With an annual production of 100kg dried mushroom and 50kg powder, the total revenue generated would be enough to repay the loan and provide profit within the first year of operation. Mushroom drying and powder making provides opportunities for value addition and a longer shelf life for the product.
SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION Muhammed Ameer
Plantation crops are perennial crops cultivated on large farms or estates in tropical and subtropical regions that require significant labor. Major plantation crops in Karnataka include coffee, rubber, cardamom, cashew, coconut, and arecanut. Plantation crops are economically important as India is a leading global producer of some crops like tea and coconut. They provide significant employment and support many industries. While plantation crops have potential for expanded production areas and exports, generating employment, their cultivation also faces constraints like long maturation periods, lack of quality planting materials, processing infrastructure, and vulnerabilities to climatic hazards and pests.
Seed coating a tool for quality seed productionRamesh Thakur
This document discusses various seed enhancement techniques such as seed coating, pelleting, and colouring. It provides details on the objectives, materials, methods, advantages and effects of each technique. Seed coating involves applying a thin film or layer to the seed surface to carry active ingredients like pesticides, nutrients. It improves seed performance without altering shape. Seed pelleting encloses seeds in inert materials to facilitate planting. Seed colouring dyes seeds for identification and protection. Together these techniques help deliver seeds with improved germination, health and crop establishment.
This document discusses integrating vegetables into staple crop production systems in Ethiopia. It finds that vegetables are important for income, nutrition, and farm sustainability in Ethiopia. While most vegetables are grown in pure stands commercially, smallholders often intercrop vegetables with field crops. There is potential to further integrate vegetables due to their short growing cycles and higher yields/prices compared to staple crops. However, the vegetable value chain faces challenges like limited seed access, post-harvest losses, and weak market support systems. Strengthening vegetable seed systems, building research capacity, and coordinating public-private partnerships could help develop the sub-sector and provide diversification options for smallholders.
Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agricultureILRI
Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia’s Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
importance of agribusiness in Indian economy Abhiishek91
The document discusses the importance of agribusiness in the Indian economy. It notes that agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing about 16% to GDP and employing over 56% of the labor force. Agriculture supplies raw materials to industries like cotton and sugar, and provides a large market for industrial products due to the rural population. While the share of agriculture in national income has decreased with industrialization, it still accounts for about 18% and remains crucial for employment and food security.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is a district level farm science center established by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to transfer agricultural technologies to farmers. The first KVK was established in 1974 in Puducherry. KVKs play a vital role in conducting on-farm testing of new technologies, organizing farmer training programs, and providing advisory services to farmers through various extension activities. There are currently over 700 KVKs across India operated by state agricultural universities, ICAR institutes, NGOs, and other organizations.
Package of practices for cultivation of citronellaPankaj Kadav
Citronella is a tropical/subtropical plant cultivated for its oil. It grows well in humid conditions with abundant rainfall between 2000-2500 mm annually. The soil should be rich, well-draining humus with a pH of 5.0-7.0. Citronella is propagated vegetatively and planted during the rainy season at a spacing of 60x90 cm. It requires fertilization, irrigation every 10-15 days, and weeding during the first two years. Pests and diseases like leaf blight and anthracnose can be controlled with fungicides. Harvesting begins after 6 months by cutting the leaves 15-20 cm above ground every 2.5 months, yielding 20-30
This document provides information on major insect pests that affect rice crops in India. It identifies 20 insect pests of economic significance classified into borer pests, sucking pests, defoliators, and non-insect pests. Details are given on the identification, life cycle, nature of damage, and symptoms caused by key borer pests like the yellow stem borer, leaf folder, and caseworm. Important sucking pests discussed include various leafhoppers and brown plant hopper. Defoliators like the paddy leaf roller and caterpillars are also outlined. The document concludes with factors that contribute to major pests reaching economic thresholds.
This document provides an overview of mushroom cultivation as a commercial enterprise. It discusses the largest known organism, categories of mushrooms including edible, poisonous and medicinal varieties. It then covers the historical significance of mushroom cultivation in China dating back to 600 AD. Key commercially cultivated mushrooms worldwide and in India are described, including paddy straw mushroom and oyster mushroom. The cultivation processes for these two mushrooms are explained in detail, covering substrates, climate requirements, cultivation methods and materials needed. Their nutritional value and uses are also highlighted.
This presentation provides information on green gram (Vigna radiata):
- It is a legume crop originally from India that is drought resistant and suitable for dryland farming. It is often intercropped with crops like cotton.
- Green gram is high in protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and various vitamins and minerals. It has 126 kJ of energy per 100g when sprouted.
- Popular varieties include VRM 2, CoGG 7, and Pusa Badshah. Green gram requires well-drained soil, a well-distributed rainfall or irrigation, and fertilizer application of 12.5-25 kg N, 25-50 kg P2O5, and 12.5
This document discusses Alternaria blight, a fungal disease that affects mustard crops and causes significant yield losses. Alternaria brassicae is the causal pathogen, which can infect most Brassica species. It causes leaf spotting and stem lesions on plants. The disease spreads through spores on infected plant debris. Warm, wet conditions favor disease development. Control measures include using healthy seeds, removing infected plant material, spraying fungicides like mancozeb, and cultural practices like proper spacing and irrigation management.
This presentation provides information on strawberry production technology. It discusses the botany of strawberries, their importance as a crop, ideal climate conditions, soil requirements, common varieties, propagation methods, planting practices, fertilizer and irrigation needs, pest and disease management, and harvesting and postharvest handling. The key steps in strawberry production include soil preparation, transplanting seedlings or runners in spring, providing irrigation and nutrients, controlling weeds and pests, and harvesting fruit from late spring through summer.
Lecture 12 economic principles applicable to farm managementB SWAMINATHAN
For undergraduate agricultural students of the course ‘Ag. Econ. 6.4 Farm Management, Production, and Resource Economics (2+1)’ of Junagadh Agricultural University, Gujarat and other State Agricultural Universities in India.
- Potato is the fourth major food crop worldwide after rice, wheat and maize. It is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals.
- India is the second largest producer of potatoes globally. The major potato producing states are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Punjab and Gujarat.
- For successful potato cultivation, appropriate variety selection, soil preparation, planting, irrigation, fertilizer application, pest management and harvest are required. Proper agronomic practices are needed to achieve optimal yield.
Report on RAWE and Agro-industrial attachment 2022Deependra Gupta
The document discusses Deependra Gupta's progressive report on the Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and Agro-Industrial Attachment (AIA) program, which provides students hands-on experience in rural villages and agriculture industries. The report details the various activities Gupta participated in at KVK-II Katiya, including growing crops, celebrating soil day, vermicomposting, and interacting with farmers. The village attachment portion of the RAWE program exposed Gupta to the socioeconomic conditions and land use of Katiya village with 584 families and a population of 1260.
interaction of different IFS components on farm profitability,soil productivi...HARISH J
This document provides information on integrated farming systems (IFS) and municipal solid waste management in India. It defines IFS as a resource management strategy that integrates various agricultural components like crops, livestock, fisheries, etc. to improve economic and environmental sustainability. It discusses the goals and elements of IFS, as well as examples of IFS models for different agro-climatic zones. The document also defines municipal solid waste and its composition in Indian cities. It then discusses methods of recycling organic municipal waste through composting and waste-to-energy technologies.
Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) is a crucial regulatory framework implemented by governments to ensure the quality, availability, and proper use of fertilizers. It serves as a mechanism to monitor and regulate the production, distribution, labeling, and sale of fertilizers, with the ultimate goal of promoting sustainable agriculture and safeguarding the interests of farmers and consumers.
The FCO encompasses a wide range of provisions and regulations that govern various aspects of the fertilizer industry. One of its primary objectives is to ensure the quality of fertilizers available in the market. The FCO sets specific standards for nutrient content, physical characteristics, impurities, and labeling requirements. By enforcing these standards, the FCO aims to prevent the sale of substandard or adulterated fertilizers that could have detrimental effects on crop productivity and soil health.
Another key aspect of the FCO is the regulation of fertilizer pricing. Governments often intervene to control the prices of fertilizers to make them affordable for farmers. The FCO may include provisions to monitor and control the pricing of fertilizers, ensuring that they remain accessible to farmers while preventing price manipulation and exploitation.
The FCO also addresses the licensing and registration of fertilizer manufacturers, importers, and distributors. Manufacturers and importers are required to obtain licenses or registrations from the designated regulatory authorities. This helps in maintaining a record of fertilizer producers and suppliers, ensuring accountability, and enabling traceability in case of any quality-related issues or non-compliance.
To ensure compliance with the FCO, regulatory bodies are empowered with inspection and monitoring mechanisms. They conduct regular inspections of fertilizer manufacturing facilities, storage sites, and distribution channels to verify compliance with quality standards, labeling requirements, and other provisions of the FCO. Non-compliance can lead to penalties, fines, or even suspension of licenses, acting as a deterrent for violations and promoting adherence to the regulations.
The FCO also addresses the issue of fertilizers' safe and efficient use. It may mandate the inclusion of information on fertilizer labels regarding dosage, application methods, and safety precautions. This helps farmers make informed decisions about fertilizer application, preventing excessive or improper use that can lead to environmental pollution, nutrient imbalances, and crop damage. The FCO may also encourage the promotion of organic and biofertilizers, providing incentives and support for their production and utilization.
Milky mushroom cultivation process and its cost analysis Vishnupriya589368
From 1000kg fresh milky mushroom, 100kg dried mushroom and 50kg mushroom powder can be produced. The total estimated cost of the drying and powder making project is Rs. 4,20,000. The main machinery required includes a slicer, tray dryer and pulverizer. With an annual production of 100kg dried mushroom and 50kg powder, the total revenue generated would be enough to repay the loan and provide profit within the first year of operation. Mushroom drying and powder making provides opportunities for value addition and a longer shelf life for the product.
SCOPE, IMPORTANCE AND CONSTRAINTS OF PLANTATION CROP PRODUCTION Muhammed Ameer
Plantation crops are perennial crops cultivated on large farms or estates in tropical and subtropical regions that require significant labor. Major plantation crops in Karnataka include coffee, rubber, cardamom, cashew, coconut, and arecanut. Plantation crops are economically important as India is a leading global producer of some crops like tea and coconut. They provide significant employment and support many industries. While plantation crops have potential for expanded production areas and exports, generating employment, their cultivation also faces constraints like long maturation periods, lack of quality planting materials, processing infrastructure, and vulnerabilities to climatic hazards and pests.
Seed coating a tool for quality seed productionRamesh Thakur
This document discusses various seed enhancement techniques such as seed coating, pelleting, and colouring. It provides details on the objectives, materials, methods, advantages and effects of each technique. Seed coating involves applying a thin film or layer to the seed surface to carry active ingredients like pesticides, nutrients. It improves seed performance without altering shape. Seed pelleting encloses seeds in inert materials to facilitate planting. Seed colouring dyes seeds for identification and protection. Together these techniques help deliver seeds with improved germination, health and crop establishment.
This document discusses integrating vegetables into staple crop production systems in Ethiopia. It finds that vegetables are important for income, nutrition, and farm sustainability in Ethiopia. While most vegetables are grown in pure stands commercially, smallholders often intercrop vegetables with field crops. There is potential to further integrate vegetables due to their short growing cycles and higher yields/prices compared to staple crops. However, the vegetable value chain faces challenges like limited seed access, post-harvest losses, and weak market support systems. Strengthening vegetable seed systems, building research capacity, and coordinating public-private partnerships could help develop the sub-sector and provide diversification options for smallholders.
Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agricultureILRI
Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia’s Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
This document summarizes research conducted by AVRDC - The World Vegetable Center on organic vegetable soybean production technologies. It outlines the objectives to integrate production techniques, evaluate varieties, and develop guidelines to support organic farmers. Field trials were conducted from 2006-2007 comparing fertilizer treatments and varieties. Results found the Tainan and Cha-Mame varieties performed best with total and graded pod yields not significantly different among treatments.
This document provides an overview of organic greenhouse vegetable production. It discusses how small growers can compete in an industry dominated by large operations through niche markets like organic and locally-grown produce. The document also examines soil-based and soilless culture methods and provides resources on greenhouse design, construction, and management. Overall, the document aims to provide new and experienced growers with information on setting up organic greenhouse systems and alternative production methods.
Singapore and its Agricultural HinterlandsNovember Tan
Presentation for my Graduate Research Seminar on my Masters dissertation research proposal. Titled "Singapore and its Agricultural Hinterlands: urban demand impact on environmental behaviour of malaysian vegetable farmers"
1. The Abhinav Farmers Club was established in 2004 in Pune, India to promote hi-tech farming through protected cultivation, dairy farming, and women's self-help groups.
2. They have over 300 members across 17 villages and have promoted 112 self-help groups.
3. Their vision is to empower women, ensure farmers can earn Rs. 1000 per day from 1 acre of land through hi-tech farming, and provide employment in rural areas.
This document summarizes soil characteristics of different pedons from research stations in Maharashtra, India. It includes physical and chemical properties as well as morphological characteristics. The soils are classified as Typic Haplusterts, Typic Haplustepts, and Typic Ustorthents. Land use recommendations are provided based on soil type and slope to promote sustainable agriculture through suitable cropping systems and agroforestry.
Saving Your Own Vegetable Seeds A Guide For FarmersPX8
This document provides guidance for farmers on saving seeds from their own vegetable crops. It discusses general principles of seed saving, including which varieties can have their seeds saved, isolation techniques to prevent cross-pollination, and proper storage methods. The document then provides species-specific instructions on seed production, isolation, selection, harvesting and processing for over 20 common vegetable crops, including amaranth, bean, beet, brassicas, carrot, cucurbits, eggplant, jute, kangkong, lettuce, malabar spinach, mungbean, okra, onion, pepper, radish, soybean, tomato and yardlong bean.
Organic Vegetable Production - Purdue ExtensionFaiga64c
This document provides information on organic vegetable production. It discusses soil fertility management using organic amendments like compost and manure. It also covers organic insect, disease, and weed management strategies. The full document includes tables listing organic fertilizers and their nutrient contents, as well as organic management options for common insect pests and diseases.
CURRENT TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SEED INDUSTRY-TECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTION IN DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRIDS
-Dr. Arvind Kapur
CEO, Vegetable Seed Division, RASI Seeds Pvt. Ltd.
Advanced organic vegetable production and marketing ssawg 2011peregrinefarmer
The document outlines an advanced organic vegetable production and marketing training program over two days. The schedule covers topics such as soil fertility, crop rotations, planting, weeds and pests, harvest, and marketing. The presentation emphasizes the importance of diversity, balance, and sustainability in organic farming.
This document discusses soil surveys and their use in land use planning. It describes how soil surveys are conducted by classifying soils, mapping boundaries, and predicting soil behaviors. Soil survey reports contain data on physical and chemical properties to help farmers, planners, and engineers evaluate land uses. The document also explains how soil surveys are used in land evaluation processes to guide development and preserve farmland by rating soil capabilities and limitations for different land uses.
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Appreciating the imperative of
intermediaries in the Indian context,
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Technology to virtually cluster all the
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Vegetable value chain development: interventions and lessons
1. Fruits value chain development
Interventions and lessons
Knowledge
management /
Capacity development
Va l u e c h a i n i n t e r v e n t i o n s Ta r g e t i n g
Input supply interventions:
Targeting women and farmers
with entrepreunial skills willing
to invest
Knowledge management / skill
development
Private fruit nurseries and private banana sucker supplies promoted in areas where
markets for fruits looked promising.
Access to knowledge through trainings, study tours, farmer field
days
Fruit value chain actors and their
roles
Creating sustainable fruit seedling Women earned additional income
supply system at village level from fruit seedling sales
Knowledge/Skills Input supply
MoARD, BoARD, OoARD
services
Knowledge sharing arrangements Regional and national agricultural
Production interventions: EARS (Melkassa, Jimma, Private nurseries linked to share-cropping - transfering exhibitions: a fast and
Adet, Alamata) EARS, Churches, Agro-industry knowledge from skilled to unskilled efficient means of knowledge
Advanced farmers (shared Private & Coop shops (farm farmers. dissemination
cropping) tools, chemicals, irrigation
CGIAR (IWMI) accessories)
NGOs
Fruit Producers
Introducing varieties with good Introduction of basin irrigation: a
international reputation to respond to means reduce impact of water born
market demands. diseases
Credit Processing /
Marketing
Microfinance institutions
Cooperatives union Regional marketing agencies
NGOs/ projects (lenders/ Additional ICT-supported information /
BoARD (Regulation
funders) knowledge via Ethiopian Agriculture Portal
- Certification
Traders (EAP) www.eap.gov.et
Cooperatives
Traders
Plant height: a critical feature for tree management and harvesting (dwarf fruiting
trees)
Lessons & Challenges
• Different levels of commercialization of households and Districts require different responses in knowledge, skills, interventions and sets of
actors.
Processing / Marketing interventions • In all Districts the project has been able to assist in the commercial transformation process of fruit production by introducing and or expanding
the use of improved, grafted fruit varieties (mango, avocado) and bananas in response to market demands, through a participatory market
oriented value chain approach.
• Study tours, in service training and improved access to knowledge through Woreda Knowledge Centres and FTCs enhance public sector
staff capacity to respond to knowledge and skills required for this commercial transformation.
• Irrigation facilities/potentials of farmers was improved through i) study tours, ii) in service training with practical follow up and iii)shared crop-
ping arrangements for knowledge/skills transfer and costs and benefits sharing. There are some examples of positive effects of husband/
wife training and targeting women groups.
• The main intervention was the establishment of a private nursery system aimed at increasing the supply of the improved grafted fruit (mango,
avocado) varieties. This was successful in Districts, which were commercially oriented.
• While private sector involvement can be seen in irrigation equipment/services, further participation, supported with credit, is required for
Tackling marketing problems training in the use of kerosene burners for rippeing higher levels of commercialization.
banana in Metema
• Private nursery operator’s skills in grafting were easily developed and examples of spontaneous adoption of grafting have been observed.
Both man and women are involved in nursery operation.
• Scale of private nurseries was hampered by a lack of scions, which had to be obtained from a few central sources. To reduce this depen-
dency, mother trees were established in each nursery site, which have started providing scions materials after 3 years. At increased levels
of commercialization, these private nurseries should be registered and linked to central sources of improved varieties.
• A commercial farmer to farmer sucker supply system was successfully developed for banana in a commercially oriented District. Future
expansion of the system should consider the development of appropriate phytosanitary arrangements to avoid the spread of soil/plant born
diseases.
• Farmers appreciate improved fruit varieties for their good market potential but also for their relatively short maturity period (2-3 years instead
of 8 years for local varieties).
• More sophisticated market arrangements and actors will be required when commercial quantities of improved fruits increase.
• No negative environmental effects have been observed from fruit development. While not yet visible, positive interactions are expected
with bee keeping.
Small local markets are often insufficient
to absorb the high volume and more
expensive products