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© Centers for Better Insurance, LLC 2020 Version 1.0
Centers for Better Insurance (CBI) is an independent organization focused on supporting the insurance industry to optimize the value it delivers to all stakeholders (including policyholders, employees and society at
large). CBI does so by making available unbiased analysis and insights about key regulatory issues facing the industry for use by insurance professionals, regulators and policymakers.
THE MATERIAL AS WELL AS ANY OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY CBI IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS. CBI does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this material
or any other information and may add, remove, discontinue, change, improve, or update this material or any other information without notice. Under no circumstances shall CBI be liable for any loss, damage,
liability or expense claimed to result from use of this material or any other information.
Centers for
Better Insurance
Policyholders
Employees
Shareholders
Society
Supporting value creation for all stakeholders through beneficial purpose, sound
governance and effective controls www.betterins.org
SAFE TO WORK Act (S. 4317)
COVID-19 Limitations on Liability
CBI
© Centers for Better Insurance, LLC 2020 Version 1.0 2www.betterins.org
Centers for
Better Insurance
Policyholders
Employees
Shareholders
Society
SAFE TO WORK Act
Limitations on COVID-19 Liability
Standards for Liability for COVID-19 Exposure Claims
A plaintiff claiming personal injury from exposure or potential exposure to COVID-19 between December 1, 2019 and October 1, 2024 (or the expiration of the last COVID-19 declaration by the
Department of Health and Human Services, if earlier) must prove by clear and convincing evidence:
• The defendant did not make reasonable efforts in light of all circumstances to comply with applicable governmental standards and guidance at the time of the exposure;
• The defendant engaged in gross negligence or willful misconduct that caused actual exposure to COVID-19; and
• The actual exposure to COVID-19 caused personal injury to the plaintiff.
Rebuttable Presumption of Reasonable Efforts
The defendant is presumed to have made reasonable efforts to comply with governmental
standards and guidance if it maintained a written or published policy on mitigating the
transmission of COVID-19 that was at least as protective as those governmental standards
and guidance.
The plaintiff may rebut this presumption by establishing that the defendant did not comply
its policy at the time of the exposure.
Evidentiary Rules
The plaintiff cannot introduce the following as evidence of the defendant’s culpability:
• The absence of a written policy;
• Changes to a written policy before or after the date of exposure; or
• Changes to policies, practices or procedures for complying with governmental
standards after the date of exposure.
Gross Negligence and Willful Misconduct
Gross negligence means a conscious, voluntary act or omission in reckless disregard of a
legal duty, the consequences to another person and applicable governmental standards.
Willful conduct means an act or omission taken intentionally to achieve a wrongful purpose,
knowingly without legal or factual justification and in disregard of a known or obvious risk
that is so great as to make it highly probable the harm will outweigh the benefit.
Statute of Limitations
An action must be brought within 1 year of the actual, alleged, feared or potential exposure
to COVID-19.
Stricter State Standards
State laws further limiting liability for exposure to COVID-19 apply in addition.
Healthcare Liability
With respect to liability for healthcare services for the diagnosis or treatment of COVID-19 (or treatments for other conditions impacted by the COVID-19 response), a plaintiff must prove gross
negligence or willful misconduct by clear and convincing evidence. Decisions based on staffing or resource shortages do not constitute willful misconduct or gross negligence.
© Centers for Better Insurance, LLC 2020 Version 1.0 3www.betterins.org
Centers for
Better Insurance
Policyholders
Employees
Shareholders
Society
SAFE TO WORK Act
Procedures
Exclusive Federal Cause of Action
The federal cause of action is the only cause of action available for a claim of liability for
exposure to COVID-19 or a healthcare services liability claim related to COVID-19.
Concurrent Federal Jurisdiction
Such a claim may be brought in state court or federal court. If brought in state court, any
defendant may remove the case to federal court.
Apportionment of Liability
Each defendant is only responsible for that amount of a total judgement corresponding to its
proportion of fault (unless the defendant had a specific intent to injure the plaintiff or
knowingly committed fraud). The jury must find the percentage of fault with respect to:
• Each defendant
• Any defendant that settled
• All nondefendants (including the plaintiff) in the aggregate
Limitation of Liability
A plaintiff may be awarded (as reduced by any collateral source such as insurance):
• Economic damages (e.g., medical expenses)
• Non-economic damages (e.g., pain and suffering) only in the case of willful
misconduct
• Punitive damages in an amount not exceeding compensatory damages but only in
the case of willful misconduct
Rules of Pleading
In an action in federal court, the plaintiff’s complaint must allege with particularity:
• All places and persons visited by the plaintiff during the 14-day period prior to
the onset of the plaintiff’s first COVID-19 symptoms;
• All persons who visited the residence of the plaintiff during the 14-day period
prior to the onset of the plaintiff’s first COVID-19 symptoms;
• The factual basis for the belief the defendant was a cause of the exposure;
• The factual basis for the belief every other person or place visited was not a cause
of the exposure; and
• Every act or omission constituting gross negligence or willful misconduct.
Supplemental Statement
In an action in federal court, the plaintiff must file a supplemental statement with:
• Specific information as to the nature and amount of each element of damages;
• The factual basis for the damages calculation;
• Facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the state of
mind sufficient for gross negligence or willful misconduct;
• Statement of the plaintiff under penalties of perjury that the complaint is true to
the knowledge of the plaintiff (except as specified as based on a belief); and
• An affidavit of a qualified non-treating medical expert supporting the harm
alleged in the complaint and a certified copy of relevant medical records.
Class Actions and Multidistrict Litigation
Class members must individually opt in to any class action. A judge assigned to hear
coordinated cases by the MDL cannot conduct a trial without the consent of all parties.
Meritless Demands
A defendant has a cause of action against any person transmitting a meritless demand for
settlement and may recover compensatory damages, attorney’s fees and punitive damages.

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Summary of the SAFE TO WORK Act

  • 1. © Centers for Better Insurance, LLC 2020 Version 1.0 Centers for Better Insurance (CBI) is an independent organization focused on supporting the insurance industry to optimize the value it delivers to all stakeholders (including policyholders, employees and society at large). CBI does so by making available unbiased analysis and insights about key regulatory issues facing the industry for use by insurance professionals, regulators and policymakers. THE MATERIAL AS WELL AS ANY OTHER INFORMATION PROVIDED BY CBI IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS. CBI does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of this material or any other information and may add, remove, discontinue, change, improve, or update this material or any other information without notice. Under no circumstances shall CBI be liable for any loss, damage, liability or expense claimed to result from use of this material or any other information. Centers for Better Insurance Policyholders Employees Shareholders Society Supporting value creation for all stakeholders through beneficial purpose, sound governance and effective controls www.betterins.org SAFE TO WORK Act (S. 4317) COVID-19 Limitations on Liability CBI
  • 2. © Centers for Better Insurance, LLC 2020 Version 1.0 2www.betterins.org Centers for Better Insurance Policyholders Employees Shareholders Society SAFE TO WORK Act Limitations on COVID-19 Liability Standards for Liability for COVID-19 Exposure Claims A plaintiff claiming personal injury from exposure or potential exposure to COVID-19 between December 1, 2019 and October 1, 2024 (or the expiration of the last COVID-19 declaration by the Department of Health and Human Services, if earlier) must prove by clear and convincing evidence: • The defendant did not make reasonable efforts in light of all circumstances to comply with applicable governmental standards and guidance at the time of the exposure; • The defendant engaged in gross negligence or willful misconduct that caused actual exposure to COVID-19; and • The actual exposure to COVID-19 caused personal injury to the plaintiff. Rebuttable Presumption of Reasonable Efforts The defendant is presumed to have made reasonable efforts to comply with governmental standards and guidance if it maintained a written or published policy on mitigating the transmission of COVID-19 that was at least as protective as those governmental standards and guidance. The plaintiff may rebut this presumption by establishing that the defendant did not comply its policy at the time of the exposure. Evidentiary Rules The plaintiff cannot introduce the following as evidence of the defendant’s culpability: • The absence of a written policy; • Changes to a written policy before or after the date of exposure; or • Changes to policies, practices or procedures for complying with governmental standards after the date of exposure. Gross Negligence and Willful Misconduct Gross negligence means a conscious, voluntary act or omission in reckless disregard of a legal duty, the consequences to another person and applicable governmental standards. Willful conduct means an act or omission taken intentionally to achieve a wrongful purpose, knowingly without legal or factual justification and in disregard of a known or obvious risk that is so great as to make it highly probable the harm will outweigh the benefit. Statute of Limitations An action must be brought within 1 year of the actual, alleged, feared or potential exposure to COVID-19. Stricter State Standards State laws further limiting liability for exposure to COVID-19 apply in addition. Healthcare Liability With respect to liability for healthcare services for the diagnosis or treatment of COVID-19 (or treatments for other conditions impacted by the COVID-19 response), a plaintiff must prove gross negligence or willful misconduct by clear and convincing evidence. Decisions based on staffing or resource shortages do not constitute willful misconduct or gross negligence.
  • 3. © Centers for Better Insurance, LLC 2020 Version 1.0 3www.betterins.org Centers for Better Insurance Policyholders Employees Shareholders Society SAFE TO WORK Act Procedures Exclusive Federal Cause of Action The federal cause of action is the only cause of action available for a claim of liability for exposure to COVID-19 or a healthcare services liability claim related to COVID-19. Concurrent Federal Jurisdiction Such a claim may be brought in state court or federal court. If brought in state court, any defendant may remove the case to federal court. Apportionment of Liability Each defendant is only responsible for that amount of a total judgement corresponding to its proportion of fault (unless the defendant had a specific intent to injure the plaintiff or knowingly committed fraud). The jury must find the percentage of fault with respect to: • Each defendant • Any defendant that settled • All nondefendants (including the plaintiff) in the aggregate Limitation of Liability A plaintiff may be awarded (as reduced by any collateral source such as insurance): • Economic damages (e.g., medical expenses) • Non-economic damages (e.g., pain and suffering) only in the case of willful misconduct • Punitive damages in an amount not exceeding compensatory damages but only in the case of willful misconduct Rules of Pleading In an action in federal court, the plaintiff’s complaint must allege with particularity: • All places and persons visited by the plaintiff during the 14-day period prior to the onset of the plaintiff’s first COVID-19 symptoms; • All persons who visited the residence of the plaintiff during the 14-day period prior to the onset of the plaintiff’s first COVID-19 symptoms; • The factual basis for the belief the defendant was a cause of the exposure; • The factual basis for the belief every other person or place visited was not a cause of the exposure; and • Every act or omission constituting gross negligence or willful misconduct. Supplemental Statement In an action in federal court, the plaintiff must file a supplemental statement with: • Specific information as to the nature and amount of each element of damages; • The factual basis for the damages calculation; • Facts giving rise to a strong inference that the defendant acted with the state of mind sufficient for gross negligence or willful misconduct; • Statement of the plaintiff under penalties of perjury that the complaint is true to the knowledge of the plaintiff (except as specified as based on a belief); and • An affidavit of a qualified non-treating medical expert supporting the harm alleged in the complaint and a certified copy of relevant medical records. Class Actions and Multidistrict Litigation Class members must individually opt in to any class action. A judge assigned to hear coordinated cases by the MDL cannot conduct a trial without the consent of all parties. Meritless Demands A defendant has a cause of action against any person transmitting a meritless demand for settlement and may recover compensatory damages, attorney’s fees and punitive damages.
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