The document discusses systematic exploration for coal deposits. It emphasizes the importance of fully understanding a deposit's geology before committing major capital to develop the deposit. It compares the Indonesian National Standard and JORC Code exploration guidelines. Exploration should start with wide reconnaissance drilling based on these guidelines to efficiently gather broad geological data before focusing on a potential startup area. Drilling plans should be followed to gather comprehensive geological information needed for feasibility studies and permitting within a timeframe that allows for timely project development and return on investment. Understanding the deposit's formation and consistently measuring key parameters are also discussed.
- Atef Farouk Abdelaal has over 18 years of experience in the petroleum industry, including positions as Senior Petrophysicist and Project Leader at ADCO in Abu Dhabi.
- He has expertise in petrophysics, reservoir modeling, and managing studies of undeveloped oil reservoirs across the Middle East and North Africa.
- Currently he is the Acting Study Manager at ADCO, where he leads teams and presents results to shareholders seeking approval for appraisal drilling.
This document provides an overview of a graduation project studying the SIMIAN field. It will integrate petroleum geology and exploration, drilling engineering, well logging, reservoir engineering, well testing, and production engineering. The study will include constructing structure contour maps, isopach maps, and calculating the original gas in place. It will also include determining the number of casing strings needed, designing the cement program, predicting drilling problems, and calculating the total drilling cost. Other aspects covered are making qualitative and quantitative log interpretations, identifying the reservoir driving mechanism, determining boundaries and properties from well testing, and selecting the optimum tubing size and gas processing method.
Sampling for Mineral Resource definition – A pragmatic approach.SAIMM present...Hennie Theart
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Methods of prospecting for oil and gas in fuel geologyThomas Chinnappan
This document discusses various methods used for prospecting oil and gas, including geological, geophysical, aerial and drilling techniques. Geological methods involve surface mapping and analyzing data from exploratory wells. Geophysical techniques encompass gravimetric, magnetic, and seismic surveys to detect underground structures. Prospective drilling involves extracting core samples from test wells to identify potential oil and gas reserves. Together, these prospecting methods are used to identify favorable conditions for oil and gas accumulation and inform decisions about exploration and extraction.
Chinook Consulting provides remote geosteering and drilling optimization services to achieve cost reductions. They centrally manage rigs to establish optimal well paths using real-time data integration and decision making. This improves rates of penetration, reduces drilling times by 20% on average, and optimizes well placement for increased production rates. Clients can choose between different service levels offering increased well supervision and deliverables. Remote geosteering provides significant savings over on-site supervision, especially for multiple rig fleets.
Reservoir engineering involves estimating oil and gas reserves within underground formations. Reservoir engineers determine the volume of hydrocarbons originally in place and the fraction that can be recovered using production methods over time. Estimating reserves requires understanding properties like porosity, which is the proportion of void space within a rock that can contain fluids. Porosity values are measured through lab analysis of core samples and well logs, and can range widely between reservoir types and impact recoverable volumes.
- Atef Farouk Abdelaal has over 18 years of experience in the petroleum industry, including positions as Senior Petrophysicist and Project Leader at ADCO in Abu Dhabi.
- He has expertise in petrophysics, reservoir modeling, and managing studies of undeveloped oil reservoirs across the Middle East and North Africa.
- Currently he is the Acting Study Manager at ADCO, where he leads teams and presents results to shareholders seeking approval for appraisal drilling.
This document provides an overview of a graduation project studying the SIMIAN field. It will integrate petroleum geology and exploration, drilling engineering, well logging, reservoir engineering, well testing, and production engineering. The study will include constructing structure contour maps, isopach maps, and calculating the original gas in place. It will also include determining the number of casing strings needed, designing the cement program, predicting drilling problems, and calculating the total drilling cost. Other aspects covered are making qualitative and quantitative log interpretations, identifying the reservoir driving mechanism, determining boundaries and properties from well testing, and selecting the optimum tubing size and gas processing method.
Sampling for Mineral Resource definition – A pragmatic approach.SAIMM present...Hennie Theart
The document discusses sampling for mineral resource definition. It provides definitions for key terms like mineral resource and sample. It emphasizes that samples must be representative of the material sampled and discusses quality assurance and quality control considerations for various aspects of sampling including location surveys, sample collection through drilling or trenching, density measurements, sample preparation, chemical analysis, database management, and geological modeling. Ensuring representative sampling through appropriate methods and QA/QC is essential for accurately defining a mineral resource.
Methods of prospecting for oil and gas in fuel geologyThomas Chinnappan
This document discusses various methods used for prospecting oil and gas, including geological, geophysical, aerial and drilling techniques. Geological methods involve surface mapping and analyzing data from exploratory wells. Geophysical techniques encompass gravimetric, magnetic, and seismic surveys to detect underground structures. Prospective drilling involves extracting core samples from test wells to identify potential oil and gas reserves. Together, these prospecting methods are used to identify favorable conditions for oil and gas accumulation and inform decisions about exploration and extraction.
Chinook Consulting provides remote geosteering and drilling optimization services to achieve cost reductions. They centrally manage rigs to establish optimal well paths using real-time data integration and decision making. This improves rates of penetration, reduces drilling times by 20% on average, and optimizes well placement for increased production rates. Clients can choose between different service levels offering increased well supervision and deliverables. Remote geosteering provides significant savings over on-site supervision, especially for multiple rig fleets.
Reservoir engineering involves estimating oil and gas reserves within underground formations. Reservoir engineers determine the volume of hydrocarbons originally in place and the fraction that can be recovered using production methods over time. Estimating reserves requires understanding properties like porosity, which is the proportion of void space within a rock that can contain fluids. Porosity values are measured through lab analysis of core samples and well logs, and can range widely between reservoir types and impact recoverable volumes.
From Basic Research to Profitable Geothermal Energy Production Iceland Geothermal
This document discusses geothermal exploration methods from basic research to profitable energy production. It describes Iceland GeoSurvey's role in geothermal research and development since 1945. The document outlines geothermal exploration steps including data review, reconnaissance, geological and geophysical exploration, and drilling. It emphasizes that exploration methods must be tailored to each field and discusses specific geophysical methods like resistivity surveys. The document stresses the importance of basic research to improve exploration techniques and reduce drilling costs for more profitable geothermal energy production.
Large scale mining projects follow a defined process from exploration to mining. Exploration begins regionally to generate targets, then progresses to more localized surveys, mapping, sampling and geophysics to define drill targets. Drilling aims to discover mineral deposits, with successful targets undergoing resource definition and feasibility studies. If studies demonstrate viability, mining and production can begin for decades, providing revenue and jobs. Large scale mines are regulated and planned to operate sustainably, in contrast to artisanal mining which can lack oversight and rehabilitation.
The document outlines the key steps for designing and managing an effective core analysis program, including appointing a program focal point, reviewing existing core data, designing the testing program with laboratory assistance, selecting a laboratory contractor, and preparing final reports. It also provides examples of specialized core analysis programs for different reservoir lithologies and examples of recommended routine and special core analysis tests for gas and oil reservoirs.
This document summarizes methods for estimating CO2 storage resource and capacity in deep saline formations. It discusses terminology, proposed classification systems for storage resource levels, and open and closed system methodologies. Methodologies from the DOE, CSLF, IEAGHG, and USGS are compared. The document also discusses determining storage coefficients through numerical simulation and developing storage coefficients at different scales from site-specific to formation-level. Key references on the topic are also listed.
The document outlines procedures for initiating mineral exploration drilling programs. It details establishing standardized systems for drill hole identification codes, geological logging codes, sample quality standards, and notifying relevant stakeholders. Responsibilities include defining the drilling program terms, selecting a drilling contractor, establishing codes, verifying supplies are available, and ensuring all personnel are briefed on procedures. The goal is to properly plan the program and maintain quality standards.
This document summarizes the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership activities related to CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery. It provides an overview of the PCOR region, key projects including Bell Creek, Aquistore, and Zama, and lessons learned from the Weyburn Project. The PCOR aims to demonstrate CO2 storage at commercial scale through integrated site characterization, modeling, risk assessment, and monitoring, verification, and accounting activities to ensure safe and permanent CO2 storage.
Drilling efficiency optimization at hassai siteAhmad Elsir
The document discusses optimization of drilling efficiency at a mining site in Sudan. It describes the study area and objectives, which include evaluating drilling rate equations, collecting rock samples, and developing a web-based application for selecting drillers. Sieve analysis and mechanical tests were conducted on samples. Graphs show grain size distribution curves for different boreholes. Tables provide test results on time taken for different grain sizes to pass through a sieve. The document also discusses controllable drilling parameters and components of the drill string that impact efficiency, such as shock absorbers, deck bushings, drill pipes, and bit sub adaptors.
Geochemical methods in mineral explorationPramoda Raj
This document discusses geochemical methods for mineral exploration. It covers general principles of geochemistry as they relate to mineral deposits. It also discusses optimizing exploration through proper planning, selection of areas and methods, and organization of field, lab, and supervisory operations. Geochemistry is described as an essential component of modern integrated exploration programs due to the low-grade, large-tonnage nature of most economic deposits and its effectiveness in weathered tropical environments.
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts for understanding petroleum geology and reservoir evaluation, including the exploration and production (E&P) process. It defines important terms like reservoir, seal, and pay and explains the requirements for a viable petroleum or carbon dioxide storage system. The document also summarizes common sources of geological data used in reservoir evaluation like seismic imaging, well logs, cores, and analogs. It describes the E&P stages from permit evaluation through development and outlines how companies evaluate exploration permits based on assessing the probability of successful petroleum systems.
This document discusses geoscience division services that provide analysis of core samples using cutting edge technology. The analysis includes program pyrolysis to determine hydrocarbons, organic carbon, and thermal maturity. X-ray diffraction is used to determine mineralogy, brittleness, and formation tops. X-ray fluorescence provides elemental composition. This precise data helps with exploration by identifying pay zones and reservoirs, and production by optimizing well placement and completions. The division produces high quality data faster than conventional labs using standardized procedures and experienced professionals. Case studies show how the analysis helped clients by locating unanticipated pay zones and reservoirs.
This document discusses re-entry horizontal drilling for enhanced oil recovery in Indonesia. It begins by outlining drivers for enhancing oil recovery through re-entry drilling such as declining production from existing wells. It then provides background on Indonesia's oil production history and challenges in meeting production targets. The document describes Geoglide's services for directional drilling, well planning, and risk reduction for re-entry horizontal wells. It discusses factors to consider such as well selection, drilling unit selection, horizontal drilling technology options, and information needed to plan a re-entry horizontal drilling project. The conclusion emphasizes that EOR projects require cost-effective and low-risk solutions.
Laubsher cave mining handbook de beers versionJULIO QUISPE
This document summarizes key aspects of geological investigations for cave mining projects:
- Geological investigations are ongoing from exploration to mine closure and provide critical input data for planning and operating the mine.
- Early-stage exploration programs should be designed with mining considerations in mind, with close collaboration between exploration and mining geology teams.
- Detailed core logging and structural analysis is important for rock mass classification and caveability assessment.
- Geological modeling and mapping at various scales is used to understand the regional context and 3D geometry of the deposit. Hard copy maps and sections remain important references in addition to digital models.
- Zones of different structural, density or chemical properties within the orebody must be defined,
Apec workshop 2 presentation 9 apec workshop 2 basics of geological storageGlobal CCS Institute
This document provides an overview of geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). It discusses various trapping mechanisms for storing CO2 underground, including structural and stratigraphic trapping, residual trapping, solubility trapping, and mineral trapping. Characterization methods and monitoring techniques are also outlined to ensure the safe and permanent storage of CO2. Risk assessment and public outreach are emphasized as important parts of the regulatory and planning process for geological CO2 storage projects.
Mohamed Fekry Hamza Saleh has over 8 years of experience as a geoscientist in Egypt, working on exploration and development projects with Merlon El-Fayum and Petrosilah Companies. He holds a B.Sc. in Geology from Mansoura University and has taken several industry courses. His experience includes well site geology, operations geology, development geology, and currently serves as an exploration geoscientist section head.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Well logging is a technique used to determine physical and chemical properties of rock formations and fluids in the subsurface. It involves lowering instruments down boreholes to collect data on properties like porosity, permeability, fluid content. This data is used to locate and define hydrocarbon reservoirs, estimate reserves, and optimize well construction and production. Modern well logging provides cheaper and quicker subsurface data collection compared to traditional coring and cuttings. A variety of open hole and cased hole logging tools and techniques are used at different stages of hydrocarbon exploration and production.
The document discusses alternative geochemical survey methods including mobile metal ion (MMI) surveys and biogeochemistry using the plant species Curatella Americana L. (lixeira). MMI surveys involve extracting weakly attached metal ions from soil samples to detect low concentrations of metals from buried ore bodies. Key steps include understanding landforms, using specialized extractions, advanced analytical techniques, and correct data interpretation. Biogeochemistry uses the chemical composition of plant ashes to represent the chemical habitat of the soil. Lixeira is suitable for prospecting in Brazil as it absorbs metals from deep soil layers and its distribution and chemistry are well-studied.
This document summarizes a congress focused on optimization of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) drilling operations. The two-day congress will consist of operator-led case studies and presentations on topics such as well integrity, optimal well positioning, directional drilling strategies, cementing optimization, casing selection, drilling fluids, and sand systems. The goal is to help operators maximize drilling rates of penetration while reducing time and costs through analysis of production data and well failure experiences.
From Basic Research to Profitable Geothermal Energy Production Iceland Geothermal
This document discusses geothermal exploration methods from basic research to profitable energy production. It describes Iceland GeoSurvey's role in geothermal research and development since 1945. The document outlines geothermal exploration steps including data review, reconnaissance, geological and geophysical exploration, and drilling. It emphasizes that exploration methods must be tailored to each field and discusses specific geophysical methods like resistivity surveys. The document stresses the importance of basic research to improve exploration techniques and reduce drilling costs for more profitable geothermal energy production.
Large scale mining projects follow a defined process from exploration to mining. Exploration begins regionally to generate targets, then progresses to more localized surveys, mapping, sampling and geophysics to define drill targets. Drilling aims to discover mineral deposits, with successful targets undergoing resource definition and feasibility studies. If studies demonstrate viability, mining and production can begin for decades, providing revenue and jobs. Large scale mines are regulated and planned to operate sustainably, in contrast to artisanal mining which can lack oversight and rehabilitation.
The document outlines the key steps for designing and managing an effective core analysis program, including appointing a program focal point, reviewing existing core data, designing the testing program with laboratory assistance, selecting a laboratory contractor, and preparing final reports. It also provides examples of specialized core analysis programs for different reservoir lithologies and examples of recommended routine and special core analysis tests for gas and oil reservoirs.
This document summarizes methods for estimating CO2 storage resource and capacity in deep saline formations. It discusses terminology, proposed classification systems for storage resource levels, and open and closed system methodologies. Methodologies from the DOE, CSLF, IEAGHG, and USGS are compared. The document also discusses determining storage coefficients through numerical simulation and developing storage coefficients at different scales from site-specific to formation-level. Key references on the topic are also listed.
The document outlines procedures for initiating mineral exploration drilling programs. It details establishing standardized systems for drill hole identification codes, geological logging codes, sample quality standards, and notifying relevant stakeholders. Responsibilities include defining the drilling program terms, selecting a drilling contractor, establishing codes, verifying supplies are available, and ensuring all personnel are briefed on procedures. The goal is to properly plan the program and maintain quality standards.
This document summarizes the Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership activities related to CO2 storage and enhanced oil recovery. It provides an overview of the PCOR region, key projects including Bell Creek, Aquistore, and Zama, and lessons learned from the Weyburn Project. The PCOR aims to demonstrate CO2 storage at commercial scale through integrated site characterization, modeling, risk assessment, and monitoring, verification, and accounting activities to ensure safe and permanent CO2 storage.
Drilling efficiency optimization at hassai siteAhmad Elsir
The document discusses optimization of drilling efficiency at a mining site in Sudan. It describes the study area and objectives, which include evaluating drilling rate equations, collecting rock samples, and developing a web-based application for selecting drillers. Sieve analysis and mechanical tests were conducted on samples. Graphs show grain size distribution curves for different boreholes. Tables provide test results on time taken for different grain sizes to pass through a sieve. The document also discusses controllable drilling parameters and components of the drill string that impact efficiency, such as shock absorbers, deck bushings, drill pipes, and bit sub adaptors.
Geochemical methods in mineral explorationPramoda Raj
This document discusses geochemical methods for mineral exploration. It covers general principles of geochemistry as they relate to mineral deposits. It also discusses optimizing exploration through proper planning, selection of areas and methods, and organization of field, lab, and supervisory operations. Geochemistry is described as an essential component of modern integrated exploration programs due to the low-grade, large-tonnage nature of most economic deposits and its effectiveness in weathered tropical environments.
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts for understanding petroleum geology and reservoir evaluation, including the exploration and production (E&P) process. It defines important terms like reservoir, seal, and pay and explains the requirements for a viable petroleum or carbon dioxide storage system. The document also summarizes common sources of geological data used in reservoir evaluation like seismic imaging, well logs, cores, and analogs. It describes the E&P stages from permit evaluation through development and outlines how companies evaluate exploration permits based on assessing the probability of successful petroleum systems.
This document discusses geoscience division services that provide analysis of core samples using cutting edge technology. The analysis includes program pyrolysis to determine hydrocarbons, organic carbon, and thermal maturity. X-ray diffraction is used to determine mineralogy, brittleness, and formation tops. X-ray fluorescence provides elemental composition. This precise data helps with exploration by identifying pay zones and reservoirs, and production by optimizing well placement and completions. The division produces high quality data faster than conventional labs using standardized procedures and experienced professionals. Case studies show how the analysis helped clients by locating unanticipated pay zones and reservoirs.
This document discusses re-entry horizontal drilling for enhanced oil recovery in Indonesia. It begins by outlining drivers for enhancing oil recovery through re-entry drilling such as declining production from existing wells. It then provides background on Indonesia's oil production history and challenges in meeting production targets. The document describes Geoglide's services for directional drilling, well planning, and risk reduction for re-entry horizontal wells. It discusses factors to consider such as well selection, drilling unit selection, horizontal drilling technology options, and information needed to plan a re-entry horizontal drilling project. The conclusion emphasizes that EOR projects require cost-effective and low-risk solutions.
Laubsher cave mining handbook de beers versionJULIO QUISPE
This document summarizes key aspects of geological investigations for cave mining projects:
- Geological investigations are ongoing from exploration to mine closure and provide critical input data for planning and operating the mine.
- Early-stage exploration programs should be designed with mining considerations in mind, with close collaboration between exploration and mining geology teams.
- Detailed core logging and structural analysis is important for rock mass classification and caveability assessment.
- Geological modeling and mapping at various scales is used to understand the regional context and 3D geometry of the deposit. Hard copy maps and sections remain important references in addition to digital models.
- Zones of different structural, density or chemical properties within the orebody must be defined,
Apec workshop 2 presentation 9 apec workshop 2 basics of geological storageGlobal CCS Institute
This document provides an overview of geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO2). It discusses various trapping mechanisms for storing CO2 underground, including structural and stratigraphic trapping, residual trapping, solubility trapping, and mineral trapping. Characterization methods and monitoring techniques are also outlined to ensure the safe and permanent storage of CO2. Risk assessment and public outreach are emphasized as important parts of the regulatory and planning process for geological CO2 storage projects.
Mohamed Fekry Hamza Saleh has over 8 years of experience as a geoscientist in Egypt, working on exploration and development projects with Merlon El-Fayum and Petrosilah Companies. He holds a B.Sc. in Geology from Mansoura University and has taken several industry courses. His experience includes well site geology, operations geology, development geology, and currently serves as an exploration geoscientist section head.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Well logging is a technique used to determine physical and chemical properties of rock formations and fluids in the subsurface. It involves lowering instruments down boreholes to collect data on properties like porosity, permeability, fluid content. This data is used to locate and define hydrocarbon reservoirs, estimate reserves, and optimize well construction and production. Modern well logging provides cheaper and quicker subsurface data collection compared to traditional coring and cuttings. A variety of open hole and cased hole logging tools and techniques are used at different stages of hydrocarbon exploration and production.
The document discusses alternative geochemical survey methods including mobile metal ion (MMI) surveys and biogeochemistry using the plant species Curatella Americana L. (lixeira). MMI surveys involve extracting weakly attached metal ions from soil samples to detect low concentrations of metals from buried ore bodies. Key steps include understanding landforms, using specialized extractions, advanced analytical techniques, and correct data interpretation. Biogeochemistry uses the chemical composition of plant ashes to represent the chemical habitat of the soil. Lixeira is suitable for prospecting in Brazil as it absorbs metals from deep soil layers and its distribution and chemistry are well-studied.
This document summarizes a congress focused on optimization of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) drilling operations. The two-day congress will consist of operator-led case studies and presentations on topics such as well integrity, optimal well positioning, directional drilling strategies, cementing optimization, casing selection, drilling fluids, and sand systems. The goal is to help operators maximize drilling rates of penetration while reducing time and costs through analysis of production data and well failure experiences.
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2. Systematic Exploration for Coal Deposits
• Introduction:
• Systematic exploration of a coal concession is essential in lowering
the cost of exploration and ensuring that all aspects of a deposit’s
geology are understood before commitment to major capital
expenditure to develop the deposit. The coal MUST be considered
to have potential for economic recovery before commitment to
development.
• Fully understanding the geology will lead to efficient and effective
mine planning and scheduling in the longer term operation – it
starts early in the exploration process – forming the basis for the
origin of the deposit will control the exploration process.
• There are two Codes or Guidelines that can be used in determining
how to approach exploration: - Indonesian National Standard and
the JORC Code from Australia. There are other guidelines available
but it will depend on the knowledge of the exploration geologist on
which guidelines to use and how to manipulate the information in
them as to how to improve the efficiency of his exploration.
3. Systematic Exploration for Coal Deposits
• The reason for this paper is because of the spread in exploration costs between
companies currently operating in Indonesia. Lets use the a unit such as 1 million
tonne of recoverable coal (JORC Code) – that is 1 million tonne that under the
economic environment is considered to be mined economically. The range in
exploration costs for Kalimantan varies from US$4500 to over US$ 975000. In 1999
• What is the difference between the exploration practise that account for the
difference in the cost?
• The potential solution to this question is that there is a fundamental difference in
the approach to exploration and maybe a systematic approach that the geologist
can incorporate in his exploration style that will lead to minimising the cost, still
cover all the basic requirements and lead to a successful assessment of a deposit
and lead to a successful mining operation.
• What will be presented in this paper is an approach to more efficient and effective
exploration practice – it is up to the individual geologist to develop his own unique
style for investigating geological deposits and hopefully at a lower cost
4. Systematic Exploration for Coal Deposits
• In defining ways to get control of the exploration costs we will look at
two codes or guidelines – the INDONESIAN NATIONAL STANDARD and
the JORC Code.
• Indonesian National Standard:
• Generally deals with resource classification and is based on three
geological parameters:
• Sedimentary consistency: What is the extent of deposit in three
dimensions – strike, width and thickness of the seam, presence of seam
splits, in-seam partings, washouts, non deposition of the coal =>
complexity of depositional environment.
• Quality Variation: Is the quality consistent over the seam
development area or is there variation => simple to complex. How much
variation and does it require special or extended sampling systems.
• Tectonism: Is the deposit cut by faults, what is the
distance between fault sets, are the faults in single sets or are they in
multiple combinations. Realistically the complexity of the deposit will
evolve as the exploration is completed and initial exploration can be
supplemented with additional and infill drilling programs.
5. GEOLOGICAL
CONDITION
PARAMETER
SIMPLE DEPOSIT MODERATE DEPOSIT COMPLEX DEPOSIT
1 SEDIMENTATION
Continuity / Extent Thousands of metres Hundreds of meters Tens of metres
(South Banko, South Sumatera,
Satui, Senakin, South Kalimantan)
(Cerenti, Riau, Sangatta, East
Kalimantan, Rantau, South
Kalimantan)
(Ombilin, Bojongmanik, West
Java, Bengkulu)
Variation of Thickness Little variation Low to moderate variation Highly Variable
(Senakin, South Kalimantan,
Tanjung Enim, South Sumatera)
Banjarsari, South Sumatera) (Ombilin, Batulicin, South
Kalimantan)
Seam Splitting Rare Some Numerous
(Bifurcation / Coalescence) (Muara Tiga Besar, South
Sumatera, Patengas, East
Kalimantan)
(Gunung Batu Besar, South
Kalimantan)
(Sangatta, East Kalimantan)
2 QUALITY
Variation of Quality Little variation Variable Highly Variable
(West Banko, South Sumatera,
Senakin, Satui, South Kalimantan
(Air Laya, South Sumatera,
Meulaboh, Aceh)
(Air Kotok, Bengkulu)
3 TECTONIC ASPECTS
Dip / Seam Attitude Horizontal to Sub Horizontal Low to Moderate Moderate to Steeply Dipping
(Cerenti, Riau) (Upau, Tutupan, South
Kalimantan, Bengkulu)
6. Faulting (Cerenti, Riau) (Upau, Tutupan, South
Kalimantan, Bengkulu)
Folding Horizontal to Low Frequency Low to Moderate Frequency Intensely Folded
(South Bangko) (Loa Janan-Loa Kulu, East
Kalimantan.)
(Ambakiang, Warukin Fm., South
Kalimantan, Bengkulu)
Faulting None to Rare Some Frequent
(South Bangko) (Senakin, Tanjung Fm, South
Kalimantan)
(Tutupan, South Kalimantan)
Intrusion None Some Numerous
(West Senakin, South
Kalimantan)
(Suban, Bukit Kendi, Air Laya,
South Sumatera)
(North Bukit Bunian, South
Sumatera)
NB: Sub-classification within the above table is on the basis of the whole deposit
characteristics and not on a part of the deposit – Individual deposits can and do contain
simple to complex versions of all of the above however, the approach to exploration
should be on the general assessment of the deposit.
7. GEOLOGICAL
CONDITION
•CRITERIA RESOURCES
HYPOTHETHICAL INFERRED INDICATED MEASURED
•Distance (m) Probable Proven
SIMPLE •Point of Observation X 1500 1000 X
1500
1000 X
500
X 500 X 500 Deposit Specific
MODERATE •Point of Observation X 1000 500 X 1000 250 X 500 X 250 X 250 Deposit Specific
COMPLEX •Point of Observation X 400 200 X 400 100 X
200
X 100 X 100 Deposit Specific
•Estimation Error (%) – not
based on geo-statistics
Estimate 60 40 20 5 - 10
•Geological Confidence
(%)– not based on geo-
statistics
Estimate 40 60 80 > 80
JORC CODE
•First Assumption: All deposits have simple geology until proven otherwise – therefore we basically start
exploration in recconnaisence mode – wide space observation points gathering information leading into an
exploration strategy. JORC classification is related to economically feasible deposits for the current economic
situation.
•NB: Deposit Specific – Companies and more importantly exploration geologist have the right to determine the data
point spacing required at this level. The geological confidence required by the company prior to further commitment
of funds for further exploration or development will determine this spacing.
•Question on JORC – Is the deposit likely to be offered for joint development or require some funding – if the answer
is YES you need to adopt a JORC related exploration program.
8. Systematic Exploration for Coal Deposits
• Before we commence exploration we must determine the following:
• Is the company likely to ask for external financing and/or look for joint venture partner?
• If there is a remote possibility of this happening – lending institutions and venture partners usually insist on due diligence study possibly to
JORC standard.
• Therefore all exploration should be conducted with this in mind and possibly contact or get in consultants that can complete JORC assessment
or write up and sign off JORC statement. The exploration should be conducted along JORC guidelines or at least multiples of JORC
recommendations. By using multiples of JORC it is much easier to infill the drilling to achieve JORC Classification.
• Exploration planning is now possible and should consist of the following:
• Field reconnaissance – looking for outcrop – measure thickness, strike and dip – make a plan of the results.
• Exploration Drilling – this drilling can be completed using spot coring – unless the deposit consists of numerous thin coal seams and is
completed with downhole geophysics for every hole.
• Initially plan for wide spaced reconnaissance drilling based on a multiple of the JORC code – (simple geological deposit).
9. Systematic Exploration for Coal Deposits
• As soon as you have enough geological data complete a Geological Model to try and determine the
basin limits. Use insitu strip ratios for initial target/s- it may be possible using the outcrop
information to complete a preliminary geological model and use it to guide further exploration.
The model is important to work with in order to target the next most likely economic coal – ALWAYS
WORK FROM GOOD TO BAD OR UNKNOWN.
• Form a theory on how the coal formed in that location and as exploration continues adjust / modify
the depositional theory to match the real information.
• Relook at drilling plans and using strip ratio - refocus the drilling to target zone. DO NOT DEVIATE
FROM THE DRILLING PLAN – THE AIM OF THE EXERCISE IS TO GATHER AS MUCH BROARD BASED
INFORMATION TO BE ABLE IN THE NEXT PHASE TO FOCUS ENOUGH EXPLORATION TO BRING YOU
TO PRODUCTION – allow you to complete EIS, AMDAL and Feasibility Study
• Complete next phase of development drilling includes quality, geotechnical and geo-hydrology
investigation.
• And before committing to a start-up pit area Complete Loxline drilling to determine the exact start
of the initial overburden - a mistake here can lead to extensive start-up costs
• Remodel and determine most prospective start up operation area
• Using model strip ratios determine start up area and then design development drilling program for
start up operations
• NB: FOLLOW THE DRILL PLANS _ ANY VARIATION SLOWS DOWN THE TIME IT TAKES TO BECOME
OPERATIONAL AND GET A RETURN FROM THE DEPOSIT.
10. Systematic Exploration for Coal Deposits
• THINGS TO BE AWARE OF WHEN EXPLORING
• Always measure the dip of every coal seam in a drill hole.
• JORC requires the lithology is reconciled against the downhole geophysical log for the hole. So
downhole logs are a very useful piece of data and can be used to determine quality variations and
seam splits.
• At reconnaissance level investigation – touch coring is preferred together with downhole logging =>
representative quality and location of seam splits and partings.
• Loxline drilling minimises mining costs by reducing overburden removed by mining fleet
• Ensure you use the geometry of the location to get overlap of part of the boreholes adjacent to
each other (TanΩ= Opposite/Adjacent)
• Core drilling should extend a minimum of 1 metre into the floor of the coal seams.
• If possible use exploration drillholes to gather more information on geotechnical, groundwater
hydrology and maybe piezometer installation.
• Should also check all boreholes for fine grained very dark grey to black sediments for possible acid
mine drainage material containing unstable fine grained pyrite.
• Also should drill below any proposed dump area in case they contain economic coal reserves
11.
12. EXPLORATION STAGES
RECONAISSANCE PROSPECTING PRELIMINARY
EXPLORATION
DETAILED EXPLORATION
Topographic Mapping (Scale)
Geologic Mapping (Scale)
Geophysical Investigation (method)
Geohydrology Investigation
Technical Geology Investigation
Drilling
1. Number of drilling point
2. Drilling point range (m)
3. Depth range (m)
4. Incremental Strip Ratio (coal)
5. Cumulative Strip Ratio (coal)
Minimum Coal Seam Thickness *)
Dirt Parting Thickness **)
Test pit
Test ditching
Geotechnical Sampling - design
Ground water hydrology
The following table can be used to help define and control the exploration program
13.
14.
15.
16. The aim of this presentation was to illustrate the there are different approaches to
exploration and the overall exploration cost will be related to the work you complete.
However, if you define the limits of the deposit,
determine a broad scale approach to gaining the initial understanding of the deposit,
match the exploration program in line with the initial understanding of the geology,
build geological models as soon as you can and
use the models to guide your exploration
there is every chance you can reduce your exploration costs to a manageable
level.
In the process you will have collected enough data to allow the deposit to be
classified under JORC CODE and be able to complete Feasibility Study, Environmental
Impact Statement and comply with all other local requirements for a successful
mining operation
Now all you have to do is think your own exploration programs and determine WHAT
DO I HAVE TO DO TO BECOME MORE EFFICIENT and ACHEIVE ALL THE OBJECTIVES OF
THE EXPLORATION ?
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