Earth Pressure Theories and Retaining Walls Hand written NotesPRASANTHI PETLURU
Rankine's theory of earth pressure - earth pressures different soils and layered soils - Coulomb's earth pressure theory - Cullman’s graphical method.
Types of retaining walls - retaining against overturning, sliding, bearing capacity and drainage from backfill.
Fluid mechanics is a science in study the fluid of liquids and gases in the cases of silence and movement and the forces acting on them can be divided materials found in nature into two branches.
In situ permeability testing in boreholesMartin Preene
This document discusses in-situ hydraulic testing methods for low permeability materials. It defines hydraulic conductivity and permeability, and describes current UK testing practices like packer injection tests. More sophisticated pulse tests and deconvolution analysis methods are presented, which are useful for very low permeability environments. These specialist techniques allow reliable determination of flow models and permeability for applications like nuclear waste repositories.
Spot speed studies involve measuring the instantaneous speeds of vehicles at a point on the road. There are two main methods - measuring the time taken to travel a short distance or using a radar speed meter. Spot speeds are useful for traffic planning, road design, setting speed limits, and accident analysis. The radar method is efficient as it can instantly and automatically measure and record speeds accurately. Time-mean speed is the average of all instantaneous speeds measured, while space-mean speed represents the average speed of all vehicles traveling along a road section. Spot speed studies provide important input for various traffic engineering problems.
This document provides the procedure for determining the plastic limit of a soil sample. It describes preparing a soil sample that has been passed through a 425 micron sieve. The plastic limit is determined by rolling threads of the soil into 3 mm diameters and finding the minimum water content at which it will just begin to crumble. The given soil sample had a plastic limit of 22% and a plasticity index of 16% based on calculations provided. The conclusions state that since the plastic limit is less than 25%, the soil can be used as a fill material according to MoRTH specifications.
Earth Pressure Theories and Retaining Walls Hand written NotesPRASANTHI PETLURU
Rankine's theory of earth pressure - earth pressures different soils and layered soils - Coulomb's earth pressure theory - Cullman’s graphical method.
Types of retaining walls - retaining against overturning, sliding, bearing capacity and drainage from backfill.
Fluid mechanics is a science in study the fluid of liquids and gases in the cases of silence and movement and the forces acting on them can be divided materials found in nature into two branches.
In situ permeability testing in boreholesMartin Preene
This document discusses in-situ hydraulic testing methods for low permeability materials. It defines hydraulic conductivity and permeability, and describes current UK testing practices like packer injection tests. More sophisticated pulse tests and deconvolution analysis methods are presented, which are useful for very low permeability environments. These specialist techniques allow reliable determination of flow models and permeability for applications like nuclear waste repositories.
Spot speed studies involve measuring the instantaneous speeds of vehicles at a point on the road. There are two main methods - measuring the time taken to travel a short distance or using a radar speed meter. Spot speeds are useful for traffic planning, road design, setting speed limits, and accident analysis. The radar method is efficient as it can instantly and automatically measure and record speeds accurately. Time-mean speed is the average of all instantaneous speeds measured, while space-mean speed represents the average speed of all vehicles traveling along a road section. Spot speed studies provide important input for various traffic engineering problems.
This document provides the procedure for determining the plastic limit of a soil sample. It describes preparing a soil sample that has been passed through a 425 micron sieve. The plastic limit is determined by rolling threads of the soil into 3 mm diameters and finding the minimum water content at which it will just begin to crumble. The given soil sample had a plastic limit of 22% and a plasticity index of 16% based on calculations provided. The conclusions state that since the plastic limit is less than 25%, the soil can be used as a fill material according to MoRTH specifications.
This document provides information about weirs and Parshall flumes. It discusses different types of weirs including sharp-crested weirs like rectangular and V-notch weirs, as well as broad-crested weirs. Formulas are provided for calculating flow rates over these structures. The document also introduces the Parshall flume, which can be used as an alternative to weirs for measuring flow rates while reducing head losses and sediment accumulation. Key features of the Parshall flume design and measurement principles are described.
This document discusses viscosity testing for bitumen used in road pavements. It defines viscosity as the resistance to flow and explains that viscosity testing determines the consistency and strength of bitumen at different temperatures. The document outlines different types of viscometers used to measure the time required for bitumen to flow through an orifice at standardized temperatures, and how the results are interpreted to select bitumen with an appropriate viscosity for use in road construction and maintenance.
production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen Abhijeet Bhosale
This document provides information on bitumen through a presentation by several people. It defines bitumen as a viscous liquid or solid consisting of hydrocarbons that is soluble in trichloroethylene. Bitumen is black or brown in color and has waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is produced from crude oil through fractional distillation. Different types of bituminous materials include tar, pitch and asphalt. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration test, ductility test, softening point test, and viscosity test. It provides recommended values for different bitumen grades based on these tests.
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test measures the bearing capacity of a soil by determining the ratio of the force required to penetrate a soil mass with a standard plunger to that of a standard material. It is used to classify and evaluate soils for flexible pavement subgrades and bases. The procedure involves compacting a soil sample, soaking it for 4 days, and then applying a load through a plunger at a rate of 1.25 mm/min while measuring penetration. Load readings are recorded and used to calculate the CBR value based on standard pressures at 2.5 and 5.0 mm penetrations.
1. The aggregate impact test determines a material's resistance to sudden shock or impact. Road stones must withstand pounding from traffic.
2. The test involves compacting aggregates between 10-12.5mm in a metal cylinder, subjecting it to 15 blows from a falling hammer, then sieving to determine the percentage passing a 2.36mm sieve.
3. The aggregate impact value is calculated as the percentage, by weight, of fines produced by the impact blows that pass through the 2.36mm sieve. A lower percentage indicates stronger aggregates that better resist impact.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by reducing stress levels and promoting relaxation.
This document describes a penetration test performed on bituminous materials to determine consistency. The test involves vertically penetrating samples of the material with a standard needle under controlled conditions and measuring the penetration distance. Bitumen is characterized based on penetration grades like 30/40 and 40/50, with higher values indicating softer consistency. The document outlines the test apparatus, sample preparation process, testing procedure, and results, noting a mean penetration value of 37.37mm for the tested sample.
This document provides an overview of parking studies and terms. It defines common parking metrics like parking index, volume, accumulation, load, duration, and turnover. It also describes the four main types of parking studies: inventory surveys, patrol surveys, questionnaires, and cordon counts. Additionally, it outlines different types of parking facilities, including on-street options like parallel, angled, and perpendicular parking as well as off-street options such as surface lots, multi-story structures, roof parks, mechanical parks, and underground lots. The goal is to understand how to plan for and analyze parking needs.
The document discusses Superpave mix design, which is a performance-based method for designing asphalt concrete mixtures. Some key points:
- Superpave uses the gyratory compactor to simulate field compaction of mixtures, allowing for evaluation of density during the design process.
- The design process involves 4 steps: selecting materials based on traffic and climate conditions, designing the aggregate structure, determining the optimum asphalt binder content, and evaluating moisture susceptibility.
- Key evaluation points on the gyratory compaction curve are Ninitial, Ndesign, and Nmax, which control compactability, expected field density, and maximum allowed density.
- Design traffic level determines the number
SUBGRADE SOIL STRENGTH AND ITS EVALUTION Sagar Kaptan
This document discusses subgrade soil strength and its evaluation. It explains that soil strength depends on factors like soil type, moisture content, dry density, and stress application. It then describes Coulomb's equation for shear strength as being equal to apparent cohesion plus the normal stress times the tangent of the friction angle. Common tests to evaluate soil strength are then outlined as bearing tests, shear tests, and penetration tests. Specific tests mentioned include the plate load test, direct shear test, triaxial compression test, unconfined compression test, vane shear test, California bearing ratio test, and cone penetration tests.
This document provides lecture notes on soil mechanics from Einstein College of Engineering. It covers the objectives of the soil mechanics course, which is to provide knowledge of engineering properties of soil. The document then outlines the topics that will be covered, including introduction to soil properties, soil water and flow, stress distribution and compression, shear strength, and slope stability. It lists reference textbooks and provides an in-depth section on soil classification systems, properties, particle size distribution, consistency limits, and the Indian Standard Soil Classification System.
Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses different methods for computing average rainfall over a basin including arithmetic average, Thiessen polygon, and isohyetal methods. It provides examples of calculating average rainfall using each method. It also discusses presenting rainfall data through mass curves and hyetographs. The arithmetic average method simply takes the mean of recorded rainfall values at stations. Thiessen polygon method weights values based on each station's representative area. Isohyetal mapping involves contouring equal rainfall and calculating weighted averages between contours.
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
Class 5 Permeability Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses permeability testing methods for geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two common permeability test methods: the constant-head test and falling-head test. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to a soil specimen in a permeameter to measure hydraulic conductivity. The falling-head test similarly uses a permeameter but measures the change in head over time. Both tests aim to determine the hydraulic conductivity value k, which indicates a soil's ability to transmit water and is important for analyzing seepage, settlement, and slope stability.
This presentation is of Penetration Test for Bitumen. Penetration test measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.
There are different grades of Bitumen used for the civil (especially for roads works) work. This presentation consists of the aim, significance, about the apparatus used procedure, noting the reading, Bis recommendation values and IRC recommendation values, precautions,
This document discusses pavement thickness design according to the New York State Department of Transportation guidelines. It provides an overview of flexible and rigid pavement design, including the factors considered such as traffic loading, material properties, and design methods. The key design methods covered are the ESAL-based method for projects over 1.5km in length, and the conventional method using thickness tables for shorter projects. An example calculation is provided to illustrate the ESAL method for determining equivalent single axle loads and selecting pavement thicknesses.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on global wheat production. Researchers found that rising temperatures will significantly reduce wheat yields across different regions of the world by the end of the century. Under a high emissions scenario, the study projects a global average decrease in wheat production of 6% by 2050, and a 17% decrease by 2100, threatening global food security.
This document provides information about weirs and Parshall flumes. It discusses different types of weirs including sharp-crested weirs like rectangular and V-notch weirs, as well as broad-crested weirs. Formulas are provided for calculating flow rates over these structures. The document also introduces the Parshall flume, which can be used as an alternative to weirs for measuring flow rates while reducing head losses and sediment accumulation. Key features of the Parshall flume design and measurement principles are described.
This document discusses viscosity testing for bitumen used in road pavements. It defines viscosity as the resistance to flow and explains that viscosity testing determines the consistency and strength of bitumen at different temperatures. The document outlines different types of viscometers used to measure the time required for bitumen to flow through an orifice at standardized temperatures, and how the results are interpreted to select bitumen with an appropriate viscosity for use in road construction and maintenance.
production tests aging of bitumen and modified Bitumen Abhijeet Bhosale
This document provides information on bitumen through a presentation by several people. It defines bitumen as a viscous liquid or solid consisting of hydrocarbons that is soluble in trichloroethylene. Bitumen is black or brown in color and has waterproofing and adhesive properties. It is produced from crude oil through fractional distillation. Different types of bituminous materials include tar, pitch and asphalt. The document also describes various tests conducted on bitumen like penetration test, ductility test, softening point test, and viscosity test. It provides recommended values for different bitumen grades based on these tests.
The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test measures the bearing capacity of a soil by determining the ratio of the force required to penetrate a soil mass with a standard plunger to that of a standard material. It is used to classify and evaluate soils for flexible pavement subgrades and bases. The procedure involves compacting a soil sample, soaking it for 4 days, and then applying a load through a plunger at a rate of 1.25 mm/min while measuring penetration. Load readings are recorded and used to calculate the CBR value based on standard pressures at 2.5 and 5.0 mm penetrations.
1. The aggregate impact test determines a material's resistance to sudden shock or impact. Road stones must withstand pounding from traffic.
2. The test involves compacting aggregates between 10-12.5mm in a metal cylinder, subjecting it to 15 blows from a falling hammer, then sieving to determine the percentage passing a 2.36mm sieve.
3. The aggregate impact value is calculated as the percentage, by weight, of fines produced by the impact blows that pass through the 2.36mm sieve. A lower percentage indicates stronger aggregates that better resist impact.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can have mental and physical health benefits over time by reducing stress levels and promoting relaxation.
This document describes a penetration test performed on bituminous materials to determine consistency. The test involves vertically penetrating samples of the material with a standard needle under controlled conditions and measuring the penetration distance. Bitumen is characterized based on penetration grades like 30/40 and 40/50, with higher values indicating softer consistency. The document outlines the test apparatus, sample preparation process, testing procedure, and results, noting a mean penetration value of 37.37mm for the tested sample.
This document provides an overview of parking studies and terms. It defines common parking metrics like parking index, volume, accumulation, load, duration, and turnover. It also describes the four main types of parking studies: inventory surveys, patrol surveys, questionnaires, and cordon counts. Additionally, it outlines different types of parking facilities, including on-street options like parallel, angled, and perpendicular parking as well as off-street options such as surface lots, multi-story structures, roof parks, mechanical parks, and underground lots. The goal is to understand how to plan for and analyze parking needs.
The document discusses Superpave mix design, which is a performance-based method for designing asphalt concrete mixtures. Some key points:
- Superpave uses the gyratory compactor to simulate field compaction of mixtures, allowing for evaluation of density during the design process.
- The design process involves 4 steps: selecting materials based on traffic and climate conditions, designing the aggregate structure, determining the optimum asphalt binder content, and evaluating moisture susceptibility.
- Key evaluation points on the gyratory compaction curve are Ninitial, Ndesign, and Nmax, which control compactability, expected field density, and maximum allowed density.
- Design traffic level determines the number
SUBGRADE SOIL STRENGTH AND ITS EVALUTION Sagar Kaptan
This document discusses subgrade soil strength and its evaluation. It explains that soil strength depends on factors like soil type, moisture content, dry density, and stress application. It then describes Coulomb's equation for shear strength as being equal to apparent cohesion plus the normal stress times the tangent of the friction angle. Common tests to evaluate soil strength are then outlined as bearing tests, shear tests, and penetration tests. Specific tests mentioned include the plate load test, direct shear test, triaxial compression test, unconfined compression test, vane shear test, California bearing ratio test, and cone penetration tests.
This document provides lecture notes on soil mechanics from Einstein College of Engineering. It covers the objectives of the soil mechanics course, which is to provide knowledge of engineering properties of soil. The document then outlines the topics that will be covered, including introduction to soil properties, soil water and flow, stress distribution and compression, shear strength, and slope stability. It lists reference textbooks and provides an in-depth section on soil classification systems, properties, particle size distribution, consistency limits, and the Indian Standard Soil Classification System.
Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
This document discusses different methods for computing average rainfall over a basin including arithmetic average, Thiessen polygon, and isohyetal methods. It provides examples of calculating average rainfall using each method. It also discusses presenting rainfall data through mass curves and hyetographs. The arithmetic average method simply takes the mean of recorded rainfall values at stations. Thiessen polygon method weights values based on each station's representative area. Isohyetal mapping involves contouring equal rainfall and calculating weighted averages between contours.
The document summarizes the standard penetration test (SPT), a common in situ geotechnical testing method. It describes the basic procedure, which involves driving a split spoon sampler into subsurface soils using a hammer, and recording the number of blows required for each increment of penetration. Corrections are made to SPT values to account for overburden pressure and dilatancy. Empirical correlations are presented relating SPT values to properties like density, shear strength, and consistency of cohesionless and cohesive soils. Both advantages like being inexpensive and quick, and limitations like lack of precision are discussed.
Class 5 Permeability Test ( Geotechnical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses permeability testing methods for geotechnical engineering laboratory class. It describes two common permeability test methods: the constant-head test and falling-head test. The constant-head test applies a constant head of water to a soil specimen in a permeameter to measure hydraulic conductivity. The falling-head test similarly uses a permeameter but measures the change in head over time. Both tests aim to determine the hydraulic conductivity value k, which indicates a soil's ability to transmit water and is important for analyzing seepage, settlement, and slope stability.
This presentation is of Penetration Test for Bitumen. Penetration test measures the hardness or softness of bitumen by measuring the depth in tenths of a millimeter to which a standard loaded needle will penetrate vertically in 5 seconds.
There are different grades of Bitumen used for the civil (especially for roads works) work. This presentation consists of the aim, significance, about the apparatus used procedure, noting the reading, Bis recommendation values and IRC recommendation values, precautions,
This document discusses pavement thickness design according to the New York State Department of Transportation guidelines. It provides an overview of flexible and rigid pavement design, including the factors considered such as traffic loading, material properties, and design methods. The key design methods covered are the ESAL-based method for projects over 1.5km in length, and the conventional method using thickness tables for shorter projects. An example calculation is provided to illustrate the ESAL method for determining equivalent single axle loads and selecting pavement thicknesses.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of climate change on global wheat production. Researchers found that rising temperatures will significantly reduce wheat yields across different regions of the world by the end of the century. Under a high emissions scenario, the study projects a global average decrease in wheat production of 6% by 2050, and a 17% decrease by 2100, threatening global food security.
Covid Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
CoVID-19 sprang up in Wuhan China in November 2019 and was declared a pandemic by the in January 2020 World Health Organization (WHO). Like the Spanish flu of 1918 that claimed millions of lives, the COVID-19 has caused the demise of thousands with China, Italy, Spain, USA and India having the highest statistics on infection and mortality rates. Regardless of existing sophisticated technologies and medical science, the spread has continued to surge high. With this COVID-19 Management System, organizations can respond virtually to the COVID-19 pandemic and protect, educate and care for citizens in the community in a quick and effective manner. This comprehensive solution not only helps in containing the virus but also proactively empowers both citizens and care providers to minimize the spread of the virus through targeted strategies and education.
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
e qqqqqqqqqqeuwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiqw dddddddddd cccccccccccccccv s w c r
cdf cb bicbsad ishd d qwkbdwiur e wetwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww w
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffw
uuuuhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhe qiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbu uuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuum
m
m mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm m i
g i dijsd sjdnsjd ndjajsdnnsa adjdnawddddddddddddd uw
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
雅虎竞拍
煤炉代买
paypay商城
乐天二手
日本亚马逊
乐天新品
ZOZOTOWN
