Identifying use cases is one of the most important steps in the software requirement analysis. This paper makes a literature review over use cases and then presents six taxonomies for them. The first taxonomy is based on the level of functionality of a system in a domain. The second taxonomy is based on primacy of functionality and the third one relies on essentialness of functionality of the system. The fourth taxonomy is concerned with supporting of functionality. The fifth taxonomy is based on the boundary of functionality and the sixth one is related to generalization/specialization relation. Then the use cases are evaluated in a case study in a control command police system. Several guidelines are recommended for developing use cases and their refinement, based on some
practical experience obtained from the evaluation.
The document provides guidance on developing use case models for a system. It defines key concepts like actors, use cases, include and extend relationships. It explains that use cases describe interactions between actors and the system to achieve goals. The document also provides examples of use case diagrams and descriptions to illustrate how to identify actors and use cases, and describe typical and alternative flows and exceptions. It emphasizes that use cases specify expected behavior from the user's perspective without detailing implementation.
SE_Lec 05_System Modelling and Context ModelAmr E. Mohamed
System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a system using graphical notations like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to represent different views of a system. Models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Models of existing and new systems are used during requirements engineering to clarify current systems, discuss strengths/weaknesses, and explain proposed requirements.
The document discusses context models and their use in system modeling. Context models illustrate the operational context of a system by showing what lies outside its boundaries, including other systems in the environment. They help define a system's boundaries and show how IT applications fit into the context of people and organizations. Two examples are provided: (1) a Mental Health Care Patient Management System (MHC-PMS) and its connections to other clinical systems; (2) an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and its links to banking systems. Context models on their own do not show relationships between external systems, so additional models are needed.
The document discusses use case modeling and diagrams. It defines a use case as a sequence of actions a system performs that yields an observable result for an actor. Use case diagrams depict the interactions between actors and the services (use cases) provided by the system. They help identify the classes needed for the system and provide a starting point for requirements, analysis, design, testing, and documentation. The example models the use cases for a bank that offers savings, checking, fixed deposit accounts and ATM services.
Unit 4- Software Engineering System Model Notes arvind pandey
This document discusses system modeling techniques used in software engineering. It covers context models, behavioral models, data models, object models, and CASE workbenches. Different types of models present the system from external, behavioral, and structural perspectives. Common model types include data processing, composition, architectural, and classification models. The document provides examples of context models, state machine models, data flow diagrams, and object models. It also discusses semantic data models, object behavior modeling with sequence diagrams, and components of analysis and design workbenches.
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It describes modeling the system's behavior using data flow diagrams and state machine diagrams. The document also introduces the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools can support system modeling.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines key components of a use case diagram including actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships between these elements. Actors represent people or systems that interact with the system, while use cases describe specific functions or services provided by the system. Relationships such as include, extend, and association are used to connect actors to use cases and illustrate how use cases relate to each other. The purpose of a use case diagram is to depict the functionality of a system from the user's perspective and illustrate the developer's understanding of user requirements.
The document provides guidance on developing use case models for a system. It defines key concepts like actors, use cases, include and extend relationships. It explains that use cases describe interactions between actors and the system to achieve goals. The document also provides examples of use case diagrams and descriptions to illustrate how to identify actors and use cases, and describe typical and alternative flows and exceptions. It emphasizes that use cases specify expected behavior from the user's perspective without detailing implementation.
SE_Lec 05_System Modelling and Context ModelAmr E. Mohamed
System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a system using graphical notations like the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to represent different views of a system. Models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Models of existing and new systems are used during requirements engineering to clarify current systems, discuss strengths/weaknesses, and explain proposed requirements.
The document discusses context models and their use in system modeling. Context models illustrate the operational context of a system by showing what lies outside its boundaries, including other systems in the environment. They help define a system's boundaries and show how IT applications fit into the context of people and organizations. Two examples are provided: (1) a Mental Health Care Patient Management System (MHC-PMS) and its connections to other clinical systems; (2) an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and its links to banking systems. Context models on their own do not show relationships between external systems, so additional models are needed.
The document discusses use case modeling and diagrams. It defines a use case as a sequence of actions a system performs that yields an observable result for an actor. Use case diagrams depict the interactions between actors and the services (use cases) provided by the system. They help identify the classes needed for the system and provide a starting point for requirements, analysis, design, testing, and documentation. The example models the use cases for a bank that offers savings, checking, fixed deposit accounts and ATM services.
Unit 4- Software Engineering System Model Notes arvind pandey
This document discusses system modeling techniques used in software engineering. It covers context models, behavioral models, data models, object models, and CASE workbenches. Different types of models present the system from external, behavioral, and structural perspectives. Common model types include data processing, composition, architectural, and classification models. The document provides examples of context models, state machine models, data flow diagrams, and object models. It also discusses semantic data models, object behavior modeling with sequence diagrams, and components of analysis and design workbenches.
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It describes modeling the system's behavior using data flow diagrams and state machine diagrams. The document also introduces the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and how computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools can support system modeling.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines key components of a use case diagram including actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships between these elements. Actors represent people or systems that interact with the system, while use cases describe specific functions or services provided by the system. Relationships such as include, extend, and association are used to connect actors to use cases and illustrate how use cases relate to each other. The purpose of a use case diagram is to depict the functionality of a system from the user's perspective and illustrate the developer's understanding of user requirements.
SE18_Lec 10_ UML Behaviour and Interaction DiagramsAmr E. Mohamed
The document discusses various Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams used to model different aspects of a system. It describes structure diagrams like class diagrams and deployment diagrams. It also explains behavior diagrams like use case diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and communication diagrams), state-chart diagrams, and activity diagrams. Specific examples are provided to illustrate sequence diagrams, state machine diagrams, and activity diagrams. Key concepts like objects, messages, states, transitions, events, and swimlanes are defined in the context of these diagram types.
System modeling involves developing abstract models of a system from different perspectives using graphical notations like UML. Models are used during requirements, design, and documentation of a system. There are four main types of system modeling: context modeling defines system boundaries; interaction modeling captures user and component interactions through use cases and sequence diagrams; structural modeling shows system design and architecture using class and generalization diagrams; and behavioral modeling depicts system behavior over time.
SE_Lec 06_Object Oriented Analysis and DesignAmr E. Mohamed
This document discusses object-oriented (OO) system development. It describes how OO development builds self-contained modules that can be more easily replaced, modified, and reused. The key aspects of OO development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and relationships between objects. The document also compares structured and OO approaches to programming.
The document discusses various techniques for modeling software requirements including:
1) Entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs) which model data objects and their relationships to understand the data domain.
2) Use case modeling which describes scenarios of how external actors will use the system through use cases and diagrams.
3) Flow-oriented modeling using data flow diagrams (DFDs) which represent how data objects are transformed as they move through the system.
Use case diagrams describe interactions between actors and a system to accomplish goals. A use case diagram typically includes:
1) Actors that interact with the system from outside, such as users or other systems. Common actor types are primary actors whose goals are fulfilled by the system and supporting actors that provide services.
2) Use cases that represent functions or tasks performed by the system. They are connected to relevant actors and may have relationships like include and extend.
3) Relationships between use cases like include, which shows a use case incorporating another, and extend, where a use case optionally extends another.
Use case diagrams provide an overview of a system's functions and how outside actors interact with them at a
SE18_Lec 07_System Modelling and Context ModelAmr E. Mohamed
System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a system using graphical notation like UML. It helps analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Models present different views like external context, structural organization, dynamic behavior, and interactions. Key UML diagrams include use case, class, sequence, state, and activity diagrams. System context diagrams specifically focus on external factors and the system boundaries.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses functional modeling using activity diagrams and use cases. It provides guidelines for creating activity diagrams and use cases, including identifying activities, control flows, decisions, and parallel processes for activity diagrams. It also discusses writing use case descriptions in SVDPI form from an observer perspective and creating use case diagrams by connecting actors to use cases. The overall purpose is to understand and create functional models to document requirements and describe business processes.
System modeling helps analysts understand a system's functionality and communicate with customers. Models abstractly describe systems and create visual representations of proposed databases to ensure all requirements are gathered accurately. Different diagrams like entity relationship diagrams and process flow diagrams illustrate identified business processes, rules, entities, and units. Logical modeling involves gathering information to produce diagrams and reports. Physical modeling designs an actual database according to logical model requirements. Data flow modeling is a mature technique used to provide detailed models of all system processes.
System modeling involves creating abstract models of a system from different perspectives, such as context, interactions, structure, and behavior. These models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Context models show a system's external environment and relationships. Interaction models, such as use case and sequence diagrams, depict how users and systems interact. Structural models, like class diagrams, represent a system's internal organization. Behavioral models, including activity and state diagrams, illustrate a system's dynamic response to events or data. Model-driven engineering aims to generate implementation from system models.
The document describes the steps of use-case analysis, which includes supplementing the use-case description, finding classes from use-case behavior, distributing use-case behavior to classes, describing class responsibilities and attributes, and unifying the analysis classes. Key steps are identifying boundary, entity, control classes and allocating responsibilities to classes based on which class has needed data or is coordinating the use case behavior. Sequence and communication diagrams are used to model class interactions.
The document discusses use case analysis and diagramming. It defines a use case as a technique used in system analysis to identify, clarify, and organize system requirements. A use case diagram is a simple representation of users/actors interacting with a system. The key elements of a use case include actors, the system boundary, use cases, and associations. Use cases help gather system requirements by describing interactions from a user's perspective and identifying functional needs. They contribute to defining functional requirements for a system.
The document discusses system modeling as part of the requirements engineering process. It describes different types of models used to represent systems, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. Specific modeling notations are introduced, such as data flow diagrams, state machines, and entity-relationship diagrams. Examples are provided to illustrate modeling concepts for systems like an ATM, order processing, and a microwave oven. The goal of system modeling is to help analysts understand system functionality from different perspectives to communicate requirements.
The document discusses use case modeling. It defines use cases as narrative descriptions of domain processes in a structured prose format. It describes key concepts like actors, scenarios, and the relationships between use cases such as include and extend. It provides guidelines for writing use cases, including identifying the system boundary, primary actors, and their goals to derive use cases. It also describes different styles and levels of detail for writing use cases.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and use cases. It defines what a use case is, including that it captures a user's interaction with a system to achieve a goal. It describes the key components of a use case diagram, including actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension. An example use case diagram for a money withdrawal from an ATM is presented to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for documenting use cases with descriptions of flows, exceptions, and other details are also provided.
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
The document discusses various UML diagrams including use case diagrams, describing use cases as interactions between actors and systems to achieve goals, use case elements such as actors, scenarios, and relationships including generalization, extension, and inclusion. It provides examples of use case diagrams and templates for an ATM system and a school management system.
This document discusses system modeling and provides examples of different types of system models. It begins by defining system modeling as representing a system using graphical notation, often based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It then describes context models, interaction models like use case and sequence diagrams, and structural models including class and generalization diagrams. Behavioral models are also covered, including data-driven models using activity diagrams and event-driven models using state diagrams. The document concludes by discussing model-driven engineering and how models can be used to generate implementation code.
This document discusses various system modeling techniques, including context models, interaction models, structural models, and behavioral models. It provides examples of each type of model using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Context models show the system and its relationships to other external systems. Interaction models include use case diagrams and sequence diagrams. Structural models include class diagrams, which depict classes and relationships. Behavioral models show how a system responds to events. The document also discusses object-oriented design, implementation issues, and open source development.
This document discusses basic concepts for modeling interactions and behaviors in systems using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It covers use cases, which specify interactions between actors and a system to achieve goals. Key concepts discussed include: use cases involve actors interacting with a system; they are organized based on relationships; and they carry out tangible work. The document also defines basic terms like subject, names, actors, flows of events, scenarios, collaborations, and relationships for organizing use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension.
The document discusses object-oriented system development and modeling. It covers topics like:
1. The main stages of traditional system development life cycles like requirements, analysis, design, implementation, and installation. As well as common life cycle models like waterfall, V-model, spiral, and prototyping.
2. Phases of object-oriented development focus on the state of the system rather than activities, including inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
3. Modeling techniques for object-oriented systems including the Unified Modeling Language (UML), Rational Unified Process (RUP), abstraction, decomposition, and class-responsibility-collaboration (CRC) cards.
4
SE18_Lec 10_ UML Behaviour and Interaction DiagramsAmr E. Mohamed
The document discusses various Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams used to model different aspects of a system. It describes structure diagrams like class diagrams and deployment diagrams. It also explains behavior diagrams like use case diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and communication diagrams), state-chart diagrams, and activity diagrams. Specific examples are provided to illustrate sequence diagrams, state machine diagrams, and activity diagrams. Key concepts like objects, messages, states, transitions, events, and swimlanes are defined in the context of these diagram types.
System modeling involves developing abstract models of a system from different perspectives using graphical notations like UML. Models are used during requirements, design, and documentation of a system. There are four main types of system modeling: context modeling defines system boundaries; interaction modeling captures user and component interactions through use cases and sequence diagrams; structural modeling shows system design and architecture using class and generalization diagrams; and behavioral modeling depicts system behavior over time.
SE_Lec 06_Object Oriented Analysis and DesignAmr E. Mohamed
This document discusses object-oriented (OO) system development. It describes how OO development builds self-contained modules that can be more easily replaced, modified, and reused. The key aspects of OO development covered include objects, classes, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and relationships between objects. The document also compares structured and OO approaches to programming.
The document discusses various techniques for modeling software requirements including:
1) Entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs) which model data objects and their relationships to understand the data domain.
2) Use case modeling which describes scenarios of how external actors will use the system through use cases and diagrams.
3) Flow-oriented modeling using data flow diagrams (DFDs) which represent how data objects are transformed as they move through the system.
Use case diagrams describe interactions between actors and a system to accomplish goals. A use case diagram typically includes:
1) Actors that interact with the system from outside, such as users or other systems. Common actor types are primary actors whose goals are fulfilled by the system and supporting actors that provide services.
2) Use cases that represent functions or tasks performed by the system. They are connected to relevant actors and may have relationships like include and extend.
3) Relationships between use cases like include, which shows a use case incorporating another, and extend, where a use case optionally extends another.
Use case diagrams provide an overview of a system's functions and how outside actors interact with them at a
SE18_Lec 07_System Modelling and Context ModelAmr E. Mohamed
System modeling is the process of developing abstract models of a system using graphical notation like UML. It helps analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Models present different views like external context, structural organization, dynamic behavior, and interactions. Key UML diagrams include use case, class, sequence, state, and activity diagrams. System context diagrams specifically focus on external factors and the system boundaries.
The document discusses use case diagrams in object oriented design and analysis. It defines use cases as descriptions of system functionality from a user perspective. Use case diagrams depict system behavior, users, and relationships between actors, use cases, and other use cases. The key components of use case diagrams are described as actors, use cases, the system boundary, and relationships. Common relationships include association, extend, generalization, uses, and include. An example use case diagram for a cellular telephone is provided to illustrate these concepts.
The document discusses functional modeling using activity diagrams and use cases. It provides guidelines for creating activity diagrams and use cases, including identifying activities, control flows, decisions, and parallel processes for activity diagrams. It also discusses writing use case descriptions in SVDPI form from an observer perspective and creating use case diagrams by connecting actors to use cases. The overall purpose is to understand and create functional models to document requirements and describe business processes.
System modeling helps analysts understand a system's functionality and communicate with customers. Models abstractly describe systems and create visual representations of proposed databases to ensure all requirements are gathered accurately. Different diagrams like entity relationship diagrams and process flow diagrams illustrate identified business processes, rules, entities, and units. Logical modeling involves gathering information to produce diagrams and reports. Physical modeling designs an actual database according to logical model requirements. Data flow modeling is a mature technique used to provide detailed models of all system processes.
System modeling involves creating abstract models of a system from different perspectives, such as context, interactions, structure, and behavior. These models help analysts understand system functionality and communicate with customers. Context models show a system's external environment and relationships. Interaction models, such as use case and sequence diagrams, depict how users and systems interact. Structural models, like class diagrams, represent a system's internal organization. Behavioral models, including activity and state diagrams, illustrate a system's dynamic response to events or data. Model-driven engineering aims to generate implementation from system models.
The document describes the steps of use-case analysis, which includes supplementing the use-case description, finding classes from use-case behavior, distributing use-case behavior to classes, describing class responsibilities and attributes, and unifying the analysis classes. Key steps are identifying boundary, entity, control classes and allocating responsibilities to classes based on which class has needed data or is coordinating the use case behavior. Sequence and communication diagrams are used to model class interactions.
The document discusses use case analysis and diagramming. It defines a use case as a technique used in system analysis to identify, clarify, and organize system requirements. A use case diagram is a simple representation of users/actors interacting with a system. The key elements of a use case include actors, the system boundary, use cases, and associations. Use cases help gather system requirements by describing interactions from a user's perspective and identifying functional needs. They contribute to defining functional requirements for a system.
The document discusses system modeling as part of the requirements engineering process. It describes different types of models used to represent systems, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. Specific modeling notations are introduced, such as data flow diagrams, state machines, and entity-relationship diagrams. Examples are provided to illustrate modeling concepts for systems like an ATM, order processing, and a microwave oven. The goal of system modeling is to help analysts understand system functionality from different perspectives to communicate requirements.
The document discusses use case modeling. It defines use cases as narrative descriptions of domain processes in a structured prose format. It describes key concepts like actors, scenarios, and the relationships between use cases such as include and extend. It provides guidelines for writing use cases, including identifying the system boundary, primary actors, and their goals to derive use cases. It also describes different styles and levels of detail for writing use cases.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and use cases. It defines what a use case is, including that it captures a user's interaction with a system to achieve a goal. It describes the key components of a use case diagram, including actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension. An example use case diagram for a money withdrawal from an ATM is presented to illustrate these concepts. Guidelines for documenting use cases with descriptions of flows, exceptions, and other details are also provided.
The document discusses requirements analysis and analysis modeling principles for software engineering. It covers key topics such as:
1. Requirements analysis specifies a software's operational characteristics and interface with other systems to establish constraints. Analysis modeling focuses on what the software needs to do, not how it will be implemented.
2. Analysis modeling principles include representing the information domain, defining functions, modeling behavior, partitioning complex problems, and moving from essential information to implementation details.
3. Common analysis techniques involve use case diagrams, class diagrams, state diagrams, data flow diagrams, and data modeling to define attributes, relationships, cardinality and modality between data objects.
The document discusses various UML diagrams including use case diagrams, describing use cases as interactions between actors and systems to achieve goals, use case elements such as actors, scenarios, and relationships including generalization, extension, and inclusion. It provides examples of use case diagrams and templates for an ATM system and a school management system.
This document discusses system modeling and provides examples of different types of system models. It begins by defining system modeling as representing a system using graphical notation, often based on the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It then describes context models, interaction models like use case and sequence diagrams, and structural models including class and generalization diagrams. Behavioral models are also covered, including data-driven models using activity diagrams and event-driven models using state diagrams. The document concludes by discussing model-driven engineering and how models can be used to generate implementation code.
This document discusses various system modeling techniques, including context models, interaction models, structural models, and behavioral models. It provides examples of each type of model using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Context models show the system and its relationships to other external systems. Interaction models include use case diagrams and sequence diagrams. Structural models include class diagrams, which depict classes and relationships. Behavioral models show how a system responds to events. The document also discusses object-oriented design, implementation issues, and open source development.
This document discusses basic concepts for modeling interactions and behaviors in systems using the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It covers use cases, which specify interactions between actors and a system to achieve goals. Key concepts discussed include: use cases involve actors interacting with a system; they are organized based on relationships; and they carry out tangible work. The document also defines basic terms like subject, names, actors, flows of events, scenarios, collaborations, and relationships for organizing use cases like generalization, inclusion, and extension.
The document discusses object-oriented system development and modeling. It covers topics like:
1. The main stages of traditional system development life cycles like requirements, analysis, design, implementation, and installation. As well as common life cycle models like waterfall, V-model, spiral, and prototyping.
2. Phases of object-oriented development focus on the state of the system rather than activities, including inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
3. Modeling techniques for object-oriented systems including the Unified Modeling Language (UML), Rational Unified Process (RUP), abstraction, decomposition, and class-responsibility-collaboration (CRC) cards.
4
Course Number
Course Section
Course Name
Project Name (Unit 1 IP)
Student Name
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Use cases 4
Figure 1: Online order system use case diagram 4
Class Diagram 5
Figure 2: Class diagram 6
Activity diagram 7
Figure 3: Activity diagram 8
Sequence diagram 9
Figure 4: Sequence Diagram 9
References 10
UML Model for Project Introduction
System design is a process that helps to conceptualize the software system requirements into a software implementation. It involves taking the user requirements and using it to define system architecture, interfaces and modules for the system. The most widely used method for software system design today is Object-Oriented analysis and design methods for their reusability and easy way of expressing relationship between system components(Martin, 2011). To be able to efficiently utilize the power of object-oriented analysis and design methods you need to use its standard language, Unified Modeling language (UML). UML is a general purpose modeling language that is used to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. UML is rich of modeling notations and methods that are used to create different diagrams to represent structural and behavior information of the system (Wazlawick, 2014). Example of this diagrams include class diagram, use case diagram, deployment diagrams, activity diagram, state, object, and sequence among other.
The diagram in the following sections represents the structural and behavior of the Online ordering system. Use cases
Use case diagram are used to represent a user’s interaction with the system hence showing the relationship between the system and its users. Use cases identify the different actors (users) of the system and the different ways (use cases) they interact with the system. The use case diagram below shows the two main users of the online orders system and how the use the system.
Figure 1: Online order system use case diagramClass Diagram
UML Class diagram are static structure diagram used to describe the structure of software system by showing classes, operations, their attributes and the relationship among them. Classes form the main building block of Object Oriented modeling and hence class diagram help to conceptualize the general structure of the system that can later be translate into programming code. Classes in class diagram represent the main elements in the application to be programmed (Booch, 1994).
The diagram below show the class diagram for the recommend online ordering system. Boxes represent classes. Boxes are supposed to have three compartments to complete the represent class information in full, one for class name, second for class attributes and the third for class operations. The diagram below shows a simple representation of classes. The lines represent links between classes and show the kind of relationship between classes. For example user is generalization for customer and sales. Customer makes o.
Quality Assurance. Quality Assurance Approach. White BoxKimberly Jones
The document discusses using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to model database systems and computer applications. It describes how UML diagrams like use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams, and deployment diagrams can be used at different stages of the software development process. The paper examines how these UML diagrams integrate with various programming methodologies and how they provide a standardized way to visually define and model the design and structure of software systems, including defining objects in an object-oriented design approach.
Multiagent Based Methodologies have become an
important subject of research in advance Software Engineering.
Several methodologies have been proposed as, a theoretical
approach, to facilitate and support the development of complex
distributed systems. An important question when facing the
construction of Agent Applications is deciding which
methodology to follow. Trying to answer this question, a
framework with several criteria is applied in this paper for the
comparative analysis of existing multiagent system
methodologies. The results of the comparative over two of them,
conclude that those methodologies have not reached a sufficient
maturity level to be used by the software industry. The
framework has also proved its utility for the evaluation of any
kind of Multiagent Based Software Engineering Methodology
Person
+Specialization:String
Employee:Person
+Dept:String
+Salary:float
Manager:Employee
+NoOfReports:int
Generalization
Inheritance
Specialization
Con...
Inheritance:
Is a mechanism in which one class acquires the properties and
behaviors of another class.
The inheriting class is called a subclass or derived class and the
class whose properties and behaviors are inherited is called a
superclass or base class.
Specialization:
Is a generalization relationship between a generalized entity and a
more specific entity.
Generalization
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
This document discusses the role of use cases in requirements and analysis modeling. It distinguishes between black box and white box views of a system in the requirements and analysis phases. Black box views include the use case model, system interaction diagrams, system context class models, statecharts for state-dependent use cases, and test models. White box views address the internal workings of a system. The document describes how each black box view relates to use cases and requirements modeling.
This document provides an introduction to use case diagrams. It defines a use case as a typical interaction between a user and a system. Use cases capture the functional requirements and how the system benefits users. A use case diagram visually documents user goals and system functionality using actors, use cases, and relationships between use cases. Actors represent people or external systems that interact with the system. Relationships like includes, extends, and generalization define how use cases interact and specialize other use cases. The document provides examples and exercises for creating use case diagrams.
Three types of systems that are used as case studies are embedded systems to control medical devices, information systems like medical records systems, and sensor-based data collection systems like wilderness weather stations. Software engineering techniques include prototypes, reuse-oriented processes, and testing processes. Architectural design is a critical link between overall system design and requirements and involves determining how a system should be organized at a high level.
The document summarizes a master's thesis on supplementing and explicitly describing the architectural knowledge of the TRADR Robot Assisted Disaster Response system. The thesis analyzed the system context, TRADR research project, and proposed additions to the system architecture. It represented the system architecture using the A3 Architecting Overview method from functional, physical, and quantification views. The research scope within the system was illustrated, and test requirements and performance measures of technologies were described. The thesis aimed to provide a comprehensive representation and understanding of the TRADR system.
A Model of Local Area Network Based Application for Inter-office Communicationtheijes
This document presents a model for a local area network (LAN) based application for inter-office communication. The authors designed a messenger software to be installed on an organization's LAN to allow staff to communicate and share information efficiently. The software was developed using Java and analyzed using various UML diagrams. It uses a client-server model with the control part installed on the server and messenger part on clients. The software allows users to send short messages, memos, letters and access an electronic bulletin board. It was tested on a campus LAN network and achieved the objectives of enabling free communication between staff during office hours through a centralized and secure system.
In this lesson, you will develop a system using Use Cases.
You will:
Justify the need for a Use Case diagram
Identify and describe the essential elements in a UML Use Case diagram
Identifying the Actors in a System.
Identifying Use Cases in a System
Create a Use Case Diagram that shows the Use Cases in your system.
Recognize and document use case dependencies using UML notation for extends,includes, and generalization
The document discusses requirements definition and system modeling. It defines requirements as conditions or capabilities needed by stakeholders to solve problems or achieve objectives. Requirements should be defined at three levels - business, user, and product. Business requirements define problems to be solved or opportunities addressed. User requirements describe functionality from the user perspective. Product requirements specify functionality that must be built into the software. System modeling helps understand functionality and communicate with customers using models from different perspectives. Requirements definition and system modeling lay the foundation for software development.
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This UML (Unified Markup Language) contains 6 Units and each Unit contains 35 slides in it.
Contents…
• Object-oriented modeling
• Origin and evolution of UML
• Architecture of UML
• User View
o Actor
o Use Cases
• Identify the behavior of a class
• Identify the attributes of a class
• Create a Class diagram
• Create an Object diagram
• Identify the dynamic and static aspects of a system
• Draw collaboration diagrams
• Draw sequence diagrams
• Draw statechart diagrams
• Understand activity diagrams
• Identify software components of a system
• Draw component diagrams
• Identify nodes in a system
• Draw deployment diagrams
Information systems analysis and requirements analysis produces a requirements specification. This specification states the project goal and the related data storage, data movement
This document discusses system modeling and provides examples from a patient management system (MHC-PMS). It describes using different types of models to represent a system from various perspectives, including context models to illustrate the system's operational environment, interaction models like use case and sequence diagrams to show user interactions, and structural and behavioral models. Specific MHC-PMS models are presented, such as a context diagram depicting related systems, use cases for medical receptionist roles, and sequence diagrams for user tasks like viewing patient information. The key points are that complementary system models abstractly represent a system from different viewpoints like context, interactions, structure, and behavior.
This document discusses system modeling and provides examples from a patient management system (MHC-PMS). It describes using different types of models to represent a system from various perspectives, including context models to illustrate the system's operational environment, interaction models like use case and sequence diagrams to show user interactions, and structural and behavioral models. Specific MHC-PMS models are presented, such as a context diagram depicting related systems, use cases for medical receptionist roles, and sequence diagrams for user flows like viewing patient information. The key points are that complementary system models abstractly represent a system from different viewpoints like context, interactions, structure, and behavior.
The document discusses different types of system models, including context models, interaction models, structural models, and behavioral models. It provides examples of each type of model using a case study of a mental health care patient management system (MHC-PMS). Context models show the environment and other related systems. Interaction models include use case diagrams and sequence diagrams to illustrate interactions between users and the system. Structural models, like class diagrams, depict the organization and architecture of a system through classes and their relationships.
Similar to Use Case Modeling in Software Development: A Survey and Taxonomy (20)
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This document discusses clickjacking attacks, which hijack users' clicks to perform unintended actions. It provides an overview of clickjacking, describes different types of attacks, and analyzes vulnerabilities that make websites susceptible. Experiments are conducted on a sample social networking site, applying various clickjacking techniques. Potential defenses are tested, including X-Frame-Options headers and frame busting code. A proposed solution detects transparent iframes to warn users and check for hidden mouse pointers to mitigate cursorjacking. Analysis of top Jammu and Kashmir websites found most were vulnerable, while browser behavior studies showed varying support for defenses.
Performance Analysis of Audio and Video Synchronization using Spreaded Code D...Eswar Publications
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Due to the availability of complicated devices in industry, models for consumers at lower cost of resources are developed. Home Automation systems have been developed by several researchers. The limitations of home automation includes complexity in architecture, higher costs of the equipment, interface inflexibility. In this paper as we have proposed, the working protocol of PIC 16F72 technology is which is secure, cost efficient, flexible that leads to the development of efficient home automation systems. The system is operational to control various home appliances like fans, Bulbs, Tube light. The following paper describes about components used and working of all components connected. The home automation system makes use of Android app entitled “Home App” which gives
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Agriculture plays an important role in the economy of our country. Over 58 percent of the rural households depend on the agriculture sector as their means of livelihood. Agriculture is one of the major contributors to Gross Domestic Product(GDP). Seeds are the soul of agriculture. This application helps in reducing the time for the researchers as well as farmers to know the seedling parameters. The application helps the farmers to know about the percentage of seedlings that will grow and it is very essential in estimating the yield of that particular crop. Manual calculation may lead to some error, to minimize that error, the developed app is used. The scientist and farmers require the app to know about the physiological seed quality parameters and to take decisions regarding their farming activities. In this article a desktop app for seed germination percentage and vigour index calculation are developed in PHP scripting language.
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Now a days we are living in an era of Information Technology where each and every person has to become IT incumbent either intentionally or unintentionally. Technology plays a vital role in our day to day life since last few decades and somehow we all are depending on it in order to obtain maximum benefit and comfort. This new era equipped with latest advents of technology, enlightening world in the form of Internet of Things (IoT). Internet of things is such a specified and dignified domain which leads us to the real world scenarios where each object can perform some task while communicating with some other objects. The world with full of devices, sensors and other objects which will communicate and make human life far better and easier than ever. This paper provides an overview of current research work on IoT in terms of architecture, a technology used and applications. It also highlights all the issues related to technologies used for IoT, after the literature review of research work. The main purpose of this survey is to provide all the latest technologies, their corresponding
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QR Secure: A Hybrid Approach Using Machine Learning and Security Validation F...AlexanderRichford
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Facilitation Skills - When to Use and Why.pptxKnoldus Inc.
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This time, we're diving into the murky waters of the Fuxnet malware, a brainchild of the illustrious Blackjack hacking group.
Let's set the scene: Moscow, a city unsuspectingly going about its business, unaware that it's about to be the star of Blackjack's latest production. The method? Oh, nothing too fancy, just the classic "let's potentially disable sensor-gateways" move.
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For Blackjack, ever the dramatists, hint at a sequel, suggesting the JSON files were merely a teaser of the chaos yet to come. Because what's a cyberattack without a hint of sequel bait, teasing audiences with the promise of more digital destruction?
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This document presents a comprehensive analysis of the Fuxnet malware, attributed to the Blackjack hacking group, which has reportedly targeted infrastructure. The analysis delves into various aspects of the malware, including its technical specifications, impact on systems, defense mechanisms, propagation methods, targets, and the motivations behind its deployment. By examining these facets, the document aims to provide a detailed overview of Fuxnet's capabilities and its implications for cybersecurity.
The document offers a qualitative summary of the Fuxnet malware, based on the information publicly shared by the attackers and analyzed by cybersecurity experts. This analysis is invaluable for security professionals, IT specialists, and stakeholders in various industries, as it not only sheds light on the technical intricacies of a sophisticated cyber threat but also emphasizes the importance of robust cybersecurity measures in safeguarding critical infrastructure against emerging threats. Through this detailed examination, the document contributes to the broader understanding of cyber warfare tactics and enhances the preparedness of organizations to defend against similar attacks in the future.
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This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
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-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
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LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...
Use Case Modeling in Software Development: A Survey and Taxonomy
1. Int. J. Advanced Networking and Applications
Volume: 08 Issue: 05 Pages: 3188-3200 (2017) ISSN: 0975-0290
3188
Use Case Modeling in Software Development: A
Survey and Taxonomy
Zahra Rashidi
Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
zrashi@ce.sharif.edu
Zeynab Rashidi
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
zeynabrashidi@aut.ac.ir
Hassan Rashidi
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
hrashi@atu.ac.ir
-------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------
Identifying use cases is one of the most important steps in the software requirement analysis. This paper makes a
literature review over use cases and then presents six taxonomies for them. The first taxonomy is based on the
level of functionality of a system in a domain. The second taxonomy is based on primacy of functionality and the
third one relies on essentialness of functionality of the system. The fourth taxonomy is concerned with supporting
of functionality. The fifth taxonomy is based on the boundary of functionality and the sixth one is related to
generalization/specialization relation. Then the use cases are evaluated in a case study in a control command
police system. Several guidelines are recommended for developing use cases and their refinement, based on some
practical experience obtained from the evaluation.
Keywords -Use cases, Taxonomy, Software Engineering.
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Date of Submission: April 10, 2017 Date of Acceptance: April 18, 2017
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I. INTRODUCTION
Domain analysis paves the way from gathering
requirements to an object-oriented analysis and modeling.
In turn, system analysis feeds back into domain analysis
by demanding richer and more refined definitions for
concepts and scopes. Fig. 1 shows that domain analysis
feeds conceptual modeling, but is also updated and refined
through that modeling[1].
Figure 1- Steps in domain analysis
Domain analysis discovers and defines business concepts
within the context of the problem space. Use case
modeling channels, transforms and expands these concepts
into a model of system behavior (see [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]).
Use cases are the first step towards conceptual modeling in
which a set of related use cases provide the behavioral
model of a system (see Fig. 1). The boundaries of the
system or the subsystem depicted by use cases are defined
by domain definition. The starting point of use cases are
the concepts discovered through domain analysis—
primarily, but not limited to, those categorized as
processes. Use case modeling is a set of use cases that,
together, describe the behavior of a system. A use case is a
unit of this model in which is a description of an
interaction that achieves a useful goal for an actor.
A use case can be a textual narrative, but it must have four
well-defined components to qualify as a use case. The first
component is a goal as the successful outcome of the use
case and second one are stakeholders whose interests are
affected by the outcome (including actor(s) who interact
with the system to achieve the goal. The third component
is a system that provides the required services for the
actors, and forth one is a step-by-step scenario that guides
both the actor(s) and the system towards the finish line.
The narrative of a use case is made up of one or more
flows. The normal flow is the best-case scenario that
results in the successful completion of the use case. An
alternate flow exists only if conditional steps are needed. It
may have sub-flows if steps in the normal flow contain
sub-steps and have exceptions that describe what may
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prevent the completion of one-step or the entire use case.
Table 1 summarizes information associated with a use
case and shows a template for developing use cases.
Table 1: A Template for developing a use case and
information associated with it
Use Case Name
Description
This part describes one or two
sentence of the use case
Stakeholders/
Actors
This part identifies the actors
participating in the use case
Includes
This part identifies the use cases
included in it
Extends
This part identifies the use case
that it may extend
Pre-Conditions
This part identifies the
conditions which must be met to
invoke this use case
Details/Flow
This part identifies the details of
the use case.
Goal/Post-
Conditions
This part identifies the
conditions hold at the conclusion
of the use case
Exceptions
This part identifies any
exceptions that might arise in
execution of the use case
Constraints
This part identifies any
constraints that might apply
Variants/Alternate
Flow
This part identifies any
variations that might hold for the
use case
Comments
This part provides any additional
information, which might be
important in the use case
The main motivation of this paper is to survey over the use
case modeling and makes six taxonomies for use cases.
The structure of remaining sections is as follows. In
Section 2, the literature review and taxonomies of use case
are presented. In Section 3, a case study for the control
command police system is presented. In Section 4, the
most important guidelines to develop use cases are
recommended. Finally, Section 5 is considered to
summary and conclusion.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND TAXONOMIES
Use case modeling represents the behavior of a system. A
use case details the interaction of entities outside a system,
called actors, with the system to achieve a specific goal by
following a set of steps called a scenario. Use case
modeling is the first step for transforming domain
concepts into models for building a solution. A use case is
a textual narrative that details how one or more entities
called actors interact with a system to achieve a result that
is primarily of value to one of them, the primary actor.
Various authors define use cases differently:
Rumbaugh (1994) states that a use case is a
description of all of the possible sequences of
interactions among the system and one or more
actors in response to some initial stimulus by one
of the actors [7].
Iacobson el al (1999) states that a use case
specifies a sequence of actions, including a
variant that a system performs and that yields an
observable result of value to a particular actor [8].
Cockburn (2000) states that a use case is a
collection of possible sequences of interactions
between the system under discussion and its
external actors, related to a particular goal [9].
Bruegee and dudoit (2010) state that a use case is
initiated by an actor. After its initiation, a use
case may interact with other actors, as well. A use
case represents a complete flow of events through
the system in the sense that it describes a series of
related interactions that result from its initiation
[10].
The common threads in all of above definitions are actors
and sequences of interactions. In this approach, several
concepts are important: the goal, the system, and the actor
and use case bundle. The goal is the business value to the
‘user(s)’ of the system who usually initiate the interaction
with the system. The system is the application with all of
its associated hardware that will be used by the ‘users’. An
actor is external entity that interacts with a system. A use
case bundle is a collection of use cases that are highly
correlated with some activity or organizing business
element. A use case bundle gives us away to organize our
use cases into collections that will help us better
understand the functionality of the system that we are
developing any large systems.
In the literature, we found several kinds of use cases,
including ‘High-Level’, ‘Low-Level’, ‘Primary’ ,
‘Secondary’, ‘Essential’, ‘Concrete’, ‘Including’,
‘Extending’, ‘Starting, ‘Stopping’ use cases ([11], [12],
[13], [14],[15]). We added four other use cases:
‘Generalizing’, ‘Children’, ‘Frond End’ and ‘Back End’
use cases.
In capturing the functional aspects of the system, one of
the difficulties in generating a useful discussion of a
system is keeping the description at a consistent level of
abstraction. For use cases to be successfully developed, it
is necessary to know the dimension of the functional
description that one is attempting to capture. Then the
analyst can determine the level of detail, primacy of
functionality, designing and implementation issues in the
information that should be captured. Regarding these
issues, we have six taxonomies for the use cases.
2.1 First View: Level Of Functionality
In one dimension, we can distinguish between high-level
and low-level functional descriptions of a system:
High-LevelUse Case (HLUC): It is a black box
view of the system by which we deal entirely with
the dialog between the actor and the system. High-
level use case provides general and brief
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descriptions of the essence of the business values
provided. It is not concerned with how the business
values are achieved. For example, managing
accounts is a high-level use case in each accounting
system of banks.
Low-Level Use Case (LLUC): It is a white box (or
transparent box) view of the system by which we
deal with the dialog between the actor and the
system and what the system does to provide the
functionality. For example, adding an account,
updating an account, and deleting an account are
low-level use cases that establish detailed activities
for managing an account in the account system of
banks.
2.2 Second View: Primacy Of Functionality
In a second dimension, we can distinguish between
primary and secondary functions of the system.
PrimaryUse Case (PRUC): These use case provide
functions to users that constitute the reason for
which the system exists. For example, generating a
report is a primary use case in the account system of
banks.
Secondary Use Case (SEUC): These use case are
functionality that deals with exceptional and rare
cases that may occur in the environment. They
allow analysts to capture system behavior under
error conditions. These functions are necessary to
deliver a robust system. For example, the
consistency of database must be controlled in the
account system and the crashed data must be
recovered.
2.3 Third View: Essentialness Of Functionality
In the third dimension, we can distinguish between the
essential and the concrete functions of the system:
Essential Use Case (ESUC): It captures business
solutions that are independent of implementation. It
is usually depicted as black box models and is
independent of hardware and software.
Concrete Use Case (COUC): It captures business
solutions in terms that are design-dependent, like
transparent box models. A concrete use case can
“extend” an abstract essential use case.
2.4 Forth View: Supporting of Functionality
Some use cases support other use cases. They are called
supporting use cases, which are categorized to the
following use cases:
Including Use Case (INUC): we must view
including use case as a relation that identifies a use
case that acts like a subroutine to other use cases.
Typically, including use cases will not have actors
that initiate them. We can consider these use cases
as inheriting actors.
Extending Use Case (EXUC): We can have some
situation in which several use cases are identical
with the exception of one or two specific
subsequences of interactions. In this case, we can
extract the common core (base use case) and treat
the use cases that differ as extensions of this base
use case. Thus, an extend relationship exists
between an extension and the core. This allows us
to capture in an easy form those situations where
the sequences captured in several use cases may
differ as the result of a simple conditional at the end
of the sequence.
2.5 Fifth View: Boundary of Functionality
In the fifth dimension, we must think about running the
system, which concern with start-up and shut down the
system.
Starting Use Case (SRUC): These use cases
captures the behavior of the system when it is
being starting up. They are usually design-
dependent, like Transparent Box Models.
Stopping Use Case (SPUC): These use cases
capture the behavior of the system when it is being
shutting down. They are usually design-dependent,
like Transparent Box Models.
Frond End Use Case (FEUC): These use cases
capture the behavior of the system when it
interacts with users.
Back End Use Case (BEUC): These use cases
capture the behavior of the system when it
interacts with servers such as Database server and
Web server.
These use cases will be the last use cases to be developed
because we must wait until sufficient details are known to
identify what information must be initialized during
startup and preserved during shutdown.
2.6 Six View: Supporting of Inheritance
In the sixth dimension, we consider inheritance between
use cases. In this view, there are two kinds of use cases:
Generalizing Use Case (GEUC):If two or more
use cases achieve the same goal through different
means but share most activities, theGeneralizing
Use Case abstracts their common feature into a
generalized super-use case (also called the parent).
Children Use Case (CHUC): The children use
cases inherit features from the parent, where they
override (or specialize) them, or when they add new
features.The relationship that exists between the
Generalizing use case and the Children is a
generalization/specialization relation.
The differences between extending and generalizing use
case are subtle, but they are important. The extending use
case defines a set of extension points in the basic use case,
but the generalization use case does not. With extending
use case, the basic core must know that it is going to be
extended in order to define the extension points. This is
not so with generalizing use case. The extending use case
adds to the basic core’s functionality, but generalizing use
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case overridesit so that it totally replaces it, albeit with
something similar.
3. PRACTICAL EXPERIMENTS
In order to make specific guidelines for developing use
case model, we used a Control Command Police System
(CCPS) for which a mini-requirement is briefly described
in [16]. This system is extended in [17] and then it is used
in our study due to its fertility for reusability in both
application and system software. This police service
system must respond as quickly as possible to report
incidents and its objectives are to ensure that incidents are
logged and routed to the most appropriate police vehicle.
The most important factors that must be considered which
vehicle to choose to an incident include:
Type of incident: some important and worsening
events need immediate response. It is recommended
that specified categories of response actions are
assigned to a definite type of incident.
Location of available vehicles: Generally, the best
strategy is to send the closest vehicle to address the
incident. Keep in mind that it is not possible to
know the exact position of the vehicles and may
need to send a message to the car to determine its
current location.
Type of available vehicles: some incident need
vehicles need and some special incident such as
traffic accidents may need ambulance and vehicles
with specific equipment.
Location of incident: In some areas, sending only
one vehicle for response is enough. In other areas,
may be a police vehicle to respond to the same type
of accident is enough.
Other emergency services such as fireman and
ambulance: the system must automatically alert the
needs to these services.
Reporting details: The system should record
details of each incident and make them available for
any information required.
To identifying major use cases, we must arrive to
analyzing domain concepts marked as ‘process’ or
‘function’, but the conversion ratio is not one-to-one.
Sometimes we have to break up a process into more than
one use case; at other times we might have to combine
pieces of multiple processes or functions to arrive at one
use case. Other domain concepts, such as objects or
business rules might find their way into use cases if the
context requires it. Each process that will achieve a useful
business goal is definitely one use case. The other
fundamentally different processes in which they
participate usually result in other use cases. Although the
standard practice of documenting use cases is to start from
the external event to the system, in certain circumstances,
we want to document the use case from the external event
to the actor.
At first, we wrote two or three of the most common and
simple process. When identifying the use cases, we gave a
descriptive name and a one or two sentence description of
each. The names of use cases based upon the goal the
actor is attempting to achieve and, if necessary, to
distinguish variations in the circumstance in which it is
invoked. We used a verb to start the name of the use case.
Then, we make one or two sentences for description to
identify the approximate interaction that is to be captured
in the use case. We performed the analysis in an
incremental fashion and develop the use case model
iteratively. In each iteration, we provided very brief
descriptions initially and then refined them so that the goal
is to provide more details about the use case.
A couple of experts in IT field helped us to develop the
conceptual model of the CCPS. After a long discussion,
we prepared Table 2, in which shows the information
concerned with specific parts of the template (see Table 1)
in different kinds of use cases. It is used to guide the
development of use case. The development of high-level,
primary, essential use cases requires that analyst identifies
the essential business information to establish the business
value proposition, the preconditions that must apply for
the use case to complete, and the post-conditions that are
promised, and any constraints or variations that might
exist.
We immediately documented actors identified as the result
of describing a use case. These actors needed to be
documented in terms of what actions they are required to
provide. If multiple actors can initiate the same set of
actions, we introduced an abstract actor of which all the
others are specializations. A summary of the results in
identifying the main ‘high level’ use cases are put into
Table 3.
To document use case, we can use ‘use case diagram’ in
which there are several basic elements. Use case diagram
is a ‘meta-model’-an abstraction of use cases[1]. In its
basic form, it displays the boundaries of the system, the
name of the use cases, and the actors who interact with
each use case. The main use case diagram and activity
diagram of this system are depicted in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3,
respectively.
Use cases apply to many different paradigms to develop a
systems(see[18], [19], [20],[21]). In this study, we apply it
to object oriented software development. In this paradigm,
after developing use case model we must identify the
objects in system and their relationships (See Fig.1 for
Structural Modeling). There are many approaches to
identify objects ([22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27],
[28],[29]). The Class Diagram of this system is depicted in
Fig. 4. In this class diagram, the main classes, are
‘Incident’, ‘Police Staff’, ‘Police Vehicle’, ‘Police
Officer’, ‘Director’, ‘Route Manager’, ‘Incident Waiting
List’, ‘Response’ and ‘GPS Receiver’. In the figure, the
attributes and methods of each class are shown.
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Table 2: Information concerned with specific parts of the template in different kinds of use cases
Kind of Information
High-Level
Primary
Essential
Low-Level
Primary
Secondary
Essential
Low-Level
Primary
Concrete
Low-Level
Primary
Secondary
Concrete
Business Information Actors Actors Actors Actors
Technological Information Relations Relations
Relationships among primary and
secondary, extending, and including use
cases
Preconditions Preconditions Preconditions Preconditions
Essential information
Post-
conditions
Post-
conditions
Post-
conditions
Post-
conditions
High-level information about the interaction
between system and actors
Details Details
Detailed concrete information that applies
to use cases that are not generalizations
Exceptions Details Details
Added information included as appropriate
for the specific use case
Constraints
Variants
Constraints
Variants
Constraints
Variants
Constraints
Variants
Table 3: The main high level uses case identified in the Control Command Police system
Name of the use
case
Actors involved Description
Call Taking
Reporter Of Incident, Police
Station Operator, Police
Officer, Alarm
An operator in Police Station receives a phone call about
an accident at a given location
Incident
Registration
Police Station Operator,
Police Officer
Police Officer received the call center operator and
details of the incident. The system automatically
classifies the incident and determines its priorities.
Close Incident
Dispatcher, Record
Management System
Dispatcher collects information associated with the
accident and the record is saved into the system
Send Report
Primary Police Unit,
Dispatcher
A report associated with the incident is collected and
send to Dispatcher
Request More
Units
Primary unit, Dispatcher
Police Unit requests the new forces, Dispatcher comply
with this request or rejects it
Create Response Dispatcher Dispatcher makes the response and makes coordination
Unit
Management
Police Unit, Dispatcher
Dispatcher handles the incident and monitors the
resources/forces allocated to the incident
Send Data Police Unit, Dispatcher
Incident details (address, number of victims, ...) and call
details (field of call, number of units, ...) are sent police
unit
Request To
incident
Police unit
Police Officers at police cars received information about
the accident, then goes to the scene and handles the
mission. He/she will be available again for the next
mission.
Dispatch Units Police Unit, Dispatcher
Data, information and how to respond to accident are sent
to the selected units
Find Closest
Unit
Police Station Operator Finding the nearest unit to the location of the incident
Get Position of
Units
Positioning system The positioning system finds the closest unit to the scene
Alert
Emergency
service
Emergency Service
Emergency services such as fire or ambulance system are
alerted and called
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Fig. 2: The main Use Case Diagram of the Control Command Police System
Fig. 3: The Activity Diagram of the Control Command Police System
Use cases and scenarios are not sufficient documentation
for conceptual modeling. So we went to Dynamic
Modeling step (See Fig.1). In this step, we had to look at
ways of documenting the events and documenting the
dynamic behavior in a form more suited for programming.
In particular, an event list is created and each event in the
list must be responded. In the abstraction view, four
aspects of an event including ‘Label’, ‘Meaning’, ‘Source
Object’ and ‘Destination Object’ must be specified. We
prepared Table 4, as the main event list for the CCPS.
Since we did not fully implement this system, the ‘Front
End and ‘Back End’ use cases are not in the table.
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Fig. 4: The Class Diagram of the Control Command Police System
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Fig. 5: Number of Use cases identified in the development of Control Command Police System
As we can see in the table, these are 85 events in the
control command police system. Each event must be
responded by a specific functionally of the objects. The
number of Use cases identified in the development of
Control Command Police System are depicted in Fig. 5.
From the figure, we derive several observations as
follows:
Observation-1: The percentages of ‘Primary’ and
‘Essential’ use cases in the Control Command
Police system almost have the most highest value,
respectively. It is because of ‘Primary use cases’
constitute the reason for which the system
developed and ‘Essential use cases’ make business
solutions that are independent of implementation.
Observation-2: The percentage of ‘Low Level’
use case is significantly more than ‘High Level’
use cases. It is due to the ‘High Level use case’ are
general activities while ‘Low Level use cases’ are
where we need the specific activities.
Observation-3: The percentage of ‘Essential’ use
cases is significantly more than ‘Concrete’ use
cases.It is because of we have not too much use
cases concerned with specific hardware such as
GPS in the control command police system.
Observation-4: The percentage of ‘Primary’ use
cases is significantly more than ‘Secondary’ use
cases.It is due to the ‘Secondary use cases’
involves rare and exceptional conditions.
Observation-5: The percentage of ‘Including’ use
case is significantly more than ‘Extending’ use
cases.
Observation-6: The percentages of ‘Starting use
cases’ in the system are more than that of ‘Stopping
use case’ use case, i.e. only one. This relatively
higher percentage shows that ‘Starting use cases’
have more important in the software.
4. GUIDELINES
From a modeling perspective, a use case must capture the
series of interactions between an actor and the system that
achieves some useful business goal for the initiator of the
interaction. The identification of responsibilities of the
actors is a good base from which to find reasons for the
actor to interact with the system. In this section, several
guidelines are recommended to perform any use case
modeling, based on our experience obtained from
developing use cases in the control command police
system.
4.1 Guideline for Identifying High-level, Primary and
Essential Use Cases
When dealing with high level, primary and essential use
cases, we must identify general activities first. These
general activities constitute high-level use cases that are
actually defined by a set of low-level use cases. The low-
level use cases are where the specific activities are
identified. The guidelines for performing this step follow:
We must not introduce too much detail in the
basic descriptions of a use case. It is normal for a
description to seem trivial by the time that analyst
completes documenting the use case. The value
of keeping it simple is to give us a mental nudge
when we are bogged down in details later.
The preconditions section of the use case
description should identify what information is
required for these use cases to execute normally.
We must avoid ‘technology-dependent use cases’
like load, save, startup, and shutdown when
identifying ‘High Level’, ‘Primary’ and
‘Essential’ use cases because addressing business
use cases still does not finish. There is not
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enough information available to effectively
identify appropriate behavior. These use cases
will be the last ones to be developed because we
must wait until sufficient details are known to
identify what information must be initialized
during startup and preserved during shutdown.
4.2 Guidelines for developing Secondary, Concrete and
Low-level Use Cases
When dealing with secondary, concrete and low-level use
cases, we are introducing details that border on design.
The development of these use cases should only be
attempted by individuals with significant design skills. An
extremely common problem encountered is for a poor
design to be specified in these use cases. We must look
into the structure of the system rather than the system
itself. The guidelines to following during the early
iterations are as follows:
If the ‘detail section’ of a use case includes
another use case, we must identify all of the
exceptions that the included use case can throw
for that step. This allows the ‘including use case’
to identify the error condition to which it must
react. Of course, these exceptions will be
identified in the exceptions section of the
description for the ‘included use case’.
For each step in the ‘details section’, we must
identify what errors or alternatives can occur.
Each error is examined in terms of what actions
should be taken to keep the model consistent. The
information necessary to identify what actions
should be taken is often clear from the context in
which the error occurs.
We must not put a lots of ‘ifs’ and ‘go to/jumps’
in the ‘details section’ because they interfere with
understanding the domain.
It is important to label each step appearing
within the ‘details section’ of the template (Table
1) with a number. This allows us to make cross-
references to that step in other sections of the use
case. This is extremely significant when it comes
to identifying ‘exceptions’ and ‘constraints’ of
the template.
We must capture ‘exceptions’ in a table that
includes three columns: (a) the step in which the
error occurs, (b) a label for the error, and (c) the
actions that should be performed. As was the case
with the details section, it is useful to number
each step in the actions to be performed.
4.3 Guidelines for developing Generalizing, Children,
Including and Extending Use Cases
When dealing with ‘including’, ‘extending’, ‘generalizing’
and ‘children’ use cases, the following guidelines must be
considered:
We must view ‘including use case’ as a relation
that identifies a use case that acts like a
subroutine to other use cases. Typically, included
use cases will not have actors that initiate them.
We can consider these use cases as inheriting
actors.
In some cases, a number of use cases all share a
common structure with the exception of some
minor additional steps. These cases can be
simplified as an extension of a common
‘generalizing use case’. In this case, the use case
exploits the details of another use case and
identifies where the additional details are
incorporated.
The precondition section of a use case that
extends another identifies the condition that
determines if the ‘extending use case’ should be
invoked.
In some cases, the same general activity may take
place in several use cases, but have significantly
different details depending upon the entities that
participate in them. Even though ‘generalizing
use case’ should have been identified earlier than
this point, it is still a good idea to examine the
use cases to determine if new ‘generalizing use
case’ can be added.
4.4 Guidelines for Developing Starting, Stopping,
Frond End and Back End Use Cases
When dealing with ‘Starting, ‘Stopping’, ‘Frond End’ and
‘Back End’ use cases, the following guidelines must be
considered: The most common situation encountered
among people writing use cases for the first time is that
they immediately start writing use cases for starting and
stopping the system. The main problem is that they don't
even know what the system is to do, yet they are worried
about what initialization activities have to take place. The
guidelines to establish when these use cases should be
developed are as follows:
In writing ‘Frond End’ Use case, we must be
worrying about screens that lead to difficulty in
writing the use cases. Often, analyst gets about
halfway through the use case and then starts
describing what some screen looks like. The
description can go on for pages if the screen
layout is complex. Instead, the analyst should
only identify the objects present on the screen.
Even then, only focus on those that apply to the
use case. We must not worry about the layout of
the buttons and fields on the screen. It is the
interaction with the screen that is important in the
use case. That can be done as a figure in the
‘comment section’ of the ‘use case description’ or
in a separate description from the use case.
In writing ‘Starting’ Use case, we must consider
that the initialization activities are highly design-
dependent. If the analyst develops ‘essential’ use
cases, then there will not be sufficient
information to identify what actions should be
performed during ‘starting’ and ‘stopping’ use
cases’. These events should not be developed for
‘essential use cases’.
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When the analyst develops ‘concrete use cases’,
the ‘Starting’ and ‘Stopping’ use cases should
only be addressed once all of the ‘essential’ and
‘secondary’ use cases have been developed. At
this point, one has sufficient detail to identify if
connections to external actors should be created
during initialization or not; whether specific
structural details have to be constructed, and so
on.
It is important to distinguish the service request
or event notification the actor is initiating from
the manner (action) in which the actor invokes
the request or event notification. In many cases,
the same service request can be invoked in
multiple fashions: by keystrokes, menu items, or
buttons. However, the resulting activities of the
system are identical. It is this later component
that we are attempting to capture in use cases.
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
This paper reviewed different use cases as a means for use
case modeling in software development. From a modeling
perspective, a use case must capture the series of
interactions between an actor and the system that achieves
some useful business goal for the initiator of the
interaction. The identification of responsibilities of the
actors is a good base from which to find reasons for the
actor to interact with the system. The recommended
approach is:
a) We must develop a primary, essential, high-level
use case model and consider scenarios as
instances of use cases. Creating more abstract
scenarios to develop use case is necessary if two
or three scenarios look very similar. We must be
cautious of creating more than 40 use cases to
cover the fundamental system actions, ‘High
Level’ use cases (It was 35 in our experiment, as
a large system). Additional use cases for unusual
events should be chosen with care and kept to a
manageable number.
b) If the business domain is not well understood, we
must use the model of the step (a) to develop a
primary and secondary, essential, low-Level use
case model. To identify details, we must start
simple and slowly introduce complexity. We
must focus first on the simple case where
everything is perfect and no problems exist. It is
not a bad idea to give a very brief set of details
initially for each use case, focusing only on
course features. This allows analyst to identify
supporting use cases that simplify the process by
extracting common details into other use cases.
c) If the technology is not well clarified, we must
use the model of the step (b) to develop a
primary, concrete, low-level use case model.
d) If the system involves with reliability, we must
use the models of the step (b) and the step (c) to
help develop a secondary, concrete, low-level use
case model.
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