The document discusses steering systems for vehicles. It describes how rack and pinion steering works by converting circular motion from the steering wheel to linear motion that turns the front wheels. Power steering systems are also summarized, noting how hydraulic or electric power assists the driver in turning the wheels. Four-wheel steering is covered, explaining how active systems can turn the rear wheels in the same or opposite direction as the front wheels depending on speed.
The document discusses various components of an automobile steering system. It describes the purpose of a steering system as allowing the driver to guide the vehicle. It then explains different types of steering gears including worm and wheel, worm and sector, cam and lever, recirculating ball, and rack and pinion gears. Each type of steering gear is described in terms of its components and how it converts rotational motion of the steering wheel into linear motion to turn the front wheels.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a vehicle transmission system. It discusses the purpose of transmitting engine torque to drive the wheels. It then describes the main types of transmissions including manual, automatic, CVT, and their basic workings. The document also explains the purpose and function of key components that work together in a transmission system, such as the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and universal joints.
There are five key steering geometry angles that describe the angular relationship between suspension and steering parts: camber, caster, king pin inclination, and toe in/toe out on turns. Camber is the angle between the vertical line and center line of the tire when viewed from the front. Caster tilts the kingpin center line toward the front or back from vertical. King pin inclination is the angle between the kingpin center line and vertical when viewed from the front. Toe in/toe out refers to whether the front of the wheel points inward or outward from the centerline of the vehicle. Ackermann steering geometry arranges the linkages so that the inner and outer wheels can turn through different angles during
The document provides information about different types of clutches used in transmission systems. It discusses the functions of transmission systems and defines what a clutch is. It then describes various types of clutches in detail, including positive clutches, friction clutches, single plate clutches, multi plate clutches, diaphragm clutches, centrifugal clutches, and free wheel clutches. It also discusses the requirements, location, and actuating mechanisms of clutches.
The document discusses vehicle braking systems. It explains that braking works by converting kinetic energy to heat energy through friction between a moving brake component and a stationary one. The most common braking systems are disc brakes and drum brakes. It then provides details on components of braking systems like the master cylinder, brake lines, and brake assemblies.
This document describes a project report on a four wheel steering system submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements of a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. It includes an introduction to four wheel steering systems, the principles and concepts of how such a system works including rack and pinion arrangements and bevel gear transmissions to steer the rear wheels. It also provides background on steering geometry, ratios and turning radii and reviews literature on four wheel steering system modes for different speeds.
This document provides information about synchromesh gearboxes. It discusses how synchromesh gearboxes allow for smooth shifting between gears without needing to double clutch. Synchromesh gearboxes contain synchronizer rings that allow the gears to synchronize speed before engaging through friction. This synchronization avoids clashing when shifting gears. The document outlines the construction and working of synchromesh gearboxes, including how the synchronizer rings slide to equalize gear speeds before engagement. It discusses advantages like smooth shifting and disadvantages like higher cost compared to other gearbox types. Applications and recent literature on synchromesh gearbox design improvements are also summarized.
The document discusses various components that connect the transmission to the drive wheels, including the propeller shaft, universal joints, constant velocity joints, and slip joints. It provides details on the construction and function of each component. The propeller shaft transmits power from the transmission to the rear differential. Universal joints and constant velocity joints allow the shaft to transmit power through varying angles, while slip joints allow adjustments to the shaft length during vehicle movement.
The document discusses various components of an automobile steering system. It describes the purpose of a steering system as allowing the driver to guide the vehicle. It then explains different types of steering gears including worm and wheel, worm and sector, cam and lever, recirculating ball, and rack and pinion gears. Each type of steering gear is described in terms of its components and how it converts rotational motion of the steering wheel into linear motion to turn the front wheels.
The document summarizes the key components and functions of a vehicle transmission system. It discusses the purpose of transmitting engine torque to drive the wheels. It then describes the main types of transmissions including manual, automatic, CVT, and their basic workings. The document also explains the purpose and function of key components that work together in a transmission system, such as the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and universal joints.
There are five key steering geometry angles that describe the angular relationship between suspension and steering parts: camber, caster, king pin inclination, and toe in/toe out on turns. Camber is the angle between the vertical line and center line of the tire when viewed from the front. Caster tilts the kingpin center line toward the front or back from vertical. King pin inclination is the angle between the kingpin center line and vertical when viewed from the front. Toe in/toe out refers to whether the front of the wheel points inward or outward from the centerline of the vehicle. Ackermann steering geometry arranges the linkages so that the inner and outer wheels can turn through different angles during
The document provides information about different types of clutches used in transmission systems. It discusses the functions of transmission systems and defines what a clutch is. It then describes various types of clutches in detail, including positive clutches, friction clutches, single plate clutches, multi plate clutches, diaphragm clutches, centrifugal clutches, and free wheel clutches. It also discusses the requirements, location, and actuating mechanisms of clutches.
The document discusses vehicle braking systems. It explains that braking works by converting kinetic energy to heat energy through friction between a moving brake component and a stationary one. The most common braking systems are disc brakes and drum brakes. It then provides details on components of braking systems like the master cylinder, brake lines, and brake assemblies.
This document describes a project report on a four wheel steering system submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements of a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering. It includes an introduction to four wheel steering systems, the principles and concepts of how such a system works including rack and pinion arrangements and bevel gear transmissions to steer the rear wheels. It also provides background on steering geometry, ratios and turning radii and reviews literature on four wheel steering system modes for different speeds.
This document provides information about synchromesh gearboxes. It discusses how synchromesh gearboxes allow for smooth shifting between gears without needing to double clutch. Synchromesh gearboxes contain synchronizer rings that allow the gears to synchronize speed before engaging through friction. This synchronization avoids clashing when shifting gears. The document outlines the construction and working of synchromesh gearboxes, including how the synchronizer rings slide to equalize gear speeds before engagement. It discusses advantages like smooth shifting and disadvantages like higher cost compared to other gearbox types. Applications and recent literature on synchromesh gearbox design improvements are also summarized.
The document discusses various components that connect the transmission to the drive wheels, including the propeller shaft, universal joints, constant velocity joints, and slip joints. It provides details on the construction and function of each component. The propeller shaft transmits power from the transmission to the rear differential. Universal joints and constant velocity joints allow the shaft to transmit power through varying angles, while slip joints allow adjustments to the shaft length during vehicle movement.
The propeller shaft transmits power from the gearbox to the rear differential. It includes U-joints and a slip joint to adjust for length changes over bumps. There are two main types of propeller shaft: the torque tube type, which fully encloses the shaft in a hollow tube connected to the rear axle housing, and the Hotchkiss type, which absorbs torque through the rear leaf spring using a shaft with universal joints and a sliding joint. Propeller shafts must be dynamically balanced, made of hardened steel to withstand torque loads, and designed to avoid resonance at high speeds.
The document discusses the steering system of a vehicle. It outlines the purpose and functions of a steering system, as well as requirements for a good steering system. It then provides an overview of the general layout of a steering system and steering geometry. Finally, it describes several common types of steering gear boxes, including worm and wheel, worm and roller, rack and pinion, recirculating ball, and cam and roller steering gear boxes.
The document summarizes the components and functions of an automobile steering system. It describes the key parts that transfer motion from the steering wheel to the front wheels, including the steering column, gearbox, linkage, and rack-and-pinion assembly. It also explains the purposes of the steering system to control direction, maintain effort levels, absorb shocks, and allow for suspension movement, while highlighting common steering system types like recirculating ball, rack-and-pinion, and hydraulic power steering.
The document describes the fabrication of a four wheel steering system for a Maruti 800 vehicle. Key points:
- The rear wheels were modified to allow for steering capability by adding a second rack and pinion steering gearbox connected to the original front gearbox via transfer rods and bevel gears.
- In rear steer mode at low speeds, the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction of the front wheels, greatly reducing the turning radius.
- Benefits of the four wheel steering system include improved vehicle handling, stability, and reduced driver fatigue over long drives due to the easier steering capability.
- The successful implementation of the system allows for increased maneuverability and stability of vehicles.
An axle is a central shaft that supports rotating wheels. On vehicles, the axle can be fixed to the wheels and rotate with them, or fixed to the vehicle with the wheels rotating around it. Bearings are provided where the axle is mounted. The document discusses different types of rear axles like full floating, semi floating, and three quarter floating axles. It also discusses front axles, describing them as either dead or live axles. Finally, it lists four types of stub axles used to connect front wheels to front axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine.
The document provides an overview of power steering systems. It discusses the history of power steering from its invention in the early 1900s to its use in automobiles and agricultural vehicles. The key components of power steering systems are described including the reservoir, steering gearbox, rotary valve, and pump. The main types of power steering systems - hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, and electric - are outlined along with diagrams of how each system works. Advantages like reduced driver fatigue and continuous steering are balanced with potential disadvantages such as leakage and vibration.
The document discusses various components and types of vehicle suspension systems. It describes solid axle, double wishbone, and MacPherson strut suspensions. For each type it provides the advantages and disadvantages. It explains key suspension terminology like camber, caster, roll center, and discusses how suspension serves to isolate passengers from road vibrations while improving vehicle control and mobility.
The document discusses hydraulic power steering systems. It begins by introducing steering and different steering mechanisms. It then explains the basic components and working of a hydraulic power steering system. The key components are a hydraulic control valve, pinion gear, hydraulic pressure and return lines, hydraulic piston, and rack housing. It works by using a pump driven by the engine to create hydraulic pressure which assists the driver's steering efforts through a piston. This makes steering easier and safer while absorbing road shocks.
This document summarizes the key components and classification of automobile chassis. It discusses how a chassis consists of the engine, brakes, steering system, and wheels mounted on a frame along with other components like the transmission and controls. It then classifies automobiles based on factors like capacity, power source, number of wheels, and where the engine is located. Different types of frames are also outlined including conventional, integral, and semi-integral frames. The functions of various vehicle systems and forces acting on the chassis are summarized as well.
The document discusses various components of an automobile transmission system, including gear boxes, types of gears, and the necessity of variable gear ratios. It describes common types of manual and automatic transmissions, such as sliding mesh gear boxes, constant mesh gear boxes, and epicyclic gearing. The document also explains how fluid couplings and torque converters work to transfer power from an engine to drive wheels through hydraulic fluid and rotating impeller and turbine components. Overall, the transmission system allows the engine to operate at optimal speeds while enabling variable speed control of the vehicle.
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
The document discusses the key components of steering systems, including the steering wheel, column, shaft, gear, linkage, and joints. It describes the function of each part and how they work together to translate driver input into wheel movement. The main types of steering gear systems - recirculating ball and rack and pinion - are explained in detail through diagrams and descriptions of how they operate.
The document discusses various types of automobile suspension systems. It describes independent suspension systems that allow each wheel to move independently and non-independent systems where the wheels are attached to a solid axle. Common types of independent suspension include MacPherson strut suspension, wishbone suspension, and solid rear axle suspension. The document also covers suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars. It provides advantages and disadvantages of different suspension types.
The document provides an overview of automotive transmission systems, including their main components and functions. It discusses the purpose of the transmission to transmit power from the engine to the driving wheels through a system of gears that allows for different speed and torque ratios. The key components covered are the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and axle. Manual, automated manual, automatic, continuously variable, and dual-clutch transmissions are also summarized.
2b9fc module iii steering system_ part-ii (2)Tanvi Gautam
The document discusses steering systems and components. It describes steering linkages used in vehicles with rigid axle front suspensions and independent front suspensions. It also discusses different types of steering gears like rack and pinion gears, and how power steering systems and electronic power steering systems work. It provides details on Davis steering mechanism and Ackerman steering mechanism.
This document provides an overview of suspension systems for automobiles. It discusses the objectives of suspension systems which are to isolate the vehicle from road shocks for ride comfort and stability. It describes the main types of suspension systems including independent suspension, solid axle systems, MacPherson strut, wishbone, and trailing link. Specific suspension designs are detailed such as wishbone and MacPherson strut suspensions. Advantages and disadvantages of independent and rigid suspension systems are given. Various emerging suspension technologies are also summarized such as air, hydroelastic, and hydraulic suspensions.
The document provides information about braking systems. It discusses the main functions of braking systems which are to stop the vehicle safely and control the vehicle when descending hills. It describes the two main types of braking system layouts - front/rear hydraulic split and diagonal split. It explains the components of braking systems including the brake pedal, master cylinder, brake lines, and discusses different types of braking systems such as mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and discusses components like brake linings. It provides diagrams to illustrate hydraulic and mechanical braking systems.
The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the power plant (engine), chassis, transmission, body and controls, and accessories. It describes the basic layout of an automobile, including the powertrain and transmission systems. The main components are the engine (power plant), frame and chassis, transmission, body and controls. There are different arrangements for the power plant, including front-engine front-wheel drive, front-engine rear-wheel drive, and rear-engine rear-wheel drive. Four-wheel drive vehicles have an additional transfer box to divide torque between the front and rear wheels. The chassis and frames provide support for the other components and must meet requirements like strength, rigidity and weight.
This document describes different types of steering mechanisms used in vehicles, including rack and pinion steering, recirculating ball steering, and four-wheel steering systems. It also discusses power steering systems and introduces a movable headlight device that rotates to illuminate the area a vehicle is turning into using centrifugal force and balance weights. The device aims to automatically direct light in the direction a car is turning to improve safety.
Front Wheel Steering System With Moveable HeadlightsSuchit Moon
This document describes different types of steering mechanisms used in vehicles, including rack and pinion steering, recirculating ball steering, and four-wheel steering systems. It also discusses power steering systems and how they work. The document then provides details on a proposed movable headlight device for cars that would automatically direct the headlights in the direction the car turns through the use of a rotating body, lever arms, and balance weights activated by centrifugal force.
The propeller shaft transmits power from the gearbox to the rear differential. It includes U-joints and a slip joint to adjust for length changes over bumps. There are two main types of propeller shaft: the torque tube type, which fully encloses the shaft in a hollow tube connected to the rear axle housing, and the Hotchkiss type, which absorbs torque through the rear leaf spring using a shaft with universal joints and a sliding joint. Propeller shafts must be dynamically balanced, made of hardened steel to withstand torque loads, and designed to avoid resonance at high speeds.
The document discusses the steering system of a vehicle. It outlines the purpose and functions of a steering system, as well as requirements for a good steering system. It then provides an overview of the general layout of a steering system and steering geometry. Finally, it describes several common types of steering gear boxes, including worm and wheel, worm and roller, rack and pinion, recirculating ball, and cam and roller steering gear boxes.
The document summarizes the components and functions of an automobile steering system. It describes the key parts that transfer motion from the steering wheel to the front wheels, including the steering column, gearbox, linkage, and rack-and-pinion assembly. It also explains the purposes of the steering system to control direction, maintain effort levels, absorb shocks, and allow for suspension movement, while highlighting common steering system types like recirculating ball, rack-and-pinion, and hydraulic power steering.
The document describes the fabrication of a four wheel steering system for a Maruti 800 vehicle. Key points:
- The rear wheels were modified to allow for steering capability by adding a second rack and pinion steering gearbox connected to the original front gearbox via transfer rods and bevel gears.
- In rear steer mode at low speeds, the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction of the front wheels, greatly reducing the turning radius.
- Benefits of the four wheel steering system include improved vehicle handling, stability, and reduced driver fatigue over long drives due to the easier steering capability.
- The successful implementation of the system allows for increased maneuverability and stability of vehicles.
An axle is a central shaft that supports rotating wheels. On vehicles, the axle can be fixed to the wheels and rotate with them, or fixed to the vehicle with the wheels rotating around it. Bearings are provided where the axle is mounted. The document discusses different types of rear axles like full floating, semi floating, and three quarter floating axles. It also discusses front axles, describing them as either dead or live axles. Finally, it lists four types of stub axles used to connect front wheels to front axles: Elliot, reversed Elliot, Lamoine, and reversed Lamoine.
The document provides an overview of power steering systems. It discusses the history of power steering from its invention in the early 1900s to its use in automobiles and agricultural vehicles. The key components of power steering systems are described including the reservoir, steering gearbox, rotary valve, and pump. The main types of power steering systems - hydraulic, electro-hydraulic, and electric - are outlined along with diagrams of how each system works. Advantages like reduced driver fatigue and continuous steering are balanced with potential disadvantages such as leakage and vibration.
The document discusses various components and types of vehicle suspension systems. It describes solid axle, double wishbone, and MacPherson strut suspensions. For each type it provides the advantages and disadvantages. It explains key suspension terminology like camber, caster, roll center, and discusses how suspension serves to isolate passengers from road vibrations while improving vehicle control and mobility.
The document discusses hydraulic power steering systems. It begins by introducing steering and different steering mechanisms. It then explains the basic components and working of a hydraulic power steering system. The key components are a hydraulic control valve, pinion gear, hydraulic pressure and return lines, hydraulic piston, and rack housing. It works by using a pump driven by the engine to create hydraulic pressure which assists the driver's steering efforts through a piston. This makes steering easier and safer while absorbing road shocks.
This document summarizes the key components and classification of automobile chassis. It discusses how a chassis consists of the engine, brakes, steering system, and wheels mounted on a frame along with other components like the transmission and controls. It then classifies automobiles based on factors like capacity, power source, number of wheels, and where the engine is located. Different types of frames are also outlined including conventional, integral, and semi-integral frames. The functions of various vehicle systems and forces acting on the chassis are summarized as well.
The document discusses various components of an automobile transmission system, including gear boxes, types of gears, and the necessity of variable gear ratios. It describes common types of manual and automatic transmissions, such as sliding mesh gear boxes, constant mesh gear boxes, and epicyclic gearing. The document also explains how fluid couplings and torque converters work to transfer power from an engine to drive wheels through hydraulic fluid and rotating impeller and turbine components. Overall, the transmission system allows the engine to operate at optimal speeds while enabling variable speed control of the vehicle.
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
The document discusses the key components of steering systems, including the steering wheel, column, shaft, gear, linkage, and joints. It describes the function of each part and how they work together to translate driver input into wheel movement. The main types of steering gear systems - recirculating ball and rack and pinion - are explained in detail through diagrams and descriptions of how they operate.
The document discusses various types of automobile suspension systems. It describes independent suspension systems that allow each wheel to move independently and non-independent systems where the wheels are attached to a solid axle. Common types of independent suspension include MacPherson strut suspension, wishbone suspension, and solid rear axle suspension. The document also covers suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars. It provides advantages and disadvantages of different suspension types.
The document provides an overview of automotive transmission systems, including their main components and functions. It discusses the purpose of the transmission to transmit power from the engine to the driving wheels through a system of gears that allows for different speed and torque ratios. The key components covered are the clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, differential, and axle. Manual, automated manual, automatic, continuously variable, and dual-clutch transmissions are also summarized.
2b9fc module iii steering system_ part-ii (2)Tanvi Gautam
The document discusses steering systems and components. It describes steering linkages used in vehicles with rigid axle front suspensions and independent front suspensions. It also discusses different types of steering gears like rack and pinion gears, and how power steering systems and electronic power steering systems work. It provides details on Davis steering mechanism and Ackerman steering mechanism.
This document provides an overview of suspension systems for automobiles. It discusses the objectives of suspension systems which are to isolate the vehicle from road shocks for ride comfort and stability. It describes the main types of suspension systems including independent suspension, solid axle systems, MacPherson strut, wishbone, and trailing link. Specific suspension designs are detailed such as wishbone and MacPherson strut suspensions. Advantages and disadvantages of independent and rigid suspension systems are given. Various emerging suspension technologies are also summarized such as air, hydroelastic, and hydraulic suspensions.
The document provides information about braking systems. It discusses the main functions of braking systems which are to stop the vehicle safely and control the vehicle when descending hills. It describes the two main types of braking system layouts - front/rear hydraulic split and diagonal split. It explains the components of braking systems including the brake pedal, master cylinder, brake lines, and discusses different types of braking systems such as mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, and discusses components like brake linings. It provides diagrams to illustrate hydraulic and mechanical braking systems.
The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the power plant (engine), chassis, transmission, body and controls, and accessories. It describes the basic layout of an automobile, including the powertrain and transmission systems. The main components are the engine (power plant), frame and chassis, transmission, body and controls. There are different arrangements for the power plant, including front-engine front-wheel drive, front-engine rear-wheel drive, and rear-engine rear-wheel drive. Four-wheel drive vehicles have an additional transfer box to divide torque between the front and rear wheels. The chassis and frames provide support for the other components and must meet requirements like strength, rigidity and weight.
This document describes different types of steering mechanisms used in vehicles, including rack and pinion steering, recirculating ball steering, and four-wheel steering systems. It also discusses power steering systems and introduces a movable headlight device that rotates to illuminate the area a vehicle is turning into using centrifugal force and balance weights. The device aims to automatically direct light in the direction a car is turning to improve safety.
Front Wheel Steering System With Moveable HeadlightsSuchit Moon
This document describes different types of steering mechanisms used in vehicles, including rack and pinion steering, recirculating ball steering, and four-wheel steering systems. It also discusses power steering systems and how they work. The document then provides details on a proposed movable headlight device for cars that would automatically direct the headlights in the direction the car turns through the use of a rotating body, lever arms, and balance weights activated by centrifugal force.
This document describes a project to implement a four-wheel steering system with three steering modes in a single vehicle. The system allows the vehicle to steer the front wheels normally, steer both the front and rear wheels in the same direction for improved stability at higher speeds, and steer the front and rear wheels in opposite directions to achieve a tighter turning radius at low speeds such as during parking maneuvers. The system uses gears and linkages to synchronize the steering of the front and rear wheels and allow switching between the three steering modes.
The document discusses various components and types of steering systems used in vehicles. It describes the basic components that make up a steering system including the steering wheel, steering column, steering gears, linkages and wheels. It then explains different types of steering gears including worm and wheel, worm and sector, cam and lever, recirculating ball, and rack and pinion systems. The document also covers power steering systems that use hydraulic or electric motors to assist the driver by reducing steering effort.
This document discusses the history and components of automobile steering systems. It describes how early steering systems worked by pulling horse reins to turn buggy wheels. Later, systems were developed using linkages to connect the steering wheel to front wheels. Modern systems use power steering assisted by hydraulic or electric motors. Key components include the steering wheel, column, gear, rack and pinion, and linkages connecting to front knuckles to enable turning. Power steering greatly reduces steering effort for drivers.
This document provides an overview of automotive steering systems. It discusses the key components and functions of steering systems, including the steering wheel, steering linkage, and gears. The document focuses on rack and pinion steering systems and describes factors that affect steering geometry like caster angle, camber, toe, and steering ratio. It also discusses power steering systems and considerations for vehicle dynamics and handling.
The document discusses various components of steering systems in vehicles, including steering gears, linkages, power assistance, and kinematics. It describes how steering wheels are connected via linkages to turn the front wheels and aims them in the desired direction. It explains common types of steering gears like rack and pinion gears and how they provide mechanical advantage. It also covers power assisted steering using hydraulic or electric motors. Finally, it discusses kinematic principles like Ackerman steering geometry for slip-free turning.
The document discusses various components and types of steering gears used in automobiles. It describes common steering mechanisms like rack and pinion gears that convert rotational motion of the steering wheel into linear motion to turn the wheels. Power steering systems are also summarized, including hydraulic and electric power steering that apply pressure or torque to assist the driver in turning the wheels.
The document discusses various components and principles of steering systems. It covers basic steering systems like linkage steering and rack-and-pinion steering. Linkage steering uses a gearbox, drop arm, center link, and track rods to connect the steering wheel to the wheels. Rack-and-pinion steering directly connects the steering wheel to the wheels using a rack and pinion gear and track rods. Ball joints and tie rods allow for suspension movement and steering. The Ackerman principle ensures the inner wheel turns through a greater angle on turns to avoid tire wear.
This document presents information on a 360 degree load carrier system with four wheel steering. It discusses the basic components and principles of steering systems, including types like front wheel, rear wheel, and four wheel steering. For four wheel steering systems, it describes the two main modes: rear steer mode for low speeds, where the rear wheels turn in the opposite direction of the front wheels to reduce the turning radius; and crab mode for high speeds, where all wheels turn in the same direction for stability. The document outlines benefits of four wheel steering like improved vehicle handling, reduced driver fatigue, and a smaller turning radius.
Design and Manufacturing of Gearbox for Four-Wheel SteeringIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and manufacturing of a gearbox for a four-wheel steering system. A four-wheel steering system aims to improve steering ability and reduce effort required for turning by allowing the driver to control the angles of all four wheels. The author outlines the calculations and dimensions used to design a gearbox that incorporates rack and pinion steering for both front and rear wheels. The gearbox would use different gear arrangements to turn the rear wheels in the opposite direction of the front wheels at low speeds for improved maneuverability, and in the same direction as front wheels at high speeds for stability. The four-wheel steering system is meant to reduce turning radius, improve handling on various terrains, and increase stability at high speeds.
The document discusses making effective presentations by engaging audiences and capturing their attention. It provides tips on using awesome backgrounds to enhance presentations. The main topics covered are automobile engineering, including the history and classifications of vehicles, important components like the clutch, gear, gearbox, differential, steering system, and braking system. It describes how these systems work at a high level.
An approach to parallel parking and zero turning radius in automobilesIjrdt Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on an approach to parallel parking and zero turning radius steering in automobiles. The paper proposes a four-wheel steering system that allows a vehicle to turn 360 degrees in place, eliminating the need for multi-point turns when parking or maneuvering in tight spaces. Key points:
- A prototype vehicle was designed and built with independent front and rear wheel steering to demonstrate zero turning radius capability.
- The system allows the vehicle to quickly turn around in a small space by turning the wheels in unconventional directions.
- Testing showed the prototype reduced parking and 360-degree turning times by over 50% compared to conventional steering.
Vtu phase 1 report on four wheel steerinfg system2sandeepyadav755
The document describes a project report submitted by 4 students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree on developing a four wheel steering system, which aims to reduce the turning radius of vehicles. It provides background on steering systems and the different modes used in four wheel steering. The report then reviews previous literature on four wheel steering systems and describes the components and methodology used in their project.
Vtu phase 1 report on four wheel steerinfg systemsandeepyadav755
The document describes a project report submitted by 4 students for their Bachelor of Engineering degree on developing a four wheel steering system, which aims to reduce the turning radius of vehicles. It provides background on steering systems and the different modes used in four wheel steering. The report then reviews previous literature on four wheel steering systems and describes the components and methodology used in their project.
IRJET - Model of Four Wheel Steering MechanismIRJET Journal
This document discusses a model of a four wheel steering mechanism. It begins with an introduction to four wheel steering and its benefits over traditional two wheel steering systems, such as improved maneuverability and reduced turning radius. The objectives are then stated as building a physical model of a four wheel steering mechanism and understanding its advantages. The methodology and components of the model are described, including a rack and pinion system to steer the front wheels connected via bevel gears to another rack and pinion to steer the rear wheels. The working principle is explained, with the rear wheels steering in the opposite direction of the front wheels at low speeds for improved cornering, and in the same direction at high speeds for quicker lane changes. Construction details of the physical
What is rack and pinion steering mechanismManish Nepal
What Is Rack And Pinion Steering Mechanism? | How Rack And Pinion Steering System Works?
STEERING SYSTEM | WORKING and COMPONENTS
Working of Four Wheel Steering System in Hindi | Advantages, and Disadvantages of 4-Wheel Steering
How Power Steering System Works?
A steering system allows a vehicle to follow the desired course by guiding the wheels. It consists of a steering wheel, steering shaft and column, universal joints, and steering arms and ball sockets. The steering system enables the driver to safely steer the vehicle while also reducing effort. Modern systems have improved ease and durability. Common types are recirculating ball gearboxes and rack and pinion systems, which convert rotational motion of the steering wheel into linear motion to turn the wheels.
The document discusses the steering system design for a BAJA vehicle. It describes choosing a rack and pinion system for its simplicity and ease of mounting. An Ackermann steering geometry is selected to ensure the wheels pivot around the same point during turns. A customized steering mechanism will be made based on a Maruti 800 rack and pinion gear system. Key parameters like caster angle, camber, toe-in, and scrub radius are discussed. Terminology related to steering components like the steering wheel, column, rack, and linkages are defined. The Ackermann principle is explained which ensures the inner wheel turns through a larger angle during turns to prevent tire wear.
EPAS report Electric power assisted steeringSuchit Moon
This document provides an overview of electric power assisted steering (EPAS) systems. It discusses the basic components and working of EPAS, including an electric control unit, torque sensor, electric motor, and intermediate gear. Four different EPAS configurations are described based on the placement of the motor. EPAS offers advantages over hydraulic power steering like more design flexibility and elimination of power steering fluid. A key advantage is ECU control of variable steering assistance based on vehicle speed. EPAS will likely be used first in smaller vehicles and move to larger ones as the technology advances.
This project report describes the development of a regenerative braking system for bicycles that captures kinetic energy lost during braking and uses it to power LED safety flashers. The system was designed for urban commuter cyclists. It includes custom direct-pull brake calipers with friction pads and an integrated DC motor generator. Testing showed that the system can power LED flashers continuously when braking occurs 8 or more times per mile, and semi-continuously when braking occurs 4 times per mile, which would be sufficient for most urban commutes. The regenerative braking system provides safety benefits to cyclists without requiring additional physical exertion compared to existing human-powered lighting systems.
Dheeraj Mann presented on small scale industries in India. Small scale industries are defined as those using simple machines and employing few workers with fixed assets between 50 lakh to 1 crore rupees. The government of India promotes small scale industries to address unemployment and excess population. To start a small industry, one should conduct market research, select a site, obtain required approvals, and prepare a scheme detailing the selected product and costs. The government provides various forms of assistance to small industries at the national and state levels through organizations established for their support.
ACC uses on-board sensors to automatically adjust vehicle speed to maintain a safe distance from vehicles ahead without external infrastructure. CACC further extends this automation by utilizing information from fixed infrastructure like satellites and roadside beacons, or mobile infrastructure on other vehicles, to cooperatively control vehicle speed and distance. The document appears to provide information about ACC and CACC systems including their operation and components.
Latest trends in automobiles seminar reportDeepak kango
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Steering system project report
1. ABSTRACT
The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desired
directions. This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears.
One of the fundamental concepts is that of caster angle – each wheel is steeredwith
a pivot point ahead of the wheel; this makes the steering tend to be self-centring
towards the direction of travel. When the driver turns the steering wheel, a shaft
from the steering column turns a steering gear. The steering gear moves tie rods that
connect to the front wheels. The tie rods move the front wheels to turn the vehicle
right or left. The steering system must provide control over the direction of travel
of the vehicle; good maneuverability for parking the vehicle; smooth recovery from
turns, as the driver releases the steering wheel; and minimum transmission of road
shocks from the road surface. The steering system provides control over direction
of travel, good manoeuvrability, smooth recovery from turns, and minimum
transmission of road shocks.
2. 1. INTRODUCTION
The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a
hand–operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via
the steering column, which may contain universal joints (which may also be part of
the collapsible steering column design), to allow it to deviate somewhat from a
straight line. Other arrangements are sometimesfound on different types of vehicles,
for example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as bulldozers
and tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move
at different speeds or even in opposite directions, using clutches and brakes, to bring
about a change of course or direction.
The direction of motion of a motor vehicle is controlled by a steering system.
A basic steering system has 3 main parts: A steering box connected to the steering
wheel. The linkage connecting the steering box to the wheel assemblies at the front
wheels. And front suspension parts to let the wheel assemblies pivot.
When the driver turns the steering wheel, a shaft from the steering column turns a
steering gear. The steering gear moves tie rods that connect to the front wheels. The
tie rods move the front wheels to turn the vehicle right or left.
Steering is the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow
a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car, motorcycle, bicycle) to follow the desired
course. An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined
together with railroad switches (and also known as 'points' in British English)
provide the steering function. The primary purpose of the steering system is to allow
the driver to guide the vehicle.
3. Figure-1.1 Steering gear
There are 2 basic types of steering boxes - those with rack-and-pinion gearing, and
those with worm gearing. In both cases, the gearing in the steering box makes it
easier for the driver to turn the steering wheel, and hence, the wheels.
A rack-and-pinion steering system has a steering wheel, a main-shaft, universal
joints, and an intermediate shaft. When the steering is turned, movement is
transferred by the shafts to the pinion. The pinion is meshed with the teeth of the
rack, so pinion rotation moves the rack from side to side. This type of steering is
used on passenger vehicles because it is light, and direct.
This steering system has worm gearing. It provides a gear reduction, and a 90 degree
change in direction. It has more parts and joints than the rack type, but it is more
robust, and may be used on heavier vehicles.
4. To allow heavy transport vehicles to carry extra weight, two steering axles may be
used. They’re connected by a link to a common steering box. These vehicles are
called tandem, or twin-steered vehicles.
Some passenger vehicles also steer the rear wheels slightly. This gives improved
manoeuvrability. The system is known as 4-wheel steering.
It can be controlled mechanically, through a direct connection, between the front
and rear steering boxes.
Or it can be computer-controlled.
With heavier vehicles, increased use of front-wheel-drive, and wider, low-profile
tyres, more steering effort is needed, so power steering is used.
An engine-driven hydraulic pump provides pressure that helps the driver steer the
vehicle. The power steering system is designed so that the vehicle can still be
controlled, even if the engine or the power steering system, fails.
5. 2. WHEELED VEHICLE STEERING
2.1 Basic geometry
The basic aim of steering is to ensure that the wheels are pointing in the desired
directions. This is typically achieved by a series of linkages, rods, pivots and gears.
One of the fundamental concepts is that of caster angle – each wheel is steeredwith
a pivot point ahead of the wheel; this makes the steering tend to be self-centring
towards the direction of travel.
The steering linkages connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conform
to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn,
the inner wheel is actually travelling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel,
so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for
turns. The angle the wheels make with the vertical plane also influences steering
dynamics (camber angle) as do the tires.
Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering
wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a linear gear that
meshes with the pinion, converting circular motion into linear motion along the
transverse axis of the car (side to side motion). This motion applies
steering torque to the swivel pin ball joints that replaced previously used kingpins of
the stub axle of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the
steering arm.
The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and
direct steering "feel". A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does
wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement.
BMW began to use rack and pinion steering systems in the 1930s, and many other
European manufacturers adopted the technology. American automakers adopted
rack and pinion steering beginning with the 1974 Ford Pinto.[1]
6. Figure 2.1.1 Ackermann Steering mechanism
Older designs use two main principles: the worm and sector design and the screw
and nut. Both types were enhanced by reducing the friction; for screw and nut it is
the recirculating ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles.
The steering column turns a large screw which meshes with nut by recirculating
balls. The nut moves a sectorof a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the screw
is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the Pitman arm, which is
connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball
version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball
bearings between the screw and the nut; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit
from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them
with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are "recirculated".
7. The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical
advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion
was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal
adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important advantage,
leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating
ball design also has a perceptible lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn
of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this
is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear,
but it cannot be entirely eliminated because it will create excessive internal forces
at other positions and the mechanism will wear very rapidly. This design is still in
use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are
less important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage.
The worm and sector was an older design, used for example in Willys and Chrysler
vehicles, and the Ford Falcon (1960's). To reduce friction, the sector is replaced by
a roller or rotating pins on the rocker shaft arm.
Other systems for steering exist, but are uncommon on road vehicles. Children's
toys and go-karts often use a very direct linkage in the form of a bell crank (also
commonly known as a Pitman arm) attached directly between the steering column
and the steering arms, and the use of cable-operated steering linkages (e.g.
the capstan and bowstring mechanism) is also found on some home-built vehicles
such as soapbox cars and recumbent tricycles.
8. Figure 2.1.2 Ackermann steering geometry
2.2 Power Steering
Power steering helps the driver of a vehicle to steer by directing some of the its
power to assist in swiveling the steered road wheels about their steering axes. As
vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel drive, particularly using
negative offset geometry, along with increases in tire width and diameter, the effort
needed to turn the wheels about their steering axis has increased, often to the point
where major physical exertion would be needed were it not for power assistance.
To alleviate this auto makers have developed power steering systems, or more
correctly power-assisted steering, since on road-going vehicles there has to be a
mechanical linkage as a fail-safe. There are two types of power steering systems:
hydraulic and electric/electronic. A hydraulic-electric hybrid system is also
possible.
A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-
driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power
steering (EPS) is more efficient than hydraulic power steering, since the electric
9. power steering motor only needs to provide assistance when the steering wheel is
turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS, the amount of
assistance is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver
preference. An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by
leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid. In addition, electrical
assistance is not lost when the engine fails or stalls, whereas hydraulic assistance
stops working if the engine stops, making the steering doubly heavy as the driver
must now turn not only the very heavy steering—without any help—but also the
power-assistance system itself.
Figure 2.2.2 Power steering
2.3 Speed Sensitive Steering
An outgrowth of power steering is speed sensitive steering, where the steering is
heavily assisted at low speed and lightly assisted at high speed. Auto makers
10. perceive that motoristsmight need to make large steeringinputs while manoeuvring
for parking, but not while traveling at high speed. The first vehicle with this feature
was the Citroën SM with its Diravi layout, although rather than altering the amount
of assistance as in modern power steering systems, it altered the pressure on a
centring cam which made the steering wheel try to "spring" back to the straight-
ahead position. Modern speed-sensitive power steering systems reduce the
mechanical or electrical assistance as the vehicle speed increases, giving a more
direct feel. This feature is gradually becoming more common.
2.4 Four Wheel Steering
In an active four-wheel steering system, all four wheels turn at the same time when
the driver steers. In most active four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are
steeredby a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as
the front wheels. There can be controls to switch off the rear steer and options to
steer only the rear wheels independently of the front wheels. At low speed (e.g.
parking) the rear wheels turn opposite of the front wheels, reducing the turning
radius by up to twenty-five percent, sometimes critical for large trucks or tractors
and vehicles with trailers, while at higher speeds both front and rear wheels turn
alike (electronically controlled), so that the vehicle may change position with
less yaw, enhancing straight-line stability. The "snaking effect" experienced
during motorway drives while towing a travel trailer is thus largely
nullified.[dubious – discuss]
Four-wheel steering found its most widespread use in monster trucks, where
manoeuvrability in small arenas is critical, and it is also popular in
large farm vehicles and trucks. Some of the modern European Intercity buses also
utilize four-wheel steering to assist manoeuvrability in bus terminals, and also to
improve road stability. The first rally vehicle to use the technology was the Peugeot
405 Turbo 16. Its debut was at the 1988 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb, where
11. it set a record breaking time of 10:47.77.[3] The car would go on to victory in the
1989 and 1990 Paris-Dakar Rally, again driven by Ari Virtanen.
Previously, Honda had four-wheel steering as an option in their 1987–
2001 Prelude and Honda Ascot Innova models (1992–1996). Mazdaalso offered
four-wheel steering on the 626 and MX6 in 1988. General
Motors offered Delphi's Quadrasteer in their consumer
Silverado/Sierra and Suburban/Yukon. However, only 16,500 vehicles were sold
with this system from its introduction in 2002 through 2004. Due to this low
demand, GM discontinued the technology at the end of the 2005 model
year.[4] Nissan/Infiniti offer several versions of their HICAS system as standard or
as an option in much of their line-up. A new "Active Drive" system is introduced
on the 2008 version of the Renault line. It was designed as one of several measures
to increase security and stability. The Active Drive should lower the effectsof under
steer and decrease the chances of spinning by diverting part of the G-forces
generated in a turn from the front to the rear tires. At low speeds the turning circle
can be tightened so parking and maneuvering is easier.
Figure 2.4.1 Four wheel steering
12. 3. PRINCIPLE OF STEERING
The steering system must provide control over the direction of travel of the vehicle;
good maneuverability for parking the vehicle; smooth recovery from turns, as the
driver releases the steering wheel; and minimum transmission of road shocks from
the road surface. The steeringsystem provides control over direction of travel, good
manoeuvrability, smooth recovery from turns, and minimum transmission of road
shocks.
Figure 3.1 Steering digram
The effort by the driver is transferred from the steering wheel, down the steering
column, to a steering box.
13. The steering box converts the rotary motion of the steering wheel, to the linear
motion needed to steer the vehicle. It also gives the driver a mechanical advantage.
The linear motion from the steering box is then transferred by tie-rods, to the
steering arms at the front wheels. The tie rods have ball joints that allow steering
movement, and movement of the suspension.
The steering-arm ball-joints are arranged so that movement in the suspension does
not affect steering operation.
14. 4 TYPES OF STEERING SYSTEM
4.1. Rack & Pinion Steering System
Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering
wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a linear gear that
meshes with the pinion, converting circular motion into linear motion along the
transverse axis of the car (side to side motion). This motion applies
steering torque to the swivel pin ball joints that replaced previously used kingpins of
the stub axle of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the
steering arm.
The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and
direct steering "feel". A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does
wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement.
15. Figure 4.2.1 Components of rack and pinion steering system
The primary components of the rack and pinion steering system are:
1. Rubber Bellows
2. Pinion
3. Rack
4. Inner Ball Joint
5. Tie Rod
Rubber Bellows:- This rubber bellows is attached to the Rack and Pinion housing.
It protects the inner joints from dirt and contaminants. In addition, it retains the
grease lubricant inside the rack and pinion housing. There is an identical bellows on
the other end of the rack for the opposite side connection.
Figure 4.2.2 Steering Gear
16. Pinion:- The pinion is connected to the steering column. As the driver turns the
steering wheel, the forces are transferred to the pinion and it then causes the rack to
move in either direction. This is achieved by having the pinion in constant mesh
with the rack.
Figure 4.2.3 Clashing gears
Rack:- The rack slides in the housing and is moved by the action of the meshed
pinion into the teeth of the rack. It normally has an adjustable bush opposite the
pinion to control their meshing, and a nylon bush at the other end.
17. Figure 4.2.4 Gear
Inner Ball Joint Or Socket:- The inner ball joint is attached to the tie-rod, to
allow for suspension movement and slight changes in steering angles.
Figure 4.2.4 Steering rod viewed
Tie Rod:- A tie rod end is attached to the tie-rod shaft. These pivot as the rack is
extended or retracted when the vehicle is negotiating turns. Some tie-rods and tie-
18. rod ends are left or right hand threaded. This allows toe-in or toe-out to be adjusted
to the manufacturer's specifications.
Figure 4.2.5 Tie rod
4.2. Recirculating Ball type
Recirculatingball,also known as recirculatingball and nut or worm and sector,
is a steering mechanism commonly found in older automobiles, and some trucks.
Most newer cars use the more economical rack and pinion steeringinstead, but some
manufacturers (including Chrysler and General Motors) still use this technology in
some models; e.g., the Jeep Wrangler and the Crossfire for the durability and
strength inherent in the design.
19. Figure 4.2.1 Recirculating ball
Mechanism:-
The recirculating ball steering mechanism contains a worm gear inside a block with
a threaded hole in it; this block has gear teeth cut into the outside to engage the sector
shaft (also called a sector gear) which moves the Pitman arm. The steering wheel
connects to a shaft, which rotates the worm gear inside of the block. Instead of
twisting further into the block, the worm gear is fixed so that when it spins, it moves
the block, which transmits the motion through the gear to the pitman arm, causing
the roadwheels to turn.
20. The primary components of the recirculating ball and nut steering system are:
1. Pitman Arm Shaft
2. Idler Arm
3. Track Rod Or Centre Link
4. Tie Rod
5. Tie Rod End
6. Adsutment Sleeve
Pitman Arm Shaft:- The pitman arm shaft is attached to the steeringbox by a spline
and nut. As the driver turns the steering wheel, the steering box mechanism moves
the steering linkages via the pitman arm shaft either left or right, depending on the
direction in which the steering wheel is turned.
The steering box provides the change of angle at 90° to the steering linkage.
21. Idler Arm:- The idler arm is attached to the chassis and is positioned parallel to the
pitman arm.
Figure 4.2.3 Idler arm
22. Track Rod or Centre Link:- The track rod connects the pitman arm shaft to the
idler arm shaft. In this way any movement in the pitman arm shaft is directlyapplied
to the idler arm shaft.
Figure 4.2.4 Tracker rod
Tie Rod:- The tie rods connect the track rod to the steering arms that are located on
the steering knuckles. Thus all movement from the pitman arm shaft is relayed
directly to the front wheels, which steer the vehicle.
23. Figure 4.2.5 Tracker rod
Tie Rod End:- Tie rod ends are attached to the tie-rodshaft. These pivot as the rack
is extended or retracted when the vehicle is negotiating turns. Tie-rods and tie-rod
ends are left or right hand threaded.
Figure 4.2.6 Tie rod end
24. Adjustment Sleeve:- The adjustment sleeve connects the tie-rod to the tie-rod end.
It provides the adjustment point for toe-in or toe-out, depending on the
manufacturers' specifications.
Figure 4.2.7 Adjustment sleeve
4.3. Four Wheel Steering System
Some cars have four-wheel steering.
This can be computer controlledor it can be mechanical, through a direct connection
between the front and rear steering boxes, or it can be computer-controlled, or the
rear wheels can be mounted on special, compliant mounts. As cornering forces are
applied to them, they alter the steering angles.
25. Figure 4.3.1 Four wheel steering
With heavier vehicles, increased use of front-wheel drive, and wider, low-profile
tyres, more steering effort is needed, so power assistance is used.
A hydraulic pump is driven from the engine, to provide pressure to help the driver.
The power steering system is designed so that even if the engine or the power
steeringsystem fails, the vehicle can still be controlled. However, much more driver
effort is required.
The relationships between the steering system, the wheel positions, and the
suspension system, form what is called the steering geometry. These relationships
must always stay within manufacturer specifications.
26. 5. STEERING MECHANISMS
1. Ackermann steering geometry
2. Davis steering geometry
5.1. Ackermann steering geometry
It is a geometric arrangement of linkages in the steering of a car or
other vehicle designed to solve the problem of wheels on the inside and outside of
a turn needing to trace out circles of different radius. It was invented by the German
Carriage Builder Georg Lankensperger in Munich in 1817, then patented by his
agent in England, Rudolph Ackermann (1764–1834) in 1818 for horse drawn
carriages. Erasmus Darwin may have a prior claim as the inventor dating from 1758.
A simple approximation to perfect Ackermann steering geometry may be generated
by moving the steering pivot points inward so as to lie on a line drawn between the
steering kingpins and the centre of the rear axle. The steeringpivot points are joined
by a rigid bar called the tie rod which can also be part of the steeringmechanism, in
the form of a rack and pinion for instance. With perfect Ackermann, at any angle of
steering, the centre point of all of the circles traced by all wheels will lie at a
common point. Note that this may be difficult to arrange in practice with simple
linkages, and designers are advised to draw or analyze their steering systems over
the full range of steering angles.
27. Figure 5.1.1 Ackermann steering
Modern cars do not use pure Ackermann steering, partly because it ignores
important dynamic and compliant effects, but the principle is sound for low speed
manoeuvres. Some race cars use reverse Ackermann geometry to compensate for
the large difference in slip angle between the inner and outer front tyres while
cornering at high speed. The use of such geometry helps reduce tyre temperatures
during high-speed cornering but compromises performance in low speed
maneuvers.
28. Figure 5.1.2 Rack pinion gear
The Ackerman Steering Principle defines the geometry that is applied to four wheel
drive to enable the correct turning
angle of the steeringwheels to be generated when negotiating a corner or a curve.An
Ackermann steering gear has only
turning pairs and thus is preferred. Its drawback is that it fulfils the fundamental
equation of correct gearing at the middle and the two extreme position and not in all
positions.
With perfect Ackermann, at any angle of steering, the centre point of all of the
circles traced by all wheels will lie at a common point.
The intention of Ackermann geometry is to avoid the need for tyres to slip sideways
when following the path around a curve.The geometrical solution to this is for all
wheels to have their axles arranged as radii of a circle with a common centre point.
29. As the rear wheels are fixed, this centre point must be on a line extended from the
rear axle.
Intersecting the axes of the front wheels on this line as well requires that the inside
front wheel is turned, when steering, through a greater angle than the outside
wheel.The principle of Ackerman Steering is the relationship between the front
inside tire and front outside tire in a corner or curve.
5.2. Davis Steering Geometry
A Davis steeringgear has sliding pairs which means more frictionand easy wearing.
The gear fulfils the fundamental equation of gearing in all the positions. However,
due to easy wearing it becomes inaccurate after some time.
This is the reason why this type of steering mechaism are now absolute these days
and are not used in offroad vehicles as they are more prone to wear and tear.
Figure 5.2.1 Davis steering mechanism
It is recommended not to go for devis steering arrangement though it has accurate
mechanism and is mathematically better than ackerman
but it should noted that its availability is less and also it gets wear easily due to
sliding pair.
30. 6. STEERING RATIO
Steering ratio refers to the ratio between the turn of the steering wheel (in degrees)
or handlebars and the turn of the wheels (in degrees).
The steering ratio, is the amount of degrees you have to turn the steering wheel, for
the wheels to turn an amount of degrees. In motorcycles and bicycles, the steering
ratio is always 1:1, because the steering wheel will always follow the wheel. x:y
means that you have turn the steering wheel x degree(s), for the wheel(s) to turn y
degree(s). In most passenger cars, the ratio is between 12:1 and 20:1. Example: If
one complete turn of the steering wheel, 360 degrees, causes the wheels to turn 24
degrees, the ratio is then 360:24 = 15:1 (360/24=15).
Figure 6.1.1 Steering Ratio Graph
A higher steering ratio means that you have to turn the steering wheel more, to get
the wheels turning, but it will be easier to turn the steering wheel. A lower steering
ratio means that you have to turn the steering wheel less, to get the wheels turning,
31. but it will be harder to turn the steeringwheel. Larger and heavier vehicles will often
have a higher steering ratio, which will make the steering wheel easier to turn. If a
truck had a low steering ratio, it would be very hard to turn the steering wheel. In
normal and lighter cars, the wheels become easier to turn, so the steering ratio
doesn't have to be as high. In race cars the ratio becomes really low, because you
want the vehicle to respond a lot quicker than in normal cars. The steering wheel
will also become a lot harder to turn.
6.1. Variable Ratio Steering
A variable-ratio steering, is a system that uses different ratios on the rack, in a rack
and pinion steering system. At the center of the rack, the space between the teeth
are smaller and the space becomes larger as the pinion moves down the rack. In the
middle of the rack you'll have a higher ratio and the ratio becomes lower as you turn
the steering wheel towards lock. This makes the steering less sensitive, when the
steering wheel is close to its center position and makes it harder for the driver
to oversteer at high speeds. As you turn the steering wheel towards lock, the wheels
begins to react more to your steering input.
33. 7. CONCLUSION
With the world’s highest growth rate for passenger vehicle production, the Chinese
automotive market crossed production volume of 3.8 million units in 2005. It is
expected that China will surpass Japan and become the world’s second-largest
automotive market by 2010, trailing only the United States.
The Chinese automotive market is one of the most dynamic markets, not only for
its high growth rate, but also for the advanced technologies applied. For example,
one of the most advanced steering technologies, electric power steering (EPS), is
expected to emerge strongly and win a large market share during the next decade.
Pitman arm mechanisms have a steering 'box' where the shaft from the steering
wheel comes in and a lever arm comes out - the pitman arm. This pitman arm is
linked to the track rod or centre link, which is supported by idler arms. The tie rods
connect to the track rod. There are a large number of variations of the actual
mechanical linkage from direct-link where the pitman arm is connected directly to
the track rod, to compound linkages where it is connected to one end of the steering
system or the track rod via other rods. The example here shows a compound link
(left). Most of the steering box mechanisms that drive the pitman arm have a 'dead
spot' in the centre of the steering where you can turn the steering wheel a slight
amount before the front wheels start to turn. This slack can normally be adjusted
with a screw mechanism but it can't ever be eliminated. The traditional advantage
of these systems is that they give bigger mechanical advantage and thus work well
on heavier vehicles. With the advent of power steering, that has become a moot
point and the steering system design is now more to do with mechanical design,
price and weight. The following are the four basic types of steering box used in
pitman arm systems.
34. 7. FUTURE SCOPE
You can expect to see several innovations that will improve fuel economy. One of
the coolest ideas on the drawing board is the "steer-by-wire" or "drive-by-wire"
system. These systems would completely eliminate the mechanical connection
between the steering wheel and the steering, replacing it with a purely electronic
control system. Essentially, the steering wheel would work like the one you can buy
for your home computer to play games. It would contain sensors that tell the car
what the driver is doing with the wheel, and have some motors in it to provide the
driver with feedback on what the car is doing. The output of these sensors would be
used to control a motorized steering system. This would free up space in the engine
compartment by eliminating the steering shaft. It would also reduce vibration inside
the car. General Motors has introduced a concept car, the Hy-wire, that features this
type of driving system. One of the most exciting things about the drive-by-wire
system in the GM Hy-wire is that you can fine-tune vehicle handling without
changing anything in the car's mechanical components -- all it takes to adjust the
steering is some new computer software. In future drive-by-wire vehicles, you will
most likely be able to configure the controlsexactly to your liking by pressing a few
buttons, just like you might adjust the seat position in a car today. It would also be
possible in this sort of system to store distinct control preferences for each driver in
the family.
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