The document discusses principles of pattern perception and map design. It covers Gestalt's laws of proximity, similarity, connectedness, continuity, symmetry, closure, and relative size. It then discusses representing vector fields through showing direction, magnitude, and orientation. It also discusses the perceptual syntax of diagrams through creating nodes and relationships. Finally, it discusses the visual grammar of maps through using contours, textures, colors, and lines to represent geographic regions, paths, and point entities.
Learn about Instructional Images and H1N1 FluAlaa Sadik
The document defines and provides examples of different types of instructional images:
Line drawings are simple representations using lines and curves to explain concepts. Illustrated drawings are simple and attractive artworks that simplify ideas. Kroki are simple drawings using symbols, icons, and directions to simplify locations. Sequenced drawings are groups of pictures in a sequence that illustrate a story or phenomenon with titles and captions. Comparative drawings aim to explain similarities and differences between objects. Cartoons are simple comic drawings that tell stories and evoke emotions. Caricatures are simple-lined humorous or satirical drawings that simplify or exaggerate people or events. Maps are simplified depictions of spaces that highlight object relations and scale. Posters are graphic advertisements
Visualization Methods Overview Presentation Cambridge University Eppler Septe...epplerm
The document provides an overview of various visualization methods that can be used by managers. It discusses classifications of visualizations, including quantitative diagrams, qualitative business diagrams, and an activity-based view that categorizes visualization methods into envisioning, sketching, expressing, diagramming, mapping, materializing, and exploring. The document advises managers to consider the purpose, content, audience, and communication situation when choosing the right visualization method.
This document discusses texture mapping in computer graphics. Texture mapping involves mapping 2D image textures or textures onto 3D objects to add surface details and make computer graphics images appear more realistic. It describes how texture mapping works by pasting images onto polygon surfaces without increasing geometric complexity. Various texture mapping techniques are covered, including planar, cylindrical, and spherical mapping as well as interpolation methods for mapping texture coordinates.
This document provides an overview of tools and techniques for 3D analysis in GIS, including interpolating surfaces from point data, creating contours and derivative surfaces, analyzing visibility, and comparing surfaces for cut-fill analysis. It discusses various interpolation methods like inverse distance weighting and spline that can be used to generate grid surfaces from point data. Methods for analyzing terrain properties like slope, aspect and hillshade are also covered. The document concludes with explanations of how to determine line of sight and create viewsheds for visibility analysis, as well as how to compare two surfaces to determine cut and fill volumes.
YARCA (Yet Another Raycasting Application) Projectgraphitech
The scope of this project is to extend NASA’s World Wind to make it possible to visualize ray casting not only in intersection with the terrain, but also to consider 3D objects, which we call barriers, that will be hit by rays emitted by other objects which we call transmitters, calculating the coverage area and field of view of the transmitters and showing how the transmission signal is reflected onto the objects’ surfaces.
The document discusses the capabilities of ArcView's 3D Analyst extension. It can create and analyze 3D shapes, surfaces, and terrain data. Surface modeling in 3D Analyst uses either grids or triangulated irregular networks (TINs) to represent terrain. Grids partition space into cells storing numeric values, while TINs use triangles connecting points with x, y, z coordinates. 3D Analyst allows visualization and analysis of 3D data including contours, slopes, aspects, areas, volumes, and visibility.
The document defines and describes 15 types of instructional images: line drawings, illustrated drawings, kroki, sequenced drawings, comparative drawings, cartoons, caricatures, photographs, maps, posters, charts, flowcharts, hierarchical diagrams, geometrical figures, and screenshots. Each image type is used to explain concepts, show relationships, simplify ideas, tell stories, or provide visual representations for teaching purposes.
The document discusses principles of pattern perception and map design. It covers Gestalt's laws of proximity, similarity, connectedness, continuity, symmetry, closure, and relative size. It then discusses representing vector fields through showing direction, magnitude, and orientation. It also discusses the perceptual syntax of diagrams through creating nodes and relationships. Finally, it discusses the visual grammar of maps through using contours, textures, colors, and lines to represent geographic regions, paths, and point entities.
Learn about Instructional Images and H1N1 FluAlaa Sadik
The document defines and provides examples of different types of instructional images:
Line drawings are simple representations using lines and curves to explain concepts. Illustrated drawings are simple and attractive artworks that simplify ideas. Kroki are simple drawings using symbols, icons, and directions to simplify locations. Sequenced drawings are groups of pictures in a sequence that illustrate a story or phenomenon with titles and captions. Comparative drawings aim to explain similarities and differences between objects. Cartoons are simple comic drawings that tell stories and evoke emotions. Caricatures are simple-lined humorous or satirical drawings that simplify or exaggerate people or events. Maps are simplified depictions of spaces that highlight object relations and scale. Posters are graphic advertisements
Visualization Methods Overview Presentation Cambridge University Eppler Septe...epplerm
The document provides an overview of various visualization methods that can be used by managers. It discusses classifications of visualizations, including quantitative diagrams, qualitative business diagrams, and an activity-based view that categorizes visualization methods into envisioning, sketching, expressing, diagramming, mapping, materializing, and exploring. The document advises managers to consider the purpose, content, audience, and communication situation when choosing the right visualization method.
This document discusses texture mapping in computer graphics. Texture mapping involves mapping 2D image textures or textures onto 3D objects to add surface details and make computer graphics images appear more realistic. It describes how texture mapping works by pasting images onto polygon surfaces without increasing geometric complexity. Various texture mapping techniques are covered, including planar, cylindrical, and spherical mapping as well as interpolation methods for mapping texture coordinates.
This document provides an overview of tools and techniques for 3D analysis in GIS, including interpolating surfaces from point data, creating contours and derivative surfaces, analyzing visibility, and comparing surfaces for cut-fill analysis. It discusses various interpolation methods like inverse distance weighting and spline that can be used to generate grid surfaces from point data. Methods for analyzing terrain properties like slope, aspect and hillshade are also covered. The document concludes with explanations of how to determine line of sight and create viewsheds for visibility analysis, as well as how to compare two surfaces to determine cut and fill volumes.
YARCA (Yet Another Raycasting Application) Projectgraphitech
The scope of this project is to extend NASA’s World Wind to make it possible to visualize ray casting not only in intersection with the terrain, but also to consider 3D objects, which we call barriers, that will be hit by rays emitted by other objects which we call transmitters, calculating the coverage area and field of view of the transmitters and showing how the transmission signal is reflected onto the objects’ surfaces.
The document discusses the capabilities of ArcView's 3D Analyst extension. It can create and analyze 3D shapes, surfaces, and terrain data. Surface modeling in 3D Analyst uses either grids or triangulated irregular networks (TINs) to represent terrain. Grids partition space into cells storing numeric values, while TINs use triangles connecting points with x, y, z coordinates. 3D Analyst allows visualization and analysis of 3D data including contours, slopes, aspects, areas, volumes, and visibility.
The document defines and describes 15 types of instructional images: line drawings, illustrated drawings, kroki, sequenced drawings, comparative drawings, cartoons, caricatures, photographs, maps, posters, charts, flowcharts, hierarchical diagrams, geometrical figures, and screenshots. Each image type is used to explain concepts, show relationships, simplify ideas, tell stories, or provide visual representations for teaching purposes.
The document discusses the capabilities of ArcView's 3D Analyst extension. It can create and visualize 3D shapes and surfaces through tools like grids, TINs, and perspective viewing. Grids partition space into cells with numeric values, while TINs represent surfaces with triangles. The extension supports analyzing elevation, slope, aspect and other continuous spatial phenomena. It also provides instructions for an assignment involving preparing elevation point data and contours to model a terrain surface.
Rafi Zachut's slides on class specific segmentationwolf
Class-Specific, Top-Down Segmentation. Eran Borenstein and Shimon Ullman.
Combining Top-down and Bottom-up segmentation
Eran Borenstein
Eitan Sharon
Shimon Ullman
1. The document discusses unsupervised classification of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data using information geometry of covariance matrices.
2. It presents the spherical and independently and identically distributed (SIRV) model for non-Gaussian clutter and proposes a maximum likelihood estimator of covariance matrices under the SIRV assumption.
3. Results on real SAR data show that accounting for the non-Gaussian nature of the data using the SIRV model and a Riemannian geometric mean of covariances outperforms conventional Gaussian methods.
This document provides information about different types of graphs including bar graphs, double bar graphs, and histograms. It explains that bar graphs can display and compare data, double bar graphs can compare two related data sets, and histograms show the frequency of data values within intervals using touching bars of equal width. Steps are provided for constructing each type of graph using example data sets.
The document discusses various 3D analysis techniques that can be performed in GIS software including interpolating grid surfaces using inverse distance weighting and spline interpolation, creating contours and calculating slope, aspect and hillshade from grids and TINs, analyzing cut/fill volumes between surfaces, and conducting line of sight and viewshed visibility analyses.
Graph coloring is an important concept in graph theory. It is a special kind of problem in which we have assign colors to certain elements of the graph along with certain constraints. Suppose we are given K colors, we have to color the vertices in such a way that no two adjacent vertices of the graph have the same color, this is known as vertex coloring, similarly we have edge coloring and face coloring. The coloring problem has a huge number of applications in modern computer science such as making schedule of time table , Sudoku, Bipartite graphs , Map coloring, data mining, networking. In this paper we are going to focus on certain applications like Final exam timetabling, Aircraft Scheduling, guarding an art gallery.
Region-based image segmentation partitions an image into regions based on pixel properties like homogeneity and spatial proximity. The key region-based methods are thresholding, clustering, region growing, and split-and-merge. Region growing works by aggregating neighboring pixels with similar attributes into regions starting from seed pixels. Split-and-merge first over-segments an image and then refines the segmentation by splitting regions with high variance and merging similar adjacent regions. Region-based segmentation is used for tasks like object recognition, image compression, and medical imaging.
The document discusses using the shortest path algorithm in a log-polar representation to interpolate and extract meaningful contours from 2D images in an unsupervised manner. It presents computing the shortest path in a log-polar space as a spatially global interpolation method that results in closed, simple curves. Figures are provided to illustrate examples of shortest paths captured in both the log-polar and image representations, which effectively interpolate contours.
Mayer.r aziz.t.a rauber.a:visualising class distribution on som_ie colour and...ArchiLab 7
This document describes techniques for visualizing class distribution on self-organizing maps (SOMs). It discusses previous related work on SOM visualizations and their limitations. The document then proposes using graph-based approaches like Voronoi diagrams to segment SOM units into regions based on class labels. It describes using "attractor functions" to smoothly color region borders based on neighboring class distributions, addressing issues in previous methods. This visualization helps users analyze relationships between manual classifications and SOM clustering results.
The document discusses different methods for representing 3D computer graphics objects, including:
1. Boundary representations and space partitioning representations describe how to model 3D objects. Boundary representations describe objects as surfaces separating the interior from the exterior, while space partitioning divides space into non-overlapping solids.
2. Binary space partitioning trees (BSP trees) are commonly used to organize 3D scenes by recursively subdividing space into half-spaces using splitting planes. BSP trees allow efficient rendering by only checking visible objects.
3. Other representations discussed include polygon meshes, quadric surfaces like spheres and ellipsoids, and spline curves and surfaces. Octrees are also mentioned as a common representation used in video
This document discusses diagrammatic presentations of data, which use geometric techniques like bar diagrams, pie charts, and cartograms to visually present numerical information. The main advantages of these diagrams are that they are attractive, easy to remember and understand, simplify complex data, and help make comparisons. There are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional diagrams. Examples provided include line graphs, bar graphs, sub-divided bar graphs, rectangular diagrams, and pie charts. Pie charts in particular can be used to show percentages and proportional relationships between parts of a whole.
The document outlines different levels and techniques for data presentation in geography.
Level 1 involves basic techniques including ICT skills and simple expression of ideas. Level 2 uses an accurate range of techniques including ICT to present and develop information with considerable accuracy. Level 3 uses a more complex range of ICT methods appropriately for the investigation, expressing ideas clearly and precisely.
A variety of data presentation techniques are listed including maps, sketches, photos, graphs, overlays and dispersion diagrams, all requiring accuracy with titles, scales etc. More complex techniques involve calculating means and comparing areas using proportional circles or triangular graphs.
Region-based image segmentation refers to partitioning an image into regions based on properties like color and texture. The goal is to simplify the image into meaningful regions that correspond to objects or parts of objects. Common approaches include region growing which starts from seed pixels and aggregates neighboring pixels with similar properties, and split-and-merge which first over-segments the image and then merges similar adjacent regions.
Normal mapping is a technique used in 3D computer graphics to add detail to 3D models without increasing the number of polygons. It works by encoding normal vector information for light calculation into RGB texture maps. This allows more detailed surface shapes and lighting than would be possible with just the base polygon mesh. The technique was introduced in the late 1990s and became widely used in video games starting in the early 2000s as hardware accelerated shaders became available, enabling real-time normal mapping rendering. It provides a good quality to performance ratio for complex surface details.
This document discusses region-based image segmentation techniques. It introduces region growing, which groups similar pixels into larger regions starting from seed points. Region splitting and merging are also covered, where splitting starts with the whole image as one region and splits non-homogeneous regions, while merging combines similar adjacent regions. The advantages of these methods are that they can correctly separate regions with the same properties and provide clear edge segmentation, while the disadvantages include being computationally expensive and sensitive to noise.
Robust framework of single frame face superresolution across head pose, facia...I3E Technologies
This paper presents a framework for single-frame face super-resolution that is robust to variations in head pose, facial expression, and illumination. The framework uses a redundant transformation with diagonal loading to model mappings between different facial factors, and local reconstruction with geometry and position constraints to incorporate image details into new factor spaces. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework offers robustness when dealing with inputs with different expressions, poses, and illuminations compared to other methods, can generate higher resolution faces with better quality than tensor-based methods, and improves on previous work by producing multiple outputs with varied factors rather than a single output.
This document discusses vector GIS database structures. It explains that vector GIS represents the world using points, lines, and polygons. Vector models store discrete data like country borders and streets. Polygons are the basic unit and are created by connecting points with straight lines. Topology encodes spatial relationships between objects to accurately model real-world geometry. Topological rules govern connectivity and adjacency. Building topology involves calculating relationships between points, lines, and areas digitized in a GIS. Topological errors can occur if features do not perfectly connect. Vector databases are widely used in applications like transportation, utilities, and resource management.
This document provides information about bar graphs:
- Bar graphs use bars of equal width to show frequencies of different classes or groups. They can show relationships between two or more items.
- The key parts of a bar graph are the title, horizontal and vertical axes labeled with intervals, and bars whose heights represent recorded frequencies.
- An example bar graph shows the favorite movie of 30 grade 7 students, with the most popular being at 25 students and the least being at 5 students.
Texture mapping is a technique that uses images to add detail and texture to 3D objects. There are several types of texture mapping including bump mapping, normal mapping, parallax mapping, and displacement mapping. Bump mapping simulates bumps and wrinkles without changing the object's surface, while normal mapping is commonly used to fake lighting of bumps and dents. Parallax mapping enhances bump mapping techniques to give the illusion of depth as the viewing angle changes. Displacement mapping uses height maps to displace the actual geometry of surface points, giving surfaces great depth but at a higher computational cost.
This document discusses data display and cartography. It defines cartography as the making and study of maps and describes different types of maps like general reference maps, thematic maps, qualitative maps, and quantitative maps. It discusses spatial features, map symbols, and visual variables used to display data and spatial features on maps. It also covers topics like data classification methods, generalization techniques used to simplify data when changing map scales, and visual variables like color, hue, value, and chroma used in mapmaking.
Visual thinking colin_ware_lectures_2013_14_pre-attentive processing and high...Elsa von Licy
This document discusses feature level processing and lessons for information display from pre-attentive vision research. It covers topics like segmentation based on primitive visual features like color, orientation, and motion. Key points made are that some features like color can be processed in parallel across the visual field and "pop out", while conjunctions of features require focused attention. The document also provides guidance on designing visual symbols and data glyphs, recommending using separable perceptual dimensions and following principles of pre-attentive processing to ensure important information is available to attention.
The document discusses the capabilities of ArcView's 3D Analyst extension. It can create and visualize 3D shapes and surfaces through tools like grids, TINs, and perspective viewing. Grids partition space into cells with numeric values, while TINs represent surfaces with triangles. The extension supports analyzing elevation, slope, aspect and other continuous spatial phenomena. It also provides instructions for an assignment involving preparing elevation point data and contours to model a terrain surface.
Rafi Zachut's slides on class specific segmentationwolf
Class-Specific, Top-Down Segmentation. Eran Borenstein and Shimon Ullman.
Combining Top-down and Bottom-up segmentation
Eran Borenstein
Eitan Sharon
Shimon Ullman
1. The document discusses unsupervised classification of polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data using information geometry of covariance matrices.
2. It presents the spherical and independently and identically distributed (SIRV) model for non-Gaussian clutter and proposes a maximum likelihood estimator of covariance matrices under the SIRV assumption.
3. Results on real SAR data show that accounting for the non-Gaussian nature of the data using the SIRV model and a Riemannian geometric mean of covariances outperforms conventional Gaussian methods.
This document provides information about different types of graphs including bar graphs, double bar graphs, and histograms. It explains that bar graphs can display and compare data, double bar graphs can compare two related data sets, and histograms show the frequency of data values within intervals using touching bars of equal width. Steps are provided for constructing each type of graph using example data sets.
The document discusses various 3D analysis techniques that can be performed in GIS software including interpolating grid surfaces using inverse distance weighting and spline interpolation, creating contours and calculating slope, aspect and hillshade from grids and TINs, analyzing cut/fill volumes between surfaces, and conducting line of sight and viewshed visibility analyses.
Graph coloring is an important concept in graph theory. It is a special kind of problem in which we have assign colors to certain elements of the graph along with certain constraints. Suppose we are given K colors, we have to color the vertices in such a way that no two adjacent vertices of the graph have the same color, this is known as vertex coloring, similarly we have edge coloring and face coloring. The coloring problem has a huge number of applications in modern computer science such as making schedule of time table , Sudoku, Bipartite graphs , Map coloring, data mining, networking. In this paper we are going to focus on certain applications like Final exam timetabling, Aircraft Scheduling, guarding an art gallery.
Region-based image segmentation partitions an image into regions based on pixel properties like homogeneity and spatial proximity. The key region-based methods are thresholding, clustering, region growing, and split-and-merge. Region growing works by aggregating neighboring pixels with similar attributes into regions starting from seed pixels. Split-and-merge first over-segments an image and then refines the segmentation by splitting regions with high variance and merging similar adjacent regions. Region-based segmentation is used for tasks like object recognition, image compression, and medical imaging.
The document discusses using the shortest path algorithm in a log-polar representation to interpolate and extract meaningful contours from 2D images in an unsupervised manner. It presents computing the shortest path in a log-polar space as a spatially global interpolation method that results in closed, simple curves. Figures are provided to illustrate examples of shortest paths captured in both the log-polar and image representations, which effectively interpolate contours.
Mayer.r aziz.t.a rauber.a:visualising class distribution on som_ie colour and...ArchiLab 7
This document describes techniques for visualizing class distribution on self-organizing maps (SOMs). It discusses previous related work on SOM visualizations and their limitations. The document then proposes using graph-based approaches like Voronoi diagrams to segment SOM units into regions based on class labels. It describes using "attractor functions" to smoothly color region borders based on neighboring class distributions, addressing issues in previous methods. This visualization helps users analyze relationships between manual classifications and SOM clustering results.
The document discusses different methods for representing 3D computer graphics objects, including:
1. Boundary representations and space partitioning representations describe how to model 3D objects. Boundary representations describe objects as surfaces separating the interior from the exterior, while space partitioning divides space into non-overlapping solids.
2. Binary space partitioning trees (BSP trees) are commonly used to organize 3D scenes by recursively subdividing space into half-spaces using splitting planes. BSP trees allow efficient rendering by only checking visible objects.
3. Other representations discussed include polygon meshes, quadric surfaces like spheres and ellipsoids, and spline curves and surfaces. Octrees are also mentioned as a common representation used in video
This document discusses diagrammatic presentations of data, which use geometric techniques like bar diagrams, pie charts, and cartograms to visually present numerical information. The main advantages of these diagrams are that they are attractive, easy to remember and understand, simplify complex data, and help make comparisons. There are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional diagrams. Examples provided include line graphs, bar graphs, sub-divided bar graphs, rectangular diagrams, and pie charts. Pie charts in particular can be used to show percentages and proportional relationships between parts of a whole.
The document outlines different levels and techniques for data presentation in geography.
Level 1 involves basic techniques including ICT skills and simple expression of ideas. Level 2 uses an accurate range of techniques including ICT to present and develop information with considerable accuracy. Level 3 uses a more complex range of ICT methods appropriately for the investigation, expressing ideas clearly and precisely.
A variety of data presentation techniques are listed including maps, sketches, photos, graphs, overlays and dispersion diagrams, all requiring accuracy with titles, scales etc. More complex techniques involve calculating means and comparing areas using proportional circles or triangular graphs.
Region-based image segmentation refers to partitioning an image into regions based on properties like color and texture. The goal is to simplify the image into meaningful regions that correspond to objects or parts of objects. Common approaches include region growing which starts from seed pixels and aggregates neighboring pixels with similar properties, and split-and-merge which first over-segments the image and then merges similar adjacent regions.
Normal mapping is a technique used in 3D computer graphics to add detail to 3D models without increasing the number of polygons. It works by encoding normal vector information for light calculation into RGB texture maps. This allows more detailed surface shapes and lighting than would be possible with just the base polygon mesh. The technique was introduced in the late 1990s and became widely used in video games starting in the early 2000s as hardware accelerated shaders became available, enabling real-time normal mapping rendering. It provides a good quality to performance ratio for complex surface details.
This document discusses region-based image segmentation techniques. It introduces region growing, which groups similar pixels into larger regions starting from seed points. Region splitting and merging are also covered, where splitting starts with the whole image as one region and splits non-homogeneous regions, while merging combines similar adjacent regions. The advantages of these methods are that they can correctly separate regions with the same properties and provide clear edge segmentation, while the disadvantages include being computationally expensive and sensitive to noise.
Robust framework of single frame face superresolution across head pose, facia...I3E Technologies
This paper presents a framework for single-frame face super-resolution that is robust to variations in head pose, facial expression, and illumination. The framework uses a redundant transformation with diagonal loading to model mappings between different facial factors, and local reconstruction with geometry and position constraints to incorporate image details into new factor spaces. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework offers robustness when dealing with inputs with different expressions, poses, and illuminations compared to other methods, can generate higher resolution faces with better quality than tensor-based methods, and improves on previous work by producing multiple outputs with varied factors rather than a single output.
This document discusses vector GIS database structures. It explains that vector GIS represents the world using points, lines, and polygons. Vector models store discrete data like country borders and streets. Polygons are the basic unit and are created by connecting points with straight lines. Topology encodes spatial relationships between objects to accurately model real-world geometry. Topological rules govern connectivity and adjacency. Building topology involves calculating relationships between points, lines, and areas digitized in a GIS. Topological errors can occur if features do not perfectly connect. Vector databases are widely used in applications like transportation, utilities, and resource management.
This document provides information about bar graphs:
- Bar graphs use bars of equal width to show frequencies of different classes or groups. They can show relationships between two or more items.
- The key parts of a bar graph are the title, horizontal and vertical axes labeled with intervals, and bars whose heights represent recorded frequencies.
- An example bar graph shows the favorite movie of 30 grade 7 students, with the most popular being at 25 students and the least being at 5 students.
Texture mapping is a technique that uses images to add detail and texture to 3D objects. There are several types of texture mapping including bump mapping, normal mapping, parallax mapping, and displacement mapping. Bump mapping simulates bumps and wrinkles without changing the object's surface, while normal mapping is commonly used to fake lighting of bumps and dents. Parallax mapping enhances bump mapping techniques to give the illusion of depth as the viewing angle changes. Displacement mapping uses height maps to displace the actual geometry of surface points, giving surfaces great depth but at a higher computational cost.
This document discusses data display and cartography. It defines cartography as the making and study of maps and describes different types of maps like general reference maps, thematic maps, qualitative maps, and quantitative maps. It discusses spatial features, map symbols, and visual variables used to display data and spatial features on maps. It also covers topics like data classification methods, generalization techniques used to simplify data when changing map scales, and visual variables like color, hue, value, and chroma used in mapmaking.
Visual thinking colin_ware_lectures_2013_14_pre-attentive processing and high...Elsa von Licy
This document discusses feature level processing and lessons for information display from pre-attentive vision research. It covers topics like segmentation based on primitive visual features like color, orientation, and motion. Key points made are that some features like color can be processed in parallel across the visual field and "pop out", while conjunctions of features require focused attention. The document also provides guidance on designing visual symbols and data glyphs, recommending using separable perceptual dimensions and following principles of pre-attentive processing to ensure important information is available to attention.
This paper presents a taxonomy of glyph placement strategies for multidimensional data visualization. It discusses issues with glyph layout, such as overlaps and screen utilization. Glyph placement can be data-driven, using raw or derived data dimensions, or structure-driven, using explicit or implicit relationships. Data-driven strategies map data dimensions to glyph properties, while structure-driven uses relationships. Both approaches may involve post-processing to reduce clutter. The paper outlines different techniques under each category and discusses factors to consider when selecting a placement strategy. It concludes by motivating the need for customizable glyphs and usability testing of placement methods.
Importance of Mean Shift in Remote Sensing SegmentationIOSR Journals
1) Mean shift is a non-parametric clustering technique that can segment remote sensing images into homogeneous regions without prior knowledge of the number of clusters or constraints on cluster shape.
2) The document presents a case study demonstrating mean shift can segment an image containing oil storage tanks into distinct regions faster than level set segmentation.
3) Mean shift is shown to be well-suited for remote sensing image segmentation tasks like forest mapping and land cover classification due to its ability to handle noise, gradients, and texture variations common in real-world images.
Data-Driven Color Palettes for Categorical Mapsnacis_slides
NACIS 2016 Presentation
Luc Guillemot, UC Berkeley
David O'Sullivan, UC Berkeley
How can colors be used to unravel spatiotemporal patterns in a multivariate geographical space? Perceptually consistent color spaces such as L*a*b* or L*c*h* are well defined, but their use in qualitative cartography is still relatively rare. Furthermore, qualitative color palettes are often randomly selected and do not relate the distance between colors to degrees of difference between categories depicted on the map. This study presents a tool allowing to select colors and automatically connect them to a multivariate space. It is applied to a geodemographic map of the San Francisco Bay Area where colors for 15 clusters can be algorithmically selected to reflect similarities between clusters in the attribute space or to maximize contrast between spatially contiguous clusters. This study shows that careful consideration of a color palette and its relation to the mapped data space can assist in the visualization of complex spatiotemporal patterns.
IRJET-A Review on Implementation of High Dimension Colour Transform in Domain...IRJET Journal
This document reviews algorithms for detecting salient regions in images using high dimensional color transforms. It summarizes several existing methods that use color contrast, frequency analysis, and superpixel segmentation. A key method discussed creates a saliency map by finding the optimal linear combination of color coefficients in a high dimensional color space. This allows more accurate detection of salient objects versus methods using only RGB color. The performance of this high dimensional color transform method is improved by also utilizing relative location and color contrast between superpixels as learned features.
Implementation of High Dimension Colour Transform in Domain of Image ProcessingIRJET Journal
This document discusses implementing a high-dimensional color transform method for salient region detection in images. It aims to extract salient regions by designing a saliency map using global and local image features. The creation of the saliency map involves mapping colors from RGB space to a high-dimensional color space to find an optimal linear combination of color coefficients. This allows composing an accurate saliency map. The performance is further improved by using relative location and color contrast between superpixels as features and resolving the saliency estimation from an initial trimap using a learning-based algorithm. The method is analyzed on a dataset of training images.
Data Visualization GIS and Maps, The Visualization Process Visualization Strategies: Present or explore? The cartographic toolbox: What kind of data do I have?, How can I map my data? How to map?: How to map qualitative data, How to map quantitative data, How to map the terrain elevation, How to map time series Map Cosmetics, Map Dissemination
An Experiment with Sparse Field and Localized Region Based Active Contour Int...CSCJournals
This paper discusses various experiments conducted on different types of Level Sets interactive segmentation techniques using Matlab software, on select images. The objective is to assess the effectiveness on specific natural images, which have complex image composition in terms of intensity, colour mix, indistinct object boundary, low contrast, etc. Besides visual assessment, measures such as Jaccard Index, Dice Coefficient and Hausdorrf Distance have been computed to assess the accuracy of these techniques, between segmented and ground truth images. This paper particularly discusses Sparse Field Matrix and Localized Region Based Active Contours, both based on Level Sets. These techniques were not found to be effective where object boundary is not very distinct and/or has low contrast with background. Also, the techniques were ineffective on such images where foreground object stretches up to the image boundary.
Stone texture classification and discrimination by edge direction movementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Texture discrimination is the rich field in the area pattern recognition and pattern analysis. The texture classification is the one of
the major field in texture discrimination. In this paper derive an approach for texture group classification based on the direction
movement. The edge movements are identified in each 3×3 window of the texture image. Based on the edge direction movements
the texture images are categorized. Two texture groups used in this paper. Texture group 1 consists of Bark, Sand, Raffia and
Pigskin images and Straw, Bsand, Wgrain and Grass image are treated as texture group2. In this paper, Horizontal, Vertical
direction and also Right, Left Diagonal Edge direction movements are identified.
Key Words: Edge Direction movements, texture classification, pattern recognition, texture group
This document presents a new interactive image segmentation method called Advanced Maximal Similarity Based Region Merging (MSRM) using user interactions. The method first segments the image using multi-level thresholding. The user then marks regions of the desired object with markers. Regions are represented by color histograms and similarity is measured using Euclidean distance of mean color values. Regions are merged based on similarity, first merging marked and unmarked object regions, then merging remaining unmarked regions. Results show the proposed MSRM method achieves higher true positive rates and lower false positive rates than other interactive segmentation methods.
Making sense of data visually: A modern look at datavisualizationVladimir Milev
The document discusses modern approaches to data visualization. It begins by noting the problem of information overload in today's data-rich world. Effective visualization is presented as a solution by allowing humans to leverage their highly efficient visual processing abilities. Fundamental principles from gestalt psychology that underlie effective visualization are described, such as grouping and emergence of patterns. Common basic visualizations like bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts are explained. More advanced visualizations including maps, heat maps and parallel coordinate plots are also outlined. The document emphasizes matching the right visualization technique to the data and question being explored.
Colour-Texture Image Segmentation using Hypercomplex Gabor Analysissipij
Texture analysis such as segmentation and classification plays a vital role in computer vision and pattern recognition and is widely applied to many areas such as industrial automation, bio-medical image processing and remote sensing. In this paper, we first extend the well-known Gabor filters to color images using a specific form of hypercomplex numbers known as quaternions. These filters are
constructed as windowed basis functions of the quaternion Fourier transform also known as hypercomplex Fourier transform. Based on this extension this paper presents the use of these new
quaternionic Gabor filters in colour texture image segmentation. Experimental results on two colour texture images are presented. We tested the robustness of this technique for segmentation by adding Gaussian noise to the texture images. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method gives better segmentation results even in the presence of strongest noise.
Color Image Segmentation Based On Principal Component Analysis With Applicati...CSCJournals
In this paper we propose a segmentation method for multi-spectral images in the HSV space, based on the Principal Component Analysis to generate grayscale images. Then the Firefly Algorithm has been applied on the gray-level images in a histogram-based research of cluster centroids. The FA is a metaheuristic optimization algorithm, centered on the flashing behaviour of fireflies. The Firefly Algorithm is performed to determine automatically the number of clusters and to select the gray levels for partitioning pixels into homogeneous regions. Successively, these gray values are employed during the initialization step of a Gaussian Mixture Model for estimation of parameters, evaluated through the Expectation-Maximization technique. The coefficients of the linear super-position of Gaussians can be regarded as the prior probabilities of each component. Applying the Bayes rule, the posterior probabilities have been estimated and their maxima are used to assign each pixel to the clusters, according to their gray values.
This document presents a hybrid approach for color image segmentation that integrates color edge information and seeded region growing. It uses color edge detection in CIE L*a*b color space to select initial seed regions and guide region growth. Seeded region growing is performed based on color similarity between pixels. The edge map and region map are fused to produce homogeneous regions with closed boundaries. Small regions are then merged. The approach is tested on images from the Berkeley segmentation dataset and produces reasonably good segmentation results by combining color and edge information.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a method for colorizing gray scale images. The method involves:
1. Converting the gray scale image and a reference color image to the lαβ color space.
2. Dividing the images into windows and extracting texture features and mean/standard deviation values from each window.
3. Calculating a similarity measure between corresponding windows in the images based on texture and luminance matching.
4. Transferring the chromatic values from the best matching colored window to the gray scale window to colorize it, while retaining the original luminance values.
This document discusses cartographic output from GIS analysis. It covers both permanent printed output as well as ephemeral screen-based output. The design process for maps involves determining the map type, symbols, colors, and layout. Key considerations in map design include legibility, visual contrast, figure-ground relationships, and establishing a visual hierarchy. The document also discusses other types of cartographic and non-cartographic output such as tables, graphs, and interactive maps.
1) The document discusses image segmentation in satellite images using optimal texture measures. It evaluates four texture measures from the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) with six different window sizes.
2) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to reduce the texture measures to a manageable size while retaining discrimination information.
3) The methodology consists of selecting an optimal window size and optimal texture measure. A 7x7 window size provided superior performance for classification. PCA is used to analyze correlations between texture measures and window sizes.
Hard to Reach Users in Easy to Reach PlacesMike Crabb
The aim of this research project is to develop an accessible office workstation for disabled users. This includes investigating various input and output devices that can be used by disabled users and incorporating them into a workstation application to increase bandwidth for each user.
How do we design accessible services for everyone while also caring about the UX? This presentation looks at a model of accessibility that can be used for all users and we show how this works for making accessible UX-friendly tools for television, board gamers, and developers. Presented at UX Scotland 2018
The document outlines the academic peer review process. It involves submitting a paper to a conference, which is then assigned to an area chair and sent to reviewers. The reviewers create scores and feedback, which are used by the area chair to write a summary and determine if the paper is accepted or rejected. The process relies on expert reviewers to evaluate the validity and significance of contributions. The document also provides guidance on conducting a detailed peer review, including performing multiple reads of the paper, checking for flaws, structuring a review report, and focusing on strengths as well as areas for improvement.
This document provides an overview of qualitative data analysis techniques including inductive and deductive approaches, coding methods like open coding and axial coding, developing code hierarchies, comparative analysis using tables and models, and ensuring analytic quality through reflexivity. It discusses writing as a tool for analysis, such as keeping a research diary, and the importance of anonymity and validity in qualitative research ethics.
Conversation Discourse and Document AnalysisMike Crabb
This document provides information on studying discourse through analyzing conversations and documents. It discusses generating an archive of various materials, the practicalities of recording audio and video sources, and methods for transcribing recordings. Conversation analysis is explored by examining structural organization and how refusals are handled. Analyzing documents involves considering how and where they were read or used. Overall, the document outlines different approaches for exploring language use through discourse studies.
1. Focus groups can be used in various sectors like marketing, public relations, health services, and social science research to generate insights into attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making processes.
2. Proper research design and planning is required when conducting focus groups. This involves considering the facilitator, setting, participant size and composition, recruitment methods, topic guide, and addressing any ethical issues.
3. Focus groups are best for exploring perspectives and meanings that people ascribe to ideas and experiences. They provide insights into how views are formed and modified in a group context.
This document provides an overview of conducting interviews for research purposes. It discusses the steps involved, which include designing the study, conducting interviews, ensuring quality and ethical standards, and analyzing the data. Key aspects covered include developing interview questions, creating an engaging dialogue with participants, addressing confidentiality and consent, and using different analytic approaches such as having participants validate interpretations. The overall aim is to understand participants' perspectives in a rigorous yet empathetic manner.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research methods. It discusses what qualitative research is, how to get the right sample, important aspects of qualitative research design such as research questions and comparisons. It also covers organizing a qualitative study, ethics, and designing for different qualitative methods like interviews, focus groups, and ethnography. Key considerations for each method are outlined.
Presentation on designing for different types of accessibility challenges. Permanent, situational, and temporary aspects of accessibility are discussed.
This document discusses accessibility in gaming. It presents a model of accessibility that includes visual, cognitive, physical, communication, emotional, socio-economic, and intersectional factors. It discusses permanent, situational, and temporary challenges and provides examples. It addresses the current state of accessibility in games and outlines areas for future improvement, including increased use of simulation and guidelines. The document advocates for designing games that are both accessible and fun.
Using Cloud in an Enterprise EnvironmentMike Crabb
Introduction to the different cloud models that exist and how they can be used in an enterprise level environment. Short discussion on UK DPA and its relevance to cloud computing
Teaching Cloud to the Programmers of TomorrowMike Crabb
This document discusses Robert Gordon University's use of cloud computing in its computer science curriculum. It describes how courses from first year HTML to final year projects utilize cloud servers for teaching web programming and deploying student work. This allows students to focus on coding rather than server maintenance and eases collaboration. Using the cloud improves students' employability by gaining experience with tools like Git and deploying to platforms such as Microsoft Azure. It also benefits lecturers by increasing security, stability and trackability compared to maintaining physical servers. The cloud facilitates research projects through easier code and data sharing between collaborators. However, cloud services require flexibility as no single solution meets all needs.
This document discusses different ways that PHP can receive input from forms and other sources like databases. It covers using GET and POST methods to pass variables between pages via URLs or form submissions. It also provides an example of linking a form to a database by connecting in PHP, obtaining POST variables, writing an SQL query, and redirecting to another page that displays the database records.
This document provides an overview of web application architecture, SQL, and using databases in PHP. It discusses n-tier web application design including benefits like availability, redundancy, scalability and performance. It introduces SQL and MySQL, covering visualizing databases, table creation rules, and basic SQL statements. It also explains how to connect a MySQL database to PHP using mysqli.
A walkthrough showing you how to take a webpage template and create the HTML and CSS for it. We go through each of the parts of the page individually and explain how to create them all
This is Stage one of my Future Deep Strike Aircraft project to develop a replacement for the FB-111 / F-111F / F-15E and B-1B. This stage covers requirements and threats. Stage 2 will cover Design Studies, and the CCA Wingman.
2. what are we
looking at?
Texture: Theory and Data Mapping
Integral and Separable Dimensions: Glyph Design
Representing Quantity
Perceiving Patterns in multi-dimensional Data
6. the gabor function
The gabor function / filter is a
process that is used for edge
detection
We don’t need to understand the
maths, just how it works.
Worth understanding as the
function works in a very similar
way to human perception
7. the gabor function
“A number of electrophysiological and psychophysical experiments show
that V1 and V2 contain large arrays of neurons that filter for orientation
and size information at each point in the visual field. These neurons have
both a preferred orientation and a preferred size (they are said to have
spatial and orientation tuning). They are either weakly color coded or not
color coded, responding to luminance patterns only.”
8. the gabor function
Texture segmentation is the name given to the
process whereby the brain divides the visual
world into regions based on texture.
10. Primary Perceptual Dimensions of
Texture
Orientation O: The orientation of the cosine component
Scale S: The size – 1/(spatial frequency) component
Contrast C: An amplitude or contrast component
20. In order to make a set of nominal coding textures
distinctive, make them differ as much as possible in
terms of dominant spatial frequency and orientation
components.
As a secondary factor, make texture elements vary in
the randomness of their spacing.
33. “Will the color-coding scheme interfere with our
perception of glyph size and therefore distort
perceived population level?”
“What if we use both color and size to represent
a single variable—will this make the information
clearer?”
42. If it is important for people to respond holistically
to a combination of two variables in a set of glyphs,
map the variables to integral glyph properties.
43. If it is important for people to respond analytically
to a combination of variables, making separate
judgments on the basis of one variable or the other,
map the variables to integral glyph properties.
56. When designing a set of glyphs to represent quantity,
mapping to any of the following glyph attributes
will be effective: size, lightness (on a dark
background), darkness (on a light background),
vividness (higher saturation) of color, or vertical
position in the display.
58. Ideally, use glyph length or height, or vertical
position, to represent quantity.
If the range of values is large, consider using glyph
area as an alternative. Never use the volume of a
three-dimensional glyph to represent quantity.
60. Multidimensional Discrete Data: Uniform
Representation versus Multiple Channels
Spatial Position Position in Space (x, y, and z) 3
Colour Defined by colour theory 3
Surface Texture Orientation, Size, and Contrast 3
Motion Coding Movement (more research needed) 2 or 3
Shape Size and Orientation 2+
Blink Coding On / Off 1
61. In general, the use of heterogeneous display
channels is best combined with meaningful mappings
between data attributes and graphical features of a
set of glyphs.
62. Stars and Whiskers
What happens if no natural
mappings exist?
Whisker and Star plots can be
used
79. The sky is the limit
as designers, you should be able to come up with
solutions to visualisation problems
80. RECAp…
Texture: Theory and Data Mapping
Integral and Separable Dimensions: Glyph Design
Representing Quantity
Perceiving Patterns in multi-dimensional Data