The document discusses various types of shafts and shaft couplings. It provides information on shaft materials, sizing, layout and design considerations. Regarding couplings, it describes rigid couplings like sleeve, flange and marine couplings. It also discusses flexible bush pin couplings. Key points covered include shaft material selection, stress analysis for sizing, deflection requirements, coupling design for strength, rigidity and alignment between connected shafts. Common shaft and coupling types, their designs and applications are explained.
- Clutches are used to connect or disconnect a driving shaft from a driven shaft. They allow transmission of power from one shaft to another that needs to be started or stopped frequently.
- There are two main types of clutches: positive clutches and friction clutches. Cone clutches are a type of friction clutch with conical working surfaces.
- Torque transmission in clutches is calculated using either a uniform pressure theory or uniform wear theory. These theories make assumptions about the pressure distribution across the clutch plates or cones.
Chain drive is a method of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another, often used to power vehicle wheels. It works by using a roller chain that passes over sprocket gears, with the gears' teeth meshing with the chain's links. Chains are classified into hoisting, conveyor, and power transmission chains. Power transmission chains are used in vehicles and machinery to convey power efficiently with little slippage between connected components. Chain drives require accurate installation and lubrication to function properly but can transmit power over variable distances compactly and with high efficiency.
A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that stores rotational energy. It absorbs energy during periods where energy production exceeds energy demand, and releases stored energy during periods of high demand. This helps reduce fluctuations in rotational speed. Flywheels are used in engines to maintain a constant crankshaft angular velocity despite varying torque from pistons. Modern flywheels use strong, lightweight composite materials and can rotate at speeds over 100,000 rpm in a vacuum to efficiently store and deliver high amounts of energy.
Concentric springs, surge phenomenon in spring, helical torsion, spiral springvaibhav tailor
Concentric springs consist of two or more springs placed inside one another. This arrangement increases the overall force and allows tuning of the spring stiffness. Concentric springs can be of equal or unequal lengths. Surge phenomenon occurs when a spring absorbs a suddenly applied load, causing a compression wave to travel along the coils. If the load fluctuations match the wave's travel time, resonance occurs, potentially damaging the spring. Torsion springs use twisting forces rather than compression or tension. Spiral springs store energy through nearly linear winding, making them suitable for small rotational counterbalances.
Definition, Use, Types of beariings, Types of Journal bearing, Materials for journal bearing, Failures of journal bearing, Design terms for journal bearing, Types of roller contact bearing, applications of roller contact bearing, Designation of roller contact bearing, Design terms for roller contact bearing, comparison between journal and roller bearings, characteristics of bearings, selection procedure of bearings
This document discusses different types of keys used to connect a shaft to a pulley or gear. It describes sunk keys like rectangular, square, parallel, gib-head, feather, and woodruff keys. It also covers saddle keys, tangent keys, round keys, and splined shafts. The key transmits torque from the shaft and can fail due to shearing or crushing stresses. For a key to be equally strong against both types of stresses, it should have a square cross-section where the width and thickness are equal.
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
- Clutches are used to connect or disconnect a driving shaft from a driven shaft. They allow transmission of power from one shaft to another that needs to be started or stopped frequently.
- There are two main types of clutches: positive clutches and friction clutches. Cone clutches are a type of friction clutch with conical working surfaces.
- Torque transmission in clutches is calculated using either a uniform pressure theory or uniform wear theory. These theories make assumptions about the pressure distribution across the clutch plates or cones.
Chain drive is a method of transmitting mechanical power from one place to another, often used to power vehicle wheels. It works by using a roller chain that passes over sprocket gears, with the gears' teeth meshing with the chain's links. Chains are classified into hoisting, conveyor, and power transmission chains. Power transmission chains are used in vehicles and machinery to convey power efficiently with little slippage between connected components. Chain drives require accurate installation and lubrication to function properly but can transmit power over variable distances compactly and with high efficiency.
A flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that stores rotational energy. It absorbs energy during periods where energy production exceeds energy demand, and releases stored energy during periods of high demand. This helps reduce fluctuations in rotational speed. Flywheels are used in engines to maintain a constant crankshaft angular velocity despite varying torque from pistons. Modern flywheels use strong, lightweight composite materials and can rotate at speeds over 100,000 rpm in a vacuum to efficiently store and deliver high amounts of energy.
Concentric springs, surge phenomenon in spring, helical torsion, spiral springvaibhav tailor
Concentric springs consist of two or more springs placed inside one another. This arrangement increases the overall force and allows tuning of the spring stiffness. Concentric springs can be of equal or unequal lengths. Surge phenomenon occurs when a spring absorbs a suddenly applied load, causing a compression wave to travel along the coils. If the load fluctuations match the wave's travel time, resonance occurs, potentially damaging the spring. Torsion springs use twisting forces rather than compression or tension. Spiral springs store energy through nearly linear winding, making them suitable for small rotational counterbalances.
Definition, Use, Types of beariings, Types of Journal bearing, Materials for journal bearing, Failures of journal bearing, Design terms for journal bearing, Types of roller contact bearing, applications of roller contact bearing, Designation of roller contact bearing, Design terms for roller contact bearing, comparison between journal and roller bearings, characteristics of bearings, selection procedure of bearings
This document discusses different types of keys used to connect a shaft to a pulley or gear. It describes sunk keys like rectangular, square, parallel, gib-head, feather, and woodruff keys. It also covers saddle keys, tangent keys, round keys, and splined shafts. The key transmits torque from the shaft and can fail due to shearing or crushing stresses. For a key to be equally strong against both types of stresses, it should have a square cross-section where the width and thickness are equal.
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
This document provides information on clutches and brakes, including their basic principles and design procedures. It describes the aims of clutches to gradually connect rotating shafts and brakes to control speed or stop systems. Learning objectives are outlined for determining clutch and brake dimensions and configurations. Common clutch types like disc, drum and centrifugal are defined. Design considerations for clutches involve torque capacity, wear life and heat dissipation. Equations are provided for calculating torque capacity based on uniform pressure or wear assumptions. Maximum operating pressures and temperature limits are also listed.
This document discusses belt, rope, and chain drives used to transmit power between rotating shafts. It describes factors that affect the amount of power transmitted by belts, such as velocity, tension, and arc of contact. It also outlines conditions for proper belt use, types of belt drives based on power level, and sources of belt slippage. Additionally, it provides details on chain drives, including types of chains, construction, geometry considerations for sprockets and chain length, and recommended angle of contact.
This document discusses different types of keys used to connect rotating machine elements to shafts. It describes sunk keys like rectangular, square, parallel, gib-head, and feather keys. It also discusses saddle keys, tangent keys, round keys, and splines. The main types of keys covered are sunk keys like rectangular, square, parallel, gib-head, and feather keys which are partially inserted in the shaft and hub keyways. It provides details on the purpose and design of each key type.
P=250 kW
N1=300 rpm
D1=1.2 m
θ=π rad
β=22.5°
d=50 mm
m=1.3 kg/m
Pmax=2.2 kN
μ=0.3
Overhang=0.5 m
Shear stress=40 MPa
The document discusses various types of belt and rope drives used to transmit power between rotating shafts. It describes different belt materials, types of belts, components of belt drives, factors affecting power transmission, and applications. It also covers rope drives, materials used for ropes, advantages and disadvantages of rope drives, and considerations in selecting wire ropes
A key connects a shaft to a pulley to prevent relative motion. Common key types include sunk, saddle, tangent, round, and splined keys. A rectangular sunk key is usually d/4 wide and d/6 thick, with a 1 in 100 taper on top. It transmits torque from the shaft to the pulley, withstanding both shearing and crushing stresses. The key length to transmit full shaft power is calculated as 1.571 times the shaft diameter.
The document discusses different types of clutches used in vehicle transmissions. It defines a clutch as a mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission between driving and driven shafts. The main types described are friction clutches (single plate, multi-plate, cone), centrifugal clutch, electromagnetic clutch, vacuum clutch, and hydraulic clutch. For each type, the key components and operating principles are explained. Friction clutches use pressure plates and clutch plates or cones to transfer torque via friction when engaged and allow freewheeling when disengaged. Centrifugal, electromagnetic, vacuum and hydraulic clutches use alternative mechanical or fluid-based actuation methods rather than manual control.
Bearing Description about basic, types, failure causesPankaj
This document discusses different types of bearings. It begins by defining a bearing as a device that allows constrained relative motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. It then classifies bearings based on the motions they allow and their principle of operation. The document goes on to describe various types of bearings in detail, including ball bearings, roller bearings, thrust bearings, tapered roller bearings, and cylindrical roller bearings. It provides information on the characteristics, advantages, applications, and physical features of each bearing type.
A clutch connects and disconnects two rotating shafts to engage and disengage power transmission. It consists of a driving member, driven member, and operating member. Common types include friction clutches like disc and cone clutches. A single plate clutch uses one clutch plate between a flywheel and pressure plate to transmit power from an engine to transmission. A multi-plate clutch uses multiple plates to transmit higher torque for racing cars and heavy vehicles. A cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque through wedging action and increased surface area. A centrifugal clutch engages more at higher speeds using centrifugal force and weighted arms to connect engine and output shafts.
This document discusses various types of governors used to regulate engine speed. It describes centrifugal governors that use rotating balls to control engine speed based on centrifugal force. Specific governors discussed include the Watt, Porter, Proell, Hartnell, Hartung, Wilson-Hartnell, and Pickering governors. Equations are provided for each governor relating factors like ball mass, radius of rotation, spring stiffness, and centrifugal force to the governor's operation and ability to control engine speed under varying loads.
Bearings are used in machines to allow rotating parts to move freely while supporting loads. There are two main types of bearings: sliding contact/frictional bearings which operate on sliding friction; and rolling contact/anti-frictional bearings which have rolling elements like balls or rollers to reduce friction. Rolling contact bearings can carry heavier loads than sliding contact bearings and have lower friction, but are more complex and expensive to manufacture. Bearings are classified based on the type of load they support, such as radial loads, axial/thrust loads, or combined loads. Common bearing types include ball bearings, roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, and needle roller bearings.
The document discusses various components of an automobile transmission system, including gear boxes, types of gears, and the necessity of variable gear ratios. It describes common types of manual and automatic transmissions, such as sliding mesh gear boxes, constant mesh gear boxes, and epicyclic gearing. The document also explains how fluid couplings and torque converters work to transfer power from an engine to drive wheels through hydraulic fluid and rotating impeller and turbine components. Overall, the transmission system allows the engine to operate at optimal speeds while enabling variable speed control of the vehicle.
The document discusses various components that connect the transmission to the drive wheels, including the propeller shaft, universal joints, constant velocity joints, and slip joints. It provides details on the construction and function of each component. The propeller shaft transmits power from the transmission to the rear differential. Universal joints and constant velocity joints allow the shaft to transmit power through varying angles, while slip joints allow adjustments to the shaft length during vehicle movement.
Helical gears are cylindrical gears whose teeth are angled and appear as a segment of a helix. They can transmit power between parallel or perpendicular axes. Key terms used in helical gears include helix angle, axial pitch, and normal pitch. The face width of single and double helical gears is determined based on the pitch, module, and helix angle. Helical gears are stronger than spur gears and can transmit higher loads while running more smoothly due to their angled teeth. They are commonly used in heavy load applications in industries such as steel, textiles, food processing, and construction equipment.
This document discusses bevel gears, including definitions of key terms, classifications, determination of pitch angle, proportions, strength calculations, and shaft design. It defines bevel gears as connecting two intersecting shafts at an angle to transmit power at a constant velocity ratio. Key points covered include:
- Bevel gears are classified as mitre, angular, crown, or internal depending on shaft intersection angle and pitch angle.
- Pitch angle is determined based on the shaft intersection angle and required velocity ratio.
- Strength is calculated using a modified Lewis equation accounting for bevel gear geometry.
- Forces on gears include tangential, radial, and axial components that create bearing reactions and thrust.
- Shaft design involves
1) The document discusses the design of shafts subjected to different loading conditions including bending, torsion, combined bending and torsion, fluctuating loads, and axial loads.
2) Formulas are provided to calculate the equivalent bending moment and equivalent twisting moment for shafts under various loading conditions.
3) Examples are presented to demonstrate how to use the formulas and determine the necessary shaft diameter based on allowable stresses.
Universal joints and constant velocity joints allow a drive shaft to transmit power through a variable angle to accommodate different angles between the driving and driven shafts. A Rzeppa joint specifically consists of an inner and outer spherical shell with grooves that guide balls to allow angular movement between the input and output shafts up to 30 degrees.
Gears are used to transfer motion and torque between rotating shafts. They work by engaging teeth along the edge of one gear with another gear. This allows for speed and torque conversions between driving and driven components. There are several types of gears including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears which can transmit power at 90 degree angles. Gear ratios are calculated based on the number of teeth and are used to increase torque or reduce speed between connected rotating parts like motors and pumps.
In this PPT you will learn about Bearings, Its Types, Classifications, Uses, How to select them according to use with proper and neat Diagrams and pictures.
This document discusses cam and follower classification. It describes how cams are machine elements that convert rotating motion to reciprocating or oscillating motion via a follower. Cams and followers make contact along a line and form a higher pair. Cams are usually rotated at a uniform speed to drive the predetermined motion of the follower based on the cam's shape. Followers are classified by the contact surface (knife edge, roller, flat face, spherical face) and motion type (reciprocating, oscillating). Cams are also classified by shape (plate, cylindrical, linear) and motion profile (rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell). Key cam concepts discussed include the base circle, trace point,
This document discusses the design of shafts that can experience twisting moments, bending moments, or a combination of both. It provides equations to determine the diameter of shafts subjected to twisting moments only based on the torque and material shear stress. Similarly, it gives equations for sizing shafts experiencing bending moments only based on the bending moment and material bending stress. For shafts with combined loads, it describes two failure theories and the resulting equivalent moment equations that can be used for design.
1. A shaft transmits power and rotational motion and has machine elements like gears and pulleys mounted on it.
2. Press fits, keys, dowel pins, and splines are used to attach machine elements to the shaft.
3. The shaft rotates on rolling contact or bush bearings and uses features like retaining rings to take up axial loads.
4. Couplings are used to transmit power between drive and driven shafts like between a motor and gearbox.
1. Shaft couplings are used to connect shafts that are manufactured separately or to introduce flexibility between shafts. The main types are rigid and flexible couplings.
2. Rigid couplings transmit torque without losses but require perfectly aligned shafts. Flexible couplings allow for misalignment. Common rigid couplings are sleeve, clamp, and flange couplings.
3. Flange couplings use separate cast iron flanges keyed to each shaft end and bolted together. The flanges and bolts are designed to transmit the torque between the shafts. Flexible couplings like bush pin couplings introduce mechanical flexibility.
This document provides information on clutches and brakes, including their basic principles and design procedures. It describes the aims of clutches to gradually connect rotating shafts and brakes to control speed or stop systems. Learning objectives are outlined for determining clutch and brake dimensions and configurations. Common clutch types like disc, drum and centrifugal are defined. Design considerations for clutches involve torque capacity, wear life and heat dissipation. Equations are provided for calculating torque capacity based on uniform pressure or wear assumptions. Maximum operating pressures and temperature limits are also listed.
This document discusses belt, rope, and chain drives used to transmit power between rotating shafts. It describes factors that affect the amount of power transmitted by belts, such as velocity, tension, and arc of contact. It also outlines conditions for proper belt use, types of belt drives based on power level, and sources of belt slippage. Additionally, it provides details on chain drives, including types of chains, construction, geometry considerations for sprockets and chain length, and recommended angle of contact.
This document discusses different types of keys used to connect rotating machine elements to shafts. It describes sunk keys like rectangular, square, parallel, gib-head, and feather keys. It also discusses saddle keys, tangent keys, round keys, and splines. The main types of keys covered are sunk keys like rectangular, square, parallel, gib-head, and feather keys which are partially inserted in the shaft and hub keyways. It provides details on the purpose and design of each key type.
P=250 kW
N1=300 rpm
D1=1.2 m
θ=π rad
β=22.5°
d=50 mm
m=1.3 kg/m
Pmax=2.2 kN
μ=0.3
Overhang=0.5 m
Shear stress=40 MPa
The document discusses various types of belt and rope drives used to transmit power between rotating shafts. It describes different belt materials, types of belts, components of belt drives, factors affecting power transmission, and applications. It also covers rope drives, materials used for ropes, advantages and disadvantages of rope drives, and considerations in selecting wire ropes
A key connects a shaft to a pulley to prevent relative motion. Common key types include sunk, saddle, tangent, round, and splined keys. A rectangular sunk key is usually d/4 wide and d/6 thick, with a 1 in 100 taper on top. It transmits torque from the shaft to the pulley, withstanding both shearing and crushing stresses. The key length to transmit full shaft power is calculated as 1.571 times the shaft diameter.
The document discusses different types of clutches used in vehicle transmissions. It defines a clutch as a mechanical device that engages and disengages power transmission between driving and driven shafts. The main types described are friction clutches (single plate, multi-plate, cone), centrifugal clutch, electromagnetic clutch, vacuum clutch, and hydraulic clutch. For each type, the key components and operating principles are explained. Friction clutches use pressure plates and clutch plates or cones to transfer torque via friction when engaged and allow freewheeling when disengaged. Centrifugal, electromagnetic, vacuum and hydraulic clutches use alternative mechanical or fluid-based actuation methods rather than manual control.
Bearing Description about basic, types, failure causesPankaj
This document discusses different types of bearings. It begins by defining a bearing as a device that allows constrained relative motion between two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. It then classifies bearings based on the motions they allow and their principle of operation. The document goes on to describe various types of bearings in detail, including ball bearings, roller bearings, thrust bearings, tapered roller bearings, and cylindrical roller bearings. It provides information on the characteristics, advantages, applications, and physical features of each bearing type.
A clutch connects and disconnects two rotating shafts to engage and disengage power transmission. It consists of a driving member, driven member, and operating member. Common types include friction clutches like disc and cone clutches. A single plate clutch uses one clutch plate between a flywheel and pressure plate to transmit power from an engine to transmission. A multi-plate clutch uses multiple plates to transmit higher torque for racing cars and heavy vehicles. A cone clutch uses two conical surfaces to transmit torque through wedging action and increased surface area. A centrifugal clutch engages more at higher speeds using centrifugal force and weighted arms to connect engine and output shafts.
This document discusses various types of governors used to regulate engine speed. It describes centrifugal governors that use rotating balls to control engine speed based on centrifugal force. Specific governors discussed include the Watt, Porter, Proell, Hartnell, Hartung, Wilson-Hartnell, and Pickering governors. Equations are provided for each governor relating factors like ball mass, radius of rotation, spring stiffness, and centrifugal force to the governor's operation and ability to control engine speed under varying loads.
Bearings are used in machines to allow rotating parts to move freely while supporting loads. There are two main types of bearings: sliding contact/frictional bearings which operate on sliding friction; and rolling contact/anti-frictional bearings which have rolling elements like balls or rollers to reduce friction. Rolling contact bearings can carry heavier loads than sliding contact bearings and have lower friction, but are more complex and expensive to manufacture. Bearings are classified based on the type of load they support, such as radial loads, axial/thrust loads, or combined loads. Common bearing types include ball bearings, roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, and needle roller bearings.
The document discusses various components of an automobile transmission system, including gear boxes, types of gears, and the necessity of variable gear ratios. It describes common types of manual and automatic transmissions, such as sliding mesh gear boxes, constant mesh gear boxes, and epicyclic gearing. The document also explains how fluid couplings and torque converters work to transfer power from an engine to drive wheels through hydraulic fluid and rotating impeller and turbine components. Overall, the transmission system allows the engine to operate at optimal speeds while enabling variable speed control of the vehicle.
The document discusses various components that connect the transmission to the drive wheels, including the propeller shaft, universal joints, constant velocity joints, and slip joints. It provides details on the construction and function of each component. The propeller shaft transmits power from the transmission to the rear differential. Universal joints and constant velocity joints allow the shaft to transmit power through varying angles, while slip joints allow adjustments to the shaft length during vehicle movement.
Helical gears are cylindrical gears whose teeth are angled and appear as a segment of a helix. They can transmit power between parallel or perpendicular axes. Key terms used in helical gears include helix angle, axial pitch, and normal pitch. The face width of single and double helical gears is determined based on the pitch, module, and helix angle. Helical gears are stronger than spur gears and can transmit higher loads while running more smoothly due to their angled teeth. They are commonly used in heavy load applications in industries such as steel, textiles, food processing, and construction equipment.
This document discusses bevel gears, including definitions of key terms, classifications, determination of pitch angle, proportions, strength calculations, and shaft design. It defines bevel gears as connecting two intersecting shafts at an angle to transmit power at a constant velocity ratio. Key points covered include:
- Bevel gears are classified as mitre, angular, crown, or internal depending on shaft intersection angle and pitch angle.
- Pitch angle is determined based on the shaft intersection angle and required velocity ratio.
- Strength is calculated using a modified Lewis equation accounting for bevel gear geometry.
- Forces on gears include tangential, radial, and axial components that create bearing reactions and thrust.
- Shaft design involves
1) The document discusses the design of shafts subjected to different loading conditions including bending, torsion, combined bending and torsion, fluctuating loads, and axial loads.
2) Formulas are provided to calculate the equivalent bending moment and equivalent twisting moment for shafts under various loading conditions.
3) Examples are presented to demonstrate how to use the formulas and determine the necessary shaft diameter based on allowable stresses.
Universal joints and constant velocity joints allow a drive shaft to transmit power through a variable angle to accommodate different angles between the driving and driven shafts. A Rzeppa joint specifically consists of an inner and outer spherical shell with grooves that guide balls to allow angular movement between the input and output shafts up to 30 degrees.
Gears are used to transfer motion and torque between rotating shafts. They work by engaging teeth along the edge of one gear with another gear. This allows for speed and torque conversions between driving and driven components. There are several types of gears including spur gears, helical gears, bevel gears, and worm gears which can transmit power at 90 degree angles. Gear ratios are calculated based on the number of teeth and are used to increase torque or reduce speed between connected rotating parts like motors and pumps.
In this PPT you will learn about Bearings, Its Types, Classifications, Uses, How to select them according to use with proper and neat Diagrams and pictures.
This document discusses cam and follower classification. It describes how cams are machine elements that convert rotating motion to reciprocating or oscillating motion via a follower. Cams and followers make contact along a line and form a higher pair. Cams are usually rotated at a uniform speed to drive the predetermined motion of the follower based on the cam's shape. Followers are classified by the contact surface (knife edge, roller, flat face, spherical face) and motion type (reciprocating, oscillating). Cams are also classified by shape (plate, cylindrical, linear) and motion profile (rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell). Key cam concepts discussed include the base circle, trace point,
This document discusses the design of shafts that can experience twisting moments, bending moments, or a combination of both. It provides equations to determine the diameter of shafts subjected to twisting moments only based on the torque and material shear stress. Similarly, it gives equations for sizing shafts experiencing bending moments only based on the bending moment and material bending stress. For shafts with combined loads, it describes two failure theories and the resulting equivalent moment equations that can be used for design.
1. A shaft transmits power and rotational motion and has machine elements like gears and pulleys mounted on it.
2. Press fits, keys, dowel pins, and splines are used to attach machine elements to the shaft.
3. The shaft rotates on rolling contact or bush bearings and uses features like retaining rings to take up axial loads.
4. Couplings are used to transmit power between drive and driven shafts like between a motor and gearbox.
1. Shaft couplings are used to connect shafts that are manufactured separately or to introduce flexibility between shafts. The main types are rigid and flexible couplings.
2. Rigid couplings transmit torque without losses but require perfectly aligned shafts. Flexible couplings allow for misalignment. Common rigid couplings are sleeve, clamp, and flange couplings.
3. Flange couplings use separate cast iron flanges keyed to each shaft end and bolted together. The flanges and bolts are designed to transmit the torque between the shafts. Flexible couplings like bush pin couplings introduce mechanical flexibility.
The document discusses transmission shafts and their design. It defines a transmission shaft as a rotating element that supports transmission elements like gears and transmits power. Stepped shafts are commonly used, with maximum diameter in the middle and minimum at the ends. Shaft material is typically carbon steel. Design considers strength based on stresses from loads, torsional rigidity based on permissible twist, and ASME code factors for shock/fatigue. Equivalent moment concepts are introduced for combined loading conditions.
Shaft design2 Erdi Karaçal Mechanical Engineer University of GaziantepErdi Karaçal
The document discusses shaft design and analysis. It provides information on forces acting on shafts, developing shear and moment diagrams, stress concentration factors, fatigue failure criteria, and the ANSI shaft design equation. An example is presented to demonstrate calculating torque and forces on a shaft, developing shear and moment diagrams, and determining the shaft diameter at critical locations using the design equation.
An academic presentation that highlights main shafts applications and conduct stress and fatigue analysis in shafts as shafts being an essential part in the automotive manufacturing
Text book for the mechanics of materials
Shaft & Torsion
・Angle of Torsion & Specific Angle of Torsion
・Stress & Strain under Torque
・Design of Shaft Diameter
Note: Your feedback is welcome!
This document provides an introduction to machine elements and power transmission devices taught in the second semester of a mechanical engineering course. It discusses various machine elements like shafts, keys, couplings, bearings, clutches, and brakes. It also covers power transmission devices such as belt drives, chain drives, and gear drives. The document describes the function, types, materials, and design of these common mechanical components.
Couplings are used to connect two rotating shafts and transmit torque from one to the other. There are two main types of couplings: rigid couplings for perfectly aligned shafts, and flexible couplings for shafts with misalignment which absorb shocks and vibrations. Common rigid couplings include sleeve, flange, and split-muff couplings which connect shafts through a sleeve or bolted flanges. Flexible bush pin couplings connect shafts through pins with rubber bushes to absorb shocks and compensate for misalignment.
The document discusses the design of various types of shaft couplings. Shaft couplings are used to connect shafts that are manufactured separately or to introduce flexibility. There are two main types - rigid and flexible couplings. Rigid couplings like sleeve or muff couplings are used for perfectly aligned shafts, while flexible couplings like bushing pin couplings allow for misalignment. The document provides design procedures and considerations for sizing the sleeves, keys, flanges and bolts of different rigid couplings including sleeve, flange and marine couplings.
This document discusses the design and properties of shafts, keys, couplings, and gears used in mechanical engineering. It covers the following key points:
- Shafts are rotating elements that transmit power and torque from one place to another. They experience both twisting moments and bending stresses.
- Common materials for shafts include various grades of carbon steel. Shaft size is determined based on required strength, rigidity, and stresses from torque and bending loads.
- Keys are inserted between shafts and machine elements like pulleys to prevent relative motion and transmit torque. Couplings are used to connect two shafts together.
- Gears transmit power between shafts and change speed or torque. The document
Machine Design and Industrial Drafting.pptxNilesh839639
This document discusses various types of shaft couplings, including:
- Sleeve or muff couplings, which consist of a hollow sleeve that slides over the shaft ends. Rigid couplings like clamp couplings work similarly but the sleeve is split into halves.
- Flange couplings have two separate cast iron flanges mounted on each shaft and bolted together. Marine flange couplings have the flanges forged integrally with the shafts.
- Flexible couplings like bushed-pin couplings allow some misalignment of the connected shafts using rubber or leather bushes over the coupling bolts. Oldham and universal couplings can accommodate other types of shaft misalignment.
The document provides design procedures and equations for determining
The document discusses the design of power screws. Power screws convert rotary motion into linear motion and are used in applications like lathes, screw jacks, presses, and vices. There are several types of thread profiles used in power screws including square, acme, trapezoidal, and buttress threads. Square threads provide maximum efficiency but are weaker. Acme threads are stronger and allow for split nuts. The document provides formulas to calculate the torque required to raise or lower a load using a power screw based on factors like thread angle, friction angle, and load weight. It also discusses design considerations for parts of a screw jack like the screw, nut, nut collar, screw head, and handle.
1. The document describes a horizontal shaft supported by bearings at each end that carries two gears.
2. Gears C and D are located 250mm and 400mm from their respective bearings and have pitch diameters of 600mm and 200mm.
3. The shaft transmits 20kW of power at 120rpm, delivered at gear C and taken out at gear D, with vertical tooth pressures on each gear.
4. The question asks to determine the shaft diameter if the working stresses are 100MPa in tension and 56MPa in shear.
A shaft transmits power and rotational motion. Machine elements like gears and pulleys are mounted on shafts using press fits, keys, or splines. Shafts experience shear stresses from torque and bending stresses from forces on machine elements. Shafts are designed based on strength to withstand torque only, bending only, or combined loads. Their dimensions are determined using formulas relating stress to torque or bending moment based on the shaft's moment of inertia. Combined loads require considering maximum shear or normal stresses.
This document provides an overview of machine design topics including joints, fasteners, springs, and bearings. It discusses common joint types like knuckle and cotter joints. For springs, it covers material selection criteria and types like helical and leaf springs. Bearing types include ball, roller, hydrodynamic, and hydrostatic with descriptions of functions and examples. The document also examines design of keys including sunk, saddle, tangent, round, and splined varieties.
The document discusses different types of mechanical springs, including helical compression springs, helical tension springs, and helical torsion springs. It covers spring materials such as music wire and oil-tempered wire. Key aspects of helical compression spring design discussed include stresses in the spring, deflection calculation using Castigliano's theorem, stability, and fatigue loading. Critical frequency of helical springs is also addressed. The document provides information on tension helical springs and discusses their ends.
This document discusses different types of couplings used to join rotating shafts, including rigid couplings, flexible couplings, and muff couplings. It provides details on the construction and working of bush-pin flexible couplings and clamp couplings. Bush-pin flexible couplings can tolerate some misalignment of the shafts and absorb vibrations. Their design involves calculating the diameter of pins and bushes based on the torque transmitted and permissible stress values. Clamp couplings are easier to assemble and disassemble compared to rigid muff couplings, but are more difficult to balance at high speeds and unsuitable for shock loads.
This document discusses different types of couplings used to join rotating shafts, including rigid couplings, flexible couplings, and muff couplings. It provides details on the construction and working of bush-pin flexible couplings and clamp couplings. Bush-pin flexible couplings can tolerate some misalignment of the shafts and absorb vibrations. Their design involves calculating the diameter of pins and bushes based on the torque transmitted and permissible stress values. Clamp couplings are easier to assemble and disassemble compared to rigid muff couplings, but are more difficult to balance at high speeds and unsuitable for shock loads.
10 b couplings sleeve or muff-couplingDr.R. SELVAM
This document describes two types of rigid couplings: muff couplings and clamp or compression couplings.
Muff couplings consist of a cast iron sleeve that fits over the ends of the shafts to connect them. Clamp or compression couplings use a split cast iron sleeve held together by bolts.
The key design parameters discussed for both couplings are the sleeve diameter and length, key length and size, and bolt root diameter (for clamp couplings). Equations are provided to calculate the torque capacity based on these parameters and material shear stresses.
The document provides information about designing and analyzing a cotter joint. It discusses the components of a cotter joint, including the cotter pin, socket, and spigot. It outlines various failure modes to consider in design, such as tensile failure of the rods, shear failure of the cotter pin, and crushing failure of the socket end. Empirical equations are presented for determining dimensions based on factors like applied load, material properties, and stress limits. Design procedures are described step-by-step, and examples are included to demonstrate applying the equations to size cotter joint components.
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The document discusses the design of various types of screw fasteners. It describes screw threads as helical grooves cut into cylindrical surfaces. Screw joints are commonly used for assembly and have advantages of being convenient to assemble/disassemble, reliable, and inexpensive due to standardization. The main types of screw fasteners are bolts, screws, studs, tapping screws, and set screws. Stresses in screw joints include tension, torsional shear, shear across threads, crushing stress, and bending stress. Screw joints are also subjected to stresses from initial tightening and external loads. Design considerations are discussed for bolted joints under eccentric loading parallel or perpendicular to the bolt axis.
This document discusses different types of shaft couplings used to connect rotating shafts. It describes rigid couplings like sleeve, clamp and flange couplings that are used when shafts are perfectly aligned. Flexible couplings like bushed pin, universal and Oldham couplings are used to connect shafts that allow for misalignment. The key requirements of couplings are to maximize power transmission while withstanding misalignment between connected shafts.
Threaded fasteners such as bolts and nuts are used to join machine parts. They allow parts to be dismantled without damage. Threaded joints provide clamping force through wedge action of threads. They are reliable, have small dimensions, and can be positioned vertically, horizontally, or inclined. However, they require holes which cause stress concentrations and can loosen under vibration. Bolts have heads and threaded shanks, while nuts have internal threads. Washers distribute load and prevent marring. Bolts are subjected to both tension and shear stresses, and standard nuts have a height of 0.8 times the bolt diameter to prevent shear failure. Eccentric loads on bolts cause additional stresses.
The document discusses spur gears, including definitions, types, classifications, terminology, design procedure, materials, and manufacturing methods. Some key points:
- Spur gears are circular gears with straight teeth used to transmit motion between parallel shafts.
- Gears can be classified based on shaft position (parallel or intersecting), motion (fixed or planetary), peripheral speed, and tooth position (straight, helical, herringbone).
- Design of spur gears involves calculating torque, selecting materials, number of teeth, module, center distance, face width, and checking for bending and contact stresses.
- Common gear materials include steel, cast iron, and bronze. Manufacturing methods include milling, h
The document provides information on spur gears, including definitions, types, classifications, terminology, design procedure, materials, and manufacturing methods. Some key points:
- Spur gears are circular gears with straight teeth used to transmit motion between parallel shafts.
- Gears can be classified based on shaft position, motion type, peripheral speed, tooth position, and gearing type.
- The design procedure involves calculating torque, stresses, module, teeth number, dimensions, and checking safety.
- Common materials include steel, cast iron, and bronze. Selection depends on application factors.
- Gears are manufactured through milling, generating, shaping, molding, and casting processes.
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1. Introduction to the Shaft:-
• A shaft is a rotating member, usually of circular cross section, used to transmit power or
motion.
• It provides the axis of rotation, or oscillation, of elements such as gears, pulleys, flywheels,
cranks, sprockets, and the like and controls the geometry of their motion.
• Carbon steels of grade 40C8, 45C8, 50C4, 50C12 are normally used as shaft
materials.
Shaft Sizing
• Stress Analysis
– In design it is usually possible to locate the critical areas, size these to
meet the strength requirements, and then size the rest of the shaft to meet
the requirements of the shaft-supported elements.
• Deflection and Slope
– They are a function of inertia. Inertia is a function of Geometry. For this
reason, shaft design allows a consideration of stress first. Then, after
tentative values for the shaft dimensions have been established, the
determination of the deflections and slopes can be made.
Shaft Materials:-
• A good practice for material selection:
– Start with an inexpensive, low or medium carbon steel for the first time
through the design calculations. If strength considerations turn out to
dominate over deflection, then a higher strength material should be tried,
allowing the shaft sizes to be reduced until excess deflection becomes an
issue.
The cost of the material and its processing must be weighed against the need for
smaller shaft diameters.
Material properties
It should have high strength
It should have good machinability.
It should have low notch sensitivity factor.
It should have good heat treatment properties.
2. It should have high wear resistance.
Manufacturing of Shafts
• For low production, turning is the usual primary shaping process. An
economic viewpoint may require removing the least material.
• High production may permit a volume conservative shaping method (hot or cold
forming, casting), and minimum material in the shaft can become a design goal.
Shaft Layout
• In most cases, Only two bearings should be used in most cases.
• Load bearing components should be placed next to the bearings to minimize the
bending due to large forces.
• Shafts should be kept short to minimize bending and deflection.
• Shoulder
• It allows precise positioning
• Support to minimize deflection.
• In cases where the loads are small, positioning is not very important,
shoulders can be eliminated.
3. TYPES OF SHAFT:-
Transmission shaft:
These shafts transmit power between the source and machines absorbing
power. The counter shafts, line shafts, overhead shafts all shafts are
transmission shafts.
Machine shafts:
These shafts from an integral part of the machine itself.
DESIGN OF SHAFTS
The shaft may be designed on the basis of
1. Strength
2. Rigidity and stiffness
In designing shaft on the basis of strength the following cases may be consider
1. Shafts subjected to twisting moment only.
2. Shaft subjected to bending moment only.
3. Shaft subjected to combined twisting moment and bending moment.
4. Shaft subjected to fluctuating loads.
Shaft Design for Stress
• It is not necessary to evaluate the stresses in a shaft at every point; a few
potentially critical locations will suffice. Critical locations will usually be on the
outer surface.
• Possible Critical Locations, axial locations where:
1- The bending moment is large and/or
2- The torque is present, and/or
3- Stress concentrations exist.
DESIGN OF HOLLOW SHAFTS
Explanation
The shaft may be designed on the basis of
1. Strength
2. Rigidity and stiffness
4. In designing shaft on the basis of strength the following cases may be consider
1. Shafts subjected to twisting moment only
2. Shaft subjected to bending moment only
3. Shaft subjected to combined twisting moment and bending moment
4. Shaft subjected to fluctuating loads
Solid and Hollow shaft
When the shaft is subjected to combined twisting moment ad bending moment
then the shaft must be designed on the basic of two moments simultaneously.
DESIGN OF SHAFT FOR RIGIDITY:
In many cases the shaft is to be designed from rigidity point of view. We should
consider
torsional rigidity as well as lateral rigidity. (‘ I) Tensional rigidity:
The angle of twist in radians for a solid circular shaft of uniform diameter chi and
length L is given by
Where, T — Torque on the shaft
5. Torsional rigidity:-
Explanation
DESIGN OF SHAFT FOR RIGIDITY:-
In many cases the shaft is to be designed from rigidity point of view. We should
consider
Torsional rigidity as well as lateral rigidity. (‘I) Tensional rigidity:
The angle of twist in radians for a solid circular shaft of uniform diameter chi and
length L is given by
Where, T — Torque on the shaft
KEY:-
A key is a piece of mild steel inserted between the shaft and hub or boss of the
pulley to connect these together in order to prevent relative motion between them.
Design for key:-
• The length of the coupling key = length of the sleeve ( i.e. . 3.5d ).
• The coupling key is usually made into two parts
• length of the key in each shaft
l= L/2=3.5d/2
• After fixing the length of key in each shaft, the induced shearing and crushing
stresses may be checked. We know that torque transmitted.
• T = l× w×τ ×(d /2)
(Considering shearing of the key)
• T = l × t/2 × σC × (d /2)
(Considering crushing of the key
TYPES OF KEYS:-
1. Sunk key, 2.Saddle key, 3.Tangent key.
SUNK KEYS:-
The sunk keys are provided half in the keyway of the shaft and half in the
keyway of the hub or boss of the pulley.
6. TYPES OF SUNK KEYS
1. Rectangular sunk key
2. Square sunk key
The only difference from the rectangular sunk key is the width and thickness is
equal
3. Parallel sunk key
The parallel sunk key may be of rectangular or square cross section. The cross
section is uniform in width and thickness throughout length.
DESIGN OF COUPLING
Shaft couplings are used in machinery for several purposes
1. To provide for connection of shaft of units those are manufactured separately.
2. To provide for misalignment of the shaft or to introduce mechanical flexibility.
3. To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another.
4. To introduce protection against over loads.
REQUIREMENT OF A GOOD SHAFT COUPLING
1. It should be easy to connect or disconnect.
2. It should transmit the full power from one shaft to the other shaft without losses.
3. It should hold the shaft in perfect alignment.
4. It should have no projecting parts.
5. To provide for the connection of shafts of units that are manufactured separately
such as a motor and generator and to provide for disconnection for repairs or
alternations.
6. To provide for misalignment of the shafts or to introduce mechanical flexibility.
7. To reduce the transmission of shock loads from one shaft to another.
7. TYPES OF SHAFT COUPLINGS:-
1. Rigid coupling
It is used to connect two shafts which are perfectly aligned. The types are
Sleeve (or) muff coupling
Clamp (or) split muff (or) compression coupling
Flange coupling
2. Flexible coupling
It is used to connect two shafts having lateral and angular misalignments. The
types are
Bushed pin type coupling
Universal coupling
Oldham coupling
SLEEVE (or) MUFF COUPLING
It is made of cast iron. It consists of a hollow cylinder whose inner diameter is that
same as that of the shaft. It is fitted over the ends of two shafts by means of a gib head
key. The power transmitted from one shaft two other shafts by means of a key and a
sleeve.
Outer diameter of sleeve D=2d+13mm
Length of sleeve L=3.5d
D= diameter of shaft
• The sleeve is designed by considering it as a hollow shaft.
8. T= Torque transmitted by coupling.
τc =Permissible shear stress for the material of the sleeve which is cast rion.
• Torque transmitted by a hollow section
T = (π/16)×τc×(D4-d4)/D
= (π/16)×τc×D3(1-K4)
... (∵k = d / D)
• From this expression, the induced shear stress in the sleeve may be checked
FLANGE COUPLING
A flange coupling usually applied to a coupling having two separate cast iron
flanges. Each flange is mounted on the shaft and keyed to it. The faces are turned up
at right angle to the axis of the shaft. One of the flange has a projected
portion and the other flange has a corresponding recess. This helps to bring the
shaft into line and to maintain alignment. The two flanges are coupled together by
means of bolt and nuts.
9. • Flange coupling are
• 1.Unprotected type flange coupling
• 2. Protected type flange coupling
• 3. Marine type flange coupling.
Unprotected type flange coupling
• In an unprotected type flange coupling each shaft is keyed to the boss of a flange with a
counter sunk key and the flanges are coupled together by means of bolts.
• Generally, three, four or six bolts are used
Design of Unprotected type Flange Coupling
• The usual proportions for an unprotected type cast iron flange couplings
– d = diameter of the shaft or inner diameter of the hub
– D= Outside diameter of hub D=2d
– Length of hub, L= 1.5d
• Pitch circle diameter of bolts, D1=3d
• Outside diameter of flange,
D2= D1+ ( D1– D) = 2 D1– D= 4d
• Thickness of flange tf =0.5d
• Number of bolts =3, ford upto 40 mm
=4, for d upto 100 mm
10. =6, for d upto 180 mm
– d =Diameter of shaft or inner diameter of hub,
– τs =Allowable shear stress for shaft,
– D=Outer diameter of hub,
– tf =Thickness of flange
– τc=Allowable shear stress for the flange material
– d 1=Nominal or outside diameter of bolt,
– D1 =Diameter of bolt circle,
– n=Number of bolts,
– τb= Allowable shear stress for bolt
– σ cb,, =Allowable crushing stress for bolt
– τk= Allowable shear stress for key material
– σ ck= key material
1. Design for hub
• The hub is designed by considering it as a hollow shaft,
• transmitting the same torque (T ) as that of a solid shaft
T= T = (π/16)×τc×(D4-d4)/D
The outer diameter of hub is usually taken as twice the diameter of shaft.
• The length of hub ( L ) = 1.5d
2. Design for key
The material of key is usually the same as that of shaft. The length of key is taken equal to the
length of hub
l=L
• T = l× w×τ ×(d /2)
(Considering shearing of the key)
• T = l × t/2 × σC × (d /2)
(Considering crushing of the key
3. Design for flange
The flange at the junction of the hub is under shear while transmitting the torque.
• T =Circumference of hub × Thickness of flange × Shear stress of flange × Radius of hub
• T= π D × tf × τc × D/2
T= π × tf × τc × D2/2
The thickness of flange is usually taken as half the diameter of shaft.
4. Design for bolts
11. • Load on each bolt (F)=
2 ) (τb)
(π/4) (d 1
• Total load on all the bolts (F) =
2 ) (τb)(n)
(π/4) (d 1
• The bolts are subjected to shear stress due to the torque transmitted
(T)= (π/4) (d 2 1
) (τb)(n) (D1/2)
From this equation, the diameter of bolt (d 1
) may be obtained.
We know that area resisting crushing of all the bolts = n× d 1
× tf
crushing strength of all the bolts
= n× d 1
× tf × σCb
∴Torque = n× d 1
× tf × σCb × (D1/2)
From this equation, the induced crushing stress in the bolts may be checked
Protected type flange coupling
• the protruding bolts and nuts are protected by flanges on the two halves of the coupling, in
order to avoid danger to the workman
(tp ) =0.25d
The design of unprotective type is same process of protective type
12. Marine type flange coupling
• In a marine type flange coupling, the flanges are forged integral with the shafts .
• The flanges are held together by means of tapered head less bolts.
• numbering from four to twelve depending upon the diameter of shaft.
• Shaft diameter No. of bolts
35 to 55 4
56 to 150 6
151 to 230 8
231 to 390 10
Above 390 12
• The other proportions for the marine type flange coupling
• Thickness of flange =d / 3
• Taper of bolt= 1 in 20 to 1 in 40
• Pitch circle diameter of bolts, D1= 1.6d
• Outside diameter of flange, D2= 2.2d
Bushed-pin Flexible Coupling
13. • a modification of the rigid type of flange coupling.
• The coupling bolts are known as pins. The rubber or leather bushes are used over the pins.
• The two halves of the coupling are dissimilar in construction.
• A clearance of 5 mm is left between the face of the two halves of the coupling
• the proportions of the rigid type flange coupling
• the bearing pressure on the rubber or leather bushes and it should not exceed 0.5 N/mm2
Pin and bush design
– l=Length of bush in the flange,
– d 2=Diameter of bush,
– pb=Bearing pressure on the bush or pin,
– n=Number of pins,
– D1=Diameter of pitch circle of the pins
• bearing load acting on each pin,
– W = pb×d 2×l
• ∴Total bearing load on the bush or pins
– W × n= pb×d 2×l ×n
• torque transmitted by the coupling=
T= W × n × (D1 /2)
T= pb×d 2×l ×n × (D1 /2)
14. • Direct shear stress due to pure torsion in the coupling halve
2 )]
– τ=W/[ (π/4) (d 1
• maximum bending moment on the pin
– M =W (l/2 +5mm)
• bending stress
σ= M / Z
= W (l/2 +5mm)/ (π/32) (d 1
3)
• Maximum principal stress
= 1/2[σ +(σ+4τ2 ) 1/2]
• maximum shear stress on the pin
= 1/2(σ+4τ2 ) 1/2
• The value of maximum principal stress varies from 28 to 42 MPa .
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