The document is a study sheet on Bernoulli's equation and its applications. It contains 7 practice problems applying Bernoulli's equation to calculate things like water flow rates, pressures at different points, and forces on gates. Diagrams illustrate the hydraulic systems and students are asked to calculate values, sketch graphs, and determine if water levels are rising or falling. The problems involve nozzles, pipes, weirs, and cylinders to demonstrate applications of Bernoulli's equation in hydraulics.
The document contains 7 practice problems for applying Bernoulli's equation to fluid mechanics situations:
1) Determining the diameter of a jet of water flowing from a tank if the water level remains constant
2) Determining if the water level in a tank with inflows and an outflow weir is rising or falling
3) Calculating pressures and drawing hydraulic grade lines for a pipe system with and without a nozzle
4) Analyzing forces on a vertical gate from upstream water with varying depths
5) Calculating flow rates and pressures at several points in a branched pipeline system
This document contains an exam for a Hydraulics I course, including 5 questions. Question 1 has 16 multiple choice questions covering topics like Reynolds number, streamlines, pumps, cavitation, energy in fluids, head loss, and formulas for pipe flow. Question 2 asks to calculate the force on the bottom of a container. Question 3 asks to calculate flow rate and force on a sluice gate. Question 4 asks to find the intersection point of two jets from identical orifices. Question 5 asks to calculate the required elevation for a water tank to supply pressure to a building. The exam is out of 70 points and covers key hydraulic concepts.
1. This document contains an exam for a Hydraulics 1 course, including 6 questions covering concepts like fluid viscosity, pipe flow, hydroelectric power, and fluid mechanics.
2. The first question has 4 parts involving calculations of fluid viscosity from torque measurements, belt power over an oil film, pressure readings from a U-tube manometer, and length of a porous bed to absorb stormwater flow.
3. The second question involves calculating the weight and horizontal force on a submerged cylinder, and velocities and pressures in an open-top pipeline.
4. Additional questions cover topics like siphon summit pressure, residual head after a turbine, maximum height of a liquid jet from an inclined nozzle,
The document discusses Bernoulli's equation and its applications in hydraulics. It contains the following key points:
1) Bernoulli's equation relates the sum of pressure, kinetic, and potential energy along a streamline. It states that the total head remains constant.
2) The equation can be expressed in terms of "head" by dividing each term by the acceleration due to gravity. This allows pressure, velocity, and elevation to be visualized as equivalent heights.
3) Applications of Bernoulli's equation include pumps and turbines. In a pump, the total head increases which raises the energy and hydraulic grade lines. In a turbine, the total head decreases which lowers the energy and hydraulic grade lines.
We attempt to offer an innovative solution to the issues of long response times, large volumes of actuation fluid, and external control circuitry that have been associated with past approaches in creating switches in paper microfluidics. Our method consists of a device created from chromatography paper and featuring folds which, when selectively wetted with an actuation fluid, will either raise or lower the actuator's tip and thus engage or break the desired fluidic connections. As a result, response time is drastically reduced (2 seconds) and the volume of actuation fluid consumed is extremely small (4 microliters). We have tested this approach with six switch configurations, ranging from single-pole single-throw (normally OFF and normally ON) to single-pole double-throw (with single and double break). We further demonstrate its potential with a colorimetric assay involving six actuators in parallel, which can detect the presence of three analytes (glucose, protein, and nitrite) in artificial saliva. Finally, this work brings in the concept of origami to paper microfluidics, combining multiple-fold geometries for programmable switching of fluidic connections.
"A fast, reconfigurable flow switch for paper
microfluidics based on selective wetting of folded
paper actuator strips",
Lab on Chip, 2017, 17, 3621
Chapter 6 energy and momentum principlesBinu Karki
1) Open channel flow concepts such as specific energy, critical depth, Froude number, and their relationships are introduced. Critical depth corresponds to the minimum specific energy for a given discharge and occurs when the Froude number is 1. (2)
2) Flow over humps and through contractions is analyzed. For subcritical flow over a hump, the water surface lowers; above a critical hump height the water surface rises upstream in a "damming" effect called afflux. Through contractions, depth decreases for subcritical flow and increases for supercritical flow if losses are negligible. (3)
3) Broad crested weirs and Venturi flumes, which rely on critical flow principles, are commonly
This document contains solutions to problems involving the application of Bernoulli's equation to fluid mechanics scenarios. The first problem determines the minimum air pressure required to open a hatch on a structure attached to the ocean floor. The second problem calculates the difference in water depth upstream of a weir under normal and flood flow conditions. The third problem uses Bernoulli's equation to determine the flow rate and vacuum pressure in a siphon system connecting two reservoirs at different elevations.
This document contains an assignment for a Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machinery course. It includes 11 problems related to dimensional analysis, model analysis, hydraulic similitude, flow in pipes and channels, hydraulic jumps, water turbines, impact of jets, and reaction turbines. The problems involve calculating forces, pressures, discharges, velocities, and efficiencies using concepts of fluid mechanics and open channel flow.
The document contains 7 practice problems for applying Bernoulli's equation to fluid mechanics situations:
1) Determining the diameter of a jet of water flowing from a tank if the water level remains constant
2) Determining if the water level in a tank with inflows and an outflow weir is rising or falling
3) Calculating pressures and drawing hydraulic grade lines for a pipe system with and without a nozzle
4) Analyzing forces on a vertical gate from upstream water with varying depths
5) Calculating flow rates and pressures at several points in a branched pipeline system
This document contains an exam for a Hydraulics I course, including 5 questions. Question 1 has 16 multiple choice questions covering topics like Reynolds number, streamlines, pumps, cavitation, energy in fluids, head loss, and formulas for pipe flow. Question 2 asks to calculate the force on the bottom of a container. Question 3 asks to calculate flow rate and force on a sluice gate. Question 4 asks to find the intersection point of two jets from identical orifices. Question 5 asks to calculate the required elevation for a water tank to supply pressure to a building. The exam is out of 70 points and covers key hydraulic concepts.
1. This document contains an exam for a Hydraulics 1 course, including 6 questions covering concepts like fluid viscosity, pipe flow, hydroelectric power, and fluid mechanics.
2. The first question has 4 parts involving calculations of fluid viscosity from torque measurements, belt power over an oil film, pressure readings from a U-tube manometer, and length of a porous bed to absorb stormwater flow.
3. The second question involves calculating the weight and horizontal force on a submerged cylinder, and velocities and pressures in an open-top pipeline.
4. Additional questions cover topics like siphon summit pressure, residual head after a turbine, maximum height of a liquid jet from an inclined nozzle,
The document discusses Bernoulli's equation and its applications in hydraulics. It contains the following key points:
1) Bernoulli's equation relates the sum of pressure, kinetic, and potential energy along a streamline. It states that the total head remains constant.
2) The equation can be expressed in terms of "head" by dividing each term by the acceleration due to gravity. This allows pressure, velocity, and elevation to be visualized as equivalent heights.
3) Applications of Bernoulli's equation include pumps and turbines. In a pump, the total head increases which raises the energy and hydraulic grade lines. In a turbine, the total head decreases which lowers the energy and hydraulic grade lines.
We attempt to offer an innovative solution to the issues of long response times, large volumes of actuation fluid, and external control circuitry that have been associated with past approaches in creating switches in paper microfluidics. Our method consists of a device created from chromatography paper and featuring folds which, when selectively wetted with an actuation fluid, will either raise or lower the actuator's tip and thus engage or break the desired fluidic connections. As a result, response time is drastically reduced (2 seconds) and the volume of actuation fluid consumed is extremely small (4 microliters). We have tested this approach with six switch configurations, ranging from single-pole single-throw (normally OFF and normally ON) to single-pole double-throw (with single and double break). We further demonstrate its potential with a colorimetric assay involving six actuators in parallel, which can detect the presence of three analytes (glucose, protein, and nitrite) in artificial saliva. Finally, this work brings in the concept of origami to paper microfluidics, combining multiple-fold geometries for programmable switching of fluidic connections.
"A fast, reconfigurable flow switch for paper
microfluidics based on selective wetting of folded
paper actuator strips",
Lab on Chip, 2017, 17, 3621
Chapter 6 energy and momentum principlesBinu Karki
1) Open channel flow concepts such as specific energy, critical depth, Froude number, and their relationships are introduced. Critical depth corresponds to the minimum specific energy for a given discharge and occurs when the Froude number is 1. (2)
2) Flow over humps and through contractions is analyzed. For subcritical flow over a hump, the water surface lowers; above a critical hump height the water surface rises upstream in a "damming" effect called afflux. Through contractions, depth decreases for subcritical flow and increases for supercritical flow if losses are negligible. (3)
3) Broad crested weirs and Venturi flumes, which rely on critical flow principles, are commonly
This document contains solutions to problems involving the application of Bernoulli's equation to fluid mechanics scenarios. The first problem determines the minimum air pressure required to open a hatch on a structure attached to the ocean floor. The second problem calculates the difference in water depth upstream of a weir under normal and flood flow conditions. The third problem uses Bernoulli's equation to determine the flow rate and vacuum pressure in a siphon system connecting two reservoirs at different elevations.
This document contains an assignment for a Hydraulics and Hydraulic Machinery course. It includes 11 problems related to dimensional analysis, model analysis, hydraulic similitude, flow in pipes and channels, hydraulic jumps, water turbines, impact of jets, and reaction turbines. The problems involve calculating forces, pressures, discharges, velocities, and efficiencies using concepts of fluid mechanics and open channel flow.
This document contains a 25 question multiple choice test on hydrogeology. It tests knowledge of topics like groundwater flow maps, drinking water standards, well development, aquifer characteristics, drilling methods, types of wells, groundwater investigation techniques, Darcy's law, and more. The questions are in a standard multiple choice format with a single correct answer out of 4 options for each question.
This chapter discusses energy losses that occur in pipe networks due to fluid flow. It describes major losses, which are primarily due to friction within the pipe, and minor losses, which are secondary losses caused by changes in pipe diameter, bends, valves, and other components. Methods are provided to calculate the head loss associated with major and minor losses using equations that consider factors like pipe roughness, diameter, flow rate, and geometry of components. Worked examples are also included to demonstrate calculating head losses in pipe networks with pipes arranged in series and parallel configurations.
This document discusses the hydraulic design of the main diversion structure of a barrage. It covers sub-surface flow considerations like seepage pressure, exit gradient, and uplift forces. It also discusses surface flow conditions during floods when barrage gates are open. Analytical solutions and graphs are provided to calculate seepage pressures and exit gradient. Corrections are also described to account for factors like floor thickness, slope, and interference between sheet piles. Surface flow hydraulics involve operating barrage gates to pass floods while maintaining the pool water level.
This document contains diagrams and questions related to fluid mechanics:
1) It shows diagrams of different devices moving in fluid and asks whether each will move in the positive or negative x-direction assuming equal pressure at the entrance and exit.
2) It shows a diagram of a sprinkler and asks to determine the torque required to prevent its rotation given the fluid velocity and distance from the point of rotation.
3) It shows a diagram of a vane moving through fluid and asks to determine the force on the vane given its angle, velocity through the fluid, and the fluid velocity striking it.
4) It asks which factors the pressure at the summit of a siphon depends on out of liquid density
Energy and momentum principles in open channel flowBinu Khadka
The document discusses principles of energy and momentum in open channel flow. It defines specific energy as the total energy of water at a cross-section, and critical depth as the depth corresponding to minimum specific energy for a given discharge. Critical flow occurs when the Froude number equals 1. For a rectangular channel, the critical depth can be calculated as a function of discharge. Flow can be subcritical or supercritical depending on whether the depth is more or less than critical depth. The concepts are applied to analyze flow over humps, through contractions, and over weirs.
IRJET- A Modified Stilling Basin with Flow-Guide Pipes to Improve Hydraul...IRJET Journal
The document presents research on modifying a stilling basin downstream of vertical gates to improve hydraulic jump parameters. Experiments were conducted on models with one, two, or three rows of flow-guide pipes, and with varying length between pipe nozzles. Results showed that a model with three rows of pipes and a length between nozzles of 4.3 times the initial flow depth had the best performance. This modified basin reduced jump length by 31% and increased energy loss by 4% compared to the case without pipes.
The document contains 66 questions related to civil engineering topics such as concrete, soil mechanics, structural analysis, transportation engineering, surveying, hydrology, and water resources engineering. The questions cover concepts, calculations, and problem-solving related to these topics. They range from short answer questions to longer problems requiring multiple steps to solve. The overall document acts as a review or study guide covering a wide breadth of civil engineering subject matter.
This document discusses critical flow in hydraulic engineering. It defines critical flow criteria as when specific energy is minimum, discharge is maximum, and the Froude number equals 1. Critical flow is unstable, and the critical depth is calculated using the section factor formula. The section factor relates water area, hydraulic depth, discharge, and gravitational acceleration. Hydraulic exponent is also discussed as it relates the section factor and critical depth for different channel geometries. Methods for calculating critical depth include algebraic, graphical, and using design charts. The document concludes by defining flow control and characteristics of subcritical, critical, and supercritical flow in a channel.
05210202 F L U I D M E C H A N I C S A N D H Y D R A U L I C M A C H I...guestd436758
This document contains a fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery exam from November 2008 with 8 multiple choice questions. Each question has multiple parts related to fluid mechanics concepts like viscosity, continuity equations, pipe flow analysis, hydraulic turbines, pumps, and hydroelectric power plants. The questions require calculations of forces, work, head loss, discharge, power output, and specfic speed for different hydraulic applications and machines.
05210202 Fluid Mechanics And Hydraulic Machineryguestac67362
This document contains 8 questions related to fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery. It provides details of an exam, including the code, set number, subject, time allotted, and maximum marks. The questions cover various topics like viscosity, fluid flow, hydraulic turbines, pumps and other hydraulic machines. They involve deriving equations, solving numerical problems, and explaining concepts related to fluid properties, fluid dynamics, hydraulic components and systems.
This document discusses the hydraulic design of culverts and bridges. It begins by defining culverts and bridges, noting that culverts are designed to allow submergence while bridges are not. It then covers culvert shapes, materials, end treatments, and key terminology. The remainder of the document discusses culvert hydraulic design considerations and approaches, including inlet control, outlet control, and formulas for calculating flow under various conditions. Design procedures are outlined, noting the iterative nature of selecting a culvert size that meets design constraints.
The document discusses the design and construction of marginal embankments and guide banks for irrigation projects. It also discusses potential failure modes of weirs and barrages built on permeable foundations, including piping, undermining from subsurface flow, and scouring from surface flow. It describes Bligh's theory and Lane's weighted creep theory for designing impervious floors to prevent uplift and piping. Precautions that can be taken include increasing the impervious floor thickness, providing sheet piles, and using energy dissipation structures.
This document discusses hydraulic structures such as orifices and mouthpieces. It begins by classifying hydraulic structures based on their functions and then defines an orifice as an opening in a barrier through which water discharges under pressure. Orifices can be circular, rectangular, triangular, or other shapes. The document discusses flow equations for small orifices, large orifices, and provides examples of calculating flow through each. It also covers using a mouthpiece, coefficient of discharge, and calculating the time it takes to empty a tank through an orifice.
The document provides an introduction to open channel flow. It defines open channel flow and distinguishes it from pipe flow. Open channels are exposed to atmospheric pressure and have a cross-sectional area that varies depending on flow parameters, while pipe flow is enclosed and has a constant cross-sectional area. The document discusses different types of channel flows including steady/unsteady and uniform/non-uniform flow. It also defines geometric elements of open channel sections such as depth, width, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius. Critical depth is introduced as the depth where specific energy is minimum. Specific energy, defined as the total energy per unit weight of flow above the channel bottom, is also summarized.
This document contains a question paper for a mechanical engineering examination with 15 multiple choice and numerical problems covering topics in fluid mechanics and machinery. The problems address concepts like cavitation, pressure drops in pipes, dimensional analysis, flow through turbines and pumps, and hydraulic efficiencies. The questions require calculations of flow rates, head losses, velocity triangles, and efficiencies based on given fluid properties, pipe dimensions, pump/turbine specifications, and operating conditions.
This document discusses water flow in pipes. It explains that water has potential energy due to its height and velocity, known as head. Bernoulli's equation relates the total energy head to potential, pressure, and kinetic energy. Flow transitions from laminar to turbulent above a critical Reynolds number of around 2000. Friction causes energy losses that increase with velocity, pipe roughness, and turbulence. The friction factor relates losses to flow properties and can be calculated differently for laminar, smooth turbulent, and rough turbulent flow regimes.
1) The document discusses different types of canal outlets including non-modular and semi-modular outlets. Non-modular outlets include submerged pipe outlets where discharge depends on the head difference between the water course and parent channel.
2) Semi-modular outlets include pipe outlets discharging freely into the atmosphere, Kennedy's gauge outlets, and Crump's open flume outlets where discharge is affected by changes in the parent channel but not the water course.
3) Key characteristics of outlets discussed are flexibility, proportionality, sensitivity, efficiency, minimum modular head, and types include submerged pipe outlets, orifice semi-modules, and Crump's open flume outlets.
(1) Drop structures are used in canals to lower the water level along its course. There are several types of drop structures including vertical drops, inclined drops, piped drops, and farm drops.
(2) The main types of vertical drops discussed are the common straight drop, Sarda-type fall, and YMGT-type drop. Inclined drops include common chutes, rapid fall drops, and stepped cascades. Piped drops can be well drops or pipe falls.
(3) Each type has specific design considerations like crest shape and length, basin/stilling pool dimensions, upstream and downstream protections works, and guidelines for selection based on discharge and design head.
This document provides an overview of various branches of civil engineering including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, construction management, quantity surveying, irrigation engineering, and earthquake engineering. It also discusses related topics like surveying, roads, railways, soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, and the roles of civil engineers in different construction projects. The key branches covered are structural design of buildings and bridges, transportation infrastructure like roads and railways, foundation design and geotechnical soil testing, water and wastewater management, construction planning and management, and disaster mitigation.
This document discusses fluid mechanics and hydraulics concepts including:
1. Definitions of density, specific gravity, atmospheric pressure, absolute and gauge pressure.
2. Descriptions of viscosity, laminar flow, turbulent flow, continuity equation, and steady vs unsteady flow.
3. Explanations of surface tension, capillarity, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and center of pressure.
4. Discussions of manometers, energy equations, forces on submerged surfaces, and fluid static forces.
This document provides conversion factors between British gravitational (BG) units and International System of Units (SI) units for various quantities in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It lists units for length, area, mass, density, force, pressure, temperature, velocity, power, viscosity, volume, and flow rate. For each quantity, it specifies the conversion factor to multiply the BG unit by to obtain the equivalent SI unit. The list of conversion factors is extensive and covers many common units needed for engineering calculations involving fluid properties, forces, heat transfer, and fluid flow behaviors.
This document contains a 25 question multiple choice test on hydrogeology. It tests knowledge of topics like groundwater flow maps, drinking water standards, well development, aquifer characteristics, drilling methods, types of wells, groundwater investigation techniques, Darcy's law, and more. The questions are in a standard multiple choice format with a single correct answer out of 4 options for each question.
This chapter discusses energy losses that occur in pipe networks due to fluid flow. It describes major losses, which are primarily due to friction within the pipe, and minor losses, which are secondary losses caused by changes in pipe diameter, bends, valves, and other components. Methods are provided to calculate the head loss associated with major and minor losses using equations that consider factors like pipe roughness, diameter, flow rate, and geometry of components. Worked examples are also included to demonstrate calculating head losses in pipe networks with pipes arranged in series and parallel configurations.
This document discusses the hydraulic design of the main diversion structure of a barrage. It covers sub-surface flow considerations like seepage pressure, exit gradient, and uplift forces. It also discusses surface flow conditions during floods when barrage gates are open. Analytical solutions and graphs are provided to calculate seepage pressures and exit gradient. Corrections are also described to account for factors like floor thickness, slope, and interference between sheet piles. Surface flow hydraulics involve operating barrage gates to pass floods while maintaining the pool water level.
This document contains diagrams and questions related to fluid mechanics:
1) It shows diagrams of different devices moving in fluid and asks whether each will move in the positive or negative x-direction assuming equal pressure at the entrance and exit.
2) It shows a diagram of a sprinkler and asks to determine the torque required to prevent its rotation given the fluid velocity and distance from the point of rotation.
3) It shows a diagram of a vane moving through fluid and asks to determine the force on the vane given its angle, velocity through the fluid, and the fluid velocity striking it.
4) It asks which factors the pressure at the summit of a siphon depends on out of liquid density
Energy and momentum principles in open channel flowBinu Khadka
The document discusses principles of energy and momentum in open channel flow. It defines specific energy as the total energy of water at a cross-section, and critical depth as the depth corresponding to minimum specific energy for a given discharge. Critical flow occurs when the Froude number equals 1. For a rectangular channel, the critical depth can be calculated as a function of discharge. Flow can be subcritical or supercritical depending on whether the depth is more or less than critical depth. The concepts are applied to analyze flow over humps, through contractions, and over weirs.
IRJET- A Modified Stilling Basin with Flow-Guide Pipes to Improve Hydraul...IRJET Journal
The document presents research on modifying a stilling basin downstream of vertical gates to improve hydraulic jump parameters. Experiments were conducted on models with one, two, or three rows of flow-guide pipes, and with varying length between pipe nozzles. Results showed that a model with three rows of pipes and a length between nozzles of 4.3 times the initial flow depth had the best performance. This modified basin reduced jump length by 31% and increased energy loss by 4% compared to the case without pipes.
The document contains 66 questions related to civil engineering topics such as concrete, soil mechanics, structural analysis, transportation engineering, surveying, hydrology, and water resources engineering. The questions cover concepts, calculations, and problem-solving related to these topics. They range from short answer questions to longer problems requiring multiple steps to solve. The overall document acts as a review or study guide covering a wide breadth of civil engineering subject matter.
This document discusses critical flow in hydraulic engineering. It defines critical flow criteria as when specific energy is minimum, discharge is maximum, and the Froude number equals 1. Critical flow is unstable, and the critical depth is calculated using the section factor formula. The section factor relates water area, hydraulic depth, discharge, and gravitational acceleration. Hydraulic exponent is also discussed as it relates the section factor and critical depth for different channel geometries. Methods for calculating critical depth include algebraic, graphical, and using design charts. The document concludes by defining flow control and characteristics of subcritical, critical, and supercritical flow in a channel.
05210202 F L U I D M E C H A N I C S A N D H Y D R A U L I C M A C H I...guestd436758
This document contains a fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery exam from November 2008 with 8 multiple choice questions. Each question has multiple parts related to fluid mechanics concepts like viscosity, continuity equations, pipe flow analysis, hydraulic turbines, pumps, and hydroelectric power plants. The questions require calculations of forces, work, head loss, discharge, power output, and specfic speed for different hydraulic applications and machines.
05210202 Fluid Mechanics And Hydraulic Machineryguestac67362
This document contains 8 questions related to fluid mechanics and hydraulic machinery. It provides details of an exam, including the code, set number, subject, time allotted, and maximum marks. The questions cover various topics like viscosity, fluid flow, hydraulic turbines, pumps and other hydraulic machines. They involve deriving equations, solving numerical problems, and explaining concepts related to fluid properties, fluid dynamics, hydraulic components and systems.
This document discusses the hydraulic design of culverts and bridges. It begins by defining culverts and bridges, noting that culverts are designed to allow submergence while bridges are not. It then covers culvert shapes, materials, end treatments, and key terminology. The remainder of the document discusses culvert hydraulic design considerations and approaches, including inlet control, outlet control, and formulas for calculating flow under various conditions. Design procedures are outlined, noting the iterative nature of selecting a culvert size that meets design constraints.
The document discusses the design and construction of marginal embankments and guide banks for irrigation projects. It also discusses potential failure modes of weirs and barrages built on permeable foundations, including piping, undermining from subsurface flow, and scouring from surface flow. It describes Bligh's theory and Lane's weighted creep theory for designing impervious floors to prevent uplift and piping. Precautions that can be taken include increasing the impervious floor thickness, providing sheet piles, and using energy dissipation structures.
This document discusses hydraulic structures such as orifices and mouthpieces. It begins by classifying hydraulic structures based on their functions and then defines an orifice as an opening in a barrier through which water discharges under pressure. Orifices can be circular, rectangular, triangular, or other shapes. The document discusses flow equations for small orifices, large orifices, and provides examples of calculating flow through each. It also covers using a mouthpiece, coefficient of discharge, and calculating the time it takes to empty a tank through an orifice.
The document provides an introduction to open channel flow. It defines open channel flow and distinguishes it from pipe flow. Open channels are exposed to atmospheric pressure and have a cross-sectional area that varies depending on flow parameters, while pipe flow is enclosed and has a constant cross-sectional area. The document discusses different types of channel flows including steady/unsteady and uniform/non-uniform flow. It also defines geometric elements of open channel sections such as depth, width, wetted perimeter, and hydraulic radius. Critical depth is introduced as the depth where specific energy is minimum. Specific energy, defined as the total energy per unit weight of flow above the channel bottom, is also summarized.
This document contains a question paper for a mechanical engineering examination with 15 multiple choice and numerical problems covering topics in fluid mechanics and machinery. The problems address concepts like cavitation, pressure drops in pipes, dimensional analysis, flow through turbines and pumps, and hydraulic efficiencies. The questions require calculations of flow rates, head losses, velocity triangles, and efficiencies based on given fluid properties, pipe dimensions, pump/turbine specifications, and operating conditions.
This document discusses water flow in pipes. It explains that water has potential energy due to its height and velocity, known as head. Bernoulli's equation relates the total energy head to potential, pressure, and kinetic energy. Flow transitions from laminar to turbulent above a critical Reynolds number of around 2000. Friction causes energy losses that increase with velocity, pipe roughness, and turbulence. The friction factor relates losses to flow properties and can be calculated differently for laminar, smooth turbulent, and rough turbulent flow regimes.
1) The document discusses different types of canal outlets including non-modular and semi-modular outlets. Non-modular outlets include submerged pipe outlets where discharge depends on the head difference between the water course and parent channel.
2) Semi-modular outlets include pipe outlets discharging freely into the atmosphere, Kennedy's gauge outlets, and Crump's open flume outlets where discharge is affected by changes in the parent channel but not the water course.
3) Key characteristics of outlets discussed are flexibility, proportionality, sensitivity, efficiency, minimum modular head, and types include submerged pipe outlets, orifice semi-modules, and Crump's open flume outlets.
(1) Drop structures are used in canals to lower the water level along its course. There are several types of drop structures including vertical drops, inclined drops, piped drops, and farm drops.
(2) The main types of vertical drops discussed are the common straight drop, Sarda-type fall, and YMGT-type drop. Inclined drops include common chutes, rapid fall drops, and stepped cascades. Piped drops can be well drops or pipe falls.
(3) Each type has specific design considerations like crest shape and length, basin/stilling pool dimensions, upstream and downstream protections works, and guidelines for selection based on discharge and design head.
Similar to Sheetproblems in open channel flow (19)
This document provides an overview of various branches of civil engineering including structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, environmental engineering, construction management, quantity surveying, irrigation engineering, and earthquake engineering. It also discusses related topics like surveying, roads, railways, soil mechanics, fluid mechanics, and the roles of civil engineers in different construction projects. The key branches covered are structural design of buildings and bridges, transportation infrastructure like roads and railways, foundation design and geotechnical soil testing, water and wastewater management, construction planning and management, and disaster mitigation.
This document discusses fluid mechanics and hydraulics concepts including:
1. Definitions of density, specific gravity, atmospheric pressure, absolute and gauge pressure.
2. Descriptions of viscosity, laminar flow, turbulent flow, continuity equation, and steady vs unsteady flow.
3. Explanations of surface tension, capillarity, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, and center of pressure.
4. Discussions of manometers, energy equations, forces on submerged surfaces, and fluid static forces.
This document provides conversion factors between British gravitational (BG) units and International System of Units (SI) units for various quantities in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. It lists units for length, area, mass, density, force, pressure, temperature, velocity, power, viscosity, volume, and flow rate. For each quantity, it specifies the conversion factor to multiply the BG unit by to obtain the equivalent SI unit. The list of conversion factors is extensive and covers many common units needed for engineering calculations involving fluid properties, forces, heat transfer, and fluid flow behaviors.
Manometers and Pitot tubes are devices used to measure fluid pressure and velocity. A manometer uses a liquid column to measure pressure differences, while a Pitot tube uses a pressure tap to measure flow velocity based on Bernoulli's equation. A manometer can be a simple U-tube or inclined design, while orifices are openings that can be classified by size, shape, and flow characteristics. A Pitot tube has a open end facing flow and static pressure taps, allowing velocity measurement. These devices are essential tools for analyzing fluid systems.
This document contains 5 questions regarding fluid mechanics. Question 1 involves calculating the torque and power required to overcome viscous resistance in a rotating shaft. Question 2 involves calculating pressure drop, head loss, and power required for a given water flow rate through a pipe and orifice system. Question 3 determines the necessary counterweight to balance a water gate. Question 4 calculates the water level in a tank given pump specifications and a triangular weir. Question 5 determines if a hydraulic machine is a pump or turbine and calculates its power output or input.
This document provides information and examples for calculating surface areas and volumes of rectangular and round tanks, as well as clarifier loading calculations. It includes formulas and step-by-step worked examples for determining surface area of rectangles and circles, and volume of rectangular and cylindrical tanks, including those with conical bottoms. Clarifier detention time is defined as the time it takes for water to travel from inlet to outlet.
1) The document presents the solution to calculating the force in a strut connecting two points on a small dam given information about the dam geometry and hydrostatic forces.
2) It also provides examples of calculating forces on structures like gates and stops subjected to hydrostatic forces from water, including determining the minimum volume of concrete needed to balance these forces.
3) The solutions involve applying principles of equilibrium, calculating hydrostatic force components, and summing moments. Analytical expressions for determining forces are developed.
The document contains questions related to open channel flow, pipe flow, and hydraulic structures. It asks the reader to calculate parameters like normal depth, critical depth, flow depth, head loss, forces on structures, and more for channels, pipes and hydraulic elements based on given flow rates, dimensions, slopes and roughness. The reader is asked to show working and assumptions for multi-part questions involving concepts like specific energy, critical flow, flow transitions, weirs and sluice gates.
The document describes a calculation to determine the height (H) of oil in a rectangular tank at which a hinged gate will just begin to rotate counterclockwise. The gate is subjected to an upward force from the oil (F1) and a leftward force from the air pressure (F2). F1 is calculated based on the oil density, area of the gate, and height of the oil column. F2 is given as the air pressure times the gate area. Setting F1 equal to F2 and solving for H gives the critical height at which rotation will occur.
The document discusses several fluid mechanics problems involving pipes, valves, pumps, and Venturi meters. It provides the relevant equations, diagrams, and step-by-step workings to calculate pressure, velocity, discharge, and other flow parameters for each problem.
The document also contains an Arabic passage discussing philosophical concepts like thinking outside the box and challenging preconceived notions.
The document contains questions related to open channel flow, pipe flow, and hydraulic structures. It asks the reader to calculate parameters like normal depth, critical depth, flow depth, head loss, force on structures, and more for channels, pipes and hydraulic elements based on given cross-sections, slopes, roughness and discharge. It also contains multiple choice questions testing understanding of concepts like Darcy-Weisbach equation, Chezy's formula, relationship between EGL, HGL and velocity head.
The document appears to be a 14-page final exam for a Hydraulic I course taught by Dr. Ezzat El-sayed G. SALEH in January 2017. It contains multiple pages of questions related to hydraulics for students taking the CVE 215 Hydraulic I course final.
The document contains lecture notes on hydraulics from Minia University in Egypt. It defines key terms related to fluid mechanics such as density, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, compressibility, and surface tension. It also provides the continuity equation and defines different types of fluid flow such as steady, uniform, rotational, and one, two, and three-dimensional flow. The notes conclude by listing the Bernoulli equation and its assumptions.
This document provides an overview of various topics in civil engineering, including the different branches and their applications. It discusses surveying, structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, construction management, irrigation engineering, earthquake engineering, and the roles of civil engineers in construction projects like buildings and dams. The key information presented includes the different types of structures, loads, soils, roads, and the purposes and methods of each civil engineering specialty.
This document discusses Pelton wheel turbines. It begins with an overview of Pelton wheels and their components. It then provides explanations of key concepts such as impulse turbines, velocity diagrams, effective head, maximum power output, and hydraulic efficiency. Practical considerations for Pelton wheel design like optimal bucket angles are also covered. Finally, it discusses turbine selection and the typical range of specific speeds for different turbine types.
This document defines and describes different types of fluid flows. It discusses ideal and real fluids, Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, laminar and turbulent flow, steady and unsteady flow, uniform and non-uniform flow, compressible and incompressible flow, rotational and irrotational flow, and viscous and non-viscous flow. Key fluid properties like viscosity, density, and compressibility are covered. Examples are provided to illustrate different fluid types and flows.
The document discusses hydraulic grade lines (HGL) and energy grade lines (EGL), which are tools for representing energy in hydraulic systems. It notes that three key equations - discharge and continuity, energy, and momentum - are fundamental to solving most hydrodynamic problems. HGLs and EGLs provide a visual representation of energy along a flow path to help identify points of concern in design and analysis. Examples are given of how HGLs and EGLs change with factors like pipe diameter, valves, nozzles, pumps, and turbines.
- Multi-stage centrifugal pumps are used to produce high heads. They are suitable for large discharge and smaller heads and require less floor area and foundation than reciprocating pumps.
- The efficiency of centrifugal pumps is less than reciprocating pumps. Power required to drive centrifugal pumps is directly proportional to the fourth power of the impeller diameter.
- Axial flow pumps are preferred for flood control and irrigation applications due to their ability to provide high discharge.
1) Bernoulli's equation is applied to analyze flow through orifices. It relates the pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid flowing through an orifice.
2) For a sharp-edged orifice, the diameter of the jet is less than the diameter of the hole due to the vena contracta effect.
3) Pumps and turbines can be analyzed using Bernoulli's equation to relate input power to output power and efficiency. Head, flow rate, and losses are considered.
Cricket management system ptoject report.pdfKamal Acharya
The aim of this project is to provide the complete information of the National and
International statistics. The information is available country wise and player wise. By
entering the data of eachmatch, we can get all type of reports instantly, which will be
useful to call back history of each player. Also the team performance in each match can
be obtained. We can get a report on number of matches, wins and lost.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
This is an overview of my career in Aircraft Design and Structures, which I am still trying to post on LinkedIn. Includes my BAE Systems Structural Test roles/ my BAE Systems key design roles and my current work on academic projects.
An In-Depth Exploration of Natural Language Processing: Evolution, Applicatio...DharmaBanothu
Natural language processing (NLP) has
recently garnered significant interest for the
computational representation and analysis of human
language. Its applications span multiple domains such
as machine translation, email spam detection,
information extraction, summarization, healthcare,
and question answering. This paper first delineates
four phases by examining various levels of NLP and
components of Natural Language Generation,
followed by a review of the history and progression of
NLP. Subsequently, we delve into the current state of
the art by presenting diverse NLP applications,
contemporary trends, and challenges. Finally, we
discuss some available datasets, models, and
evaluation metrics in NLP.
Literature review for prompt engineering of ChatGPT.pptx
Sheetproblems in open channel flow
1. SHEET NO (7) -BERNOULLI’S EQUATION AND ITS APPIICATIONS
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1
Minia University
Faculty of Eng.
Civil Eng. Dept.
Second Year Civil
“CVE 215”
“Hydraulics”
1) Water flows steadily from a nozzle into a large tank as shown in the figure. The
water then flows from the tank as a jet of diameter “d”, determine:
The value of “d” if the water level in the tank remains constant. (Viscous effects
are negligible).
0.03 m dia.
0.9 m
0.3 m
0.045 m dia.
1.2 m
d
Water flows steadily from a nozzle into a large tank as shown.
The water then flows from the tank as a jet of diameter d.
Determine the value of d if the water level in the tank remains
constant. Viscous effects are negligible.
2) At a particular instant water flows into the tank through pipes A and B, and flows
out of the tank over the rectangular weir at C. The tank width and the weir length
are 2ft. Then, for the given conditions, is water level in the tank rising or falling??
(take Cd= 0.63).
3)
6 in. Dia.
1 ft Dia.
1 ft
2 ft
4 ft/sec
4 ft/sec
A
B
C
2. SHEET NO (7) -BERNOULLI’S EQUATION AND ITS APPIICATIONS
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4)
2.1 m
3.0 m
Water
A
150 mm -dia.
Nozzle 75 mm -dia.
Calculate the pressure in the flow at A:
i- For the system shown,
ii- For the pipe without the nozzle, and
Iii- For both cases, draw to scale, the EGL and HGL.
Calculate the pressure in the flow at “A”:
For the system shown above,
For the pipe without the nozzle. And
For both cases, draw the HGL and the TEL.
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5)
6)
In sketch (a) the “cylinder gate” is closed. In sketch (b) the gate has been raised 2 ft and
the upstream water depth increased 2 ft. Calculate:
The magnitude of the horizontal force components by water on gate.
Compare the magnitude of the vertical components.
Which of these latter will be the larger? Why?
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Will both resultant forces pass through the center of the gate? Why or why not?
7)
D
C
A
B
6 in-dia
2 in-dia
12 ft
8 ft
5 ft
20 ft
in = inch
Water
Calculate the flow rate through this pipeline and the
pressure at A, B, C, and D. Sketch the HGL and EGL
showing vertical
Calculate the flow rate through this pipeline and
The pressure at “A” & “B” & “C” and “D”,
Sketch the HGL and TEL.
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I hear, and I forget
I see, and I remember
I do, and I understand
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