The Digital Economy Group project

Olivia Di lorio, Marwa Khalid, Eleanor Mitchell,
Selena Cameron and Aleisha Brown
ECONOMIC
IMPACT OF
CORONAVIRUS

THE FUTURE OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
The future of the digital economy has significantly been shaped by not only the
internet, but by the economic shock and subsequent adaptation to the Covid-19
pandemic. The virus’ impact on the economy has reshaped the relationship
between the internet and capitalism; altered labour in the economy, and
transformed the way the global economy runs, favouring a growth in the digital
economy. This report argues that the Covid-19 pandemic has promoted a digitised
way of life within a short period of time, where through digitalisation, the digital
economy could thus see the disappearance of physical transactions by 2030.

BY MARWA KHALID
THE PANDEMIC
01.

THE PANDEMIC
The outbreak of Covid-19 has presented significant challenges to social,
economic, and political spectrums across the globe. Its impact might be
temporary in some sectors, but its economic impact may not be. Beyond the
health and human tragedy that coronavirus caused, it is now widely
acknowledged that the pandemic triggered the worst economic crisis since
World War II.
Bachman (2020) describes the scenario in which the real economy goes into contraction due to the Covid-19
impact. As Covid-19 spreads, major economies, including the U.S. economy, have become more vulnerable
as growth has slowed and economies have become less resilient to shocks. Statistics show many economies
will not recover to their pre-crisis levels until at least 2022 (OECD, 2020). Beyond the temporary health
crisis, there may be long-lasting effects on human capital, productivity, and behaviour. Covid-19 has
accelerated some pre-existing trends, especially digitalisation (OECD, 2020). The Covid-19 pandemic
impact has shaken the world, setting off waves of change with a wide range of possible directions.

THE PANDEMIC
Despite the negative impacts, the pandemic is leading to a positive situation that shows
that degrowth is possible. Degrowth is a term that refers to radical reforms in political
and economic spheres that result in a drastically reduced use of resources and energy
output (Kallis et al., 2017). In response to Covid-19, we have seen planning, economic
regulation, limiting certain social practices, and high levels of community cooperation.
Similar measures were previously deemed ‘politically impossible’ or ‘unrealistic’ in the
face of ecological and other social crises, but they have now become a reality. Covid-19
shows the possibility of transformative action when societies understand that the crisis
at hand requires discarding the previous boundaries of normalcy. For instance, the
Spanish government pledged to regularly pay to its poorest citizens during the Corona
crisis (Harris, 2020). With a degrowth transformation, we would value community-
based economic activity, reprioritise essential work such as care and food production,
and emphasise the possibilities of multicultural, diverse, and socially rich life inside and
outside large cities (Chatterton, 2019; Fischer et al., 2017).

THE PANDEMIC
The Covid-19 pandemic acted as a catalyst to further entrench the shift toward digital payments
worldwide (Bayram et al., 2020). In April, the Bank for International Settlements, which advises central
banks throughout the world, issued a bulletin stating that the epidemic might hasten the global migration
to digital payments, including central bank digital currencies (Sheluchin, 2020). Responding to avoid
contamination with the virus, there was a surge in demand for contactless payments during the pandemic
season. In fact, ‘over the past six to eight months, we’ve seen the use of cash decline even further’
(Kelley, 2020, as cited in Lee, 2020, para. 2). According to a recent survey conducted by PayPal, 80
percent of Canadians are more likely to use PayPal for online transactions than they were before the
Covid-19 outbreak (Brien, 2021). It is acknowledged that digitalisation has efficiently bridged the gaps
left by forced shutdowns and social distancing measures. Also, it has played an important role in helping
many businesses thrive during the pandemic. Therefore, the vast majority of companies are going to
operate digitally and shift their business activities online. Economists maintain that the future of digital
payments remains promising: ‘we accelerated where we were going to be in three to five years. And in
months, we jumped ahead’, where there is no turning back (Schulman, 2020, as cited in Lee, 2020, para.
10).

BY ALEISHA BROWN
CAPITALISM AND
THE INTERNET
02.

Capitalism and the internet have a
relationship that is enhanced by one
another, and has led to the creation of
new ways of interacting,
communicating, and contributing within
the digital economy. Capitalism, at its
simplest form, is an economic system
where goods and services are produced
with the purpose of producing profit
(Jayadev, 2014). According to Ampuja
(2016), it has been subject to three
ideologies since the end of the
nineteenth century.
CAPITALISM AND THE INTERNET
Firstly, it was centered around the
individual to embody middle-class
values, including a spirit of
adventure and risk with elements of
security via morals of fairness,
family and personal assistance,
until it was replaced in 1930-1960
with ideas of managers of large
bureaucracies and integrated
industrial firms who operated on
mass-production and mass-
consumption, which provided
security for workers.

CAPITALISM AND THE INTERNET
The current ideology of capitalism aims to replace industrial firms and state-run economic policies
with networked firms and short-term projects, valuing organisational anti-authoritarianism and
teamwork, in turn offering less long-term security, but positive and inspirational ways of thinking.
This positivity is the justification of capitalism’s subjection to an unequal economy with
the aim to pursue capital accumulation. Capitalism has never been a stable process; instead,
it has been characterised by oscillations between periods of economic booms and bursts
(Ampuja, 2016), that has encouraged changes via digital platforms. The internet is the
oxygen that allows us to innovate, collaborate, produce, exchange and consume goods and
services (Freedman, 2016), which has boosted capitalistic measures. The evolution of the
internet has followed in a path much like capitalism’s industrialisation: invention, propagation,
adoption and control, whereby it has been subject to the capital accumulation process through
commercialising internet activity, generating competition and consumer empowerment, and
creating network effects where there is gain by sharing (Foster & McChesney, 2011) the use of
the internet. The Covid-19 pandemic has enhanced, limited, and altered this through restrictions
on face-to-face interaction.

By temporarily eliminating the physical market, Covid-19 provides a strong incentive for firms to
carry out fixed investments, forces consumers into the digital market, and, if digitalisation is
affected by the size of the digital market, it may be trapped into a low-digital equilibrium
indefinitely (Giordani & Rullani, 2020). Digitalisation is the process of converting traditional
paper-based tasks or processes to digital form so that computers can help in accessing, storing,
and transmitting information, via technologies such as smartphones, AI, websites and wearable
devices (Amankwah-Amoah et al, 2021). The fusion of advanced technologies and integration of
physical and digital systems, new business models, production processes and the creation of
knowledge-based goods and services arise (Almeida et al, 2020). Covid-19 has created a
permanent impact on the digital economy through digitalisation, which will continue due to the
capitalist need to produce profit. Profit and progress have become intertwined within capitalism,
thanks to the internet. Digitalisation has, and will, alter the ways in which the economy thrives,
and has the potential to obliterate old means of doing things.

BY SELENA CAMERON
NETWORKS
03.

nETWORKS
The digitisation of capitalism and its ability to multiply its outreach comes with the
adoption of the Network model economy:
 This model allows businesses, investments and other capitalistic ventures to occur
through a decentralised system, such as the internet.
 This allows for faster communication to happen, not only between consumers and
businesses but employers to employees (Shapiro & Varian, 1999)
 This type of economy enhances capitalism, with the rise of connectivity creating greater
economic opportunities for those with access to the internet.

This model of economics accommodates for
the advancement of technology, leading
our society towards a new form of
transactions, leaving behind the traditional
form of purchasing goods and services.
Foley (2013) explores this idea,
examining the fact our economy is
shifting away from material goods and
services, towards a more ‘service’ based
economy where knowledge and
information is preferred and where the
public’s income has diversified, having
many streams of income instead of the
traditional 9-5 employer system.
Network economy is an example of how
capitalism innovates, as previously
mentioned, and contributes to the rising
number of goods and services available to
anyone in any place on Earth. The
digitalisation of our society and its
processes, such as instant communication,
workforce changes, introduction of self-
service machines and online businesses, is
forefronted by the Network system which
produces an economy based on skills,
knowledge, marketing and online portals
(Foley, 2013).
networks

networks
The types of processes that attract a network economy are, as
aforementioned, advanced technologies that transmit
information such as smartphones. These services allow for
the removal of physical transactions, as a network
economy thrives on the interconnection of consumer to
product (Langley and Leyshon, 2016). The open-ended
and accessible structure of a network economy creates a
foundation for a society to consume differently, even so
entirely through the Internet, and to shift the way we
purchase alongside the growth of our capitalistic society.

BY OLIVIA DI LORIO
LABOUR
RELATIONS
04.

LABOUR RELATIONS
We can recognise this
because the digital
economy has brought in
rapid and profound change
throughout the world
especially with the
restructuring and
transformation of labour.
Since the emergence of a
digital economy, with
the introduction of
digital and internet
socio-technology
changes to the
existing economy,
labour relations have
ultimately changed.

The term used to define labour in the digital economy is unpaid or free
labour. This means digitisation has seen productivity increase causing
labour to be exploited by capital (Terranova, 2000, as cited by Fast,
Örnebring & Karlsson, 2016). To understand this more we will refer to
Fast, Örnebring and Karlsson’s Metaphors of Free Labour (2016) which
includes slaves, apprentices and prospectors, and patsy’s, all existing in
the digital economy. The slave faces ‘unequal power relationships,
elements of coercion, and drudge work done under difficult conditions’
(2016, p. 967) because there now exists a competitiveness, heightened
by the electronic industry constantly shifting as it searches for optimal
ways to manufacture products (Pawlicki, 2016) with society becoming
more networked than ever. With such a demand, technology companies
search for ways to cut costs resulting in profit and growth (Stilwell,
2006), but labourers suffering.

LABOUR RELATIONS
With many companies turning to China to manufacture due to the country being characterised as
weak with often no trade unions (Pawlicki, 2016), workers are undervalued, underpaid, and doing
overtime. The patsy is ‘not even aware, or only aware in the vaguest possible sense, that some
actions they take constitute work that generates value for someone else’ (Fast, Örnebring &
Karlsson, 2016, p. 972). This means every digital user is a patsy as they are feeding into
databases which are then ultimately used as a potential source of exchange value (Fast, Örnebring
& Karlsson, 2016). With the internet abundant, exhaustive, timely, dynamic, and messy
(Richterich, 2018), collecting data is now the new normal (Douglas, 2016, as cited by Richterich,
2018) with people’s digital interactions, communication, and physical movements and features
being tracked (Richterich, 2018). Ultimately, these labourers suffer by giving out critical
information, used by others to create their value, for free and sometimes unknowingly. The
apprentice and prospector have either no or weak attachment to an employer (Fast, Örnebring &
Karlsson, 2016). These types of labourers have to ‘prove their worth to management and
employers, while performing labour and creating exchange value in the process’ (p. 969), making
‘employment uncertain, unpredictable, and risky from the worker’s perspective’ (Kalleberg,
2009, as cited by Hayes & Silke, 2018, p. 1020). Such working arrangements and conditions are
mostly prevalent in the creative industries (Hayes & Silke, 2018).

LABOUR RELATIONS
With these types of labourers prevalent due to the current digital economy, adding the pandemic
to the mix will most likely heighten these conditions. The reason for this is because the current
changing social and economic conditions are fastening the process of advancing digitalisation
around the world (Robinson, 2020). Once wary of these giant tech companies, society has now
economy’ (Robinson, turned to them with ‘their digital services becoming essential to the
pandemic 2020, p. 5). This means heightened production of technologies will see more ‘slaves’,
there will be more ‘patsy's’ as people turn their lives toward digital platforms and networks
which will be, as activist and author Naomi Klein (2020) said, ‘repackaged as way to keep
ourselves safe… or (give us) a no touch future which sees humans as a biohazard’, and more
apprentices and prospectors as more people work from home. Robinson (2020) believes in this
future too, possibly ten years from now, with the global economy seeing a more rapid and
expansive application of digitalisation in most aspects of society. He discusses how such tech
companies flourished by providing networks and platforms for people to work from home,
therefore the changes of labour already will likely be deepened.

BY ELEANOR MITCHELL
THE PEER-TO-
PEER ECONOMY
05.

The peer-to-peer economy
The peer-to-peer economy exists as an element of labour relations which consumes a significant
part of the economy. It is a decentralised model of economics which involves two individuals
engaging in a transaction directly with each other without an intermediary third party (Battle, 2020)
A peer-to-peer economy is a technologically supported decentralised system in which any user can
be both the client and the serv; this offers a significant potential benefit for consumers
(Allen, 2014). Users can be employers or employees, renters or landlords, borrowers, or lenders.
People can both give and receive through this network which is mediated in different ways
(Curtin University, 2021). There are a range of different practices and networks which constitute
what a peer-to-peer network is (Curtin University, 2021). Engagement in the peer-to-peer economy
has grown due to rapid technological advancements in the digital economy (Wirtz, 2019).
Peer-to-peer economies are an example of reworking the traditional idea of capitalism to become
more sustainable and inclusive. Some peer-to-peer economies are not focused primarily on
financial gain, but rather about supporting different values such as social connection and
collaboration. The peer-to-peer economy is successful as both parties benefit from collaboration.
It has shifted patterns of consumption and disposal by enabling people to share goods and services
within local or larger communities.

Peer-to-peer economy
Belk discussed the idea of collaborative consumption, which he defined as ‘people
coordinating the acquisition and distribution of a resource for a fee or other
compensation. By including other compensation, the definition also encompasses
bartering, trading, and swapping, which involve gifting and receiving non-
monetary compensation (Belk, 2014). Examples of peer-to-peer trading platforms
include AirBnb, YouTube, Wikipedia, Buy Nothing groups, Free Cycle, Ywaste,
ShareWaste, MulchNet and ChipDrop (Curtin University, 2021). These
companies exist within a capitalist economy (Belk, 2014), facilitating a network
between private buyers and sellers (Battle, 2020). These networks aim to
minimise product and service consumption, which equates to a reduction in the
amount of waste produced by creating a platform to share objects communally or
reshare goods to people who can find uses for them. This form of economy has
become increasingly popular, particularly as people become more
environmentally aware and make sustainably conscious decisions.

Our economic life is tied to our social and
emotional life. Therefore, people place
significant value on creating and
participating in peer-to-peer systems of
exchange. For example, there is an
emphasis on generosity and caring on
social pages such as ‘Buy Nothing’
groups, where neighbours help each other
and have meaningful interactions. This is
based on social, emotional and
community values rather than financial
value.
People engage in these peer-to-peer economies
most commonly due to financial reasons,
however, there are other reasons for taking
part in this which goes beyond solely
financial benefit. For many people, their
decision is made by factors outside of rational
economic calculation, such as decisions made
based on emotion, social connection, and
convenience, which do not necessarily equate
to financial benefit. The rise of engagement
in the peer-to-peer network demonstrates a
return to a level of interpersonal connection
and value of social exchange. It contributes to
the understanding of how consumers value
consumer to consumer relationships, which is
prevalent in the peer-to-peer economy
(Geiger, 2017).
The peer-to-peereconomy

The peer-to-peer economy
The Coronavirus pandemic caused a significant impact on consumers, service
providers and companies (Hossain, 2021). Lockdowns and border closures led to
disruptions in the supply chain which caused a detrimental change to the economy.
The Covid-19 pandemic also had a large impact on the peer-to-peer economy
(Hossain, 2021) due to the risks involved with sharing with strangers and social
connections (Batool, 2020). Sharing services such as Uber and AirBnB have
experienced rapid revenue decline due to the restrictions on travel (Batool, 2020).
However, digital transactions have increased due to the inability for consumers to
shop in a physical store (Batool, 2020).

a digitalised society awaits us

The digital economy has responded rapidly to the needs of changes in
everyday life due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on trends of
degrowth, digitalisation, the network economy, changes in labour
relations, and thus the peer-to-peer economy, old technologies are
becoming obsolete or have advanced for the next part of the digital
era. Of this, transactions are becoming heavily relied on the internet to
be successful, which is a process that has been accelerated due to
sanitation risks during the pandemic. With the pandemic still in a
global scale, the digital economy will continue to head in the same
direction, ultimately leading to a society in which transactions become
purely digital by 2030.
CONCLUSION

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