This document discusses housing challenges in developing countries and proposes solutions using locally available and cost-effective materials. It focuses on bamboo as a building material and provides details on its properties, uses in construction, treatment methods to improve durability, and new technologies developed to produce bamboo-based building components. The document also describes an interlocking compressed stabilized earth block system that provides a sustainable approach to low-cost housing construction through its use of locally sourced materials, energy efficiency, structural strength, and resistance to natural hazards.
Low cost building materials and construction techniquesYash Kotgirwar
This document discusses low cost building materials and construction techniques to reduce costs. It describes using natural materials like bamboo, compressed earth blocks, mud plaster and straw which are sustainable and have low embodied energy. Manufactured materials discussed include fly ash bricks and coal washery reject bricks. Construction techniques to reduce costs include rat trap bond, cob construction, wattle and daub, jack arch roofs and using jali brickwork. The document emphasizes using local, recycled and non-toxic materials to minimize costs while ensuring longevity and environmental friendliness of structures.
Low cost housing aims to reduce construction costs while maintaining safety and quality. Building material costs typically account for 65-70% of total costs, while labor accounts for 30-35%. Costs can be reduced by using locally available, low-cost materials and improving construction scheduling. Demonstration houses in various cities used materials like concrete blocks, filler slab roofs, and ferrocement doors to achieve costs of Rs.40,000-60,000 per unit. Waste materials and industrial byproducts can also be utilized in building materials to further reduce expenses.
A study project on Low cost housing. The various construction techniques available for reduction of cost of a building are discussed. A study is also performed on the citizens of Vijayawada and the interpreted results are shown.
ALTERNATE BUILDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES IN CONSTRUCTIONRajesh Kolli
Construction and civil engineering activities have experienced a rapid growth due to improvements in procurement of building materials.
However, the current scenario in the developing construction industry has posed many challenges due to some unsustainable aspects of the highly polluting and the exhaustive nature of building materials.
At the same time, it has also created opportunities for innovative and unconventional resources to emerge due to the widening gap in demand and supply of building materials, as well as the need for energy efficient and economical methods of construction.
This document discusses concepts and methods related to low-cost housing. It defines low-cost housing as reducing construction costs without compromising building strength or performance. Common methods discussed for reducing costs include using locally available materials, traditional construction techniques, reducing plinth heights and wall thicknesses, and decreasing architectural features. However, the document notes that reducing costs by sacrificing quality, durability or maintainability is a misconception. True economy is achieved through efficient management of resources and adopting high-quality, locally-appropriate designs and materials.
This document discusses low-cost housing techniques. It notes that adequate housing is a challenge for developing countries and that low-cost housing is considered affordable if it costs less than 30% of household income. Traditional construction methods are outlined along with alternative low-cost techniques for foundations, walls, lintels, roofs, floors, and doors/windows that can reduce costs. Natural materials like bamboo, earth, straw and man-made materials like fly ash, aerocon panels and ferrocement are presented as options. The conclusion emphasizes the need for affordable housing in India to provide shelter given the growing population.
The document discusses various cost-effective construction techniques that can be used in India to reduce building costs. Some techniques mentioned include using stabilized compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks, rat-trap bond brickwork, filler slabs for roofs, and replacing concrete lintels with brick arches. Adopting these alternative materials and construction methods can save 15-40% on building costs while still providing durable structures. Proper selection of materials suited to the local area is important for developing cost-effective construction techniques.
Low cost building materials and construction techniquesYash Kotgirwar
This document discusses low cost building materials and construction techniques to reduce costs. It describes using natural materials like bamboo, compressed earth blocks, mud plaster and straw which are sustainable and have low embodied energy. Manufactured materials discussed include fly ash bricks and coal washery reject bricks. Construction techniques to reduce costs include rat trap bond, cob construction, wattle and daub, jack arch roofs and using jali brickwork. The document emphasizes using local, recycled and non-toxic materials to minimize costs while ensuring longevity and environmental friendliness of structures.
Low cost housing aims to reduce construction costs while maintaining safety and quality. Building material costs typically account for 65-70% of total costs, while labor accounts for 30-35%. Costs can be reduced by using locally available, low-cost materials and improving construction scheduling. Demonstration houses in various cities used materials like concrete blocks, filler slab roofs, and ferrocement doors to achieve costs of Rs.40,000-60,000 per unit. Waste materials and industrial byproducts can also be utilized in building materials to further reduce expenses.
A study project on Low cost housing. The various construction techniques available for reduction of cost of a building are discussed. A study is also performed on the citizens of Vijayawada and the interpreted results are shown.
ALTERNATE BUILDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGICAL ALTERNATIVES IN CONSTRUCTIONRajesh Kolli
Construction and civil engineering activities have experienced a rapid growth due to improvements in procurement of building materials.
However, the current scenario in the developing construction industry has posed many challenges due to some unsustainable aspects of the highly polluting and the exhaustive nature of building materials.
At the same time, it has also created opportunities for innovative and unconventional resources to emerge due to the widening gap in demand and supply of building materials, as well as the need for energy efficient and economical methods of construction.
This document discusses concepts and methods related to low-cost housing. It defines low-cost housing as reducing construction costs without compromising building strength or performance. Common methods discussed for reducing costs include using locally available materials, traditional construction techniques, reducing plinth heights and wall thicknesses, and decreasing architectural features. However, the document notes that reducing costs by sacrificing quality, durability or maintainability is a misconception. True economy is achieved through efficient management of resources and adopting high-quality, locally-appropriate designs and materials.
This document discusses low-cost housing techniques. It notes that adequate housing is a challenge for developing countries and that low-cost housing is considered affordable if it costs less than 30% of household income. Traditional construction methods are outlined along with alternative low-cost techniques for foundations, walls, lintels, roofs, floors, and doors/windows that can reduce costs. Natural materials like bamboo, earth, straw and man-made materials like fly ash, aerocon panels and ferrocement are presented as options. The conclusion emphasizes the need for affordable housing in India to provide shelter given the growing population.
The document discusses various cost-effective construction techniques that can be used in India to reduce building costs. Some techniques mentioned include using stabilized compressed earth blocks, fly ash bricks, rat-trap bond brickwork, filler slabs for roofs, and replacing concrete lintels with brick arches. Adopting these alternative materials and construction methods can save 15-40% on building costs while still providing durable structures. Proper selection of materials suited to the local area is important for developing cost-effective construction techniques.
Low cost housing refers to houses that are inexpensive to build. IT doesn't mean that the houses will be inexpensive to live in.
The goal of low-cost housing is to save money while also maintaining buildings quality.
Following Properties Reduces Cost of Construction:
Locally available materials .
Improved skills and technology.
Without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure.
This document discusses low cost housing and approaches to sheltering those with low incomes. It notes that low cost housing aims to save money on construction while maintaining building quality by using locally available, cheap materials and improved construction skills and technology. However, lower construction costs can mean higher utility bills from wasted energy. The document also outlines some of the challenges to developing low cost housing in India, such as land shortages, rising construction costs, lack of access to financing, and regulatory issues. It provides examples of materials that can reduce housing costs and recognizes the contributions of architect Laurie Baker to sustainable, low cost housing design.
The document discusses the environmental impacts of the construction industry and proposes more sustainable alternatives. It notes that the construction industry accounts for significant global resource use and pollution. Specifically:
- It uses over one-sixth of global freshwater withdrawals and one-quarter of wood harvest. Cement production alone contributes 5% of man-made CO2 emissions.
- Construction and demolition waste makes up 10-40% of solid waste in most countries.
- Many building materials emit VOCs that contribute to greenhouse gases and global warming.
To address these issues, the document recommends more sustainable materials like hollow interlocking compressed stabilized earth blocks, which use local soil and less energy and resources compared to conventional bricks. These
This document summarizes a presentation on low-cost housing techniques. It discusses key features of affordable housing such as using inexpensive materials and construction methods to reduce costs while maintaining building quality. Specific techniques covered include using compressed earth blocks, fly ash blocks, brick arches for lintels, filler slab roofs, and jack arch roofs to reduce costs. Brick jali and concrete or steel doors and windows can also lower expenses compared to standard construction methods. The presentation provides details on applying these techniques to reduce foundation, wall, lintel, and roof costs for low-cost housing.
Low cost housing is needed to address issues like growing populations, rising land and construction costs, and to provide affordable options for low-income groups. Materials selection is key to reducing costs, prioritizing locally available, low embodied energy, and recyclable materials. Techniques like using waste materials in blocks, prefabricated panels, and composite materials can significantly reduce costs compared to conventional construction. Glass fiber reinforced gypsum panels is one promising system that reduces costs, speeds up construction, and still provides structural integrity for multi-story buildings. While low-cost techniques address affordability, proper design and limitations are still required.
A zero-energy building is a building with zero net energy consumption and generates more energy annually than it uses from renewable resources like solar, wind, and geothermal. It reduces carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Key aspects of zero-energy building design include passive solar features, energy-efficient components, on-site renewable energy generation, and sometimes connection to the electric grid to export excess power. Zero-energy buildings offer long-term savings on energy costs but have higher initial construction costs than conventional buildings.
Green building material - Compressed earth blockAditya Shah
A compressed earth block (CEB), also known as a pressed earth block or a compressed soil block, is a building material made primarily from damp soil compressed at high pressure to form blocks.
Prefabricated construction systems in India- Precast Status and needed ImpetusIEI GSC
Presentation on Prefabricated construction systems in India- Precast Status and needed Impetus by Prof S. K. Singh,Sr. Principal Scientist & Professor, AcSIR, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
This document presents information on green building assessment systems. It discusses the key principles of green building including efficient use of energy, water and resources, and protecting occupant health. It then describes the BREEAM assessment system, the first in the world, and provides examples of buildings that have achieved high BREEAM ratings, like PwC's London office which scored 96.31% and was the first to receive an "outstanding" rating. One Angel Square in Manchester scored 95.16% under BREEAM and featured innovations like a living wall and biodiesel-powered energy system.
Low cost houisng and alternate building materialsNaresh Yadav
This document summarizes a presentation on using prefabricated and alternate building materials for low-cost housing. Some key points:
- Prefabricated components like precast concrete planks, panels, and lintels can reduce construction costs by eliminating shuttering and scaffolding. Standardizing components increases speed and productivity.
- Alternate materials like fly ash bricks, hollow concrete blocks, and lime can also reduce costs when used for walls. Larger wall blocks use less mortar.
- A demonstration housing project in Bangalore used materials like solid concrete blocks, RCC slabs, and precast doors to build 252 units for Rs. 60,000 each. Overall costs were reduced by 30-50
Stabilized mud block (SMB) or pressed earth block is a building material made primarily from damp soil compressed at high pressure to form blocks. If the blocks are stabilized with a chemical binder such as Portland cement they are called compressed stabilized earth block (CSEB) or stabilized earth block (SEB).
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Eco- friendly building materials and construction techniques in India.shivangi5796
This document discusses eco-friendly building materials and construction techniques used in India. It introduces various eco-friendly materials like fly ash bricks, compressed earth blocks, and ferrocement panels. It outlines properties and sources of these materials and selection criteria for eco-friendly materials. Examples of specific eco-friendly materials are described in detail like their uses and features. A comparative study is conducted between conventional and eco-friendly structural systems using a sustainable decision support system, finding the eco-friendly system to score higher in sustainability. The conclusion is that eco-friendly materials can help attain sustainability and reduce environmental harm compared to conventional materials.
This document discusses light weight construction materials, specifically foamed or aerated concrete. It provides information on the need for light weight concrete, describing how it saves costs and improves thermal insulation compared to conventional concrete. Foamed concrete is made through a process of mechanically mixing preformed stable foam with a cement and water slurry, incorporating air bubbles uniformly. Foamed concrete has strengths, shrinkage, expansion and other properties that make it suitable for construction applications while providing benefits like acoustic and thermal insulation as well as fire resistance.
Embodied energy refers to the total energy required for the entire lifecycle of a building, from extracting and processing raw materials to manufacturing, transportation, construction, maintenance, replacement, and eventual disposal or recycling. There are three main types of embodied energy: initial embodied energy for the initial construction; recurring embodied energy for maintenance and refurbishment over the lifetime of the building; and demolition energy for dismantling and disposal at the end of the building's life. Calculating embodied energy involves determining the amount of non-renewable energy used per unit of building material or component. Reducing embodied energy helps lower the overall environmental impact of buildings through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies for lowering embodied energy include designing for longevity, reusing and
This document presents several innovative building materials, including sensi tiles that light up when walked on, radiant barriers that keep homes cool in summer and warm in winter, and solar panel roofing tiles that generate electricity. Other materials discussed are ultra touch jeans insulation, smart windows that reduce solar heat, bendable concrete that is 500 times more crack-resistant than regular concrete, unfired clay bricks that are air-dried, bagasse particle board made from sugarcane waste, and liquid granite that is lightweight but strong. The document concludes that using these innovative and eco-friendly materials can save money and energy while reducing pollution.
Mud is a building material that has been used for thousands of years. It is still used in modern construction, though the methods have changed. Mud buildings are commonly found in dry, rural areas where mud is abundant. Mud construction can be environmentally friendly as it requires few resources, though it is susceptible to damage from water and requires regular maintenance. Ceramic materials are used to make pottery, bricks, tiles, and other construction products due to their hardness, heat and chemical resistance. However, ceramics are brittle. Terracotta clay is used to make tiles and other building materials due to its durability and aesthetics, though it is porous and can deteriorate if not properly treated.
The document discusses filler slab roofing, which uses lightweight filler materials in place of concrete in the tension zone of reinforced concrete slabs. This reduces costs by 25-30% compared to standard concrete roofing. Common filler materials include tiles, bricks, shells, and bottles. The filler depth should not exceed the neutral axis depth, typically 60mm for a 125mm thick slab. Reinforcing grids are installed and concrete is poured on top, with filler materials centered in the grid spaces. Filler slabs provide cost savings along with benefits like improved insulation and reduced foundation loads.
- There is a need for alternative and appropriate technologies in construction due to the large housing shortage and constraints on materials and resources. Labor-based construction programs using local materials can help address this need.
- Appropriate technologies should follow principles like energy conservation, using local and renewable materials, and minimizing environmental impact. Waste materials from industries can be used to make building materials.
- Low-cost and appropriate technologies do not compromise on quality or strength while using less capital and resources. They are developed based on local needs and capabilities.
- Research institutions are developing appropriate technologies like stabilized mud blocks, mud plasters, and vaulted roofs that utilize local materials and labor to lower costs.
This document discusses materials for low-cost housing construction in India. It describes natural materials like bamboo, earth, straw and fiber cement that are locally available and affordable. It also discusses man-made materials like fly ash, aerocon panels, cement hollow blocks and rice husks that can be used. These alternative materials allow for reduced construction costs through local sourcing and efficient designs while maintaining structural integrity. The document concludes that widespread use of these sustainable low-cost materials could address housing shortages by lowering material costs.
This document discusses various types of roof coverings and structures, including:
- Earth reel roofs which use reels made of rolled vegetation fibers and clay around a wooden spindle.
- Clay tile roofs which are suitable for sloping roofs between 20-50 degrees and come in shapes suited to different slopes.
- Ferrocement, fibre concrete, and corrugated metal sheet roofing.
- Pole timber roof structures which use whole roundwood poles rather than sawn timber, reducing costs and waste. Connections can be made with dowels or bolts.
- Space frame structures made of short pole timber segments connected by steel connectors for large covered areas.
The Aranya Low-Cost Housing project in Indore, India provided serviced housing plots and infrastructure for 6,500 low-income families. The project was led by architect Balkrishna Doshi and included mixed income neighborhoods organized around a central spine. It featured a hierarchy of pedestrian-prioritized roads and distributed open spaces to improve accessibility. Climate-responsive design like north-south orientation and shared walls minimized solar heat gain. The "site and service" approach provided basic infrastructure like water, sewer, and electricity to allow residents to construct homes appropriate to their needs.
The document describes an alternative village housing concept that provides dignity to people. Each village contains 24 semi-detached houses sharing communal amenities including ablutions, laundry, recycling, and gardens powered by solar energy. The village aims to provide permanent housing through off-grid and sustainable infrastructure like solar power, hot water, grey water harvesting and organic food gardens. The goal is to develop rural housing that does not financially burden poor rural communities.
Low cost housing refers to houses that are inexpensive to build. IT doesn't mean that the houses will be inexpensive to live in.
The goal of low-cost housing is to save money while also maintaining buildings quality.
Following Properties Reduces Cost of Construction:
Locally available materials .
Improved skills and technology.
Without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure.
This document discusses low cost housing and approaches to sheltering those with low incomes. It notes that low cost housing aims to save money on construction while maintaining building quality by using locally available, cheap materials and improved construction skills and technology. However, lower construction costs can mean higher utility bills from wasted energy. The document also outlines some of the challenges to developing low cost housing in India, such as land shortages, rising construction costs, lack of access to financing, and regulatory issues. It provides examples of materials that can reduce housing costs and recognizes the contributions of architect Laurie Baker to sustainable, low cost housing design.
The document discusses the environmental impacts of the construction industry and proposes more sustainable alternatives. It notes that the construction industry accounts for significant global resource use and pollution. Specifically:
- It uses over one-sixth of global freshwater withdrawals and one-quarter of wood harvest. Cement production alone contributes 5% of man-made CO2 emissions.
- Construction and demolition waste makes up 10-40% of solid waste in most countries.
- Many building materials emit VOCs that contribute to greenhouse gases and global warming.
To address these issues, the document recommends more sustainable materials like hollow interlocking compressed stabilized earth blocks, which use local soil and less energy and resources compared to conventional bricks. These
This document summarizes a presentation on low-cost housing techniques. It discusses key features of affordable housing such as using inexpensive materials and construction methods to reduce costs while maintaining building quality. Specific techniques covered include using compressed earth blocks, fly ash blocks, brick arches for lintels, filler slab roofs, and jack arch roofs to reduce costs. Brick jali and concrete or steel doors and windows can also lower expenses compared to standard construction methods. The presentation provides details on applying these techniques to reduce foundation, wall, lintel, and roof costs for low-cost housing.
Low cost housing is needed to address issues like growing populations, rising land and construction costs, and to provide affordable options for low-income groups. Materials selection is key to reducing costs, prioritizing locally available, low embodied energy, and recyclable materials. Techniques like using waste materials in blocks, prefabricated panels, and composite materials can significantly reduce costs compared to conventional construction. Glass fiber reinforced gypsum panels is one promising system that reduces costs, speeds up construction, and still provides structural integrity for multi-story buildings. While low-cost techniques address affordability, proper design and limitations are still required.
A zero-energy building is a building with zero net energy consumption and generates more energy annually than it uses from renewable resources like solar, wind, and geothermal. It reduces carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Key aspects of zero-energy building design include passive solar features, energy-efficient components, on-site renewable energy generation, and sometimes connection to the electric grid to export excess power. Zero-energy buildings offer long-term savings on energy costs but have higher initial construction costs than conventional buildings.
Green building material - Compressed earth blockAditya Shah
A compressed earth block (CEB), also known as a pressed earth block or a compressed soil block, is a building material made primarily from damp soil compressed at high pressure to form blocks.
Prefabricated construction systems in India- Precast Status and needed ImpetusIEI GSC
Presentation on Prefabricated construction systems in India- Precast Status and needed Impetus by Prof S. K. Singh,Sr. Principal Scientist & Professor, AcSIR, CSIR-Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee at #33NCCE 33rd National Convention of Civil Engineers at #IEIGSC
This document presents information on green building assessment systems. It discusses the key principles of green building including efficient use of energy, water and resources, and protecting occupant health. It then describes the BREEAM assessment system, the first in the world, and provides examples of buildings that have achieved high BREEAM ratings, like PwC's London office which scored 96.31% and was the first to receive an "outstanding" rating. One Angel Square in Manchester scored 95.16% under BREEAM and featured innovations like a living wall and biodiesel-powered energy system.
Low cost houisng and alternate building materialsNaresh Yadav
This document summarizes a presentation on using prefabricated and alternate building materials for low-cost housing. Some key points:
- Prefabricated components like precast concrete planks, panels, and lintels can reduce construction costs by eliminating shuttering and scaffolding. Standardizing components increases speed and productivity.
- Alternate materials like fly ash bricks, hollow concrete blocks, and lime can also reduce costs when used for walls. Larger wall blocks use less mortar.
- A demonstration housing project in Bangalore used materials like solid concrete blocks, RCC slabs, and precast doors to build 252 units for Rs. 60,000 each. Overall costs were reduced by 30-50
Stabilized mud block (SMB) or pressed earth block is a building material made primarily from damp soil compressed at high pressure to form blocks. If the blocks are stabilized with a chemical binder such as Portland cement they are called compressed stabilized earth block (CSEB) or stabilized earth block (SEB).
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Eco- friendly building materials and construction techniques in India.shivangi5796
This document discusses eco-friendly building materials and construction techniques used in India. It introduces various eco-friendly materials like fly ash bricks, compressed earth blocks, and ferrocement panels. It outlines properties and sources of these materials and selection criteria for eco-friendly materials. Examples of specific eco-friendly materials are described in detail like their uses and features. A comparative study is conducted between conventional and eco-friendly structural systems using a sustainable decision support system, finding the eco-friendly system to score higher in sustainability. The conclusion is that eco-friendly materials can help attain sustainability and reduce environmental harm compared to conventional materials.
This document discusses light weight construction materials, specifically foamed or aerated concrete. It provides information on the need for light weight concrete, describing how it saves costs and improves thermal insulation compared to conventional concrete. Foamed concrete is made through a process of mechanically mixing preformed stable foam with a cement and water slurry, incorporating air bubbles uniformly. Foamed concrete has strengths, shrinkage, expansion and other properties that make it suitable for construction applications while providing benefits like acoustic and thermal insulation as well as fire resistance.
Embodied energy refers to the total energy required for the entire lifecycle of a building, from extracting and processing raw materials to manufacturing, transportation, construction, maintenance, replacement, and eventual disposal or recycling. There are three main types of embodied energy: initial embodied energy for the initial construction; recurring embodied energy for maintenance and refurbishment over the lifetime of the building; and demolition energy for dismantling and disposal at the end of the building's life. Calculating embodied energy involves determining the amount of non-renewable energy used per unit of building material or component. Reducing embodied energy helps lower the overall environmental impact of buildings through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Strategies for lowering embodied energy include designing for longevity, reusing and
This document presents several innovative building materials, including sensi tiles that light up when walked on, radiant barriers that keep homes cool in summer and warm in winter, and solar panel roofing tiles that generate electricity. Other materials discussed are ultra touch jeans insulation, smart windows that reduce solar heat, bendable concrete that is 500 times more crack-resistant than regular concrete, unfired clay bricks that are air-dried, bagasse particle board made from sugarcane waste, and liquid granite that is lightweight but strong. The document concludes that using these innovative and eco-friendly materials can save money and energy while reducing pollution.
Mud is a building material that has been used for thousands of years. It is still used in modern construction, though the methods have changed. Mud buildings are commonly found in dry, rural areas where mud is abundant. Mud construction can be environmentally friendly as it requires few resources, though it is susceptible to damage from water and requires regular maintenance. Ceramic materials are used to make pottery, bricks, tiles, and other construction products due to their hardness, heat and chemical resistance. However, ceramics are brittle. Terracotta clay is used to make tiles and other building materials due to its durability and aesthetics, though it is porous and can deteriorate if not properly treated.
The document discusses filler slab roofing, which uses lightweight filler materials in place of concrete in the tension zone of reinforced concrete slabs. This reduces costs by 25-30% compared to standard concrete roofing. Common filler materials include tiles, bricks, shells, and bottles. The filler depth should not exceed the neutral axis depth, typically 60mm for a 125mm thick slab. Reinforcing grids are installed and concrete is poured on top, with filler materials centered in the grid spaces. Filler slabs provide cost savings along with benefits like improved insulation and reduced foundation loads.
- There is a need for alternative and appropriate technologies in construction due to the large housing shortage and constraints on materials and resources. Labor-based construction programs using local materials can help address this need.
- Appropriate technologies should follow principles like energy conservation, using local and renewable materials, and minimizing environmental impact. Waste materials from industries can be used to make building materials.
- Low-cost and appropriate technologies do not compromise on quality or strength while using less capital and resources. They are developed based on local needs and capabilities.
- Research institutions are developing appropriate technologies like stabilized mud blocks, mud plasters, and vaulted roofs that utilize local materials and labor to lower costs.
This document discusses materials for low-cost housing construction in India. It describes natural materials like bamboo, earth, straw and fiber cement that are locally available and affordable. It also discusses man-made materials like fly ash, aerocon panels, cement hollow blocks and rice husks that can be used. These alternative materials allow for reduced construction costs through local sourcing and efficient designs while maintaining structural integrity. The document concludes that widespread use of these sustainable low-cost materials could address housing shortages by lowering material costs.
This document discusses various types of roof coverings and structures, including:
- Earth reel roofs which use reels made of rolled vegetation fibers and clay around a wooden spindle.
- Clay tile roofs which are suitable for sloping roofs between 20-50 degrees and come in shapes suited to different slopes.
- Ferrocement, fibre concrete, and corrugated metal sheet roofing.
- Pole timber roof structures which use whole roundwood poles rather than sawn timber, reducing costs and waste. Connections can be made with dowels or bolts.
- Space frame structures made of short pole timber segments connected by steel connectors for large covered areas.
The Aranya Low-Cost Housing project in Indore, India provided serviced housing plots and infrastructure for 6,500 low-income families. The project was led by architect Balkrishna Doshi and included mixed income neighborhoods organized around a central spine. It featured a hierarchy of pedestrian-prioritized roads and distributed open spaces to improve accessibility. Climate-responsive design like north-south orientation and shared walls minimized solar heat gain. The "site and service" approach provided basic infrastructure like water, sewer, and electricity to allow residents to construct homes appropriate to their needs.
The document describes an alternative village housing concept that provides dignity to people. Each village contains 24 semi-detached houses sharing communal amenities including ablutions, laundry, recycling, and gardens powered by solar energy. The village aims to provide permanent housing through off-grid and sustainable infrastructure like solar power, hot water, grey water harvesting and organic food gardens. The goal is to develop rural housing that does not financially burden poor rural communities.
Low Cost Building & Housing Systems For Brazil 2010Lhoworth
There is a shortfall of over 5 million low cost housing units in Brazil. The Brazilian government is subsidizing the cost of the "popular housing" units. The need here is for low cost, rapid deployable housing products and systems produced locally in Brazil.
ALTERNATE AND LOW COST CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL: RICE HUSK ASH (RHA)AM Publications
Due to pozzolanic reactivity, Rice Husk Ash is used as a supplementary cementing material in concrete. It has
economical and technical advantages to be used in concrete. I am going to replace cement by the use of RHA by 5%,10% &
15% by weight of cement in three different experiment to find out the maximum strength and compare it with the strength of
normal concrete by using the grade of M20 at the days of 7 and 14. This research therefore is an investigation of the
performance of the concrete made of partially replacing OPC with RHA on the structural integrity and properties of RHA
concrete.
Shear walls are structural walls that resist lateral forces like wind and seismic loads. This document discusses understanding shear walls, their purpose in construction, the forces they experience, different types of shear walls, and their architectural aspects. Shear walls provide advantages in buildings by resisting lateral forces that could damage the structure.
This document describes technologies for producing cost effective building materials using environment friendly processes. It discusses several options for producing compressed earth bricks and fly ash-sand-lime-gypsum bricks using manual or hydraulic presses. The fly ash bricks can be produced at scales of 1.8 to 6 million bricks annually depending on the type of machine used. They have a compressive strength of 60-150 kg/cm2 and water absorption of 8-10%. Compressed earth blocks can also be made manually or using machines at scales of 150,000 to 360,000 blocks per year. Their compressive strength ranges from 20-100 kg/cm2. The document provides details on the machinery, production capacity, costs and other specifications for setting
The portfolio contains 4 years of Devon Ayers' undergraduate architectural design projects. It includes 8 design studios covering a diversity of projects including a Caribbean Music Hall of Fame in Jamaica, SRO housing in Cleveland, a housing complex with shops in Kent, Ohio, and a "Fast Good" restaurant and market in Cleveland. The portfolio illustrates how architectural design can enhance life by serving societal needs through applied science and interdisciplinary art forms.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation about ensuring quality housing growth in Leeds. It discusses Leeds' goal of building 70,000 new homes by 2028 and efforts to ensure high quality design. This includes establishing a "Leeds Standard" for new developments that focuses on space standards, energy efficiency, and design quality. It also describes an innovative low-impact cohousing project called LILAC that features resident-led design and construction. The presentation outlines Leeds' strategies for guiding development through policies, collaboration with developers, and leading by example in new council housing.
Employees & Self Employees Co Op Society Projects DetailsSanthosh Kumar
M and M Bangalore Pvt Ltd presents residential society projects in North, East Bangalore and Mysore. They have developed projects for various housing societies. They are developing projects called Krishna Greens in Midlake Phase II in Doddaballapur Road, IVC Road in Devanahalli, East Wind in Devangundi, and West Mist in Mysore. The projects offer sites of various dimensions from 20x30 to 50x80 feet. There are details on location, payment plans in installments, amenities and booking details provided. For more details on booking, contact the listed representative.
Earthquake engineering : Causes, Analysis and Mitigation.Aman Saxena
This document discusses earthquakes, their causes, effects, and earthquake engineering. It begins by defining an earthquake and describing the different types of seismic waves. It then discusses various effects of earthquakes like ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and tsunamis. The document outlines factors that influence earthquake damage and provides examples of earthquake resistant designs and traditional knowledge from various countries. It concludes with innovations in earthquake engineering and methods to retrofit existing structures.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
use of stabilized block in housing projectSiddik Siddi
civil engineers would like it. its the ppt based on use of stabilized block in housing project,, used easy English..easy to understand and good toipic for easy guys
Why Compressed Earth Blocks - by Dwell EarthAdam De Jong
Compressed Earth Blocks, often referred to as (CEB) or Earth Blocks, are a pretty amazing building material. Here is a quick look at how amazing this natural building method really is.
Since the beginning of time people have been using the earth for building. Jericho, the earliest city recorded in history, was built of earth. Throughout history earth construction can be seen worldwide. The Egyptians, Mayan, Inca, Greeks, Romans, Chinese, and other European civilizations have long histories of earthen construction.
Compressed Earth Blocks make a healthier home which has the lowest embodied energy and CO2 footprint of any building material while also creating a building that is 80% more energy efficient to operate.
Compressed Earth Blocks are:
- Economical Natural Building Solution
- Fire Proof
- Bullet Proof
- Bug Proof
- Sound Proof
- Mold Proof
- Non- Toxic
- Disaster Resistant
Earth Block buildings also regulate humidity and temperature because the walls are breathable.
Learn more at www.dwellearth.com
What can we help you build?
The document discusses various earth-based building materials and techniques. It provides details on analyzing soil composition through various tests. Mud construction materials like cob, rammed earth, adobe, and stabilized mud bricks are explained. Cob involves shaping mud into egg-shaped masses and stacking them without forms. Rammed earth uses a form to compress damp soil mixtures into solid walls. Adobe involves shaping soil-straw mixtures into bricks that are sun-dried. Indigenous stabilizers like straw and plant juices can be used to improve soil properties for construction.
The document provides details about the planning process for different housing units in India. It begins with an introduction to architectural systems and the design process. It then outlines the standard area norms set by the Gujarat government for economically weaker section (EWS), lower income group (LIG), middle income group (MIG), and higher income group (HIG) housing. The document also provides examples of unit designs for EWS and LIG housing in Surat, transit housing in Mumbai, and an HIG unit in Gurgaon. It concludes with details about designing a luxury apartment. The document thus covers the entire planning and design process for various types of housing units in India according to income levels.
Low cost residential building using locally available materialsPuspendu Ray
The document discusses strategies for low-cost residential building using locally available materials. It proposes using locally sourced materials and construction techniques to reduce costs. Rat-trap bond brickwork, soil cement blocks, hollow concrete blocks, and filler slab roofing are presented as methods to lower expenses. The techniques aim to cut building material and labor costs by 25-40% compared to traditional construction, making housing more affordable.
Housing Standards Review: Building Regulations PerspectivePAS_Team
This document provides information about the Housing Standards Review and optional requirements that can be applied by planning authorities. Key points:
- The review aims to standardize housing requirements nationally and remove local variation. It leaves Part L (energy efficiency) and allows optional standards for accessibility and water efficiency.
- Optional requirements relate to Part G (water efficiency) and Part M (accessibility). Part M has three categories with increasing accessibility. Planning can require categories 2 and 3 through conditions.
- Meeting the optional requirements, especially category 3, has major implications for design such as larger room and circulation sizes, step-free access, and wheelchair storage. Not considering these could result in non-compliant schemes.
-
This document discusses sustainability approaches for historic buildings. It argues that existing buildings will remain dominant and need upgrading, and that historic buildings make up a small percentage but face the same challenges. While conservation designations can be seen as restrictive, opportunities exist to improve sustainability through approaches that respect a building's history and character. Examples are provided of projects that enhanced sustainability through efficient and sensitive upgrades that enhanced viability of historic structures. The document advocates considering all aspects of sustainability and adapting solutions to a building's existing operation and significance.
Creating low-cost housing involves several considerations and strategies to minimize construction expenses while ensuring safety, functionality, and durability
Alternate Building Materials,Alternative Construction Technology and Rain Wat...Rajesh Kolli
The Core of any construction project is its design and at basic level is the materials used.
During the first phase of civilization we used the raw material such as leaves, branches and animal hides for the construction but with increase in our intellect we started improvising other materials such as stone, clay and timber.
With growing time we developed other materials such as brick and concrete, these materials went under great change and stayed till date from the starting of Egyptian civilisation to the present one.
The sudden change in the palate for construction was marked by the INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION giving birth to various materials such as metals, glass and steel. It gave rise to many new technologies.
After the industrial revolution many materials had come up over these years. Such as PVC and plastics , many types of concrete like ferrocrete & precast, GRF etc. even now lot of researches are going on new materials and about increasing the efficiency of earlier one.
Low cost housing viii assignmnet - 2 mahima gargMahima Garg
The document discusses materials for low-cost housing construction, comparing natural and man-made options. Natural materials include compressed earth blocks, bamboo, straw, bagasse cement boards, and mud plaster. They have advantages like low cost, sustainability, and local availability. Man-made options include fly ash, coal washery rejects, and aerocon panels. The document provides details on the properties and uses of different natural materials in housing construction. It emphasizes selecting materials based on criteria like cost, environmental friendliness, durability, and energy efficiency.
Rapid construction techniques used in now a days, modern construction techniques, LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS, global housing technology challenge, ix Technology providers have been selected through rigorous online bidding process for construction of Light House Projects (LHPs) at six different locations in six states. ghtc india
Building Systems/ Products for construction of low rise houses (upto G+3) (ii) Products/Technologies
Primarily from Recycling of Industrial/Agricultural wastes, Waste Management Systems (iii) Materials &
Components (Doors, Windows, Construction Chemicals, Insulation, Plumbing, Plastering, Machinery)
(iv) Technologies already shortlisted under GHTC-India & suitable for low rise housin
A REPORT ON LIGHT HOUSE PROJECT. BASED ON PSP(PREFEBRICATED SANDWICH PANEL) PANEL TECHNIQUES USING ESP(EXPENDED POLYSTYRENE SANDWICH PANEL)
WHICH IS LIGHT IN WEIGHT & HAVE GREAT COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN COMPARISION TO STANDARD BRICK. & ALSO ARE USED IN THERMAL & RAIN WATER INSULATION AND PROVIDES SUSTAINABLE STRUCTURES WITH EITHER RCC OR STEEL FRAMEWORK
Building Systems/ Products for construction of low rise houses (upto G+3) (ii) Products/Technologies
Primarily from Recycling of Industrial/Agricultural wastes, Waste Management Systems (iii) Materials &
Components (Doors, Windows, Construction Chemicals, Insulation, Plumbing, Plastering, Machinery)
(iv) Technologies already shortlisted under GHTC-India & suitable for low rise housin
This document discusses the aim of designing cost effective bricks using waste materials without compromising strength or durability. The objectives are to minimize material handling costs and produce affordable bricks. There is a need for alternate materials as traditional production cannot meet demand. Advantages of these bricks include being economical since raw materials are easily available, hard, durable, and having good compressive strength for ordinary construction. They also reduce waste and have low maintenance costs. Technologies used include making high strength bricks from plastic, economical and eco-friendly bricks from glass and clay, load bearing bricks from fly ash, and bricks with thermal and acoustic properties from rice husk ash.
Low-cost building materials and techniques can significantly reduce construction costs. Some examples discussed are:
1. Using filler slabs which replace 20% of concrete in slabs with low-cost materials like tiles, reducing material and steel costs by 30%.
2. Rat trap bond bricklaying which places bricks vertically, creating a cavity that reduces brick/mortar usage by 25-40% while maintaining structural integrity.
3. Careful site selection, soil testing, minimizing wall surfaces and planning construction to avoid changes can optimize costs. Using machinery efficiently and estimating labor needs can also reduce expenses. Planning is key to utilizing low-cost alternatives without compromising quality or safety.
Lowcost prefebrication and infrastructure servicesAr Jitendra
The document discusses various low-cost alternative materials and infrastructure services for rural areas. It describes prefabricated construction techniques like precast concrete and ferrocement that reduce costs. It also discusses waste water disposal and drainage systems, rural road construction using burnt clay bricks, and rainwater harvesting. Other sections cover biogas plants, smokeless cookstoves, and solar cooking, which provide more sustainable energy solutions for rural communities.
Introduction and sustainable development in concrete technologyKathan Sindhvad
The document discusses sustainable development practices in concrete technology. It covers several topics:
1. Concrete has high embodied energy due to cement production, but has potential to be efficient over its long lifespan. Supplementary cementing materials and reducing cement content can lower environmental impacts.
2. Concrete's thermal mass allows it to reduce operational energy usage in buildings through passive heating and cooling. It also enables more efficient radiant heating systems.
3. Recycled concrete aggregate can be used in new concrete, reducing waste and costs while maintaining durability. This supports sustainable development goals.
This document provides information about Mivan formwork technology. It discusses that Mivan formwork is an aluminum alloy formwork system that allows for rapid construction of projects. It then discusses the history of Mivan and how it has been used successfully in India. Key advantages are listed as speed, strength, safety, cost effectiveness, and producing a high quality finish without needing plaster. Limitations include difficulty adding services and potential for cracks due to uniform construction. Two case studies of large housing projects in Pune utilizing Mivan formwork are also presented.
This document discusses prefabrication systems and their advantages. It defines prefabrication as assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. Prefabrication can reduce construction costs by 30%, time by 35%, and defects by 60% compared to traditional methods. It also lists principles of prefabrication like designing for modularity, simplifying connections, and minimizing materials. Prefabrication is described as more efficient, lower cost, and reducing waste and manpower compared to conventional construction. Examples of prefabricated building elements like walls, roofs, and floors are also provided.
Special concrete and advanced construction materialsDereje Jima
This document discusses several types of special and advanced construction materials. It describes prestressed concrete, which uses high-strength steel and pre-loading to control cracking. Colored concrete can be produced using colored aggregates or pigments. Bendable concrete contains fibers for flexibility. Advanced materials discussed include light gauge steel, bamboo, plastic bottle bricks, cross-laminated timber, and ceramics. Each material is examined in terms of its composition, properties, applications, and advantages and disadvantages for construction.
Development OF Low Cost Durable Precast Compound WallIRJET Journal
This document discusses the development of a low-cost durable precast compound wall. It begins with an introduction discussing the benefits of precast construction over traditional methods such as reduced construction time and costs. It then discusses the materials used for precast concrete walls such as concrete, steel reinforcement, structural steel, and non-cementitious materials. The objectives of the research are to find a low-cost construction method that offers minimum time. A literature review discusses previous research on precast walls that found benefits like improved quality, reduced weight, and affordability compared to traditional brick walls. The goal is to conclude that precast walls can provide a simpler, faster and cheaper construction method.
This document provides information on formworks, scaffolding, shoring, underpinning, and prefabricated construction components. It discusses the introduction, characteristics, classification, and types of formworks based on materials of construction such as timber, metal, and plastic. It also describes scaffolding and different types used in construction. For underpinning, it explains the conditions that require underpinning and various methods used. Finally, it summarizes prefabricated construction including advantages, classification based on materials and systems, types, and connections used.
A waffle slab is a reinforced concrete slab with a grid pattern on the underside created by concrete ribs running in two perpendicular directions. This provides extra stability and strength, allowing for larger spans than other slab types. Waffle slabs are used in industrial, commercial, and large buildings where large open floor plans are needed. They are constructed either by pouring concrete into molds on-site or using precast sections. The grid pattern also provides space for mechanical systems like HVAC to be placed within the slab thickness.
Grouting is the process of injecting materials into cracks or voids in structures to increase their strength and stability. Common grouting materials include cement, sand, water, and chemical substances. Grouting fills gaps, seals cracks, and strengthens foundations. The main types of grouting are cement grouting, chemical grouting, structural grouting, bentonite grouting, bituminous grouting, and resin grouting. Each has different applications depending on the material properties and permeability of the structure.
The document discusses geopolymer cement concretes as an alternative to traditional Portland cement concretes. Geopolymer cement concretes utilize industrial byproducts like fly ash and blast furnace slag instead of Portland cement, reducing CO2 emissions by around 80%. The cement industry contributes significantly to global CO2 emissions, so finding alternatives like geopolymer cement could help mitigate climate change issues. Geopolymer cement concretes form polymeric bonds between silica and alumina instead of calcium-silicate hydrates like Portland cement, but can achieve similar structural strength.
This document provides an overview of various waterproofing methods. It defines waterproofing and explains the importance. It then describes conventional methods like brick bat coba, bituminous treatments, and box-type waterproofing. It also covers modern techniques like crystalline waterproofing and flexible membrane waterproofing systems. For each method, it provides details on materials, application procedures, advantages, and limitations. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on traditional and contemporary waterproofing options.
1. Corrosion is an electrochemical process involving oxidation and reduction reactions. It requires an anode, cathode, electrolyte, and an electrically conducting path.
2. At the anode, iron oxidizes to ferrous ions which then react with hydroxyl ions from the cathode to form iron hydroxide and iron oxide. The products occupy more volume than the original steel causing stresses in the concrete.
3. Chlorides from deicing salts or seawater can destroy the protective oxide layer and accelerate corrosion. Carbonation reduces concrete's alkalinity allowing the protective layer to break down.
This document provides guidance on excavation and trench safety. It defines excavation, trench, and confined space. The objectives are to highlight excavation hazards, cave-in protection methods, and the role of the competent person. General requirements include locating underground utilities, daily inspections by a competent person, and using protective systems like sloping, shoring, or shielding. Factors in protective system design include soil classification, depth, water content, and other operations. Proper access, egress, and fall protection are also covered.
This document provides guidelines for the design of highway pavements in India. It discusses different types of pavements, including flexible and rigid pavements. For rigid pavement design, it outlines factors like traffic, climate, materials properties. It describes the components and types of joints in concrete roads. For flexible pavement design, it discusses the group index and CBR methods, which consider soil properties and traffic volumes to determine layer thicknesses. The document provides details on mix design methods for bituminous concrete like Marshall and Hveem.
Better Builder Magazine brings together premium product manufactures and leading builders to create better differentiated homes and buildings that use less energy, save water and reduce our impact on the environment. The magazine is published four times a year.
Data Communication and Computer Networks Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Networking is a telecommunications network that allows computers to exchange data. In
computer networks, networked computing devices pass data to each other along data
connections. Data is transferred in the form of packets. The connections between nodes are
established using either cable media or wireless media.
This is an overview of my career in Aircraft Design and Structures, which I am still trying to post on LinkedIn. Includes my BAE Systems Structural Test roles/ my BAE Systems key design roles and my current work on academic projects.
Kandivali Call Girls ☑ +91-9967584737 ☑ Available Hot Girls Aunty Book Now
Session 3 low cost housing
1. Housing in Developing Countries – Areas of Concern
1. Severe shortage of houses in developing countries specially for
poor people.
2. Severe problem of management of agro industrial waste in
developing countries.
3. Mounting pressure on non renewable energy resources. Non-
availability of energy efficient technologies for converting agro
industrial waste and renewable local resources into alternative
materials.
4. Expensive & scarce building materials and components
2. •Need for energy efficiency and environmental protection
in manufacturing technologies.
• Need to develop cost effective construction technologies
to mitigate the effects of natural hazards.
• Need to create employment and skill improvement
opportunities leading to poverty alleviation.
• Need to substitute expensive & scarce building materials
and components by low cost locally available materials to
suit local design typologies.
Housing in Developing Countries – Areas of Concern
3. Major Causes of High Building Costs
• Expensive materials
• Lack of necessary building skills
• Lack of guidelines in selection of appropriate
building packages
• Designs
• Materials
• Methods
• equipment
4. Low Cost or Cost Effective Housing
• Aims to reduce the cost of construction and at the
same time not sacrifice any element of safety or
serviceability of the house over the life cycle.
• strong,
• durable,
• functional,
• aesthetic,
• environment friendly,
• ecologically appropriate,
• energy efficient
• affordable and adaptable
• cost-effective materials
• appropriate technologies in construction
5. Various aspects for cost reduction
• Optimisation of land use
• Functional design of buildings
• Optimum use of building materials
• Rationalisation of specifications
• New construction materials and techniques
6. Technology Selection Criteria
• Saving in cost, initial as well as recurring.
• Saving in consumption of imported or scare materials,
even if no saving in cost is achieved.
• Saving in time of construction.
• Utilization of waste materials even if no saving is
achieved.
• Saving in quantum of skilled labour even if no
saving in cost is achieved.
• Achieving better utilization of equipment but not
necessary leading to optimum saving in cost.
• Better utilization of space.
• Better layout for economy in external services
7.
8. Bamboo as a Material for
Housing and Buildings
– Indian Experience
9. Characteristics affecting usefulness of bamboo
as construction material
- the strength of bamboo culms
- their straightness
- lightness combined with hardeners
- range and size of hollowers
with good physical and mechanical properties,
low shrinkage and average density, it is well
suited to replace wood in several applications
10. Major Uses of Bamboo in Construction
• Scaffolding
• Reinforcement
• Roofing
• Walling
• Doors & Windows
11. Bamboo – Nature’s Gift
[A material for cost effective and
disaster resistant housing]
As a Raw Material
Properties:
1. High tensile strength
2. Very good weight to
strength ratio
3. Pressure tolerance upto
3656 kg/cm2
4. Easy to handle with
simple tools
5. Renewable raw material
Building Material
1. Environment
friendly
2. Energy efficient
3. Cost effective
Weaknesses
1. Has short durability compared to wood
2. High moisture and starch content
3. Prone to fungi and beetle attach
4. Service life of untreated bamboo 4-6
years in exposed conditions
Treatment & Preservation
Preservation (Traditional methods):
Curing; Smoking; Soaking; Seasoning
Chemical Treatment:
Boric acid; Borax; Boron; (Dip diffusion or
modified Boucherie processes)
Mechanical
Process for
Cutting, slicing,
knot removing
and slivering
Mat
weaving
from
Slivers
Hot
Processing
and Binding
Composite Building
Materials
•BMBs, BMPB, BMCS
•Bamboo Lumber
•Sandwiched panel
•Bamboo based shutters
•Bamboo flooring Bamboo House
Bamboo – Raw Material to Finished
Product
12. Bamboo has lower natural durability against attack of
fungi and insects
- requires treatment to increase durability -
difficult to be treated by normal
preservative methods in dry
conditions.
- Best carried out in green
conditions.
IS9096:2006 : Code of Practice for preservation of
bamboo for structural purpose
Covers : Type of preservations,
Treatment procedure for structural purposes like post,
scaffolding, walls, trusses etc.
14. Process of Preservation
IS 401:2001 Code of Practice for Preservation of Timber
1. Surface application ( brushing, dipping)
2. Hot & Cold Method
3. Boucheire Process 5. Inter Nodal Injection
4. Diffusion Process
15. Structural Provision of Bamboo
Part 6 : Structural Design
Section 3: Timber and Bamboo: 3B. Bamboo
National Building Code.
Material Specification
- Physical and mechanical properties of
20 species of bamboo
- 16 species found suitable for structural
purpose and densified in Group A,B,C.
17. Pre-fab Double walled Composite House
Developed a technology for Pre-
fab Double Walled Composite
House with IPIRTI, Bangalore.
Material used are Bamboo Mat
Board for walling, BMCS for
Roofing with steel framed
structure .
Salient features are ease in
transportation, speedy erection
at a reasonable cost.
Most suitable for emergency
structures during post disaster
events.
18. Two Storey Bamboo Housing System
Developed the technology with
IPIRTI, Bangalore using bamboo
based components.
Material used are Bamboo
coloums, Bamboo grid walls,
BMCS for Roofing, bamboo
composite beams with steel and
bamboo and bamboo composite
slab.
Development of this technology
will enable construction of two
storey houses in the bamboo
growing regions.
19. Bamboo Mat Ridge Cap for Roofing
Developed the technology with
IPIRTI, Bangalore for replacement
of the present practice of using
flat boards to avoid perforations.
Salient features are:
Dimensionally stable
Ready & easy to fix
Non permeable
Suitable for wide range of roof
angles.
Compatible with BMCS.
20. Other projects completed in NE Region
Construction of 2 Cafeteria Buildings in Kisama,
Nagaland.
Construction of 2 demonstration structures using
bamboo based technologies in Shillong, Meghalaya
Organisation of number of training programmes on
bamboo based technologies.
Preparation of detailed feasibility reports for
production ofbamboo based components like BMCS,
BMB etc.
21. Challenges ahead
• Increasing durability
• Developing efficient
jointing system
• Developing prefab
system
• Developing composite
system to deal with
natural hazards
• Growing bamboo of
structural grade
• Setting up of more
production centers
• Studying other bamboo
which are available but
not used in construction
• Capacity building of
artisans
22. COST EFFECTIVE MASS HOUSING
TECHNOLOGY
MONOLITHIC CONCRETE HOUSING
FORM WORK
23. What are the Requirements of an
Effective Housing System?
• Must be cost effective.
• Must be capable of a fast rate of construction.
• Must be adaptable to any structural design or
architectural layout.
• Must produce high quality, durable and low
maintenance structures.
• Must produce structures that are resistant to
meteorological and/or seismic conditions.
24. MONOLITHIC CONCRETE HOUSING FORM WORK
TECHNOLOGY
• Hand-held reusable aluminum formwork system for
forming cast-in-place concrete housing.
• The System also controls the scheduling of the other
trades involved in the construction;
– steel reinforcement,
– mechanical and electrical,
– concreting.
25. MONOLITHIC CONCRETE HOUSING FORM WORK
TECHNOLOGY
• Can be used for any type of housing from; low
rise single or double storey housing, to walk-
up apartments, to high rise towers.
• Can be used for any income level of housing
from low income, to medium income, to
luxury condominiums.
26. Features of the System
• Versatility
• Speed
• Quality
• Durability
• Cost
27. Versatility
• Architect is not required to change the building
layout to suit the Mascon System.
• Capable of forming any type of structural design for
any type of housing.
– Column & Beam Design
– Loadbearing Wall Design
28. Versatility
• The System is unique in that it forms all of the
concrete in a building including;
– walls
– columns
– beams
– floor slabs
– staircases
– balconies
– window hoods
– storage lofts
• No need for bricks, blocks or plastering.
29. Speed
• Multi-Storey Housing - structures are completed at
the rate of four days per floor - regardless of floor
size.
• Single or Double Storey Housing - structures are
completed at the rate of one house per day.
• To increase the speed of construction, several “sets”
of formwork equipment can be provided.
30. Quality
• Precision in fabricating the Mascon formwork results
in accurate and consistent forming of the concrete.
• The quality of the concrete finish is the same
regardless of whether the System is used for low cost
housing or luxury housing.
31. Durability of Housing Units
• All concrete (walls, slabs, staircases etc.) are poured
monolithically, therefore, there are no construction
joints and no problems of leaking joints.
• The result is a rigid reinforced “box” structure that is
structurally very durable and very resistant to
meteorological and seismic conditions.
32. Why is this System
So Cost Effective?
• Highly reusable formwork.
• Forms all the concrete in a building.
• Unique construction cycling.
• Uses locally available materials - i.e. concrete and
reinforcing steel.
• Requires unskilled labour only and no cranes.
• Loadbearing wall structural design.
60. Technical /Engineering Aspects
Block Production
Material selection
Soil Identification – Top soil and soil with organic matter should not be used.
Grain size distribution - more of sandy is preferred.
Gravel (mm) Sand(mm) Silt(mm) Clay(mm)
20 to 2mm 2 – 0.02 0.02 – 0.002 0.002 - 0
61. Some basic test for identifying the suitability of soil
•15%gravel, 50%sand, 15% silt, 20%clay
Granularity
(Grain size distribution test)
•Compress a moist soil by hand
•Difficult to compress – gravely soil
•Very easy to compress – Clayey soil
-Compressibility
(Ease of the soil to be
compressed)
•Smells Rotten – lot of humus
•Musty – humus
•Agreeable smell – no humus - suitable for construction
Humus
(presence of organic materials0
•Difficult to break – clayey soil
•Breaks easily – gravely soil
Plasticity ( Capacity to withstand
deformation)
•Wash the hand on which the soil paste was made
•Soils grains does not stick on the palm – Gravely soil
•Thin film of soil stick on the palm – clayey soil.
Cohesion(Property of the soil
grains to remain together)
62. Proportions
• Cement : Soil (1 : 6)
• Water content = 25 liters for one bag of
cement
• Varying the ratio esp. the cement has the
proportionate cost involved
• The ratio can go up to 1 cement to 10 soil
62
63. Same basic data on CSEB
Properties Values
Dry Compressive Strength @28days
3 – 6Mpa (N/sqmm) ( +10% after 1 year,
20% after 2years)
Wet compressive strength @28days (3days
immersion)
2 – 3 Mpa
Dry bending Strength @28days 0.5 – 1 Mps
Dry Shear Strength @28days 0.4 – 0.6Mpa
Density 1700 to 2000kg/cum
Water absorption @ 28days after 3 days
immersion 8 to 12 % by weight
Energy Consumption 110MJ ( Kiln fired bricks = 539MJ)
64. Comparison with other building blocks
Properties CSEB (HI - 245) Ordinary class III
brick
Concrete hollow
blocks
Size 245x 245 x 95 195 x 95 x 75 390 x 190 x 190
Weight 8kg 3kg 16kg
Compressive
strength (28days)
30 – 60kg/cmsq 35kg/cmsq 45kg/cmsq(approx)
Cost (Nu.) 13 per block ( 1:6
mix ratio)
11 per brick @
Thimphu
38.00 per block @
Thimphu
For a 250mm thick 1msq wall in a load bearing building @ Thimphu
Block Numbers Cost(Nu)
HI - CSEB 40(Approx) 520
Ordinary second class brick 166(approx) 1496.00
Hollow concrete Block 19.5(approx) 741
65. Block production machines
Two Machines in the market
1) HI – CSEB Block machine – Habitech centre, Thailand
2) AURUM PRESS 3000 – Auroville,India
Designer/ manufacturer Auroville Earth institute/ Aureka,
Cost of Press Rs 69,800.00
Cost of Mould ( 1 set) Rs 41,500.00
Max Blocks size 245 x 245 x 95
Compression force 150KN( 15 tones)
Production capacity per
day with 7 workers
500 Blocks (average)
Designer/ manufacturer Habitat centre , Bangkok
Cost of Press 73,500.00 (Nu) 2008 rate
Cost of Mould ( 1 set) -
Max Blocks size 300 x 150 x 95
Production capacity per day
( 6- 7 workers)
500 average
66. Pilot House Construction – SQCA using HI – CSEB 245
• Two storied load bearing structures - serve as model
for the earthquake resistant design features
• Sample Blocks test results
Soil sample source Average Compressive Strength
Proposed construction site (1:8 mix
ratio 22 kg/cmsq
Buddha Dodema site ( 1: 8) 33 kg/cmsq
70. Advantages
1. Use of cheap & locally available materials
2. Job opportunity for local people
3. Biodegradable materials
4. Energy efficiency and eco friendliness 5 – 15 times less energy consumed
than fired brick and around 3 – 8 times less emission
5. Transferable technology
6. Import Reduction
7. 7. Cost effectiveness
8. 8. Minimum mortar required
9. 9. Keys that interlock with each other provides better integrity
10. 10. Hollow provisions for laying vertical and horizontal reinforcements to
improve the lateral load resisting capacity
11. 11. Ease and Fastness in construction
12. 12. Fire resistant
71. Limitations
• Only for low rise structures: maximum 2 storey
• Strength very much dependant on the properties of
soil
• Too much stabilization(cement) will make no economic
sense
• Interlocking features do not provide air tightness.
Minimum gap is formed due to which termite/air
current can pass.