Aquasomes are a novel nanoparticle drug delivery system composed of three layers - a solid ceramic or polymeric core, an oligomeric coating, and biologically active molecules adsorbed to the coating. They are spherical structures 60-300nm in size that mimic water-like properties to preserve the conformational integrity and biochemical stability of fragile molecules. Aquasomes have been investigated for delivery of vaccines, genes, insulin, enzymes, and dyes due to their ability to maintain molecule conformation. They show potential as targeted drug carriers with applications including intracellular gene therapy and development of blood substitutes.
This document describes a study that used a twin screw extrusion/spiral winding process to fabricate protein-encapsulated polycaprolactone scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Bovine serum albumin was encapsulated using both wet and melt extrusion methods. The encapsulation efficiency, protein release rate, secondary structure of the protein, cell proliferation, and mineral deposition were compared between the different processing methods and conditions. Overall, wet extrusion resulted in higher stability of the protein structure and better cell responses, likely due to smoother scaffold surfaces. The twin screw extrusion/spiral winding process shows potential for controlled protein delivery in tissue engineering scaffolds.
The document discusses key concepts and steps in preformulation testing. Preformulation involves investigating the physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. This generates useful information for formulating stable and safe dosage forms with good bioavailability. Some important properties discussed include solubility, particle size and shape, melting point, thermal analysis profile, hygroscopicity, and polymorphism potential. Determining these properties of a new drug substance is an important first step before developing drug formulations.
One of the most recently created delivery systems for bioactive chemicals like peptides, proteins, hormones, antigens, and genes is called an aquasome. Aquasomes have circular 60–300 nm-sized particles. Aquasomes are networks of nanoparticulate carriers rather than pure nanoparticles. They are spherical particles made of calcium phosphate or ceramic diamond coated with a polyhydroxy oligomeric layer. A solid phase nanocrystalline core covered in an oligomeric film that adsorbs biochemically active molecules with or without modification makes up the core of the three layers of self-assembled structures. It frequently serves as an implant preparatory tool.
AQUASOMES: A NOVEL CARRIER FOR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMMUSTAFIZUR RAHMAN
This document discusses aquasomes, which are spherical nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with an oligomeric film. Aquasomes are self-assembled using non-covalent and ionic bonds. They are used to deliver and protect delicate biomolecules. The core provides structural stability while the carbohydrate coating protects against dehydration and stabilizes biomolecules. Common methods to prepare aquasomes include precipitating a ceramic core, coating it with disaccharides using sonication, and immobilizing a drug molecule onto the coated particles. Potential applications of aquasomes include insulin delivery, oral enzyme delivery, oxygen transport, antigen delivery, and drug or gene delivery.
Micro-encapsulation involves enclosing solids, liquids, or gases in microscopic particles coated with thin walls. It is used for controlled drug delivery, masking tastes/odors, and isolating reactive materials. Common methods include coacervation, spray drying, fluidized bed coating, and polymerization. Micro-encapsulation can provide benefits like controlled release, reduced toxicity, and improved handling of materials.
This document discusses the role of microscopy in the food industry. It describes how food microscopists work with others in areas like new product development, quality assurance, and foreign body investigations. A variety of microscopic techniques are used, including light microscopy, SEM, and confocal microscopy. Applications include examining food structure and ingredients, identifying issues with food packaging, determining the source of foreign bodies in food, identifying potential allergens, and evaluating food manufacturing equipment design.
Aquasomes are spherical nanoparticles 60-300nm in size that are used for drug and antigen delivery. They consist of a solid ceramic core like calcium phosphate or diamond, coated with a carbohydrate layer. This three-layered structure is self-assembled via non-covalent bonds. Aquasomes preserve the integrity of biological molecules and can be loaded with drugs via absorption to treat issues like poor bioavailability. They are prepared via methods like colloidal precipitation and sonication to form the core, then coated and loaded with the drug or antigen for targeted delivery applications like vaccines, gene therapy, and oxygen transport.
Aquasomes are a novel nanoparticle drug delivery system composed of three layers - a solid ceramic or polymeric core, an oligomeric coating, and biologically active molecules adsorbed to the coating. They are spherical structures 60-300nm in size that mimic water-like properties to preserve the conformational integrity and biochemical stability of fragile molecules. Aquasomes have been investigated for delivery of vaccines, genes, insulin, enzymes, and dyes due to their ability to maintain molecule conformation. They show potential as targeted drug carriers with applications including intracellular gene therapy and development of blood substitutes.
This document describes a study that used a twin screw extrusion/spiral winding process to fabricate protein-encapsulated polycaprolactone scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Bovine serum albumin was encapsulated using both wet and melt extrusion methods. The encapsulation efficiency, protein release rate, secondary structure of the protein, cell proliferation, and mineral deposition were compared between the different processing methods and conditions. Overall, wet extrusion resulted in higher stability of the protein structure and better cell responses, likely due to smoother scaffold surfaces. The twin screw extrusion/spiral winding process shows potential for controlled protein delivery in tissue engineering scaffolds.
The document discusses key concepts and steps in preformulation testing. Preformulation involves investigating the physical and chemical properties of a drug substance alone and when combined with excipients. This generates useful information for formulating stable and safe dosage forms with good bioavailability. Some important properties discussed include solubility, particle size and shape, melting point, thermal analysis profile, hygroscopicity, and polymorphism potential. Determining these properties of a new drug substance is an important first step before developing drug formulations.
One of the most recently created delivery systems for bioactive chemicals like peptides, proteins, hormones, antigens, and genes is called an aquasome. Aquasomes have circular 60–300 nm-sized particles. Aquasomes are networks of nanoparticulate carriers rather than pure nanoparticles. They are spherical particles made of calcium phosphate or ceramic diamond coated with a polyhydroxy oligomeric layer. A solid phase nanocrystalline core covered in an oligomeric film that adsorbs biochemically active molecules with or without modification makes up the core of the three layers of self-assembled structures. It frequently serves as an implant preparatory tool.
AQUASOMES: A NOVEL CARRIER FOR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMMUSTAFIZUR RAHMAN
This document discusses aquasomes, which are spherical nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with an oligomeric film. Aquasomes are self-assembled using non-covalent and ionic bonds. They are used to deliver and protect delicate biomolecules. The core provides structural stability while the carbohydrate coating protects against dehydration and stabilizes biomolecules. Common methods to prepare aquasomes include precipitating a ceramic core, coating it with disaccharides using sonication, and immobilizing a drug molecule onto the coated particles. Potential applications of aquasomes include insulin delivery, oral enzyme delivery, oxygen transport, antigen delivery, and drug or gene delivery.
Micro-encapsulation involves enclosing solids, liquids, or gases in microscopic particles coated with thin walls. It is used for controlled drug delivery, masking tastes/odors, and isolating reactive materials. Common methods include coacervation, spray drying, fluidized bed coating, and polymerization. Micro-encapsulation can provide benefits like controlled release, reduced toxicity, and improved handling of materials.
This document discusses the role of microscopy in the food industry. It describes how food microscopists work with others in areas like new product development, quality assurance, and foreign body investigations. A variety of microscopic techniques are used, including light microscopy, SEM, and confocal microscopy. Applications include examining food structure and ingredients, identifying issues with food packaging, determining the source of foreign bodies in food, identifying potential allergens, and evaluating food manufacturing equipment design.
Aquasomes are spherical nanoparticles 60-300nm in size that are used for drug and antigen delivery. They consist of a solid ceramic core like calcium phosphate or diamond, coated with a carbohydrate layer. This three-layered structure is self-assembled via non-covalent bonds. Aquasomes preserve the integrity of biological molecules and can be loaded with drugs via absorption to treat issues like poor bioavailability. They are prepared via methods like colloidal precipitation and sonication to form the core, then coated and loaded with the drug or antigen for targeted delivery applications like vaccines, gene therapy, and oxygen transport.
Characterizing the freeze–drying behavior of model protein formulationsHau Vu
1) The document examines the freeze-drying behavior of three model proteins (lysozyme, BSA, IgG) under different conditions using various characterization techniques.
2) It finds some differences in freeze-drying behavior between the proteins at higher concentrations where the proteins influence the formulation more, but the differences are minimized at lower concentrations where excipients dominate.
3) Differences in cake morphology were seen between drying conditions and proteins, but protein structure and stability were equivalent for cakes made using different drying conditions.
Biosimilars face unique packaging challenges due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. This presentation discusses packaging challenges for biosimilar products, including glass vials, rubber stoppers, needles, and polymeric packaging. Glass vials can experience delamination, leading to glass particles in products. Stoppers and needles can adsorb proteins or leach extractables. Polymeric packaging also poses extractable and adsorption risks. Proper controls and alternative materials like siliconized glass or polymeric vials can help address these challenges.
Aquasomes are spherical nanoparticles ranging from 60-300nm that are used for drug and antigen delivery. They are self-assembled structures with a ceramic core coated with polyhydroxyl oligomers to which bioactive molecules can be adsorbed. This coating protects and preserves the drug while allowing release in a sustained manner. Aquasomes are prepared via a simple process involving the formation of an inorganic core, coating with protective oligomers, and then loading the drug molecule. They can be used to deliver various payloads like proteins, enzymes, antigens, and genetic material due to their ability to maintain molecular integrity and target delivery. Characterization techniques confirm their structure, size, and drug loading.
Micro-encapsulation involves enclosing solids, liquids, or gases within microscopic particles coated with thin walls. It allows for controlled release of substances like drugs. Various methods are used including air suspension, coacervation, and spray drying. Coacervation involves separating a coating material from solution to form liquid droplets that coat core materials. This process protects substances and allows targeted, timed delivery for applications like pharmaceuticals.
Microencapsulation involves coating solid, liquid, or gaseous active ingredients within thin polymeric coatings to produce microcapsules 1-1000 microns in size. It offers several advantages including protecting active ingredients, controlling release rates, and masking tastes/odors. Common techniques include solvent evaporation, pan coating, spray drying, and polymerization. Coacervation involves separating a hydrocolloid coating from solution and depositing it around active ingredient droplets. Microencapsulation has applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industries by improving product shelf life, stability and delivery properties.
The document discusses the technology of fabricating support structures using freeze-drying. Freeze-drying involves dissolving or suspending polymers or ceramics in a solvent, pouring the mixture into a mold, and then removing the solvents by freezing and sublimating ice crystals under low pressure. This process produces biodegradable 3D porous scaffolds that can be used in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and scientific research by producing artificial tissues or studying cellular interactions. The freeze-drying technique allows control over the scaffolds' structure and properties while preserving their strength, flexibility, and homogeneity.
This document discusses Aquasomes, which are nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a central solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers onto which drug molecules can be adsorbed. Aquasomes are spherical particles 60-300nm in size that are used for targeted drug and antigen delivery. They are prepared through a self-assembly process involving the preparation of a ceramic core, coating the core with carbohydrates, and then immobilizing a drug molecule onto the coated core. Aquasomes have properties such as preserving the integrity of biomolecules and avoiding clearance from the body. They can be characterized through techniques like SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and XRD. Potential applications of Aquasomes
Aquasomes.pptx.aquasome a novel drug carrier in pharmaceuticalsvaishnavimsdians
Aquasomes are nanoscale, self-assembled particles composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers. They can encapsulate and protect drugs, allowing for sustained and targeted release. Aquasomes are prepared through a method of self-assembly involving the preparation of a ceramic or polymeric core, coating the core with carbohydrates, and immobilizing a drug molecule. They show potential for applications in cancer treatment, gene therapy, diabetes management, and as oxygen carriers or vaccine delivery systems. However, challenges remain regarding their long-term stability, large-scale production, and potential toxicity. Ongoing research aims to enhance their targeting abilities and develop responsive systems for customized delivery.
AQUASOME - NANOPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSSoumyadipGhosh19
This document summarizes a seminar presented by Soumyadip Ghosh on Aquasomes. Aquasomes are spherical nanoparticles between 60-300nm used for drug and antigen delivery. They are comprised of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with an oligomeric film that bioactive molecules can be adsorbed to. Aquasomes are prepared through a three step process - formation of an inorganic core, coating the core with a polyhydroxy oligomer, and loading the drug onto the assembled structure. They have advantages like preserving the integrity of biomolecules and allowing site-specific delivery. Applications include use as vaccines, red blood cell substitutes, and delivery of drugs like insulin.
This document summarizes a seminar presented by Soumyadip Ghosh on Aquasomes. Aquasomes are spherical nanoparticles between 60-300nm used for drug and antigen delivery. They are comprised of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with an oligomeric film that bioactive molecules can be adsorbed to. Aquasomes are prepared through a three step process - formation of an inorganic core, coating the core with a polyhydroxy oligomer, and loading the drug onto the assembled structure. They have advantages like preserving the integrity of biomolecules and allowing site-specific delivery. Applications include delivery of vaccines, hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes and more.
Edible film of Cellulose and Cellulose DerivativesSuman Manna
General introduction of edible packaging materials, their classification .
How cellulose and cellulose derivatives used as a edible packaging materials.
Cellulose &Cellulose derivatives film preparation methods, their uses.
In pharmaceutical engineering.docx projectssuser2b28e8
Size separation plays a critical role in various aspects of pharmaceutical engineering including drug development, manufacturing, and quality control. An important size separation technique is the elutriation tank, which separates particles based on differences in their size and density as they settle at different rates in a fluid medium. The elutriation tank consists of a cylindrical chamber where particles are introduced and separated into fractions collected from different outlets as larger, denser particles settle faster than smaller, lighter ones when subjected to fluid flow. Key applications of elutriation tanks include purification of active pharmaceutical ingredients, particle size analysis, and environmental remediation.
This document discusses the importance of preformulation studies, which involve characterizing the physical and chemical properties of a drug prior to formulation development. The major areas covered in preformulation include physical characterization of the drug's solid state, solubility analysis, and stability studies. Understanding properties like crystallinity, hygroscopicity, and solubility is crucial for developing a stable, safe, and effective dosage form. Key tests described are used to determine the drug's particle size, surface morphology, thermal behavior, polymorphism, and compatibility with excipients. The results of preformulation studies provide critical guidance for dosage form design and regulatory approval.
Cryogenic electron microscopy is a technique that uses electron microscopy to image samples that have been rapidly frozen to preserve their structure. The presentation discusses the principles, procedures, and applications of cryo-EM. It explains that samples are vitrified to prevent ice crystal formation before being imaged with an electron microscope. This allows structures like proteins to be viewed in their native state at high resolution. The presentation outlines the sample preparation, imaging, and image enhancement processes and discusses how cryo-EM is being used to determine the structures of biological molecules and systems. It predicts that cryo-EM will continue advancing to study even larger complexes and become more accessible and useful for research.
This document describes research into developing a shape-memory polymer system for use as an anti-fouling surface treatment for membrane filtration. Five linear polymers and four crosslinking polymers were tested to determine their transition temperature, onset temperature, and water absorption. Testing showed a ternary polymer system of 94.5wt% tBA and 2HEMA, 5wt% PEGDMA550, and 0.5wt% photoinitiator exhibited an onset temperature of 32°C, a glass transition temperature of 51°C, water absorption of 1.44±1.8wt%, and a contact angle of 97.6±1.8°, making it suitable for the application.
Electromagnetic freezing applies magnetic fields during freezing to theoretically improve frozen food quality. While some companies have marketed electromagnetic freezers since the 2000s, a 2009 study found that the weak oscillating magnetic fields (OMFs) used in commercial freezers had no effect on ice crystal size, microstructure, color, texture, drip losses, or sensory attributes compared to static air freezing. A subsequent study also found no significant differences in drip loss, water-holding capacity, toughness, or whiteness between crab sticks frozen with varying strengths of OMFs compared to those frozen without OMFs. Future research with stronger or varying frequencies of OMFs across different foods and methods may be needed to fully understand their potential effects on
This document discusses the freezing of foods to extend their storage life by slowing biological and chemical reactions. While freezing prevents microbial growth below -10°C, a range of physical and biochemical reactions continue during storage and are influenced by storage conditions. Predicting the shelf life of frozen foods is difficult as there are many potential spoilage mechanisms, including enzymatic deterioration, cell damage, protein and starch interactions, non-enzymatic browning, water migration during freezing and storage, water re-crystallization, and solute crystallization. Proper attention to good manufacturing practices is required to produce safe frozen foods, as with fresh foods.
Aquasomes are nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers. Biologically active molecules are adsorbed onto the coating. They are able to sustainably release molecules and protect fragile molecules from the external environment due to their water-like properties. Aquasomes are prepared through a self-assembly process involving the preparation of a ceramic core through sonication or precipitation, coating the core with carbohydrates through adsorption, and immobilizing drug molecules onto the coating through partial adsorption. They show potential as carriers for vaccines, hemoglobin, drugs, dyes, and enzymes due to their ability to target sites and maintain molecular integrity.
This document discusses the development of a bioprocess system using a rotating wall bioreactor and biomaterials to guide stem cell-derived retinal tissue maturation. The system aims to treat dry age-related macular degeneration and Retinitis Pigmentosa, which currently have no treatment and cause blindness. A three-stage approach is used involving computational modeling, experimental testing, and analytical validation to characterize transport phenomena within the bioreactor and optimize a composite biomaterial structure for 3D retinal tissue culture. The goal is to mature retinal progenitor cells into fully functional retinal tissue through dynamic culture conditions compared to static methods.
Microsphere scaffolds are used for controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering. Microspheres are spherical polymer particles that can encapsulate drugs or growth factors. Microsphere scaffolds provide controlled release of encapsulated molecules and serve as 3D structures to support tissue regeneration. Microspheres can be fabricated into scaffolds by dispersing them in a polymer matrix or fusing them together. These microsphere-based scaffolds allow customization of drug release and mechanical properties. They have applications in regenerating tissues like cartilage, skin, heart and liver.
Characterizing the freeze–drying behavior of model protein formulationsHau Vu
1) The document examines the freeze-drying behavior of three model proteins (lysozyme, BSA, IgG) under different conditions using various characterization techniques.
2) It finds some differences in freeze-drying behavior between the proteins at higher concentrations where the proteins influence the formulation more, but the differences are minimized at lower concentrations where excipients dominate.
3) Differences in cake morphology were seen between drying conditions and proteins, but protein structure and stability were equivalent for cakes made using different drying conditions.
Biosimilars face unique packaging challenges due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. This presentation discusses packaging challenges for biosimilar products, including glass vials, rubber stoppers, needles, and polymeric packaging. Glass vials can experience delamination, leading to glass particles in products. Stoppers and needles can adsorb proteins or leach extractables. Polymeric packaging also poses extractable and adsorption risks. Proper controls and alternative materials like siliconized glass or polymeric vials can help address these challenges.
Aquasomes are spherical nanoparticles ranging from 60-300nm that are used for drug and antigen delivery. They are self-assembled structures with a ceramic core coated with polyhydroxyl oligomers to which bioactive molecules can be adsorbed. This coating protects and preserves the drug while allowing release in a sustained manner. Aquasomes are prepared via a simple process involving the formation of an inorganic core, coating with protective oligomers, and then loading the drug molecule. They can be used to deliver various payloads like proteins, enzymes, antigens, and genetic material due to their ability to maintain molecular integrity and target delivery. Characterization techniques confirm their structure, size, and drug loading.
Micro-encapsulation involves enclosing solids, liquids, or gases within microscopic particles coated with thin walls. It allows for controlled release of substances like drugs. Various methods are used including air suspension, coacervation, and spray drying. Coacervation involves separating a coating material from solution to form liquid droplets that coat core materials. This process protects substances and allows targeted, timed delivery for applications like pharmaceuticals.
Microencapsulation involves coating solid, liquid, or gaseous active ingredients within thin polymeric coatings to produce microcapsules 1-1000 microns in size. It offers several advantages including protecting active ingredients, controlling release rates, and masking tastes/odors. Common techniques include solvent evaporation, pan coating, spray drying, and polymerization. Coacervation involves separating a hydrocolloid coating from solution and depositing it around active ingredient droplets. Microencapsulation has applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and other industries by improving product shelf life, stability and delivery properties.
The document discusses the technology of fabricating support structures using freeze-drying. Freeze-drying involves dissolving or suspending polymers or ceramics in a solvent, pouring the mixture into a mold, and then removing the solvents by freezing and sublimating ice crystals under low pressure. This process produces biodegradable 3D porous scaffolds that can be used in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and scientific research by producing artificial tissues or studying cellular interactions. The freeze-drying technique allows control over the scaffolds' structure and properties while preserving their strength, flexibility, and homogeneity.
This document discusses Aquasomes, which are nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a central solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers onto which drug molecules can be adsorbed. Aquasomes are spherical particles 60-300nm in size that are used for targeted drug and antigen delivery. They are prepared through a self-assembly process involving the preparation of a ceramic core, coating the core with carbohydrates, and then immobilizing a drug molecule onto the coated core. Aquasomes have properties such as preserving the integrity of biomolecules and avoiding clearance from the body. They can be characterized through techniques like SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and XRD. Potential applications of Aquasomes
Aquasomes.pptx.aquasome a novel drug carrier in pharmaceuticalsvaishnavimsdians
Aquasomes are nanoscale, self-assembled particles composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers. They can encapsulate and protect drugs, allowing for sustained and targeted release. Aquasomes are prepared through a method of self-assembly involving the preparation of a ceramic or polymeric core, coating the core with carbohydrates, and immobilizing a drug molecule. They show potential for applications in cancer treatment, gene therapy, diabetes management, and as oxygen carriers or vaccine delivery systems. However, challenges remain regarding their long-term stability, large-scale production, and potential toxicity. Ongoing research aims to enhance their targeting abilities and develop responsive systems for customized delivery.
AQUASOME - NANOPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSSoumyadipGhosh19
This document summarizes a seminar presented by Soumyadip Ghosh on Aquasomes. Aquasomes are spherical nanoparticles between 60-300nm used for drug and antigen delivery. They are comprised of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with an oligomeric film that bioactive molecules can be adsorbed to. Aquasomes are prepared through a three step process - formation of an inorganic core, coating the core with a polyhydroxy oligomer, and loading the drug onto the assembled structure. They have advantages like preserving the integrity of biomolecules and allowing site-specific delivery. Applications include use as vaccines, red blood cell substitutes, and delivery of drugs like insulin.
This document summarizes a seminar presented by Soumyadip Ghosh on Aquasomes. Aquasomes are spherical nanoparticles between 60-300nm used for drug and antigen delivery. They are comprised of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with an oligomeric film that bioactive molecules can be adsorbed to. Aquasomes are prepared through a three step process - formation of an inorganic core, coating the core with a polyhydroxy oligomer, and loading the drug onto the assembled structure. They have advantages like preserving the integrity of biomolecules and allowing site-specific delivery. Applications include delivery of vaccines, hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes and more.
Edible film of Cellulose and Cellulose DerivativesSuman Manna
General introduction of edible packaging materials, their classification .
How cellulose and cellulose derivatives used as a edible packaging materials.
Cellulose &Cellulose derivatives film preparation methods, their uses.
In pharmaceutical engineering.docx projectssuser2b28e8
Size separation plays a critical role in various aspects of pharmaceutical engineering including drug development, manufacturing, and quality control. An important size separation technique is the elutriation tank, which separates particles based on differences in their size and density as they settle at different rates in a fluid medium. The elutriation tank consists of a cylindrical chamber where particles are introduced and separated into fractions collected from different outlets as larger, denser particles settle faster than smaller, lighter ones when subjected to fluid flow. Key applications of elutriation tanks include purification of active pharmaceutical ingredients, particle size analysis, and environmental remediation.
This document discusses the importance of preformulation studies, which involve characterizing the physical and chemical properties of a drug prior to formulation development. The major areas covered in preformulation include physical characterization of the drug's solid state, solubility analysis, and stability studies. Understanding properties like crystallinity, hygroscopicity, and solubility is crucial for developing a stable, safe, and effective dosage form. Key tests described are used to determine the drug's particle size, surface morphology, thermal behavior, polymorphism, and compatibility with excipients. The results of preformulation studies provide critical guidance for dosage form design and regulatory approval.
Cryogenic electron microscopy is a technique that uses electron microscopy to image samples that have been rapidly frozen to preserve their structure. The presentation discusses the principles, procedures, and applications of cryo-EM. It explains that samples are vitrified to prevent ice crystal formation before being imaged with an electron microscope. This allows structures like proteins to be viewed in their native state at high resolution. The presentation outlines the sample preparation, imaging, and image enhancement processes and discusses how cryo-EM is being used to determine the structures of biological molecules and systems. It predicts that cryo-EM will continue advancing to study even larger complexes and become more accessible and useful for research.
This document describes research into developing a shape-memory polymer system for use as an anti-fouling surface treatment for membrane filtration. Five linear polymers and four crosslinking polymers were tested to determine their transition temperature, onset temperature, and water absorption. Testing showed a ternary polymer system of 94.5wt% tBA and 2HEMA, 5wt% PEGDMA550, and 0.5wt% photoinitiator exhibited an onset temperature of 32°C, a glass transition temperature of 51°C, water absorption of 1.44±1.8wt%, and a contact angle of 97.6±1.8°, making it suitable for the application.
Electromagnetic freezing applies magnetic fields during freezing to theoretically improve frozen food quality. While some companies have marketed electromagnetic freezers since the 2000s, a 2009 study found that the weak oscillating magnetic fields (OMFs) used in commercial freezers had no effect on ice crystal size, microstructure, color, texture, drip losses, or sensory attributes compared to static air freezing. A subsequent study also found no significant differences in drip loss, water-holding capacity, toughness, or whiteness between crab sticks frozen with varying strengths of OMFs compared to those frozen without OMFs. Future research with stronger or varying frequencies of OMFs across different foods and methods may be needed to fully understand their potential effects on
This document discusses the freezing of foods to extend their storage life by slowing biological and chemical reactions. While freezing prevents microbial growth below -10°C, a range of physical and biochemical reactions continue during storage and are influenced by storage conditions. Predicting the shelf life of frozen foods is difficult as there are many potential spoilage mechanisms, including enzymatic deterioration, cell damage, protein and starch interactions, non-enzymatic browning, water migration during freezing and storage, water re-crystallization, and solute crystallization. Proper attention to good manufacturing practices is required to produce safe frozen foods, as with fresh foods.
Aquasomes are nanoparticle carrier systems composed of a solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers. Biologically active molecules are adsorbed onto the coating. They are able to sustainably release molecules and protect fragile molecules from the external environment due to their water-like properties. Aquasomes are prepared through a self-assembly process involving the preparation of a ceramic core through sonication or precipitation, coating the core with carbohydrates through adsorption, and immobilizing drug molecules onto the coating through partial adsorption. They show potential as carriers for vaccines, hemoglobin, drugs, dyes, and enzymes due to their ability to target sites and maintain molecular integrity.
This document discusses the development of a bioprocess system using a rotating wall bioreactor and biomaterials to guide stem cell-derived retinal tissue maturation. The system aims to treat dry age-related macular degeneration and Retinitis Pigmentosa, which currently have no treatment and cause blindness. A three-stage approach is used involving computational modeling, experimental testing, and analytical validation to characterize transport phenomena within the bioreactor and optimize a composite biomaterial structure for 3D retinal tissue culture. The goal is to mature retinal progenitor cells into fully functional retinal tissue through dynamic culture conditions compared to static methods.
Microsphere scaffolds are used for controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering. Microspheres are spherical polymer particles that can encapsulate drugs or growth factors. Microsphere scaffolds provide controlled release of encapsulated molecules and serve as 3D structures to support tissue regeneration. Microspheres can be fabricated into scaffolds by dispersing them in a polymer matrix or fusing them together. These microsphere-based scaffolds allow customization of drug release and mechanical properties. They have applications in regenerating tissues like cartilage, skin, heart and liver.
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2. INDEX
What is Scanning electron microscopy?
Principle and working
SEM in frozen foods
Sample Preparation
Microstructural analysis
Case study of ice cream
conclusion
3. 3
INTRODUCTION
SEM provides valuable insights into
the microstructure and composition of
frozen foods, enabling researchers to analyze
ice crystal formation, food texture, and
structural changes during freezing and storage.
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) is a powerful
imaging technique that uses a focused beam of
electrons to generate detailed, high-resolution
images of the surface structure of materials,
including frozen food samples.
4. 4
Why SEM in
Frozen Food?
Defect
Detection
Quality
Assurance
Shelf Life
Prediction
Microstructural
Analysis
Early Warning
System
Research and
Development
5. 5
WorkingandPrincipleofSEMin
FrozenFoodAnalysis
The principles of SEM rely on the interaction between
the electron beam and the sample's surface. As the
beam scans across the sample, it generates various
signals that are detected and translated into a digital
image. This allows researchers to analyze the size,
shape, and distribution of ice crystals, as well as
changes in the food's cellular structure during freezing
and storage.
6. Sample
Preparation
6
Cryogenic
Fixation
• Rapidly freeze the samples in liquid nitrogen
or a cryogenic chamber to preserve the
microstructure and prevent ice crystal
formation during sample preparation.
Freeze
Drying
• Lyophilize the frozen samples to remove
water content while maintaining the original
structure and morphology of the food matrix.
Sputter
coating
• Apply a thin layer of conductive material, such
as gold or platinum, to the sample surface to
enhance contrast and prevent charging during
SEM imaging.
7. Microstructural
Analysis
• Microstructural analysis involves the
examination of the internal structure
and arrangement of components
within a material at a microscopic
level.
• In the context of frozen foods,
microstructural analysis aims to
characterize the arrangement of
various components such as ice
crystals, cell structures, air pockets,
and other constituents present in the
sample
8. 8
Types of Structures Observed in Frozen Foods
Ice Crystals
• Ice crystals form during the freezing process
and can vary in size, shape, and distribution.
The size and distribution of ice crystals have a
significant impact on the texture, appearance,
and overall quality of frozen foods.
CellWalls
• CellWalls: In plant-based frozen foods (e.g.,
fruits, vegetables), the cell walls of plant cells
may undergo changes during freezing,
affecting the texture and integrity of the food.
Microstructural analysis can reveal alterations
in cell morphologyand cell wall integrity.
Air Pockets
• Air pockets or void spaces may be present within
frozen foods, particularly in products with a
porous structure (e.g., baked goods, ice cream).
The distribution and size of air pockets influence
factors such as texture, mouthfeel, and sensory
attributes.
Protein
Matrix
• In frozen foods containing proteins (e.g., meat,
seafood), the protein matrix undergoes structural
changes during freezing, such as denaturation and
aggregation. Microstructural analysis can provide
insights into protein-protein interactions and their
effects on product quality.
9. MICROSTRUCTURAL
ANALYSISOFICECREAM
UNDERSEM
9
The microstructure of ice cream is complex, consisting
of multiple phases including ice crystals, air bubbles, fat
globules, and a serum phase containing dissolved
and/or colloidal components.
Ice cream exhibits a four-phase structure consisting of
ice crystals, air cells, fat in an emulsified form, and a
continuous serum phase. The ice crystals are separated
from air bubbles by a thin serum interface.
Air bubbles in ice cream are spherical and smooth,
surrounded by fat globules and the serum phase. Air cell
diameters range from about 10 to 60 µm, and fat
globules are disproportionately distributed at the air
bubble/serum interface
Fat globules range from 0.5 to 2.5 µm in diameter and
are found both within air bubbles and dispersed
throughout the serum phase.
10. 10
Images Under SEM
Four-phase structure consisting of ice crystals, air cells,
fat in an emulsified form, and a continuous serum phase
containing dissolved and/or colloidal sugars, salts,
proteins and stabilizers (Fig. 2).
A thin serum interface separated the ice crystals from
air bubbles (Fig. 3a).
At lower magnifications, air bubbles were spherical and
smooth and contained fat globules whereas ice crystals
were more rectangular with a network structure (Fig. 2).
The structure denoted by "C" in Fig. 2 is the space once
4 occupied by an ice crystal prior to freeze-etching.
11. 11
Role of SEM in Quality Control
•It allows for the examination of the internal structure
of frozen foods at a microscopic level, enabling the
detection of defects, abnormalities, and changes that
may occur during processing, storage, and
transportation.
•By analyzing SEM images, manufacturers can assess
the overall quality, integrity, and safety of frozen food
products and identify any potential issues that may
affect consumer satisfaction or compliance with
regulatory standards.
•SEM enables the detection of defects and abnormalities
in frozen food products that may not be visible to the
naked eye or through conventional quality control
methods. Common defects and abnormalities that can be
detected include:
•Structural damage
•Contamination
•Physical irregularities
•SEM allows for the monitoring of changes that occur in
frozen food products during storage and transportation.
•By periodically analyzing SEM images of frozen food
samples throughout the storage and transportation
process, manufacturers can track changes in
microstructure, identify signs of deterioration or spoilage.
•SEM can provide valuable insights into the effects of
temperature fluctuations, moisture migration, packaging
defects.
12. CONCLUSION
12
SEM serves as a powerful tool for quality control in
the frozen food industry, enabling the detection of
defects, abnormalities, and changes in microstructure
that may affect product quality and safety. By
leveraging SEM analysis, manufacturers can ensure
the integrity, stability, and compliance of frozen food
products with regulatory standards and consumer
expectations throughout the production, storage, and
transportation process.
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